663 lines
85 KiB
XML
663 lines
85 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AE0C19AA7549238D1CB1C53E0152C3DF">Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0C20C92C3995D707CFEB1241507F8D21">Biju, S. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="85567A608E382A88577DDDD13371AA28">Kamei, Rachunliu G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2F9DABEC3F9543F33C73B23850A11DFB">Mahony, Stephen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13E27BD53643C87B13B0E36AEEAEBEB8">Thomas, Ashish</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94EC4E4E2A767CC1386290F9346D75D5">Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B32458B54669DFB4B8188FF35F2C95E">Sircar, Gargi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D5BC0A9499BE7411F8468C1A4E972E3B">Suyesh, Robin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1FF46714B8059CC47DA672574809A372">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CE4CE165C0D30F265FB795B970EAEEA1">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9C863030EC028FCC7CCAB127CE511666">3636</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="87FDA497E35A2A10ED4B1529820EE60B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="5228196EFFF9FFA523D6CB5F02DAFE39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5611815" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119565275" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5611815" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5228196EFFF9FFA523D6CB5F02DAFE39" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5228196EFFF9FFA523D6CB5F02DAFE39" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFF9FFA323D6CB5F02F2FC3F" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA323D6CB5F0401FB34" blockId="17.[151,714,835,930]" box="[151,639,835,862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<heading id="81761F14FFF9FFA323D6CB5F0401FB34" bold="true" box="[151,639,835,862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA323D6CB5F0401FB34" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,639,835,862]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CB5F0401FB34" bold="true" box="[151,639,835,862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CB5F07A9FB37" bold="true" box="[151,471,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
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Jerdon, 1870
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA323D6CB7D04B4FBCB" blockId="17.[151,714,835,930]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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Malabar Flying Frog (Daniel and Sekar 1989) (
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<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA323E4CB91073FFBCB" box="[165,321,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A – G" captionStartId="4.[151,246,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[219,1374,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[219,1375,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. A – G. Leaf nest types and multimale mating in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A – C. Leaf nest types. A. Type 1: Single leaf rolling— Rhacophorus lateralis; B – C. Type 2: Multiple leaves nest— R. calcadensis, R. malabaricus, R. pseudomalabaricus; D – G. Multimale mating. D – E. R. lateralis on vegetation. F. R. malabaricus on vegetation. G. R. malabaricus on ground." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218526/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Figures 1F–G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA3220CCB910711FBCB" box="[333,367,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – D" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1974,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,624,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,624,1959]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – D. Photographs showing colour and marking of juveniles and adults in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; D. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218527/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">2C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA3223ACB9107C4FBCB" box="[379,442,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">3F–G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA32284CB910796FBCB" box="[453,488,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A – D" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,407,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,396,1785]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. A – D. Distribution maps of the four Rhacophorus species in the Western Ghats. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; and D. R. pseudomalabaricus. Positioning of symbols is approximate; see Table 1 for coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218531/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">6C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA322B5CB910442FBCB" box="[500,572,906,930]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – G" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from “ Malabar ”: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">8A–G</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFF9FFA32106CB9104BFFBCB" box="[583,705,906,930]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="11.[151,239,971,995]" captionStartId-1="20.[119,209,469,492]" captionStartId-2="25.[151,239,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1422,1189,1652]" captionTargetPageId-2="25" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Distribution and collection localities of Rhacophorus that are discussed in the text. Distribution is given state wise in the following sequence: district followed by specific locality. Altitude is in meters. * locality requires confirmation, see ‘ Discussion’ for explanation." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the specimens used in this study. Status of specimens is given after the Museum number: HT-Holotype, PT-Paratype. other abbreviations are defined in the method and materials." captionText-2="TABLE 3. Voucher numbers, locality information and GenBank accession numbers of the taxa included in this study." httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/8EFEF8F0FFF1FFAB23D6CC5B0300FC3E" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" tableUuid-2="8EFEF8F0FFF1FFAB23D6CC5B0300FC3E">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA323D6CBC902F2FC3F" blockId="17.[151,1437,978,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CBC90452FB82" bold="true" box="[151,556,978,1003]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Original name and description.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA3217FCBC8025FFB83" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[574,1057,978,1003]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA3217FCBC8050FFB82" box="[574,881,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
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Jerdon, 1870
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</taxonomicName>
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, Notes on Indian herpetology.
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CBED04DDFC67" box="[151,675,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</emphasis>
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, 1870:84.
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32065CBED026BFC66" bold="true" box="[804,1045,1014,1039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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Name-bearing
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<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF9FFA3209BCBEC0271FC66" box="[986,1039,1015,1039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">type</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF9FFA32761CBED02F5FC67" box="[1056,1163,1014,1038]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, NHM 72.4.17.106, by monotypy, an adult female, collected by Beddome, presented to NHM by Jerdon.
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA3272FCC00036EFC5A" bold="true" box="[1134,1296,1050,1075]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF9FFA3272FCC0002D9FC5A" box="[1134,1191,1051,1075]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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“Malabar”.
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CC25046CFC3E" bold="true" box="[151,530,1086,1111]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Current status of specific name.</emphasis>
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Valid name, as
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<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA32185CC2502F6FC3F" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[708,1160,1086,1110]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32185CC250593FC3F" box="[708,1005,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
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Jerdon, 1870
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFF9FFA02386CC790298F9C5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA02386CC790298F9C5" blockId="17.[151,1437,978,2011]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,2023]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32386CC79048FFC12" bold="true" box="[199,753,1122,1147]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Other material studied/observed. KERALA:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA321BECC7805DDFC12" box="[767,931,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Idukki district</emphasis>
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, Kattapana, AT personal observation (not collected) on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3226FCC9D07BBFCF7" box="[302,453,1158,1182]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-06-23">23 June 2011</date>
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;
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32291CC9D0406FCF7" box="[464,632,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Kollam district</emphasis>
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, Kattalappara, SDBDU 2138 (adult male), collected by RGK, SG & RS on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA323FBCCB107E9FCAB" box="[186,407,1194,1218]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-09-12">12 September 2011</date>
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;
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA322E2CCB0040FFCAA" box="[419,625,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Kozhikodu district</emphasis>
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, Kakkayam, SDBDU 431 (adult male), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32668CCB106ADFC8F" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2003-08-11">11 August 2003</date>
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;
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323ABCCD50784FC8F" box="[234,506,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Pathanamthitta district</emphasis>
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, Moozhiyar, SDB personal observation (not collected) on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA327AACCD503E9FC8F" box="[1259,1431,1230,1254]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2001-07-23">23 July 2001</date>
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;
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<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA323D6CCE807A1FD62" box="[151,479,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Thiruvananthapuram district</emphasis>
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, Athirimala, SDBDU 200 (adult female), SDBDU 550 (adult male), SDBDU 6311, 1615 (two adult females), SDBDU 6312–6314 (three adult males), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3273ACD0D037DFD47" box="[1147,1283,1302,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2004-07-06">6 July 2004</date>
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; Chathankod, SDBDU 2074 (adult male), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32183CD2105EEFD3B" box="[706,912,1338,1362]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2002-09-06">6 September 2002</date>
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, SDBDU 4075 (adult male), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA323FACD4507E7FD1F" box="[187,409,1374,1398]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2002-11-23">23 November 2002</date>
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, SDBDU 40117 (an adult male), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3274ACD4402EAFD1F" box="[1035,1172,1374,1398]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2003-07-07">7 July 2003</date>
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; Palode, SDBDU 2314 (adult male), collected by SDB on
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<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32168CD9904B8FDF3" box="[553,710,1410,1434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2000-06-23">23 June 2000</date>
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; Ponmudi, SDBDU 1276 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA326CFCD990754FDD7" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2001-08-02">2 August 2001</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32277CDBD0795FDD7" box="[310,491,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Thrissur district</emphasis>
|
||
, Athirapplly, SDBDU 4045 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA327F2CDBD0340FDD7" box="[1203,1342,1446,1470]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2003-06-08">8 June 2003</date>
|
||
; Peechi, SDB personal observation, (not collected) on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA321ECCDD10522FD8B" box="[685,860,1482,1507]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2001-08-04">4 August 2001</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA3202ACDD00252FD8A" box="[875,1068,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Wayanad district</emphasis>
|
||
, Kalpetta, SDBDU 6019 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3229DCDF504EDFE6F" box="[476,659,1518,1543]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2007-08-11">11 August 2007</date>
|
||
; Sulthanbathery, SDBDU 201 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA326C1CDF50755FE43" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2007-08-12">12 August 2007</date>
|
||
, SDBDU 202 (adult female), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32039CE09024FFE43" box="[888,1073,1554,1579]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2007-08-11">11 August 2007</date>
|
||
; Kurichiyarmala, SDB personal observation, (not collected) on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA322BFCE2D04C4FE27" box="[510,698,1590,1615]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2007-08-14">14 August 2007</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32186CE2D05F6FE26" bold="true" box="[711,904,1590,1615]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">TAMIL NADU:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA320D0CE2D0211FE27" box="[913,1135,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Coimbatore district</emphasis>
|
||
, Valparai, SDBDU 20056 (TBGRI 2001.0010) (adult female), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32079CE4105ACFE1B" box="[824,978,1626,1650]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2001-07-19">19 July 2001</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA320A0CE4102E0FE1A" bold="true" box="[993,1182,1626,1651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">KARNATAKA:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA327E6CE4003EBFE1A" box="[1191,1429,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Chikmagalur district</emphasis>
|
||
, Bygoor Estate, SDBDU 2010.329 (adult male), collected by RS on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA320D6CE65024CFEFF" box="[919,1074,1662,1686]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2010-06-26">26 June 2010</date>
|
||
; Merthkarv Estate, BNHS 1800 (female), collected by K.R. Sethna in
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3210BCEB804BFFED3" box="[586,705,1698,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="1959-06">June 1959</date>
|
||
; Kudremukh, SDB personal observation (not collected); Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, SDB personal observation, (not collected);
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA320C0CED3024EFEB7" box="[897,1072,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Mysore district</emphasis>
|
||
, near Sagarmalnad forest, ZSI 17710, collected by M.O. Parthasarathy Ayyangar;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32050CEF7024DFF6A" box="[785,1075,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Uttara Kannada district</emphasis>
|
||
, Castle Rock, SDB personal observation, (not collected) on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA322BBCF1504F6FF4F" box="[506,648,1806,1830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2010-06-04">4 June 2010</date>
|
||
; Anshi Wildlife Sanctuary, SDBDU 12321 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA323BACF2907E8FF23" box="[251,406,1842,1866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2000-06-11">11 June 2000</date>
|
||
; Dandeli, SDBDU 2345 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32707CF290376FF23" box="[1094,1288,1842,1866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-10-20">20 October 2011</date>
|
||
; Anmod, RS personal observation, (not collected) on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3212DCF4D0579FF07" box="[620,775,1878,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-07-19">19 July 2011</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32057CF4D05B1FF07" box="[790,975,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Kodagu district,</emphasis>
|
||
Honey Valley Estate, SDBDU 2011.75 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA32169CF6104BDFFFB" box="[552,707,1914,1938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-06-13">13 June 2011</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32190CF6005F5FFFA" box="[721,907,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Shimoga district</emphasis>
|
||
, Kachigebailu, SDBDU 2011.35 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA322CBCF85045DFFDF" box="[394,547,1950,1974]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2011-06-10">10 June 2011</date>
|
||
; Jog, SDBDU 40182, (adult female), SDBDU 40183 (adult male), mating pair collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA322D1CFD90453FFB3" box="[400,557,1986,2010]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2003-06-26">26 June 2003</date>
|
||
; Sagar, SDBDU 23142, (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFF9FFA3279CCFD903E9FFB3" box="[1245,1431,1986,2011]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" value="2004-08-10">10 August 2004</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA023D6C882073DF8D9" box="[151,323,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Hassan district</emphasis>
|
||
, Kempholey, SDBDU 43211 (adult male), collected by SDB on
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFFAFFA02769C88C02BAF8C6" box="[1064,1220,151,175]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" value="2009-06-11">11 June 2009</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02791C88C0367F8D9" bold="true" box="[1232,1305,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFFAFFA02791C88C036AF8D9" box="[1232,1300,151,176]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">GOA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02663C8830698F8BD" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">North Goa district</emphasis>
|
||
, Volpoi, Kodal Forest, BNHS 2749 (female), BNHS 2748 (adult male), collected by AG Sekar & Vithoba; Volpoi, Kodal Village, BNHS 2612 (adult male), collected by AG Sekar; Volpoi, BNHS 2600 (adult male), collected by Abdulah & AG Sekar; Bondla Sanctuary, BNHS 2829 (adult male), collected by Sarkar & Vithoba.
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA023D6C93C07FCF929" bold="true" box="[151,386,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">MAHARASHTRA:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA022C9C933041EF929" box="[392,608,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Sindhudurg district</emphasis>
|
||
, Amboli, BNHS 3045 (adult male), collected by AG Sekar & VM Hegde, BNHS 4066 (adult male), collected AG Sekar & VM Hegde. Malabar: NHM 74.4.29.1167 (female) collected by Beddome, now damaged (SDB, personal observation); Travancore, NHM 1903.9.26.24–28 [ex BMNH 74.4.29.1108–1112] (two adult males, two adult females and one juvenile), collected by Beddome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFFAFFA02386C9AC0773FCE8" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFAFFA02386C9AC0481FAB8" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02386C9AC073FF9B9" bold="true" box="[199,321,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA02212C9A304F8F9B9" box="[339,646,440,464]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02212C9A304F8F9B9" box="[339,646,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) large male adult size (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02065C9C705B5F99D" box="[804,971,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.885" metricValueMax="6.82" metricValueMin="4.95" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="58.85" valueMax="68.2" valueMin="49.5">49.5–68.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) dark green dorsal colour with bright red webbing between fingers and toes in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFAFFA021D5C9E40554FA7E" box="[660,810,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Figure 3F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) finger and toe discs well developed (FD III 4.2 ±
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02638C9E406BBFA56" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, FW III 1.5 ±
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02210CA3C07D7FA56" box="[337,425,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA022F5CA3307B9FA56" box="[436,455,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 13, male; TD IV 3.2 ±
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02191CA3C0556FA56" box="[720,808,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, TW IV 1.3 ±
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA020F7CA3C0270FA56" box="[950,1038,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02758CA330252FA56" box="[1049,1068,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 13, male); (4) dorsal skin with prominent granular projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFAFFA0214ACA5604FCFA0C" box="[523,642,589,613]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Figure 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
); (5) webbing extensive, reaching the base of disc on either side of finger III; (6) thick dermal fringe from base of pad of toe V extends along lateral edge of tarsus to heel where it develops into broad flange with lateral projecting calcar on outer edge of heel; and (7) webbing extensive, reaching the base of disc on either side of toe IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFAFFA0211CCAA2048DFAB8" box="[605,755,697,721]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – G" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from “ Malabar ”: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Figure 8F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFAFFA02386CAC60773FCE8" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02386CAC6071CFA9F" bold="true" box="[199,354,733,758]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA0222BCAC604EAFA9C" box="[362,660,733,757]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA0222BCAC604EAFA9C" box="[362,660,733,757]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique by its dorsal dark green skin coloration and extensive red webbing on both fingers and toes in life. However, this species could be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA0273DCB1A03E2FB70" box="[1148,1436,769,793]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA0273DCB1A03E2FB70" box="[1148,1436,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Rhacophorus calcadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA0238DCB3C07B2FB57" box="[204,460,806,830]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudomalabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA0238DCB3C07B2FB57" box="[204,460,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">R. pseudomalabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to some similarity in preservation.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA020F0CB3D02A1FB57" box="[945,1247,806,830]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA020F0CB3D02A1FB57" box="[945,1247,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA026C5CB3C0764FB08" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA026C5CB3C0764FB08" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">R. calcadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its larger adult male size, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA021E5CB520537FB08" box="[676,841,841,865]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.885" metricValueMax="6.82" metricValueMin="4.95" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="58.85" valueMax="68.2" valueMin="49.5">49.5–68.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02014CB510516FB08" box="[853,872,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 13 (vs. SVL 33.2–47.0 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA0278BCB5102A3FB08" box="[1226,1245,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 20), outline of snout in dorsal view oval (vs. dorsal view pointed); differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFAFFA02022CB740220FBEF" box="[867,1118,878,902]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudomalabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02022CB740220FBEF" box="[867,1118,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">R. pseudomalabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its larger adult male size, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02395CB8A0705FBC0" box="[212,379,913,937]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.885" metricValueMax="6.82" metricValueMin="4.95" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="58.85" valueMax="68.2" valueMin="49.5">49.5–68.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA022C8CB8907E2FBC0" box="[393,412,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 13 (vs. SVL
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFAFFA02113CB8A0487FBC0" box="[594,761,913,937]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.04" metricValueMax="5.36" metricValueMin="4.72" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" unit="mm" value="50.4" valueMax="53.6" valueMin="47.2">47.2–53.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02047CB890567FBC0" box="[774,793,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 6), canthus rostralis rounded (vs. indistinct), webbing between fingers and toes bright red (vs. yellowish-orange), webbing on fingers extensive, reaching the base of disc in outer side of finger III (vs. webbing moderate, reaching the distal subarticular tubercle on inner side and just above distal subarticular tubercle on outer side of finger III), webbing on toes extensive, reaching the base of disc on either side of toe IV (vs. reaching the distal subarticular tubercle on either side of toe IV), usually green dorsum or green with minute black spots in life (vs. faint black lines radiating on dorsum and limbs, prominent in juveniles).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFFAFFA52386CC9602E1F90D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFAFFA02386CC960698FF3E" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA02386CC9607A3FCCF" bold="true" box="[199,477,1165,1190]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFAFFA02237CC9507A3FCCF" box="[374,477,1166,1190]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFAFFA022ADCC960485FCCF" box="[492,763,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">all measurements in mm</emphasis>
|
||
): Large sized female frog (SVL 71.2); head wider than long (HL 21.6; HW 22.5; MN 19.0; MFE 3.9; MBE 8.0); outline of snout in dorsal and ventral view oval, snout (SL 9.8) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 6.0); loreal region obtuse, canthus rostralis rounded; nostril oval and closer to tip of snout than eye (NS 3.1; EN 6.0); interorbital area (IUE 8.1) wider than upper eyelid (UEW 5.2); distance between anterior margins of eyes (IFE 19.5) 1.6 times the distance between posterior margins of eyes (IBE 11.9); tympanum (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFFAFFA0222FCD5A07D7FD30" box="[366,425,1345,1369]" name="Chad" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">TYD</collectingCountry>
|
||
4.2) distinct, rounded, its distance to eye (TYE 1.2) ca. 30% of tympanum diameter, supratympanic fold indistinct, from posterior corner of upper eyelid to near the shoulder; pineal ocellus present; vomerine ridge horizontal in position, near anterior corner of choanae; space between the two ridges is longer than the length of the ridge; tongue notched; median lingual process absent. Forearm (FAL 13.8), shorter than hand (HAL 21.6); fingers with dermal fringes, presence of dermal fringes on outer border of forelimbs; finger discs with distinct circummarginal grooves, third finger disc 3.4 times wider than finger (FD III 5.2; FW III 1.5); webbing complete, reaching the base of disc on either side of all fingers; relative length of fingers: (I <II <IV <III); subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, all present; prepollex distinct, oval.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFFAFFA02743CE5B0244FE31" box="[1026,1082,1600,1624]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs moderately long, shank length (SHL 43.6) longer to thigh (TL 32.7), and foot length (FOL 35.0); distance from heel to tip of toe IV (TFOL 50.2); thick dermal fringe from base of pad on toe V extends along lateral edge of tarsus to heel where it develops into broad flange with lateral projecting calcar on outer edge of heel; webbing complete, reaching the base of disc on either side of all toes; relative length of toe: I <II <III <V <IV; toe discs with distinct circummarginal grooves, fourth toe disc 2.9 times wider than toe (TD IV 3.8; TW IV 1.3); subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFAFFA02386CF780750FF8E" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">
|
||
Skin of snout and between eyes prominently granular; anterior parts of back shagreened, dorsal parts of forelimb, thigh and shank are shagreened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFAFFA02133CF9C0494FFF6" box="[626,746,1927,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – G" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from “ Malabar ”: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
); chest shagreened, belly granular (tree frog belly skin), thigh and anal region coarsely granular; and limbs shagreened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFAFFA02059CFB005F2FFAA" box="[792,908,1963,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – G" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from “ Malabar ”: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="275">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
); a conspicuous squarish dermal fold above the anal opening.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8EFEF8F0FFFBFFA123D6CF010441FF04" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="276" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFBFFA123D6CF010441FF04" blockId="19.[151,1435,1818,1901]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA123D6CF01072AFF58" bold="true" box="[151,340,1818,1841]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">FIGURE 8. A–G.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFBFFA122A2CF01048FFF59" box="[483,753,1818,1840]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="19" pageNumber="276" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA122A2CF01048FFF59" box="[483,753,1818,1840]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHM 72.4.17.106), from “Malabar”:
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA127CDCF0102DAFF46" bold="true" box="[1164,1188,1818,1839]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">A.</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA12674CF000333FF59" bold="true" box="[1333,1357,1819,1840]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">B.</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA12394CF220690FF39" bold="true" box="[213,238,1849,1872]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">C.</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of head;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA12289CF21079FFF26" bold="true" box="[456,481,1850,1871]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">D.</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view of hand;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA12185CF2104A2FF26" bold="true" box="[708,732,1850,1871]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">E.</emphasis>
|
||
schematic illustration of webbing on hand;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA127D6CF2102D6FF26" bold="true" box="[1175,1192,1850,1871]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">F.</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view of foot;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA126C4CF2203E7FF39" bold="true" box="[1413,1433,1849,1872]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">G.</emphasis>
|
||
schematic illustration of webbing on foot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFBFFA12386CF8E034CFF9C" blockId="19.[151,1436,1941,2038]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA12386CF8E07D3FFC4" bold="true" box="[199,429,1941,1966]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">
|
||
Colour of
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFBFFA1227ECF8E07D9FFC4" box="[319,423,1941,1965]" pageId="19" pageNumber="276" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA122F5CF8D0418FFC4" box="[436,614,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">In preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum uniform brownish-grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFBFFA1209FCF8E022BFFC4" box="[990,1109,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – G" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus malabaricus (NHM 72.4.17.106), from “ Malabar ”: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218533/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventral side greyish-brown, hand, feet and webbing dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFBFFA1215ECFA204E8FFB8" box="[543,662,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 9. A – G" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1818,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1797]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 9. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus (BNHS 3095), from Andiparai Shola: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218534/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFBFFA121EBCFA10493FFB8" box="[682,749,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="276">In life</emphasis>
|
||
(SDBDU 2001.0011). Dorsum uniform green, lateral side of abdomen light yellow, limbs dorsally dark green; ventral side uniform yellow, feet and webbing dark red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8EFEF8F0FFFCFFA62336C9CE055FFA7F" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62336C9CE055FFA7F" blockId="20.[119,1935,469,534]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA62336C9CE0692F985" bold="true" box="[119,236,469,492]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the specimens used in this study. Status of specimens is given after the Museum number: HT-Holotype, PT-Paratype. other abbreviations are defined in the method and materials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA623C7CA56042EFAF3" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA623C7CA56068BFA16" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
Species Sex Locality Museum Number SVL HW HL SL MN EN NS EL FAL HAL FDIII FWIII TL SHL FOL TDIV TWIV
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA623C7CA71068BFA16" bold="true" box="[134,245,618,639]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Rhacophoru</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
M “Colcat hills, NHM 1947.2.8.43) 46.5 14.6 16.2 7.3 12.5 3.5 3.0 5.2 7.9 12.0 1.9 0.9 22.2 21.3 16.4 1.8 1.0
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFCFFA623D2CA9D07CAFAF3" authority="Tinievelly" authorityName="Tinievelly" box="[147,436,645,667]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA623D2CA9D0688FAF2" bold="true" box="[147,246,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">calcadensis</emphasis>
|
||
Tinievelly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (ex BMNH
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA622ACCABA040BFADF" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[493,629,673,694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">82.2.10.24 (HT)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CAA60106FC74" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Athirimala SDBDU569 41.3 13.4 14.1 6.3 12.6 2.8 2.8 4.6 7.4 11.2 2.2 1.2 20.1 20.7 15.1 1.9 0.6 M Kadalar SDBDU2012.863 44.9 13.7 15.4 7.0 12.0 3.9 3.0 5.2 5.6 12.5 2.4 1.1 19.3 20.5 18.2 2.2 0.9 M Kadalar SDBDU2012.864 42.4 12.9 14.0 6.5 12.0 3.7 2.8 4.8 7.4 11.5 2.3 0.9 19.1 20.0 16.4 1.8 0.7 M Kadalar SDBDU2012.811 45.5 13.5 13.3 7.0 12.9 4.0 3.9 5.4 7.7 13.4 2.8 1.5 21.0 21.3 17.4 2.5 1.2 M Kadalar SDBDU2011.304 45.8 13.6 13.0 7.1 13.0 3.9 4.0 5.4 7.8 13.3 2.9 1.4 21.2 21.4 17.5 2.4 1.2 M Kaikatti SDBDU2010.258 33.2 9.8 12.3 6.0 9.6 3.1 3.0 3.8 5.4 9.2 1.7 0.7 16.6 16.4 12.6 1.4 0.8 M Kaikatti SDBDU2010.261 37.0 11.0 12.1 6.2 8.8 3.4 2.6 5.0 6.2 10.0 2.2 0.9 17.2 17.3 13.1 1.6 0.6 M Kaikatti SDBDU 2010.260 36.1 9.6 12.6 6.5 9.8 3.5 2.3 3.8 5.9 9.9 1.6 0.6 16.2 16.5 13.2 1.4 0.4 M Kaikatti SDBDU2010.259 40.0 12.5 13.8 7.0 13.9 4.0 3.1 4.9 6.6 11.6 2.1 0.6 20.0 20.0 16.1 1.7 0.3 M Kaikatti SDBDU2010.257 33.7 9.8 12.6 5.5 9.2 2.5 2.2 3.6 6.7 9.0 1.5 0.8 15.5 16.5 13.1 1.3 0.5 M Ooth SDBDU2042 42.9 12.5 14.4 6.8 11.6 3.1 3.2 5.3 6.9 11.6 2.1 0.8 19.1 18.6 15.6 1.5 0.6 M Ooth SDBDU2043 36.9 11.2 12.4 5.4 10.6 2.8 3.0 4.2 6.6 10.0 2.2 1.0 18.3 17.5 14.9 1.8 0.5 M Upper SDBDU 2005 47.0 14.0 16.8 7.8 13.5 3.3 3.3 5.1 7.1 12.1 2.8 1.0 23.3 22.0 18.2 2.0 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCC3F07D1FC50" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,431,1060,1081]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Kodayar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CC240106FC3D" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[288,1912,1087,1108]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Upper SDBDU 2006 43.5 11.7 13.9 6.6 12.0 2.7 2.8 4.5 6.4 11.5 2.0 1.0 19.4 18.3 15.4 1.7 0.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCC4007D1FC19" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,431,1115,1136]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Kodayar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CC6D0106FCE2" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[288,1912,1142,1163]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Upper SDBDU 2007 39.8 11.9 14.1 6.5 11.4 2.7 2.8 4.7 6.3 11.8 1.7 0.6 19.2 18.7 15.2 1.8 0.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCC8907D1FCCE" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,431,1170,1191]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Kodayar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CCB50106FD7C" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Valparai SDBDU1156 39.0 11.8 12.5 5.2 10.0 2.5 2.0 3.6 5.7 10.9 1.8 0.6 18.6 19.0 14.6 1.5 0.5 M Valparai SDBDU1157 41.1 11.0 11.8 5.8 9.4 3.5 2.5 4.5 7.5 10.7 2.1 0.6 17.9 17.7 15.9 1.4 0.5 M Valparai SDBDU1159 41.2 12.4 14.9 7.5 12.1 3.4 3.0 4.9 7.2 11.9 2.3 1.2 19.7 20.5 16.5 2.2 1.6 M Valparai SDBDU40245 41.9 13.0 15.0 6.7 11.9 3.0 2.9 5.7 7.1 11.7 2.3 1.2 20.0 19.9 16.5 1.9 0.9</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62119CD070106FD5B" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[600,1912,1308,1330]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA62187CD060106FD5B" bold="true" box="[710,1912,1309,1330]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">41.0 12.2 13.8 6.5 11.4 3.3 2.9 4.7 6.8 11.3 2.1 0.9 19.2 19.2 15.6 1.8 0.7</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA622B5CD2C042FFDED" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA6218DCD23068BFD01" bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
4.1 1.5 1.4 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.3 1.9 1.8 1.7 0.3 0.3
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA623C7CD48068BFD01" bold="true" box="[134,245,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Rhacophor</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
M “Malabar” NHM 1947.7.
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFFCFFA62128CD4804E0FD01" box="[617,670,1363,1384]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277" value="38-08-02">2.8.38</date>
|
||
35.0 9.8 9.7 4.2 9.3 2.5 1.1 3.1 5.8 9.3 1.2 0.5 15.0 16.3 11.9 1.2 0.5
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA623C7CD74068DFDED" bold="true" box="[134,243,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
us
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFCFFA623E2CD74068DFDED" box="[163,243,1391,1412]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="277" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">lateralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(ex BMNH
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA622ACCD9104E8FDF6" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[493,662,1418,1439]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">1882.2.10.75) (HT)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CDBD0106FDD2" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[288,1912,1446,1467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Bygoor SDBDU 2010.331 32.0 10.3 10.4 4.2 9.5 2.7 1.0 4.5 6.1 9.9 1.8 0.6 16.8 17.5 13.7 1.3 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCDDA07E6FDBF" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,408,1473,1494]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Estate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CDC60106FD9B" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[288,1912,1501,1522]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Bygoor SDB DU 2010.330 32.4 10.4 10.8 3.9 9.3 2.6 1.0 4.1 6.2 8.9 1.5 0.7 16.2 17.7 13.8 1.5 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCDE207E6FE67" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,408,1529,1550]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Estate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CE0F0106FE40" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[288,1912,1556,1577]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Honey SDBDU 2011.84 31.1 9.9 10.0 3.9 9.4 2.4 1.1 3.5 5.6 9.9 1.9 0.5 15.1 16.9 13.8 1.5 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCE2B07E3FE2C" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,413,1584,1605]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Valley</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA6221CCE5007E6FE09" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" box="[349,408,1611,1632]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">Estate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA62261CE7C0106FEF1" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">M Kalpetta SDBDU395 29.5 10.3 10.6 3.8 9.6 2.2 1.1 3.3 6.3 8.6 1.9 0.7 15.2 16.3 12.6 1.3 0.6 M Kalpetta SDBDU396 29.0 9.5 11.1 3.8 9.1 2.1 1.0 3.6 5.9 8.4 1.7 0.6 14.9 15.7 13.0 1.4 0.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFCFFA7256BCEBB010AFA75" blockId="20.[134,1920,589,1719]" lastBlockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="278" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFCFFA6256BCEBB01FEFEDE" box="[1578,1920,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="277">…… continued on the next page</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA7233CCA1E010AFA75" bold="true" box="[125,1908,517,540]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Species Sex Locality Museum Number SVL HW HL SL MN EN NS EL FAL HAL FDIII FWIII TL SHL FOL TDIV TWIV</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8EFEF8F0FFFDFFA7233CC9DD0707F9B4" box="[125,377,454,477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7233CC9DD0707F9B4" blockId="21.[125,377,454,477]" box="[125,377,454,477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA7233CC9DD068FF9B4" bold="true" box="[125,241,454,477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CA3A0111FA5F" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,545,566]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU397 30.6 10.2 10.7 3.7 9.3 2.5 0.9 3.2 5.6 9.2 1.6 0.5 16.0 17.2 13.3 1.5 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CA260111FA3B" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,573,594]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU398 29.7 10.2 10.4 3.6 9.1 2.2 1.0 3.3 5.9 9.8 1.6 0.6 14.9 15.9 13.5 1.7 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CA430111FA04" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,600,621]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU711 30.6 9.3 9.8 3.5 9.2 2.5 1.1 3.6 5.7 9.3 1.8 0.5 15.1 15.9 14.0 1.6 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CA6F0111FAE0" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,628,649]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU712 31.3 9.9 10.1 3.7 9.2 2.6 1.0 3.8 6.2 9.2 1.5 0.6 15.1 16.1 13.7 1.4 0.7</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CA940111FACD" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,655,676]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kudremukh SDBDU011.1421 28.2 9.1 9.2 3.7 8.8 2.3 0.9 3.6 5.6 8.1 1.3 0.5 13.8 15.6 12.3 1.3 0.4</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CAB00111FAA9" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,683,704]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Mananthav SDBDU 6302 28.3 9.9 10.1 3.9 9.3 2.2 1.0 3.6 4.8 8.3 1.5 0.6 14.2 15.5 12.6 1.5 0.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CADC0708FAB5" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,374,711,732]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">ady</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CAF90111FA9E" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,738,759]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Mananthav SDBDU 6303 28.7 10.1 10.4 3.3 9.6 2.4 1.0 4.1 5.6 8.5 1.7 0.6 13.8 15.6 12.9 1.5 0.4</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CAE50708FB7A" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,374,766,787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">ady</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CB020111FB47" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,793,814]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Sulthanbath SDBDU 204 29.0 10.2 10.4 3.9 9.1 2.6 1.1 3.2 5.0 9.2 1.5 0.5 14.5 16.5 13.6 1.4 0.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CB2E070CFB23" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,370,821,842]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">ery</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7210FCB4A0111FBEB" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA721FCCB4A0111FB0F" bold="true" box="[701,1903,849,870]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">30.4 9.9 10.3 3.8 9.3 2.4 1.0 3.6 5.7 9.0 1.6 0.6 15.0 16.3 13.2 1.4 0.6</emphasis>
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA72182CB760111FBEB" bold="true" box="[707,1903,877,898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">1.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.1</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7225ACB930111FBF4" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[283,1903,904,925]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">F Bhadra SDBDU 36.0 10.5 11.8 5.1 10.4 3.3 1.6 4.9 6.9 10.9 2.1 0.7 18.4 19.8 15.8 1.8 0.7</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CBBF0434FBD0" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,586,932,953]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">WLS 2011.1420</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7225ACBA40111FC65" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
F Kalpetta SDBDU40114 33.5 10.7 10.8 4.8 10.1 2.9 1.3 3.9 6.5 10.5 2.1 0.8 17.1 18.6 14.0 1.6 0.6 Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA721FCCBC00111FB99" bold="true" box="[701,1903,987,1008]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">34.8 10.6 11.3 5.0 10.3 3.1 1.5 4.4 6.7 10.7 2.1 0.8 17.8 19.2 14.9 1.7 0.7</emphasis>
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA72182CBEC0111FC65" bold="true" box="[707,1903,1015,1036]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">1.8 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.1 0.1</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7233CCC090690FC4E" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[125,238,1042,1063]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFDFFA7233CCC090690FC4E" box="[125,238,1042,1063]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="278" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA7233CCC090690FC4E" bold="true" box="[125,238,1042,1063]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Rhacophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA7233CCC350697FC2A" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[125,233,1070,1091]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFDFFA7233CCC350697FC2A" box="[125,233,1070,1091]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="278" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA7233CCC350697FC2A" bold="true" box="[125,233,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CC520111FC37" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1097,1118]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Malabar, NHM 74.4.29.1108 58.0 19.6 19.2 9.2 16.2 4.8 2.6 6.0 10.2 17.9 3.4 1.1 30.1 32.5 28.9 2.0 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CC7E042FFC13" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,593,1125,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Beddome (ex BMNH</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA722A5CC9B0414FCFC" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[484,618,1152,1173]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">1903.9.26.24)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CC870111FCD8" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1180,1201]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Malabar, NHM 74.4.29.1109 56.4 17.6 18.0 8.2 13.9 4.3 3.5 6.0 9.0 14.3 3.6 1.5 25.8 27.1 25.3 2.8 0.8</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CCA3042FFCA4" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,593,1208,1229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Beddome (ex BMNH</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA722A5CCC80414FC81" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[484,618,1235,1256]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">1903.9.26.25)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CCF40111FD6D" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1263,1284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Amboli BNHS 3045 60.1 19.0 21.4 10.1 16.9 5.2 2.9 6.0 10.3 19.7 4.1 1.3 29.2 30.9 27.7 3.1 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CD110111FD76" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1290,1311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Amboli BNHS 4066 62.5 19.1 20.9 10.2 17.3 5.6 3.2 6.9 10.9 19.1 4.2 1.3 28.1 29.6 26.8 3.2 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CD3D0111FD52" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1318,1339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Bygoor SDBDU 2010.329 60.5 17.1 19.9 9.9 16.5 5.2 3.4 6.2 9.9 18.1 4.5 1.3 27.1 28.9 25.8 3.3 1.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CD5A07F1FD3F" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,399,1345,1366]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Estate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CD460111FD1B" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1373,1394]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Chathankod SDBDU 2074 68.2 21.1 22.9 10.8 18.3 6.6 3.5 8.0 11.8 20.5 6.0 2.7 33.9 35.9 30.1 3.7 1.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CD620111FDE7" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1401,1422]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Honey SDBDU 2011.75 56.5 16.5 19.0 9.2 15.2 5.5 3.3 5.8 8.4 16.6 4.6 1.6 24.1 26.2 23.1 3.3 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CD8F07EAFDC0" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,404,1428,1449]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Valley</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CDAB07F1FDAC" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,399,1456,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Estate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CDD70111FD88" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1484,1505]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Jog SDBDU 40183 60.9 18.5 19.8 10.3 16.7 5.4 3.0 5.9 9.8 18.1 3.6 1.2 29.8 31.7 28.4 3.0 1.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CDFC0115FD95" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1899,1511,1532]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kachigebailu SDBDU 2011.35 53.4 15.1 16.9 8.9 13.8 4.1 3.1 5.1 7.6 15.4 4.0 1.6 24.9 26.5 23.5 3.0 13</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CE180111FE71" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1539,1560]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU 66.4 18.2 21.8 10.3 17.5 6.9 3.6 7.6 11.2 18.3 4.3 1.9 29.4 31.6 28.6 3.9 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA722A5CE050434FE5A" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[484,586,1566,1587]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">2001.0011</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CE210111FE26" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1594,1615]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Kalpetta SDBDU 6019 54.5 17.0 18.1 8.9 14.1 4.3 3.2 5.9 8.5 15.5 3.5 1.5 28.6 28.9 26.9 3.5 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72256CE4D0111FE02" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[279,1903,1622,1643]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">M Volpoi, BNHS 2617 62.5 19.1 20.5 10.1 17.1 5.1 2.8 6.6 10.1 18.0 4.4 1.8 29.8 31.8 28.2 3.8 1.2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CE6A07F1FEEF" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,399,1649,1670]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Kodal</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA72215CE9607EEFECB" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" box="[340,400,1677,1698]" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">Forest</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFDFFA42560CEB00111FAF7" blockId="21.[125,1911,517,1730]" lastBlockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFDFFA72560CEB00109FEAB" box="[1569,1911,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="278">…… continued on the next page</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA42336CA9C0111FAF7" bold="true" box="[119,1903,647,670]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">Species Sex Locality Museum Number SVL HW HL SL MN EN NS EL FAL HAL FDIII FWIII TL SHL FOL TDIV TWIV</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8EFEF8F0FFFEFFA42336CA52070DFA09" box="[119,371,585,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42336CA52070DFA09" blockId="22.[119,371,585,608]" box="[119,371,585,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA42336CA520692FA09" bold="true" box="[119,236,585,608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CABF0117FAD0" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,676,697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Volpoi, BNHS 2747 49.5 15.1 16.3 8.1 13.5 5.0 2.8 4.5 7.5 14.9 3.9 1.1 24.6 26.2 23.6 3.0 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4220FCAA407F7FABD" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[334,393,703,724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">Kodal</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4220FCAC007F4FA99" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[334,394,731,752]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">Forest</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42108CAEC0117FB41" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421F6CAEC0117FB65" bold="true" box="[695,1897,759,780]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">59.2 17.9 19.6 9.6 15.9 5.2 3.1 6.2 9.6 17.4 4.2 1.5 28.1 29.8 26.7 3.2 1.3</emphasis>
|
||
Standard deviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421FCCB080117FB41" bold="true" box="[701,1897,787,808]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">5.2 1.8 1.9 0.9 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.9 1.3 1.9 0.7 0.4 2.8 2.9 2.3 0.5 0.2</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CB350117FB2A" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,814,835]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F “Malabar” NHM 72.4.17.106 71.2 22.5 21.6 9.8 19.0 6.0 3.1 6.0 13.8 21.6 5.2 1.5 32.7 43.6 35.0 3.8 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4229FCB520470FB37" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[478,526,841,862]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">(HT)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CB7E0117FB13" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,869,890]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F “Malabar” NHM 74.4.29.1167 88.8 27.6 26.5 12.0 22.3 7.7 3.9 8.3 13.2 25.3 5.4 1.9 39.4 40.6 38.9 4.3 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CB9B0117FBFC" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,896,917]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F Chathankod SDBDU 2001.008 87.7 29.0 27.5 13.0 24.1 8.1 3.9 7.5 15.4 26.9 6.7 2.6 40.7 41.5 39.5 4.2 1.1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CB870117FBD8" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,924,945]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F Jog SDBDU40182 78.8 25.8 26.7 13.0 22.0 8.4 3.8 6.3 14.1 25.6 7.3 1.6 41.1 42.9 40.3 4.0 1.2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CBA30117FBA4" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,952,973]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F Valparai SDBDU200 90.3 31.1 32.2 13.5 27.4 9.3 4.0 8.2 17.7 28.0 7.7 2.9 49.0 51.1 48.1 5.6 1.9</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4229FCBC80450FB81" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[478,558,979,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">(TBGRI</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4229FCBF40432FC6D" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[478,588,1007,1028]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">2001.0010)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42108CC110117FC55" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421F6CC100117FC49" bold="true" box="[695,1897,1035,1056]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">82.2 27.2 26.9 12.3 23.0 7.9 3.7 7.3 14.8 25.5 6.5 2.1 40.6 43.9 40.4 4.4 1.3</emphasis>
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421FCCC3C0117FC55" bold="true" box="[701,1897,1063,1084]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">7.6 3.3 3.8 1.5 3.1 1.2 0.4 1.1 1.8 2.4 1.1 0.6 5.8 4.2 4.8 0.7 0.3</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42336CC590696FC3E" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[119,232,1090,1111]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFEFFA42336CC590696FC3E" box="[119,232,1090,1111]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="279" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA42336CC590696FC3E" bold="true" box="[119,232,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">Rhacophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42336CC45069CFC1A" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[119,226,1118,1139]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA42336CC45069CFC1A" bold="true" box="[119,226,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">pseudomal</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42336CC6206B3FCE7" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[119,205,1145,1166]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA42336CC6206B3FCE7" bold="true" box="[119,205,1145,1166]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">abaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CC8E0117FCC3" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,1173,1194]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Kadalar SDBDU 53.6 17.9 18.1 8.0 15.5 3.7 2.8 5.5 8.0 15.2 3.3 2.2 24.8 25.0 21.0 2.2 1.2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4229FCCAB043AFCAC" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[478,580,1200,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">2011.1010</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CCD70117FC88" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,1228,1249]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Poopara SDBDU 47.2 15.0 16.5 6.8 13.5 3.9 3.2 6.0 7.9 13.1 3.0 1.1 23.5 23.6 17.8 2.2 1.6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4229FCCFC043AFC95" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[478,580,1255,1276]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">2011.1422</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CD180117FD71" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,1283,1304]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Valparai SDBDU 1162 48.6 14.9 17.4 7.2 14.9 3.1 2.8 5.1 9.1 14.1 2.7 1.0 23.7 23.7 20.9 2.7 1.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CD040117FD5D" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,1311,1332]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Valparai SDBDU 1163 52.2 15.6 18.5 8.5 18.2 3.7 2.5 6.6 9.2 15.5 3.2 1.1 26.3 25.5 21.5 2.3 1.2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CD210117FD26" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[273,1897,1338,1359]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">M Valparai SDBDU 1164 51.1 15.1 16.5 7.2 14.1 4.6 3.7 5.5 7.5 15.1 3.5 1.7 24.1 24.5 23.2 2.2 1.3</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42250CD4D0117FDCA" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
M Valparai SDBDU 1165 47.5 14.1 16.2 6.6 13.9 5.2 3.8 5.5 8.5 14.8 2.6 1.3 22.2 22.3 20.5 3.3 1.8 Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421F6CD690117FDEE" bold="true" box="[695,1897,1394,1415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">50.0 15.4 17.2 7.4 15.0 4.0 3.1 5.7 8.4 14.6 3.1 1.4 24.1 24.1 20.8 2.5 1.4</emphasis>
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421FCCD950117FDCA" bold="true" box="[701,1897,1422,1443]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">2.6 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 1.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 1.4 1.1 1.8 0.4 0.2</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CDB30117FDD4" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,1448,1469]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F Andiparai BNHS 3095 (HT) 66.0 21.2 22.1 9.4 19.2 4.7 3.8 6.5 11.6 18.5 3.1 2.0 32.6 32.4 2.8 3.0 1.7</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA4220FCDDF07FBFDB0" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[334,389,1476,1497]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">Shola</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA42254CDFB0117FD9C" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" box="[277,1897,1504,1525]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">F Valparai SDBDU1160 67.6 22.1 23.5 10.3 20.4 6.1 3.5 7.9 11.6 21.4 4.0 2.5 33.2 33.4 31.8 3.9 1.9</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFEFFA52254CDE0074FF8BD" blockId="22.[119,1903,647,1608]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,1616]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">
|
||
F Valparai SDBDU1166 71.5 24.0 25.4 10.4 24.4 5.6 4.0 6.1 12.0 20.7 4.1 1.8 36.4 36.1 32.5 4.3 2.1 Average
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA421F6CE030117FE44" bold="true" box="[695,1897,1560,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">68.4 22.4 23.7 10.0 21.3 5.5 3.8 6.8 11.7 20.2 3.7 2.1 34.1 34.0 30.7 3.7 1.9</emphasis>
|
||
Standarddeviation
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFEFFA521FCCE28045FF8D9" bold="true" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="22" pageNumber="279">2.8 1.4 1.7 0.6 2.7 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.5 0.6 0.4 2.0 1.9 2.5 0.7 0.2 Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52169C883041FF8D9" box="[552,609,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Male</emphasis>
|
||
, nuptial pads present;
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA5201DC88305D9F8D9" box="[860,935,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">female</emphasis>
|
||
, eggs large (diameter 2.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFFFFA5279CC88C034BF8C6" box="[1245,1333,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52601C882032DF8D9" box="[1344,1363,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 30), unpigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFFFFA52386C8C402E1F90D" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52386C8C40745F891" bold="true" box="[199,315,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<specimenCount id="CC8763F1FFFFFFA52156C8C4040AF89E" box="[535,628,223,247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="male">13 male</specimenCount>
|
||
and five female specimens, including
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA52776C8C402E2F89E" box="[1079,1180,223,247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFFFFFA5267EC8C403EBF89E" box="[1343,1429,223,247]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="20.[119,209,469,492]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the specimens used in this study. Status of specimens is given after the Museum number: HT-Holotype, PT-Paratype. other abbreviations are defined in the method and materials." pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
. Predominantly green dorsally with limited variation in dorsal colour. SDBDU 40183 light yellowish-green with minute black spots; SDBDU 2011.75, dark green with scattered white spots; SDBDU 6019, light green dorsum, laterally with grey reticulation on a yellow background. The red webbing colour is constant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFFFFFA52386C9740742FAED" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFFFFA52386C9740742FAED" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52386C974042BF9E1" bold="true" box="[199,597,367,392]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA5211FC96B05F7F9E1" box="[606,905,368,392]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA5211FC96B05F7F9E1" box="[606,905,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widely distributed species in the Western Ghats occurring on both sides of the Palghat Gap from Tamil Nadu through Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa. The southernmost known range is in Palode, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala and the northernmost in Amboli, Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFFFFFA521DAC9C7056DF99D" box="[667,787,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A – D" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,407,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,396,1785]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. A – D. Distribution maps of the four Rhacophorus species in the Western Ghats. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; and D. R. pseudomalabaricus. Positioning of symbols is approximate; see Table 1 for coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218531/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Figure 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). For complete list of specific localities refer to
|
||
<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFFFFFA52601C9C703E8F99D" box="[1344,1430,476,500]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,239,971,995]" captionText="TABLE 1. Distribution and collection localities of Rhacophorus that are discussed in the text. Distribution is given state wise in the following sequence: district followed by specific locality. Altitude is in meters. * locality requires confirmation, see ‘ Discussion’ for explanation." pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. According to published work this species has a wide altitudinal range (
|
||
<quantity id="1D79059DFFFFFFA52087C9E4021CFA7E" box="[966,1122,511,535]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.684999999999999" metricValueMax="18.94" metricValueMin="0.43" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="968.5" valueMax="1894.0" valueMin="43.0">43 to 1894 m</quantity>
|
||
asl) and is reported from a range of habitats- from primary forests, secondary forests, plantations and urban areas. During the breeding season individuals aggregate on vegetation overhanging natural or artificial pools of water (Vasudevan & Dutta 2000; present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFFFFFA52386CA8B02DAFE39" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFFFFFA52386CA8B02DAFE39" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52386CA8B0745FAC1" bold="true" box="[199,315,656,680]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Jerdon described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52147CA8B0551FAC1" box="[518,815,656,680]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52147CA8B0551FAC1" box="[518,815,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from “Malabar” based on a specimen presented to him by Beddome, simply providing a vague comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52062CAAF023DFAA5" box="[803,1091,692,716]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52062CAAF023DFAA5" box="[803,1091,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Rhacophorus bipunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52735CAAE0371FAA5" box="[1140,1295,692,716]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52735CAAE0371FAA5" box="[1140,1295,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as follows “The head and body of the Malabar are indistinctly though finely tuberculated; the habit is more slender, and there is a distinct fold of skin over the eye in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52119CAE704A5FB7D" box="[600,731,764,788]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52119CAE704A5FB7D" box="[600,731,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, absent in this. The head too is perhaps a trifle longer… It has the spots on the sides of the body, so conspicuous in Khasi specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA520B6CB3B0204FB51" box="[1015,1146,800,824]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA520B6CB3B0204FB51" box="[1015,1146,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">Reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (Jerdon 1870: 84). The original name-bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA522D8CB5E07B7FB34" box="[409,457,837,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of this nominal species was never clarified, therefore the interpretation of the species that applies to this name relied entirely on the original description. It is not understood what Jerdon meant by skin folds over the eyes which are not present on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA521D2CB960548FBCD" box="[659,822,908,932]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA521D2CB960548FBCD" box="[659,822,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. bipunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52027CB96027CFBCD" box="[870,1026,908,932]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52027CB96027CFBCD" box="[870,1026,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and spots on the flanks, which are not present on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA52204CBAA078DFBA1" box="[325,499,944,968]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA52204CBAA078DFBA1" box="[325,499,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, there has never been any doubts about the species that applies to this name. According to Frost (2013) the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA52125CBCE04EAFB84" box="[612,660,981,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was presumably originally deposited in ZSI, and recommended evaluating the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA5227ECBE20711FC78" box="[319,367,1017,1041]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
status of a specimen from Malabar in BMNH (=NHM) purchased from Jerdon. Dutta (1997) regarded this BMNH specimen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA5211ACC0604F0FC5C" box="[603,654,1053,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, but did not provide any justification for his decision, thus further investigation was necessary. Though Jerdon supplied both the ZSI and BMNH with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA5273ECC5A02D1FC30" box="[1151,1199,1089,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of Indian species which he had named, many of his
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA521C6CC7E04C9FC14" box="[647,695,1125,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens are considered “lost” (Chanda
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA527E5CC7E02A1FC15" box="[1188,1247,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000), or likely incorrectly identified. In order to determine whether the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA5204ACC930513FCC9" box="[779,877,1160,1184]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA520D3CC920242FCC9" box="[914,1084,1160,1184]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA520D3CC920242FCC9" box="[914,1084,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeed lost, it is necessary to identify where Jerdon deposited the specimen. The assumption that he may have deposited the specimen in the ZSI, can be discounted through studying the historical literature. Anderson (1871), provided a list of the amphibian accessions at the ZSI between
|
||
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFFFFFA522AECCEF040EFD65" box="[495,624,1268,1292]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" value="1865" valueMax="1870">1865–1870</date>
|
||
, on which this species is not included.Sclater (1892a) published a list of
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA523D6CD0206B9FD58" box="[151,199,1305,1329]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens in the ZSI collection which also did not mention this species. Further Sclater (1892b) produced a list of all amphibian specimens in the ZSI which explicitly mentioned only a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA527AECD2603E2FD3D" box="[1263,1436,1340,1364]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA527AECD2603E2FD3D" box="[1263,1436,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was available in the museum at that time (ZSI 13581; from Trivandrum, presented by H. Ferguson), therefore it is safe to say that Jerdon had never deposited the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA52183CD9E048CFDF4" box="[706,754,1413,1437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen in the ZSI. Upon Jerdon’s return to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFFFFFA52652CD9F030DFDF5" box="[1299,1395,1412,1436]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
, he deposited a sizable amphibian collection in the BMNH in 1872, which included the single Malabar specimen, and a number of his other
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA522C7CDD607C8FD8C" box="[390,438,1485,1509]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens (Günther 1912). This specimen was later listed in Boulenger (1882, 1890) without the designation of
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA52280CDEA078FFE60" box="[449,497,1521,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen. However, considering Jerdon based the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFFFFFA5278FCDEA0307FE61" box="[1230,1401,1520,1544]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFFFFFA5278FCDEA0307FE61" box="[1230,1401,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="280">R. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the single specimen available to him, and soon after deposited only a single specimen in BMNH (NHM 72.4.17.106), we follow Dutta (1997) to regard this specimen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFFFFFA520D4CE230589FE39" box="[917,1015,1592,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |