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<mods:title id="35AA8401267973E3696379B997853A73">An annotated checklist of the chaetonotidan Gastrotricha from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="382D9FB425EBEBD77AB07D0CAEAEFA2C">Chatterjee, Tapas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="34E84AFEB50C2B6C9255785A364DB893">Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CCD622C0A9B19801657023212491B700">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213 / D, I- 41125 Modena, Italy. antonio. todaro @ unimore. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6353 - 7281</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55B8FCE7FCECDF1B" blockId="7.[151,876,799,826]" box="[151,876,799,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<heading id="0D4F97225712FFAC55B8FCE7FCECDF1B" bold="true" box="[151,876,799,826]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC55B8FCE7FCECDF1B" ID-CoL="TDCN" authority="Visvesvara, 1964" authorityName="Visvesvara" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,876,799,826]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="caudalspinosus" subGenus="Wolterecka">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55B8FCE7FCECDF1B" bold="true" box="[151,876,799,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55B8FCE7FEB0DF18" bold="true" box="[151,304,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Chaetonotus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC546DFCE7FE49DF18" bold="true" box="[322,457,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Wolterecka</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC54F6FCE7FD13DF18" bold="true" box="[473,659,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">caudalspinosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC57B5FCE7FCECDF1B" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[666,876,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55B8FC9FFE1EDF87" blockId="7.[151,1437,871,1582]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55B8FC9FFE00DFA3" bold="true" box="[151,384,871,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
Records from
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5712FFAC546FFC9FFE00DFA3" box="[320,384,871,897]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">India</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5712FFAC54A2FC9FFDD6DFA3" box="[397,598,871,897]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">MAHARASTRA</collectingRegion>
: Nagpur—
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC57FFFC9FFC1EDFA0" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[720,926,871,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara (1964)</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5712FFAC5686FC9FFB27DFA3" box="[937,1191,871,897]" country="India" name="GENERAL RECORD" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">GENERAL RECORD</collectingRegion>
:
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC519FFC9FFA18DFA3" author="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[1200,1432,871,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="169" refId="ref12873" refString="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C. (2004) Gastrotricha. In: Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Kol- kata, pp. 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Naidu &amp; Rao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC55B8FC73FE1ADF87" author="Purushothaman, J." box="[151,410,907,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="8115 - 125" refId="ref12913" refString="Purushothaman, J. (2017) Gastrotricha. Chapter 8. In: Chandra, K., Gopi, K. C., Rao, D. V., Valarmathi, K. &amp; Alfred, J. R. B. (Eds.), Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. Published by the Director, Zoological. Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 8115 - 125." type="book chapter" year="2017">Purushothaman (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55712FFAC55E8FC57FBABDFEB" box="[199,1067,943,970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" type="description">
<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55E8FC57FBABDFEB" blockId="7.[151,1437,871,1582]" box="[199,1067,943,970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55E8FC57FDB2DFEB" bold="true" box="[199,562,943,969]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Habitat (as in Indian records).</emphasis>
Freshwater; among algae and aquatic plants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55712FFAC55E8FC2BFDF8DFCF" box="[199,632,979,1006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55E8FC2BFDF8DFCF" blockId="7.[151,1437,871,1582]" box="[199,632,979,1006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55E8FC2BFEE1DFCF" bold="true" box="[199,353,979,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5712FFAC5718FC2BFDF4DFCF" box="[567,628,979,1005]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55712FFAC55E8FC0FFE69DA0F" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55E8FC0FFC4ED95B" blockId="7.[151,1437,871,1582]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55E8FC0FFEBBD833" bold="true" box="[199,315,1015,1041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Remarks.</emphasis>
The species was described as a new taxon by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC566AFC0FFB92D830" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[837,1042,1015,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara (1964)</bibRefCitation>
mainly in consideration of the furcal appendages, which appeared to be rather short and plump and ending each with spiny processes instead of the typical adhesive tubes. The author believed the characteristics to be absent among the other species of
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5020FBC7FA1DD87B" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[1295,1437,1087,1113]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5020FBC7FA1DD87B" box="[1295,1437,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Chaetonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described up to then. Clearly,
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC54DBFB9BFD43D85C" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[500,707,1123,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara (1964)</bibRefCitation>
was unware of
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC56AFFB9BFB7AD85F" authority="Voigt 1902" authorityName="Voigt" authorityYear="1902" box="[896,1274,1123,1149]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="uncinus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC56AFFB9BFBEFD85F" box="[896,1135,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Chaetonotus uncinus</emphasis>
Voigt 1902
</taxonomicName>
, which shows similar characteristics. The author was also unaware of
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC5627FB7FFC48D880" author="Remane, A." box="[776,968,1159,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref13562" refString="Remane, A. (1936) Gastrotricha, In: Bronns, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Band 4. Abteilung II. Buch I. Teil 2. Liefrungen 1 - 2. Akademie Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, pp. 1 - 142." type="book chapter" year="1936">Remanes (1936)</bibRefCitation>
work, in which the German author established the “
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5437FB54FEEFD8E7" authorityName="Voigt" authorityYear="1902" box="[280,367,1196,1221]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="uncinus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5437FB54FEEFD8E7" box="[280,367,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">uncinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group” to include the species bearing such an unusual trait.
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5135FB54FBC4D8E4" box="[1050,1092,1196,1222]" class="Not" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="class">Not</taxonomicName>
withstanding the overlooking, the Indian specimens, in virtue of their combined characteristics, appear to be morphologically different from
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC50ACFB28FF6ED92F" authorityName="Voigt" authorityYear="1902" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="uncinus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC50ACFB28FF6ED92F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">C. uncinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and thus can be considered as a distinct species i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5613FB0CFB8AD92F" authorityName="Visvesvara" authorityYear="1964" box="[828,1034,1267,1294]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="caudalspinosus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5613FB0CFB8AD92F" box="[828,1034,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">C. caudalspinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC517FFB0BFB79D92F" author="Schwank, P." box="[1104,1273,1267,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref13700" refString="Schwank, P. (1990) Gastrotricha. In: Braur, A., Schwoerbel, J. &amp; Zwick, P. (Eds.), Susswasser Fauna von Mitteleuropa. Band 3. Heft 1. 2. Gastrotricha und Nemertini. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and Jenai, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 262." type="book chapter" year="1990">Schwank 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Surprisingly,
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC55B8FAE0FEE8D913" authorityName="Visvesvara" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,360,1303,1330]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="caudalspinosus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55B8FAE0FEE8D913" box="[151,360,1303,1330]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">C. caudalspinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was ignored by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC5704FAEFFC84D913" author="Kisielewski, J." box="[555,772,1303,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="293 - 301" refId="ref12334" refString="Kisielewski, J. (1984) Three new freshwater gastrotrichs of the genus Chaetonotus Ehrenberg (Chaetonotida) from Poland. Bulletin De l'Academie Polonaise Des Sciences. Serie Des Sciences Biologiques, 32, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1984">Kisielewski (1984)</bibRefCitation>
while describing
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC56FBFAEFFB5AD913" box="[980,1242,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC56FBFAEFFB56D913" authorityName="Kisielewski" authorityYear="1984" box="[980,1238,1303,1329]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="sudeticus">Chaetonotus sudeticus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
another putative member of the
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5412FAC4FE14D977" authorityName="Voigt" authorityYear="1902" box="[317,404,1340,1365]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="uncinus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5412FAC4FE14D977" box="[317,404,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">uncinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group; however, the same author considered the Indian species, in his later work dealing with the subgeneric division of the genus
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC571DFAA7FD40D95B" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[562,704,1375,1401]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC571DFAA7FD40D95B" box="[562,704,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Chaetonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC57D5FAA7FC42D95B" author="Kisielewski, J." box="[762,962,1375,1401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="145 - 151" refId="ref12395" refString="Kisielewski, J. (1997) On the subgeneric division of the genus Chaetonotus Ehrenberg (Gastrotricha). Annales Zoologici, 46, 145 - 151." type="journal article" year="1997">Kisielewski 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5607204E5712FFAC55E8FA7CFE69DA0F" blockId="7.[151,1437,871,1582]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">
In the
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC543EFA7BFE7DD9BF" author="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[273,509,1411,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="169" refId="ref12873" refString="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C. (2004) Gastrotricha. In: Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Kol- kata, pp. 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Naidu &amp; Rao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
monograph,
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC57BBFA7CFCE3D9BF" authorityName="Visvesvara" authorityYear="1964" box="[660,867,1411,1438]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="caudalspinosus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC57BBFA7CFCE3D9BF" box="[660,867,1411,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">C. caudalspinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported as belonging to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5012FA7CFF77D9E3" authorityName="Schwank" authorityYear="1990" genus="Brevipedichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5012FA7CFF77D9E3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Brevipedichaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This subgenus was proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC575EFA5FFCA1D9E3" author="Schwank, P." box="[625,801,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="1 - 262" refId="ref13700" refString="Schwank, P. (1990) Gastrotricha. In: Braur, A., Schwoerbel, J. &amp; Zwick, P. (Eds.), Susswasser Fauna von Mitteleuropa. Band 3. Heft 1. 2. Gastrotricha und Nemertini. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and Jenai, pp. i - xvi + 1 - 262." type="book chapter" year="1990">Schwank, 1990</bibRefCitation>
, in replacement of the
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC510EFA50FBF8D9E3" authorityName="Voigt" authorityYear="1902" box="[1057,1144,1448,1473]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="uncinus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC510EFA50FBF8D9E3" box="[1057,1144,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">uncinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-species group of
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC506FFA50FF64D9C4" author="Remane, A." pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref13562" refString="Remane, A. (1936) Gastrotricha, In: Bronns, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Band 4. Abteilung II. Buch I. Teil 2. Liefrungen 1 - 2. Akademie Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, pp. 1 - 142." type="book chapter" year="1936">Remane (1936)</bibRefCitation>
, and subsequently sustained by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC5765FA33FCA2D9C7" author="Kisielewski, J." box="[586,802,1483,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="145 - 151" refId="ref12395" refString="Kisielewski, J. (1997) On the subgeneric division of the genus Chaetonotus Ehrenberg (Gastrotricha). Annales Zoologici, 46, 145 - 151." type="journal article" year="1997">Kisielewski (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, who however excluded from it
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC51A3FA34FF52DA2B" authority="Balsamo, 1981" authorityName="Balsamo" authorityYear="1981" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="brachyurus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC51A3FA34FAADD9C7" box="[1164,1325,1483,1510]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">C. brachyurus</emphasis>
Balsamo, 1981
</taxonomicName>
. Later, the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC5490FA17FDF5DA2B" authorityName="Schwank" authorityYear="1990" box="[447,629,1519,1545]" genus="Brevipedichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC5490FA17FDF5DA2B" box="[447,629,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Brevipedichaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered invalid by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5712FFAC5686FA17FBBDDA2B" author="Weiss, M. J." box="[937,1085,1519,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" pagination="308 - 341" refId="ref14282" refString="Weiss, M. J. (2001) Widespread hermaphroditism in freshwater gastrotrichs. Invertebrate Biology, 120, 308 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2001. tb 00040. x" type="journal article" year="2001">Weiss (2001)</bibRefCitation>
and replaced by its senior synonym
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5712FFAC55F1F9EBFE65DA0F" authority="Mola, 1932" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1932" box="[222,485,1555,1581]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="339" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Wolterecka">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5712FFAC55F1F9EBFEDADA0F" box="[222,346,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="339">Wolterecka</emphasis>
Mola, 1932
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>