267 lines
25 KiB
XML
267 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FF91BA3DB4B5FA72B5D6F33E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Tadarida brasiliensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="664" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="664" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6564862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583684" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6564862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF91BA3DB4B5FA72B5D6F33E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FF91BA3DB4B5FA72B5D6F33E" lastPageNumber="664" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<heading pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<subSubSection box="[167,247,3346,3388]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[162,1276,3346,3468]" box="[167,247,3346,3388]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<figureCitation box="[167,247,3346,3388]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="44.[151,181,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[16,2784,13,3655]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="On following pages: 105. Roberts's Flat-headed Bat (Sauromys petrophilus); 106. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis); 107. European Free-tailed Bat (7adarida teniotis); 108. Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida aegyptiaca); 109. Kenyan Big-eared Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida lobata); 110. African Giant Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida ventralis); 111. Malagasy Free-tailed Bat (7adarida fulminans); 112. East Asian Free-tailed Bat (7adarida insignis); 113. La Touche's Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida latouchei); 114. New Guinea Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus kuboriensis); 115. White-striped Free-tailed Bat (Austronomus australis); 116. East Coast Free-tailed Bat (Micronomus norfolkensis); 117. Beccari's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops beccaril); 118. Northern Coastal Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops cobourgianus); 119. Cape York Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops hall); 120. South-western Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops kitchener); 121. Loria’s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops loriae); 122. Lumsden'’s Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops lumsdenae); 123. Inland Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops petersi); 124. Southern Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops planiceps); 125. Ride's Free-tailed Bat (Ozimops ride); 126. Hairy-nosed Free-tailed Bat (Setirostris eleryi)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567964/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">106.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[264,765,3346,3388]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[162,1276,3346,3468]" box="[264,765,3346,3388]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<vernacularName box="[264,765,3346,3388]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Brazilian Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[820,1209,3351,3389]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[162,1276,3346,3468]" box="[820,1209,3351,3389]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[820,1209,3351,3389]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis box="[820,1209,3351,3389]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Tadarida brasiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[162,1276,3346,3468]" box="[164,1276,3406,3427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,240,3406,3427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[245,422,3406,3427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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Tadaride du
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<collectingCountry box="[369,422,3406,3427]" name="Brazil" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Brésil</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[444,534,3406,3427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[544,874,3406,3427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Brasilianische Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Murciélago rabudo de
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<collectingCountry box="[1224,1276,3406,3427]" name="Brazil" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Brasil</collectingCountry>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[162,1276,3346,3468]" box="[163,656,3445,3466]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,410,3445,3466]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[421,656,3445,3466]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Mexican Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[2062,2655,284,707]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2062,2217,284,313]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Nyctinomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Nyctinomus brasiliensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[2062,2655,284,707]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789327" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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“le district de Curityba [= Curitiba],”
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<collectingRegion box="[2350,2448,363,392]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Parana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2465,2547,363,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[2062,2655,284,707]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Recent genetic analyses suggest that subspecies designations need to be reevaluated, and that there are potential cryptic species requiring further study. Nine subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567918/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" targetBox="[1447,2038,293,706]" targetPageId="45">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[2062,2655,284,707]" box="[2062,2462,595,628]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2062,2462,595,628]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[2062,2655,284,707]" lastBlockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="brasiliensis">T. b. brasiliensis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2183,2339,678,707]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2431,2545,678,707]" name="Panama" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Panama</collectingCountry>
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, SouthAmerica W of the Orinoco Basin and W & S of Amazon Basin, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2394,2515,717,746]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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I.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,2651,753,786]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1902" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[1452,1900,753,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="antillularum">T.b. antillularum G. S. Miller, 1902</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1931,2090,753,786]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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S through the Lesser Antilles to
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<collectingCountry box="[2526,2628,753,786]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Tobago</collectingCountry>
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I.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,1995,799,824]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rhen, 1902" authorityName="Rhen" authorityYear="1902" box="[1452,1828,799,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="bahamensis">T. b. bahamensis Rhen, 1902</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1863,1991,799,824]" name="Bahamas" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1453,2533,831,864]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Shamel, 1931" authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1931" box="[1453,1845,831,864]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="constanzae">T. b. constanzae Shamel, 1931</taxonomicName>
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— Hispaniola I (
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<collectingCountry box="[2077,2147,831,864]" name="Haiti" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Haiti</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2220,2519,831,864]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,2020,878,903]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Le Conte, 1831" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1452,1885,878,903]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="cynocephala">T. b. cynocephala Le Conte, 1831</taxonomicName>
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— E
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<collectingCountry box="[1951,2016,878,903]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,2352,914,943]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Shamel, 1931" authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1931" box="[1452,1843,914,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="intermedia">T. b. intermedia Shamel, 1931</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingCountry box="[1905,2007,914,943]" name="Mexico" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2030,2143,914,943]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
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) to
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<collectingCountry box="[2205,2348,914,943]" name="Honduras" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1466,2528,953,982]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Saussure, 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[1466,1849,953,982]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="mexicana">T. b. mexicana Saussure, 1860</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry box="[1922,1986,953,982]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">USA</collectingCountry>
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S to S
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<collectingCountry box="[2081,2183,953,982]" name="Mexico" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2206,2312,953,982]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[2383,2515,953,982]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,1979,988,1021]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1827" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1827" box="[1452,1830,988,1021]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="murina">T. b. murina J. E. Gray, 1827</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1858,1975,988,1021]" name="Jamaica" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" box="[1452,2272,1028,1061]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gundlach, 1861" authorityName="Gundlach" authorityYear="1861" box="[1452,1850,1028,1061]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tadarida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="brasiliensis" subSpecies="muscula">T. b. muscula Gundlach, 1861</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1888,1961,1028,1061]" name="Cuba" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Cuba</collectingCountry>
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and Grand Cayman I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1447,1691,1072,1101]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 46-62 mm, tail 28-42 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, ear
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="14.0">14— 20 mm</quantity>
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,forearm 36-47 mm; weight 8-15 g. Females are slightly heavier than males. Dorsal pelage ranges from light to dark brown, with hairs uniformly colored and short (2-3 mm) on trunk and head; ventral pelage is paler with slight frosting on tips and hairs slightly longer (
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<quantity box="[1556,1677,1226,1259]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3—4 mm</quantity>
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). Cave-roosting bats may have light-colored fur because of effect of ammonia-fume bleaching. Albinism has also been reported in this species. Upper lip has deep vertical grooves, and overhangs lower lip. Ears are medium brown, rounded with small bumps on leading edge, reach nose tip when laid forward, and do not connect medially on forehead. Tragus is blunt and short, whereas antitragusis larger and rounded. Both sexes have a gular gland, but it is well developed only in adult males. Wing and interfemoral membranes are dark brown. Distal one-half oftail extends beyond uropatagium. Basisphenoid pits are undeveloped and anterior border of palate is emarginated. Upper incisors are not in contact. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) =300r11/3, C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 56.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1445,1557,1624,1653]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Dry forest, montane forest, pine-oak forest, thorn scrub, desert, and urban areas, but not in primary rainforest, as in the Amazon Basin. The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat occurs from sea level to
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<quantity box="[1840,1942,1698,1731]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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elevation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1445,1716,1739,1772]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat feeds mainly on moths (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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), but also beetles (
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<taxonomicName box="[1769,1933,1782,1811]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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), ants (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2038,2205,1782,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2371,2485,1782,1811]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It also forages at high altitudes to feed on migrating moths (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2159,2313,1817,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1444,1579,1857,1890]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Most information is from populations in North America with few data from South America. In Florida, spermatogenesis begins in September, with mature spermatozoa present in the testes and epididymides primarily in February and March. Ovulation occurs chiefly during a 1week period in late March, which is followed by mating within the next 5 weeks, and births in June. In Mexico, mating season is probably in spring, and migration to the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1858,1922,2054,2087]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
occurs in summer, with offspring born in late June and early July after a c.11week gestation period. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2191,2309,2094,2127]" name="Ecuador" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant females have also been documented in August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,1678,2173,2206]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Brazilian Free-tailed Bats emerge from cave roosts at dusk and large colonies may take several hoursto exit, all returning around dawn. The species roosts in caves, bridges, mine tunnels, culverts, and buildings. The search-phase echolocation call structure is QCF averaging c.26 kHz with a downward modulation, butis variable based on the local ambient noise produced by insects. Avian predators include American kestrels (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1715,1784,2374,2403]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Falco</collectingRegion>
|
||
sparverius),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1953,2100,2374,2403]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
kites (Ictinia mississippiensis), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), greater roadrunners (Geococeyx californianus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and common barn-owls (7yto alba). Mammalian predators include skunks (Mephitis mephitis and Conepatus mesoleucus), Northern Raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Northern Black-eared Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Snake predators include
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1563,1640,2568,2601]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus), coachwhips (Masticophis flagellum), copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), and eastern coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,2143,2650,2679]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony size can reach up to 20 million individuals, in maternity cave roosts. There is partial segregation in roosts with females and their young, but some males may be present. Mothers recognize their young by scent and auditory cues. Smaller numbers of bats may also use a night roost. Individuals may fly long distances of
|
||
<quantity box="[1970,2056,2804,2837]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
or more to forage each evening. Of four migratory populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1862,1927,2844,2877]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, two migrate south as much as
|
||
<quantity box="[2377,2494,2844,2877]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" unit="km" value="1840.0">1840 km</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2545,2647,2844,2877]" name="Mexico" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
for autumn and winter seasons. Other bat species found roosting with the Brazilian Free-tailed Bat include Peters’s Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), the North American Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis), the South-eastern Myotis (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[2561,2648,3002,3035]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
austroriparius), and the Cave Myotis (M. velifer).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1793,3089,3114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. However, some caves with colonies of millions of bats have experienced population collapses due to human disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="664" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="45.[1441,2653,717,3312]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1594,3208,3233]" pageId="45" pageNumber="664">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arita & Ortega (2014), Eger (2008), Gamboa & Diaz (2018), Gillam & McCracken (2007), Jung et al. (2014), Krauel et al. (2018), Lee Yafu & McCracken (2001), Morales et al. (2018), Reid (1997), Russell et al. (2005), Speer et al. (2017), Tirira (2017), Wilkins (1989).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |