603 lines
72 KiB
XML
603 lines
72 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="148506D845770BE33ED5CB8EEFF953C7">Onconeura, a new Neotropical orthoclad genus (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="07CB342EFC32B0E02D873480AA06224A">Andersen, Trond</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="098B1569ECE1063ED75D96B44D6F0ACA">Saether, Ole A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FBE82A30462020E4B41F346820CF9E6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="20CF9CBE6E52C9A3697A9DB3B3472256">
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<mods:date id="A9F847B00A828CC634396D681A0D2AF7">2005</mods:date>
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<treatment id="AA168783FFABE917FEEDB9B03E363437" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507668" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335340" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507668" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA168783FFABE917FEEDB9B03E363437" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA168783FFABE917FEEDB9B03E363437" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE910FEEDB9B0387E3589" box="[264,538,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEEDB9B0387E3589" blockId="1.[264,538,1158,1184]" box="[264,538,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="794881F9FFABE910FEEDB9B0387E3589" bold="true" box="[264,538,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDB9B0387E3589" bold="true" box="[264,538,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEEDB9B03BF53589" ID-CoL="688Y" ID-ENA="1408801" box="[264,401,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDB9B03BF53589" bold="true" box="[264,401,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Onconeura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BF857FCFFABE910FE7DB9B0387E3589" box="[408,538,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE910FEEDB9E4397B3421" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEEDB9E4397B3421" blockId="1.[264,952,1233,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEEDB9E438E835C1" ID-CoL="9CJXD" authority="Saether 1981" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1981" box="[264,652,1233,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDB9E43BDF35C0" box="[264,443,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
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sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFABE910FDE1B9E738E835C1" author="Saether" box="[516,652,1233,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" refString="Saether, O. A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 16, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1981">Saether 1981</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pro parte nec Kieffer 1911. Gen. n. near
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FE74B9C4397F3421" ID-CoL="9CJXD" authority="Mendes et al. 2004" authorityName="Mendes et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[401,795,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FE74B9C438213420" box="[401,581,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFABE910FDAEB9C7397F3421" author="Mendes" box="[587,795,1265,1289]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. & Saether, O. A. (2004) New species of Ichthyocladius Fittkau, a member of the Corynoneura - group (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a review of the genus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 15 - 35." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Mendes
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FD43B9C438BF3420" box="[678,731,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE910FEEDB80F39923452" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEEDB80F3BFC347B" blockId="1.[264,1014,1337,1403]" box="[264,408,1337,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDB80F3BFC347B" box="[264,408,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="FD048837FFABE910FEEDB80F3B58347B" box="[264,316,1337,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEDDB85739923452" blockId="1.[264,1014,1337,1403]" box="[312,1014,1377,1403]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEDDB85738283453" box="[312,588,1377,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undecimata" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEDDB85738283453" box="[312,588,1377,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Onconeura undecimata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0BF857FCFFABE910FDB6B85738843452" box="[595,736,1377,1403]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE910FEEDB887387034E3" box="[264,532,1457,1482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEEDB887387034E3" blockId="1.[264,841,1457,1523]" box="[264,532,1457,1482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDB887387034E3" box="[264,532,1457,1482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Other included species</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE910FEDDB8EF3BB9376B" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEDDB8EF392D34DA" blockId="1.[264,841,1457,1523]" box="[312,841,1497,1523]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEDDB8EF392134DA" ID-CoL="8FF9H" authority="Saether 1981" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1981" box="[312,837,1497,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifimbriata">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEDDB8EF38C334DB" box="[312,679,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thienemanniella semifimbriata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFABE910FD4BB8EF392134DA" author="Saether" box="[686,837,1497,1523]" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" refString="Saether, O. A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 16, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1981">Saether 1981</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="22003695FFABE910FEEDBB1F3BB9376B" blockId="1.[264,1323,1577,1887]" box="[264,477,1577,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDBB1F3BB9376B" box="[264,477,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Generic diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFABE913FEDDBB673F4F324F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFABE913FEDDBB673EEE30D7" blockId="1.[264,1323,1577,1887]" lastBlockId="2.[264,1323,284,870]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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The imagines are separable from those of other Orthocladiinae except
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FB6BBB673BD837BA" authority="Winnertz 1846" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FB6BBB673F4E3743" box="[1166,1322,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Corynoneura</emphasis>
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Winnertz 1846
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FE28BB4F395D37BA" authority="Kieffer 1911" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[461,825,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FE28BB4F38F637BB" box="[461,658,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
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Kieffer 1911
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FCAFBB4F3F4237BA" authority="Ferrington & Saether 1995" authorityName="Ferrington & Saether" authorityYear="1995" box="[842,1318,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Physoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FCAFBB4F39B237BB" box="[842,982,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Physoneura</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFABE910FC07BB4F3F4237BA" author="Ferrington" box="[994,1318,1657,1683]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refString="Ferrington, L. C., Jr. & Saether, O. A. (1995) Physoneura, a new genus of Orthocladiinae from Patagonia and South Chile (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 17, 57 - 63." type="journal article" year="1995">Ferrington & Saether 1995</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEEDBB9738423792" authority="Epler" authorityName="Epler" box="[264,550,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDBB973BBE3793" box="[264,474,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
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Epler
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FDD4BB9738233793" box="[561,583,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">in</emphasis>
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Epler & de la Rosa 1995,
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FC79BB973E943792" authority="Fittkau 1974" authorityName="Fittkau" authorityYear="1974" box="[924,1264,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Ichthyocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FC79BB973E2D3793" box="[924,1097,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ichthyocladius</emphasis>
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Fittkau 1974
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFABE910FEEDBBFF382C37CA" authority="Harrison 1997" authorityName="Harrison" authorityYear="1997" box="[264,584,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFABE910FEEDBBFF3BF237CB" box="[264,406,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Notocladius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFABE910FE7BBBFF382C37CA" author="Harrison" box="[414,584,1737,1763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="15" refString="Harrison, A. D. (1997) Two small Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae, Diptera) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 19, 375 - 386." type="journal article" year="1997">Harrison 1997</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having R1, R2+3, and the costa retracted and swollen forming a thick clavus which terminates at or before the midpoint of the wing. The following combination of characters will separate the genus from the other members of the group: bare eyes; female pedicel without setae; tergites without raised, median area of setae and with 4–8 setae in median transverse row; posterior sternites with single median and 2 very weak posterior setae; anal lobe well developed; all trochanters with dorsal keel; hind tibial apex not broadened; tarsomere 4 not noticeably cordiform; male transverse sternapodeme well developed with strong oral projections; superior volsella separate, low but distinct; female gonocoxite IX well developed but adpressed, with a few setae; coxosternapodeme with a few spinelike anterior projections; and apodeme lobe and labia large.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDBF3A393A33B7" blockId="2.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The pupa differs from that of other genera without a thoracic horn and with an anal lobe fringe by having 4–7 rows of pearls on the wing sheath, one weak nontaeniate macroseta, anal lobe with strong seta on inner margin, and tergal conjunctives with posterior rows of up to 10 strong recurved spines (hooklets).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDBF9A3F4F324F" blockId="2.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The larva has the antennae about 1/3 the length of the head, as opposed to 1/
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||
<quantity id="E5479B70FFA8E913FB48BF9A3EB833EF" box="[1197,1244,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
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<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FB07BF9A3BF833C4" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FB07BF9A3BF833C4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, about 1/2 to 3/
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||
<quantity id="E5479B70FFA8E913FD8BBFE238C633C7" box="[622,674,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
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||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FD4ABFE2391033C4" box="[687,884,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FD4ABFE2391033C4" box="[687,884,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and about as long as the head in
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||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FEEDBFCA3BC0323C" box="[264,420,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FEEDBFCA3BC0323C" box="[264,420,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. The S I is simple while it is bifid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FCB8BFCA3E54323C" box="[861,1072,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FCB8BFCA3E54323C" box="[861,1072,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FB8CBFCA3E92323C" box="[1129,1270,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FB8CBFCA3E92323C" box="[1129,1270,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Notocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the mentum has 3 subequal teeth and 5 pairs of lateral teeth of which the first is adpressed to the outer median tooth. The posterior parapods are more than
|
||
<date id="56011055FFA8E913FC3CBE7A3999324F" box="[985,1021,844,870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5X</date>
|
||
as long as medially wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFA8E913FEEDBEAA3B573507" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEEDBEAA3BE1329C" blockId="2.[264,1323,924,1070]" box="[264,389,924,949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FEEDBEAA3BE1329C" box="[264,389,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDBEF23B573507" blockId="2.[264,1323,924,1070]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
From the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FE18BEF2382532F4" box="[509,577,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">oncos</emphasis>
|
||
, hook, referring to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFA8E913FCBDBEF2399332F4" box="[856,1015,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FCBDBEF2399332F4" box="[856,1015,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
like conjunctive hooklets and
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FEA1BEDA3BF2352C" box="[324,406,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">neuron</emphasis>
|
||
, nerve, sinew, but here used as an indication of relationship with similar genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6AA5651EFFA8E917FEEDB9523E363437" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEEDB9523BF63554" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" box="[264,402,1124,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FEEDB9523BF63554" box="[264,402,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDB9BA3BE7358C" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" box="[312,387,1164,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA8E913FEDDB9BA3BE7358C" box="[312,387,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Imago</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDB98239D535E7" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" box="[312,945,1204,1230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Small species, wing length about or less than 1.0 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDB9EA39EA34CF" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Eye bare, reniform, without dorsomedian elongation. Antenna with 11–12 flagellomeres in male,
|
||
<quantity id="E5479B70FFA8E913FE43B8323BB03437" box="[422,468,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
female; fully plumed; groove in male beginning on flagellomere 2; sensilla chaetica present on flagellomeres 2, 3, and ultimate; apex strongly clubbed and rounded; male AR lower than 1.0. Palpomeres normal; palpomere 3 with 1–2 short lanceolate sensilla clavata. Temporals reduced in number. Tentorium long, narrow, tapering to point. Stipes normally developed. Cibarial pump with anterior margin deeply concave, cornua strongly developed. Clypeus with several setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E913FEDDB8C239F63777" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Antepronotal lobes not reduced medially, with several weak lateral antepronotals. Acrostichals absent; dorsocentrals uniserial, few prealars, single supraalar present or absent. Scutellum with few transversely uniserial setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA8E912FEDDBB5A3E3630A0" blockId="2.[264,1325,1124,1881]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Wing membrane without setae, with fine punctuation. Anal lobe well developed, but not projecting. Costa apically fused with R1 and R2+3 forming a thick clavus well proximal to wing midpoint in male, at about mid point in female; R4 (or R4+5) and R5 (or M1) running together from RM to near apex, separated basally, nearly fused and becoming evanescent apically; Cu1 slightly sinuous; FCu far distal to RM; postcubitus ending far past cubital fork; anal vein ending below or slightly distal to cubital fork. Brachiolum with 1 seta; clavus with apical seta; R1 with a few setae on clavus in female, bare in male; other veins bare. Squama bare. Sensilla campaniformia about 7–8 basally on brachiolum as well as apically on brachiolum, 3 below setae on brachiolum; 1 present on RM.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDBCA13E7C3378" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Front leg ratio about 0.7–0.8. Trochanters with dorsal keel, best developed on fore trochanter. Tibial spurs and hind tibial comb normal.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5AA87605FFA9E912FC94BC8939C830F0" box="[881,940,447,473]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
margin of tarsomeres 1–3 with double row of shorter, thicker, bluntly tipped setae, best developed on mid and hind tarsomere 1. Tarsomere 4 barely cordiform. Sensilla chaeticae present approximately at basal 1/4 to 1/2 on ta1 of middle and sometimes hind leg. Pulvilli absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDBF5738B3338A" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tergites with median transverse band of 4–8 setae. Posterior sternites with 1 median and two very weak posterolateral setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDBF8739753292" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hypopygium short, without anal point; tergite IX with several weak setae, more or less weakly emarginated with two weak protrusions. Laterosternite IX with few setae. Transverse sternapodeme slightly convex, oral projections strongly developed. Phallapodeme well sclerotized, aedeagal lobe well developed with sclerotized apicomedian margin. Virga absent. Gonocoxite well developed; superior volsellae low but relatively well developed at least sometimes fused basally; inferior volsella well developed. Gonostylus without crista dorsalis, widest near apex, megaseta simple.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDBEFF3965340A" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Female genitalia with straight gonocoxapodeme ending on base of gonapophysis VIII. Gonocoxite well developed, but adpressed, with few setae. Tergite IX with apical notch, with several setae. Segment X normal. Postgenital plate weak, indistinct, bluntly triangular. Cercus relatively large. Gonapophysis VIII not divided. Apodeme lobe large and distinct, partly sclerotized. Labia large and bare, fused basally, notched apically. Coxosternapodeme with median curves and a few spinelike anterior projections. Seminal capsules smaller than cerci, ovoid, darkly sclerotized full length, neck placed anterolaterally. Spermathecal ducts anteriorly narrow, nearly straight or with loop, wider posteriorly and nearly straight, with common opening.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDB8073B123463" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" box="[312,374,1329,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFA9E912FEDDB8073B123463" box="[312,374,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDB86F3E73345A" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" box="[312,1047,1369,1395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Small pupa, less than
|
||
<quantity id="E5479B70FFA9E912FDDCB86F3819345A" box="[569,637,1369,1395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Exuviae pale greyish brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E912FEDDB8B738C437A2" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cephalic tubercles and frontal warts absent. Frontal setae very weak and transparent, slightly taeniate or long and strong, on sclerotized tubercles on frontal apotome. Frontal apotome wrinkled or smooth. Thoracic horn absent. Thorax tuberculose anteromedially, rugulose and wrinkled laterally and posteriorly. Wing with several rows of pearls, without nose. Three precorneals, 2 median and apparently 1 lateral antepronotals, at least one postorbital, and 4 dorsocentrals arranged in two pairs present. One precorneal and posterior dorsocentral conspicuously strong.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFA9E915FEDDBBAF38D53087" blockId="3.[264,1325,284,1875]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tergite I without shagreen; II–IX with shagreen; weak on II; strong on III–VI with area in front of posterior spines nearly bare. Posterior margin of II–VIII with 1–3 transverse rows of spines grading over into more anterior coarse shagreen spinules. Conjunctives I/II (II/III) – VI/VII (VII/VIII) with strong hooklets, 3–10 on conjunctives II/III to VI/VII. Sternites I bare; II with sparse median shagreen consisting of fine needlelike, pale spinules becoming stronger posteriorly; III–VIII with sparse shagreen becoming coarser on posterior sternites; IX bare. Sternites IV–VIII in male, IV–VII in female with weak posterior spines. Female sternite VIII with broad and low posterior projection with median suture. Pedes spurii A and B absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEDDBC8A38873302" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Segment I with 2 L setae, II–VII each with 4, VIII with 3 L setae, L2 sometimes slightly taeniate. Tergites and sternites apparently with 1 pair of O setae in C5 pattern, i.e., ventral O setae laterad of dorsal O setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEDDBF0F384033DA" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anal lobe well developed with fringe in apical 1/3 of uniserial taeniae, anterior few taeniae often spinelike, preapical taeniae sometimes very long, 1–3 spines posterior to apical taenia; inner margin of anal lobe with long nontaeniate seta, one short, nontaeniate macroseta dorsal to bases of anal lobe fringe. Genital sacs of male and female not extending to apex of anal lobe.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEDDBE373B1A3233" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" box="[312,382,769,794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FEDDBE373B1A3233" box="[312,382,769,794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEDDBE1F3803340A" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Head capsule about 1 3/4 as long as wide, somewhat wedge shaped. Antenna about 1/ 3 as long as head capsule; basal segment about twice as long as flagellum, with ring organ 1/3 from base and 2 setae about at 2/3; antennal segment 2 slightly longer than combined length of 3–5. Lauterborn organs well developed, style weak. Blade shorter than flagellum. Labrum with S I and S III apparently weak and simple; S II [labral seta S I in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAEE915FB3CBEFF3B3D3522" author="Saether" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Saether, O. A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 16, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1981">Saether (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see Epler & de la Rosa (1995)] strong, situated on tubercle; at least 3 chaetae. Pecten epipharyngis of 3 simple spines. Chaetulae laterales 4–6 pairs, chaetulae basales apically bifid. Premandible simple, with well developed brush. Maxilla with long lacinial chaetae. Mandible with 4 inner teeth, apical tooth slightly shorter than combined width of first 2 inner teeth, seta interna with about 7 plumose branches. Mentum with 3 subequal teeth and 5 pairs of lateral teeth of which the first is adpressed to outer median tooth. Ventromental plates narrow, broader posteriorly. Setae submenti situated well below base of outer lateral tooth of mentum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEDDB807381F34B2" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Claws of anterior parapods serrate. Procercus higher than wide, with 3–4 anal setae. Posterior parapods long, more than
|
||
<date id="56011055FFAEE915FD23B86F388E345A" box="[710,746,1369,1395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5X</date>
|
||
as long as medially wide. Anal tubules much shorter than posterior parapods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE915FEEDB8E73BF534C3" blockId="4.[264,1323,1489,1875]" box="[264,401,1489,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FEEDB8E73BF534C3" box="[264,401,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Systematics</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAEE914FEDDB8CF38473367" blockId="4.[264,1323,1489,1875]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1881]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The generic assignment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FD9EB8CF3927373B" box="[635,835,1529,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semifimbriata">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FD9EB8CF3927373B" box="[635,835,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">O. semifimbriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAEE915FBE2B8CF3ECB373A" author="Saether" box="[1031,1199,1529,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" refString="Saether, O. A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 16, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1981">Saether (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Epler & de la Rosa (1995).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FDC1BB1738CC3713" box="[548,680,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FDC1BB1738CC3713" box="[548,680,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FD08BB1739A43713" box="[749,960,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FD08BB1739A43713" box="[749,960,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very similar and closely related. The relationships between these two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FC61BB7F3E2D374B" box="[900,1097,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FC61BB7F3E2D374B" box="[900,1097,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FB62BB7F3F47374B" box="[1159,1315,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FB62BB7F3F47374B" box="[1159,1315,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, remain uncertain because in some features the genera are intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FB5FBB473B59379B" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FB5FBB473B59379B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FE99BBAF3825379B" box="[380,577,1689,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FE99BBAF3825379B" box="[380,577,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in others apparently more plesiomorphic than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FB34BBAF3B1937F3" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FB34BBAF3B1937F3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the polarity of apparent decisive trends will depend on which genus or group of genera forms the sister group of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FCDCBBDF39B1362B" box="[825,981,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FCDCBBDF39B1362B" box="[825,981,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. The presence of large caudal hooklets on tergal conjunctives are conspicuous both in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FC17BA273E123603" box="[1010,1142,1809,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FC17BA273E123603" box="[1010,1142,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAEE915FB2ABA273BED367B" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAEE915FB2ABA273BED367B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in the new species described here the hooklets are every bit as conspicuous as those in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE0ABC2A38EA301C" box="[495,654,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE0ABC2A38EA301C" box="[495,654,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAFE914FD09BC2A39F1301F" author="Saether" box="[748,917,284,310]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="15" refString="Saether, O. A (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin Fisheries Research Board Canada, 197, 1 - 211." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FBFABC2A3ED8301C" box="[1055,1212,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FBFABC2A3ED8301C" box="[1055,1212,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as sister group to reduced Orthocladiini sensu Brundin and Metriocnemini sensu Brundin combined, i.e., with some plesiomorphic groups removed, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC1ABC5A3B273087" authority="Sparck, 1923" authorityName="Sparck" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heterotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC1ABC5A3EAD30AC" box="[1023,1225,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heterotanytarsus</emphasis>
|
||
Spärck, 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister group to all three groups combined and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC5DBCA23E333084" box="[952,1111,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC5DBCA23E333084" box="[952,1111,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as sister to all the above. That is, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FDDCBC8A38B130FC" box="[569,725,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FDDCBC8A38B130FC" box="[569,725,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group was just two nodes removed from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FB0EBC8A3B1530D4" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FB0EBC8A3B1530D4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE3FBCD2383A30D4" box="[474,606,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE3FBCD2383A30D4" box="[474,606,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD41BCD2391230D4" box="[676,886,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD41BCD2391230D4" box="[676,886,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, indicate that the groups either are sister groups or that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD45BF3A3924330C" box="[672,832,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD45BF3A3924330C" box="[672,832,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is paraphyletic because it includes the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FED6BF023BAB3364" box="[307,463,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FED6BF023BAB3364" box="[307,463,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAFE914FEDDBF6A399F33C7" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Characters in common for all the genera of the two groups include absence of pedes spurii A and B of the pupa; sexual dimorphism of sternite VIII of the pupa; gonapophysis VIII of the female genitalia undivided; and ventromental plates of the larvae narrow, inconspicuous, widest posteriorly, and without setae underneath.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAFE914FEDDBFCA3E4734E0" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
All imagines of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FDCEBFCA38A3323C" box="[555,711,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FDCEBFCA38A3323C" box="[555,711,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and several of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FBE7BFCA3EC6323C" box="[1026,1186,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FBE7BFCA3EC6323C" box="[1026,1186,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group lack acrostichals, have retracted R4+5, lack a squamal fringe, have cordiform ta4 shorter than ta5, and except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE0DBE6738103243" box="[488,628,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Physoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE0DBE6738103243" box="[488,628,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Physoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
no anal point, and no virga. All pupae of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FB6BBE673F4E3243" box="[1166,1322,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FB6BBE673F4E3243" box="[1166,1322,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and many species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD91BE49397032B1" box="[628,788,895,920]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD91BE49397032B1" box="[628,788,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group lack a thoracic horn. The caudal hooklets on the tergal conjunctives or posterior on the tergites otherwise is found only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FB3EBE913BCE32C0" authority="Haliday 1855" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FB3EBE913F4F32E9" box="[1243,1323,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Clunio</emphasis>
|
||
Haliday 1855
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which could be an aberrant relative. The seta arising from the inner margin of the anal lobe is unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD98BEC139EA3538" authority="Kieffer 1922" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1922" box="[637,910,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD98BEC138863539" box="[637,738,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tvetenia</emphasis>
|
||
Kieffer 1922
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC45BEC13E583539" box="[928,1084,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC45BEC13E583539" box="[928,1084,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FBB4BEC13F403539" box="[1105,1316,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FBB4BEC13F403539" box="[1105,1316,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FEEDB929380D3511" box="[264,617,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FEEDB9293BB43511" box="[264,464,1055,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thienemanniella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE3EB929380D3511" box="[475,617,1055,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notocladius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD4DB92939483511" box="[680,812,1055,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD4DB92939483511" box="[680,812,1055,1080]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pupal wing sheaths have pearl rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FEEDB97138B23548" authority="Saether & Halvorsen 1981" authorityName="Saether & Halvorsen" authorityYear="1981" box="[264,726,1095,1121]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dratnalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FEEDB9713B183549" box="[264,380,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dratnalia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAFE914FE6EB97138B23548" author="Saether" box="[395,726,1095,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" refString="Saether, O. A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with descriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n. gen. Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 16, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1981">Saether & Halvorsen 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD0CB971392A3549" box="[745,846,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD0CB971392A3549" box="[745,846,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tvetenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC81B9713E643549" box="[868,1024,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC81B9713E643549" box="[868,1024,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FBF2B9713E8E3549" box="[1047,1258,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FBF2B9713E8E3549" box="[1047,1258,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FEEDB9593BE835A1" box="[264,396,1135,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FEEDB9593BE835A1" box="[264,396,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas such rows otherwise among the orthoclads occur only in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FB2DB9593BF23599" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heterotrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FB2DB9593BF23599" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heterotrissocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Most larvae of both groups have all S setae simple. The Lauterborn organs usually are well developed. The pecten epipharyngis always consists of three simple spines and often the median chaetulae laterales is of the same shape, making it appear as though there are five spines in the pecten epipharyngis. The posterior parapods often are longer than normal. The above characters clearly support the monophyly of the combined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FEEDB8693BC03451" box="[264,420,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FEEDB8693BC03451" box="[264,420,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE00B86938E13451" box="[485,645,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE00B86938E13451" box="[485,645,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD5BB86939003451" box="[702,868,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cardiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD5BB86939003451" box="[702,868,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cardiocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) groups. However, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAFE914FB1CB869384D3488" author="Ferrington" pageId="5" pageNumber="15" refString="Ferrington, L. C., Jr. & Saether, O. A. (1995) Physoneura, a new genus of Orthocladiinae from Patagonia and South Chile (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 17, 57 - 63." type="journal article" year="1995">Ferrington & Saether (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD19B8B139EC3489" box="[764,904,1415,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Physoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD19B8B139EC3489" box="[764,904,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Physoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC3DB8B13E103489" box="[984,1140,1415,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC3DB8B13E103489" box="[984,1140,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is somewhat uncertain because the immatures and the female are unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFAFE917FEDDB8E13819330F" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1881]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,1310]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE58B8E1383D34D9" box="[445,601,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE58B8E1383D34D9" box="[445,601,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, large caudal hooklets and pearl rows in the pupa and normal larval antennae should, for instance, be regarded as plesiomorphous features.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFAFE914FEEDBB113BC93768" author="Schlee" box="[264,429,1575,1601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" refString="Schlee, D. (1968) Vergleichende Merkmalsanalyse zur Morphologie und Phylogenie der Corynoneura- Gruppe (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zugleich eine Allgemeine Morphologie der Chironomiden-Imago (♂). Stuttgarter beitrage zur Naturkunde, 180, 1 - 150." type="journal article" year="1968">Schlee (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered five morphoclines for the larvae, all of them involving progressive elongation, i.e., the longest structures are considered apomorphic, of the head capsule, of the antennae, of the anterior parapods, of the posterior parapods, and of the procerci. According to Epler & de la Rosa (1995),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD1DBBA939AF3791" box="[760,971,1695,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD1DBBA939AF3791" box="[760,971,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lies at the plesiomorphic end of the gradient for the second and the last and occupies an intermediate state for the other trends. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FE98BBD938653621" box="[381,513,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FE98BBD938653621" box="[381,513,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the antenna is longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FC85BBD93E573621" box="[864,1075,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FC85BBD93E573621" box="[864,1075,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not as long as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FEEDBA213BA93619" box="[264,461,1815,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FEEDBA213BA93619" box="[264,461,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the head capsule length/width, elongation of the parapods, and length of the procercus are about as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFAFE914FD03BA0939DD3671" box="[742,953,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFAFE914FD03BA0939DD3671" box="[742,953,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The reduction of the L setae, anal lobe fringe, and anal macrosetae in the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC70BC2A3E7D301C" box="[917,1049,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC70BC2A3E7D301C" box="[917,1049,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FBBDBC2A3F4F301C" box="[1112,1323,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FBBDBC2A3F4F301C" box="[1112,1323,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be regarded as synapomorphies. However, there is no fringe in the pupae of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FB16BC723B1E30AC" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FB16BC723B1E30AC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and the lateral abdominal setae are about as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC19BC5A3EE430AC" box="[1020,1152,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC19BC5A3EE430AC" box="[1020,1152,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The fringe in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FED1BCA23BB43084" box="[308,464,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FED1BCA23BB43084" box="[308,464,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group thus could be secondarily developed, making a partly fringed anal lobe more plesiomorphic than a full fringe, and the L setae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC06BC8A3E0330FC" box="[995,1127,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC06BC8A3E0330FC" box="[995,1127,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
representing the most plesiomorphic step of a trend with reduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC95BCD23E2730D4" box="[880,1091,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC95BCD23E2730D4" box="[880,1091,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and stronger development in the other two genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22003695FFACE917FEDDBF023E363437" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFACE917FEDDBF0238493367" box="[312,557,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. & Saether, O. A. (2004) New species of Ichthyocladius Fittkau, a member of the Corynoneura - group (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a review of the genus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 15 - 35." type="journal article">
|
||
Mendes
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FE79BF023BB43364" box="[412,464,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did a genericlevel parsimony analysis of all genera near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FB33BF023824335F" authority="Thienemann 1926" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FB33BF023B38335C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
Thienemann 1926
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FD9BBF6A3945335C" box="[638,801,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FD9BBF6A3979335C" box="[638,797,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corynoneura</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC61BF6A3E76335C" box="[900,1042,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC61BF6A3E76335C" box="[900,1042,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and selected genera of Orthocladiinae;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FE2DBFB2382833B4" box="[456,588,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FE2DBFB2382833B4" box="[456,588,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included as Gen. n. near
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC5CBFB23E1A33B4" box="[953,1150,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC5CBFB23E1A33B4" box="[953,1150,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all results, when characters were unweighted, weighted, or reweighted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC35BF9A3EC633EC" box="[976,1186,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC35BF9A3EC633EC" box="[976,1186,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formed the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FE5DBFE2383033C4" box="[440,596,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FE5DBFE2383033C4" box="[440,596,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FD68BFE2393633C4" box="[653,850,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FD68BFE2393633C4" box="[653,850,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
combined, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FBF2BFE23EFF33C4" box="[1047,1179,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FBF2BFE23EFF33C4" box="[1047,1179,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Onconeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group of the three combined. Also, in all results, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC43BFCA3E27323C" box="[934,1091,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC43BFCA3E27323C" box="[934,1091,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which also included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FE91BE1238643214" box="[372,512,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Physoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FE91BE1238643214" box="[372,512,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Physoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FDDDBE1238803214" box="[568,740,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Ichthyocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FDDDBE1238803214" box="[568,740,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ichthyocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, formed a monophyletic group within a paraphyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FED9BE7A3BB8324C" box="[316,476,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FED9BE7A3BB8324C" box="[316,476,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FDDCBE7A38A3324C" box="[569,711,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FDDCBE7A38A3324C" box="[569,711,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was excluded from the analysis because several of the characters used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFACE917FDC5BE42394532A7" box="[544,801,884,910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. & Saether, O. A. (2004) New species of Ichthyocladius Fittkau, a member of the Corynoneura - group (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a review of the genus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 15 - 35." type="journal article">
|
||
Mendes
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FD6DBE4238DA32A4" box="[648,702,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, such as presence or absence of a superior volsella, shape of the phallapodeme, and presence or absence of a keel on the trochanter, are not mentioned in the description by Harrison (1979), and because the larva is tentatively associated. However, adding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FD4EBEDA395D352C" box="[683,825,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FD4EBEDA395D352C" box="[683,825,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the data matrix in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFACE917FBD0BEDA3F4E352F" box="[1077,1322,1004,1030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. & Saether, O. A. (2004) New species of Ichthyocladius Fittkau, a member of the Corynoneura - group (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a review of the genus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 15 - 35." type="journal article">
|
||
Mendes
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FB7FBEDA3EAA352C" box="[1178,1230,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
places the genus as the sister group of
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FD00B9223E8A3504" box="[741,1262,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FD00B92239E13504" box="[741,901,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corynoneura</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC71B9223E383504" box="[916,1116,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thienemanniella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FB8EB9223E8A3504" box="[1131,1262,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Onconeura</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FEEDB90A3BBF357C" box="[264,475,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FEEDB90A3BBF357C" box="[264,475,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
combined when characters are not weighted, but as the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FEEDB9523BC03554" box="[264,420,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FEEDB9523BC03554" box="[264,420,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FE07B95238C33554" box="[482,679,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FE07B95238C33554" box="[482,679,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alone when some characters are weighted. While the strict consensus trees for unweighted and reweighted characters differ in several details, no longer indicating the monophyly of a combined
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FCB4B9823EC335E4" box="[849,1191,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynoneura—Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
|
||
group, the results when some characters are weighted are identical to those obtained by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="462E4B64FFACE917FB69B9EA3B2B3437" author="Mendes" pageId="6" pageNumber="15" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. & Saether, O. A. (2004) New species of Ichthyocladius Fittkau, a member of the Corynoneura - group (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with a review of the genus. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 15 - 35." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Mendes
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FB15B9EA3F4035DC" box="[1264,1316,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Figs. 38, 39) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FDD7B83238A43434" box="[562,704,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Notocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FDD7B83238A43434" box="[562,704,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Notocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inserted above
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BF4D16FFACE917FC9DB8323E2F3434" box="[888,1099,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tempisquitoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="10CBEA87FFACE917FC9DB8323E2F3434" box="[888,1099,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tempisquitoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |