treatments-xml/data/AC/AF/7D/ACAF7D445B3A538CB31E87437D280682.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49128" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f13774bd-fbef-4608-97e7-8841a21254f9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163640125" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-43-61" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8571D264804B582DB5C6826EB1F605EB" ID-ZooBank="AFE0F1E99E4B4E559A6473FA955F1895" ModsDocID="2367-5365-43-61" checkinTime="1586965389506" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Alipanah, Helen, Malm, Tobias &amp; Asselbergs, Jan" docDate="2020" docId="ACAF7D445B3A538CB31E87437D280682" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 43: 61-76" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 43" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49128" docTitle="Sitochroa palealis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="8571D264804B582DB5C6826EB1F605EB" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="8571D264804B582DB5C6826EB1F605EB" masterDocTitle="A new species of Sitochroa Huebner, 1825 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae) from Iran, with taxonomic notes on the genus" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="61" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1643439810771" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Sitochroa Huebner, 1825 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae) from Iran, with taxonomic notes on the genus</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Alipanah, Helen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran; e-mail: alipanah @ iripp. ir; halipanah @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">halipanah@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Malm, Tobias</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; email: tobias. malm @ nrm. se</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Asselbergs, Jan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Neerland 20, 4614 GD Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands; e-mail: jef. asselbergs @ hetnet. nl</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>43</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>61</mods:start>
<mods:end>76</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49128</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49128</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-43-61</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AFE0F1E99E4B4E559A6473FA955F1895</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8571D264804B582DB5C6826EB1F605EB</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="163640125" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ACAF7D445B3A538CB31E87437D280682" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ACAF7D445B3A538CB31E87437D280682" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName LSID="ACAF7D44-5B3A-538C-B31E-87437D280682" authority="(Denis &amp; Schiffermueller, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermueller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sitochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sitochroa palealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palealis">
Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Adult males of Sitochroa spp. A, B Sitochroa urmiensis Alipanah, sp. nov., holotype, C-F S. palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller). A, C, E Upper side, B, D, F Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399932" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figs 1C-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adults of Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A, B Holotype, male, C, D Allotype, female. A, C Upper side, B, D Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399935" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">, 4A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Head. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov., holotype, male, C, D Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), male. A, C Frontal view, B, D Lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399936" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">, 5A-D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">, 6A-G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female genitalia. A Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), genitalia preparation No. HA- 2513, HMIM, B, C Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov., allotype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004702." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399938" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">, 7A-C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">Loxostege farsalis</taxonomicName>
Amsel, 1950: 246, figs 38, 79; syn. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Holotype, ♂, Iran, Fars, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Straβe">Straβe</normalizedToken>
Ardekan- Talochosroe, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Comé">Come</normalizedToken>
(= Sepidan- Tall Khosrow Rd., Komehr), 2600 m, vii.1937, coll. Brandt (genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701), paratype, ♂, same data as holotype (genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704), allotype, ♀, same data as holotype (genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004702).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="other specimens">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Other specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
Iran, Ardebil Prov[ince]: 1 ♀, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sabalān">Sabalan</normalizedToken>
, Qotur Suiee, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="38.364998">
38°21
<normalizedToken originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="47.861942">
47°51
<normalizedToken originalValue="’43”">'43&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 2276 m, 25.-26.vii.2007, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
, Zahiri, Falsafi leg.; East 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Āzarbāijān">Azarbaijan</normalizedToken>
Prov[ince]: 1 ♂, Zonuz, 1.ix.1965, Arghand leg. (genitalia preparation No. HA-2511, HMIM); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gilān">Gilan</normalizedToken>
Prov[ince]: 6 ♂♂, Rasht, 6, 10.vii.1971,?.viii.1971, 30.v.1972, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Shenāsi">Shenasi</normalizedToken>
leg. (genitalia preparation No. HA-2453, HMIM), 2 ♂♂, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Asālem">Asalem</normalizedToken>
, Sheykh Mahal, 160 m, 28.-30.vi.1977, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pāzuki">Pazuki</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mortazavihā">Mortazaviha</normalizedToken>
leg., 2 ♀♀, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Asālem">Asalem</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lākudeh">Lakudeh</normalizedToken>
, 250 m, 8, 9.vii.2000, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Barāri">Barari</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mofidi-Neyestānak">Mofidi-Neyestanak</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ebrāhimi">Ebrahimi</normalizedToken>
, Deuve leg., 1 ♀, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Āstārā-">Astara-</normalizedToken>
Ardebil Rd., Meshend, Goudi Evlar vill., N 
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="38.392223">
38°23
<normalizedToken originalValue="’32”">'32&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="48.59972">
48°35
<normalizedToken originalValue="’59”">'59&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 488 m, 1.viii.2008, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nematiān">Nematian</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
leg., 1 ♂ (without abdomen), Fuman, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gashtrudkhān">Gashtrudkhan</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="38.254166">
38°15
<normalizedToken originalValue="’15”">'15&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="47.39778">
47°23
<normalizedToken originalValue="’52”">'52&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 295 m, 29.vi.2008, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nematiān">Nematian</normalizedToken>
leg.; Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Prov [ince]: 1 ♂, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yāsuj">Yasuj</normalizedToken>
, Sisakht, 2250 m, 13.vi.1972, Ebert, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pāzuki">Pazuki</normalizedToken>
leg. (genitalia preparation No. HA-2415, HMIM), 1 ♀ (without abdomen), 15 km SE. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yāsuj">Yasuj</normalizedToken>
, 2050 m, 15.vi.1972, Ebert, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pāzuki">Pazuki</normalizedToken>
leg.; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Māzandarān">Mazandaran</normalizedToken>
Prov [ince]: 1 ♂, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bābolsar">Babolsar</normalizedToken>
, 10.ix.1949, Farahbakhsh leg.; Razavi 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Khorāsān">Khorasan</normalizedToken>
Prov [ince]: 1 ♂, N. Tandoreh National Park, 56 km after 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tivān">Tivan</normalizedToken>
Ranger St., 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dolatshānlu">Dolatshanlu</normalizedToken>
vill. Rd. (km 15), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bābāneyestān">Babaneyestan</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="37.503887">
37°30
<normalizedToken originalValue="’14”">'14&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="58" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="58.75028">
58°45
<normalizedToken originalValue="’01”">'01&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 1178 m, 6.vi.2016, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
, Falsafi leg., 1 ♂, N. Tandoreh National Park (1 km after 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alibulāgh">Alibulagh</normalizedToken>
Ranger Sta.), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="37.556942">
37°33
<normalizedToken originalValue="’25”">'25&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="58" direction="east" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="58.64528">
58°38
<normalizedToken originalValue="’43”">'43&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 1297 m, 7.vi.2016, Falsafi, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
leg.; South 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Khorāsān">Khorasan</normalizedToken>
Prov [ince]: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Tabas, Palm Res. St. &amp; Adaptaion, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="57" value="33.599167">
33°35
<normalizedToken originalValue="’57”">'57&quot;</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="056" direction="east" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="56.915">
056°54
<normalizedToken originalValue="’54”">'54&quot;</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 678 m, 31.v.2016, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ālipanāh">Alipanah</normalizedToken>
, Falsafi leg. (genitalia preparation No. HA-2513, HMIM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
based on two pairs (as stated by him, two males and two females; but direct examination of the type specimens indicated three males and one female) collected in Iran (Fars Prov.: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Comé">Come</normalizedToken>
[= Komehr]). 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the close affinity between 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in some characteristics of the forewing pattern and male genitalia. According to him (Amsel, 1950), these two species are very similar in forewing pattern, but in 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the markings of the forewing are weakly expressed so that the marginal (= subterminal) line is hardly visible (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adults of Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A, B Holotype, male, C, D Allotype, female. A, C Upper side, B, D Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399935" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">4A-D</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
also stated that 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is always bigger than 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has a distinct marginal line on the underside of the forewing (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adults of Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A, B Holotype, male, C, D Allotype, female. A, C Upper side, B, D Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399935" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">4B, D</figureCitation>
) (missing in 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Regarding male genitalia, 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the uncus of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is wider than that of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the paired processes of the clasper are directed downward in 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while being perpendicular to the edge of the valvae in 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and the shape of the processes at the internal base of the clasper in these two species is different. Nothing was mentioned about female genitalia (
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel 1950</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399935" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Adults of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Amsel syn. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A, B</emphasis>
Holotype, male, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">C, D</emphasis>
Allotype, female. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A, C</emphasis>
Upper side, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">B, D</emphasis>
Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
In the present study, we examined 21 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, including the genitalia of three males and one female. Among this material were a few specimens with weakly expressed markings of the forewing as seen in the 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntypes. The latter specimens are slightly larger than the others, with hardly visible markings in the hindwings (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Adult males of Sitochroa spp. A, B Sitochroa urmiensis Alipanah, sp. nov., holotype, C-F S. palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller). A, C, E Upper side, B, D, F Underside. Scale bars: 10.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399932" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">1C, D</figureCitation>
), but their genitalia are typical of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A careful examination of the type specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed that they also have a distinct subterminal line (the marginal line stated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
) on the upper- and underside of the forewing, although it is weakly expressed in 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These type specimens are also similar to specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shape of frons, labial palpi and cover scales of head (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Head. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov., holotype, male, C, D Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), male. A, C Frontal view, B, D Lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399936" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">5A-D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399936" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Head. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A, B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Amsel syn. nov., holotype, male, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">C, D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermueller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sitochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sitochroa palealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sitochroa palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
), male. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A, C</emphasis>
Frontal view, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">B, D</emphasis>
Lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
We dissected two paratypes (a male and the female) of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and compared their genitalia with those of specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The results showed that the female genitalia are exactly the same (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female genitalia. A Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), genitalia preparation No. HA- 2513, HMIM, B, C Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov., allotype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004702." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399938" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">7A-C</figureCitation>
). Almost the same result was found for the male genitalia (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A-G</figureCitation>
). The shape and width of the uncus are nearly the same (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A, C</figureCitation>
) and the shape of processes at the internal base of the clasper and the paired clasper processes are similar (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A-F</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel (1950)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the paired processes of the clasper are directed downward in 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is not known if Amsel had actually examined the type specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We 
<normalizedToken originalValue="didn’t">didn't</normalizedToken>
have access to the type specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, based on 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" author="Solis, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="504 - 515" refId="B17" refString="Solis, MA, 2010. Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110 (2): 504 - 515, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" title="Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" volume="110" year="2010">Solis (2010</bibRefCitation>
: 509) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Slamka, F" journalOrPublisher="Pyraloidea of Europe" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 357" refId="B16" refString="Slamka, F, 2013. Pyraustinae &amp; Spilomelinae. Pyraloidea of Europe 3: 1 - 357" title="Pyraustinae &amp; Spilomelinae." volume="3" year="2013">Slamka (2013</bibRefCitation>
: 154), these processes are perpendicular to the edge of the valvae in 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as is the case in the 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male paratype dissected. According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Hannemann, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B7" refString="Hannemann, HJ, 1964. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera. II. Die Wickler (s. 1.) (Cochylidae und Carposinidae) Die Zuenslerartigen (Pyraloidea) in &quot;Die Tierwelt Deutschlands&quot;, 50: 1-401. [296 fig., 22 pl.]" title="Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera. II. Die Wickler (s. 1.) (Cochylidae und Carposinidae) Die Zuenslerartigen (Pyraloidea) in &quot; Die Tierwelt Deutschlands &quot;, 50: 1 - 401. [296 fig., 22 pl.]" year="1964">Hannemann (1964)</bibRefCitation>
, the holotype of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">vernichted</emphasis>
&quot; (= destroyed). Also, as stated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Horn, W" journalOrPublisher="Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B8" refString="Horn, W, Kahle, I, Friese, G, Gaedike, R, 1990. Collectiones entomologicae, part 1 + 2. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften, Berlin" title="Collectiones entomologicae, part 1 + 2." year="1990">Horn et al. (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, the type material of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was presumably burned with the rest of the Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
collection in the natural history museum of Wien in 1848. We are not aware of any neotype designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
In the holotype of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the phallus was not extracted from the remaining parts of the genitalia and the latter were not well cleaned. Because the shape of the phallus is not clearly recognizable in this preparation, a male paratype was dissected and examined. The shape of its phallus is very similar to that of our dissected specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except that the distal process of the phallus is slightly longer and more distinctly curved upward (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A</figureCitation>
) compared with 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6C, G</figureCitation>
) (see also 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" author="Solis, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="504 - 515" refId="B17" refString="Solis, MA, 2010. Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110 (2): 504 - 515, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" title="Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" volume="110" year="2010">Solis (2010)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Slamka, F" journalOrPublisher="Pyraloidea of Europe" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 357" refId="B16" refString="Slamka, F, 2013. Pyraustinae &amp; Spilomelinae. Pyraloidea of Europe 3: 1 - 357" title="Pyraustinae &amp; Spilomelinae." volume="3" year="2013">Slamka (2013)</bibRefCitation>
). The straight distal process of the phallus in American populations of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figured by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" author="Solis, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="504 - 515" refId="B17" refString="Solis, MA, 2010. Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110 (2): 504 - 515, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" title="Sitochroa palealis: A Palearctic pyraustine moth (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) newly introduced to North America." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/07-089.1" volume="110" year="2010">Solis (2010</bibRefCitation>
: 509) differs from the nearly curved process in our examined specimens of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and paratype of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as slight difference in the length of this process among these specimens, may indicate that this character is slightly variable among different populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
The sinus between the prongs of the clasper on the valvae of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mostly without dentation (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6E, F</figureCitation>
), but in some specimens a small dent is visible in this area (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6D</figureCitation>
). The same is true for 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as in the examined paratype there was one dent at the edge of the sinus in each valva (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A</figureCitation>
), and in the holotype one valva has no dent at the edge of this sinus (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6B</figureCitation>
). In both species, there is also a variation in the length of the external prong of the clasper. In the holotype of 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6B</figureCitation>
), the external prong is longer when compared with that of the paratype (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6A</figureCitation>
). Similarly, in 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the specimens collected in Rasht (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6F</figureCitation>
) have a longer external prong than that of specimens collected in Zonuz and Yasuj (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Male genitalia. A, B Loxostege farsalis Amsel syn. nov. A Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, B Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, C-G Sitochroa palealis (Denis &amp; Schiffermueller), C, E genitalia preparation No. HA- 2415, HMIM, D genitalia preparation No. HA- 2511, HMIM, F, G genitalia preparation No. HA- 2453, HMIM." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">6C-E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
Therefore, based on our analysis, 
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. farsalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">L. farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName genus="S." lsidName="S. palealis" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">S. palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399937" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Male genitalia. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A, B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Amsel syn. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
Paratype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004704, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">B</emphasis>
Holotype, genitalia preparation No. 2936, NHRS-TOBI 000004701, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">C-G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermueller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sitochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sitochroa palealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sitochroa palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
), 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">C, E</emphasis>
genitalia preparation No. HA-2415, HMIM, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">D</emphasis>
genitalia preparation No. HA-2511, HMIM, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">F, G</emphasis>
genitalia preparation No. HA-2453, HMIM.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
Widespread in the Palaearctic, but rare in southern Scandinavia and only an occasional migrant in England, India (Slamka, 2013), and Iran [Fars Province: Come (=Komehr), Gilan Province: Tahergourabe; Golestan Province: Golestan National Park (Ghaleh Palangan)] (
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="B1" refString="Amsel, HG, 1950. Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N.S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1(17): 223-257." title="Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 2. Teil. Arkiv foer Zoologi (N. S.), Stockholm (ser. 2) 1 (17): 223 - 257." year="1950">Amsel 1950</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Amsel, HG" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B2" refString="Amsel, HG, 1959. Microlepidoptera aus Iran. (Ergebnisse der Entomologischen Reisen Willi Richter, Stuttgart, im Iran 1954 und 1956-Nr.25). Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde 28: 1 - 38" title="Microlepidoptera aus Iran. (Ergebnisse der Entomologischen Reisen Willi Richter, Stuttgart, im Iran 1954 und 1956 - Nr. 25)." volume="28" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Wieser, C" editor="Gutleb, B" journalOrPublisher="Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Exkursion. Carinthia II (Klagenfurt) 192 (112)" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="52 - 81" refId="B18" refString="Wieser, C, Humer, P, Stangelmaier, G, 2001. Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera). In: Gutleb, B, Wieser, C, Eds., Nordiran. Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Exkursion. Carinthia II (Klagenfurt) 192(112): 52 - 81" title="Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera)." volumeTitle="Nordiran." year="2001">Wieser et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/nl.43.49128.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/399938" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Female genitalia. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermueller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sitochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sitochroa palealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palealis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Sitochroa palealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
), genitalia preparation No. HA-2513, HMIM, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">B, C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxostege farsalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farsalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Loxostege farsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Amsel syn. nov., allotype, genitalia preparation No. NHRS-TOBI 000004702.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>