339 lines
28 KiB
XML
339 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788628" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6018f4eb-4a5b-4a3e-8d4a-376e1cce81e4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749182" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788628" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="2" checkinTime="1587969134303" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2170.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 39 (39)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@7ceb6c45" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Zale lunifera" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="104" masterDocId="FFB25F40FFEBDD48FF9CFFE3B723FFAA" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic reassessment of Zale lunifera (Hübner) (Erebidae, Erebinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="99" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1643562792047" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic reassessment of Zale lunifera (Hübner) (Erebidae, Erebinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>99</mods:start>
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<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.431</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6018f4eb-4a5b-4a3e-8d4a-376e1cce81e4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576635</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788628" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749182" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788628" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,417,940,1003]" box="[140,417,940,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<heading box="[140,417,940,967]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Hubner)" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" box="[140,417,940,967]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,417,940,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,296,940,967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
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(Hübner)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,417,940,1003]" box="[140,236,976,1003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Figs 5–8</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,661,1047,1144]" box="[140,661,1047,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,661,1047,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<treatmentCitation author="Hubner J" box="[140,566,1047,1073]" page="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" year="1818">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hubner, 1818: 19" authorityName="Hubner" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1818" box="[140,566,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Phaeocyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,352,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Phaeocyma lunifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hubner J" box="[359,566,1047,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref3257" refString="Hubner J (1818) Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge, bestehend in etundigung einzeiner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer Nichteuropaischer Gattungen. Erstes Hundert. Augsburg. 32 pp + 8 ununmbered pages + plates 1 - 35, Figs 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1818">Hübner, 1818: 19</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. XX.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,661,1047,1144]" box="[140,640,1081,1109]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, [1858]" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[140,563,1081,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,382,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Homoptera cingulifera</emphasis>
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Walker, [1858]
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</taxonomicName>
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: 1056.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,580,1117,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,661,1047,1144]" box="[140,580,1117,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,280,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,280,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Covell 1984: pl.
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<specimenCount box="[485,537,1117,1143]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="generic">38 f.</specimenCount>
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21.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,1187,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,314,1187,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis box="[140,198,1187,1213]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[324,539,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Phaeocyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[324,539,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Phaeocyma lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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– Type locality: “Georgien” [
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<collectingCountry box="[880,941,1188,1214]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">USA</collectingCountry>
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: Georgia];
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832632" collectorName="C. Schmidt & J. Adams" country="Georgia" county="Long Co." latitude="31.694" location="In" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.796" municipality="To" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
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the type is apparently lost, but the illustration in the original description is most similar to the oak-feeding species, with a more brownish colouration, distinct orbicular spot, indistinct striations and even, slightly violaceous submedial forewing area.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFC4EFAEDB4C8FA82" box="[978,1003,1294,1320]" country="Georgia" county="Long Co." latitude="31.694" longLatPrecision="72" longitude="-81.796" municipality="To" name="In" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">In</location>
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contrast, specimens of
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<taxonomicName box="[294,404,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[294,404,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Z. intenta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from coastal
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<collectingCountry box="[559,649,1328,1354]" name="Georgia" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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tend to be heavily striate, greyish rather than brown, and with a contrastingly pale subterminal forewing area.
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<collectingMunicipality box="[950,980,1364,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">To</collectingMunicipality>
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ensure the stability of the name, the following specimen is designated as
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[870,965,1399,1425]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<typeStatus box="[870,965,1399,1425]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">neotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: “USA: GA [
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<collectingCountry box="[146,242,1433,1460]" name="Georgia" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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]
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<collectingCounty box="[259,372,1434,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Long Co.</collectingCounty>
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, Ludowici, /
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<quantity box="[532,589,1434,1460]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 mi</quantity>
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SW, Griffi n Ridge / WMA. [Wildlife Management Area]
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<geoCoordinate box="[312,416,1469,1495]" degrees="31.694" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" precision="55" value="31.694">31.694N</geoCoordinate>
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-
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<geoCoordinate box="[432,543,1469,1495]" degrees="81.796" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" precision="55" value="-81.796">81.796W</geoCoordinate>
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/ 6-iii-08
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<collectorName box="[661,785,1469,1495]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">C.Schmidt</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName box="[825,924,1469,1495]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">J.Adams</collectorName>
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”
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</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832628" country="United States of America" location="USA" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
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“
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<typeStatus box="[955,1089,1469,1495]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">NEOTYPE</typeStatus>
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/
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[140,268,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Phaeocyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phaeocyma</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[296,482,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Phaeocyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">lunifera Hübner</taxonomicName>
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/ desig. Schmidt 2010”.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[776,1020,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulifera">
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<emphasis box="[776,1020,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Homoptera cingulifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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– Type locality: [
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<collectingCountry box="[243,306,1539,1566]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">USA</collectingCountry>
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:] East Florida
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</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832625" box="[475,980,1539,1566]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[475,574,1539,1565]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">holotype</typeStatus>
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in
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<collectionCode box="[611,702,1540,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">BMNH</collectionCode>
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[photograph examined]
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,1187,1672]" lastBlockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,498,1574,1600]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<emphasis box="[185,257,1574,1600]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" reason="1">Other</emphasis>
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material examined.
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</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832627" box="[507,869,1574,1601]" county="Marion Co." location="Anthony" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,602,1574,1600]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<collectingRegion box="[507,597,1574,1600]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Florida</collectingRegion>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCounty box="[612,751,1575,1601]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Marion Co.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFD62F9C4B446F9EB" box="[766,869,1575,1601]" county="Marion Co." name="Anthony" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="Florida">Anthony</location>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832633" county="Putnam Co." lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="104" location="Craven Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Carolina">
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<collectingCounty box="[883,1027,1575,1601]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Putnam Co.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Ocala National Forest</collectingMunicipality>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[334,528,1609,1636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<collectingRegion box="[334,523,1609,1636]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFD86F9A9B583F9CE" box="[538,672,1610,1636]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Craven Co." pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="North Carolina">Craven Co.</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFD33F9A9B4E9F9CE" box="[687,970,1610,1636]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Croatan National Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="North Carolina">Croatan National Forest</location>
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||
.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[983,1108,1610,1636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<collectingRegion box="[983,1103,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">New York</collectingRegion>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion box="[140,221,1645,1671]" country="United Kingdom" name="Suffolk" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Suffolk</collectingRegion>
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Co.,
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFE85F98EB6C0F92D" box="[281,483,1645,1671]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Dwarf Pine Plains" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="North Carolina">Dwarf Pine Plains</location>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[497,634,1645,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<collectingRegion box="[497,629,1645,1671]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
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:
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||
</emphasis>
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Lakehurst.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[765,868,1645,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
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<collectingRegion box="[765,863,1645,1671]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Georgia</collectingRegion>
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||
:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFCF6F98DB4F4F92D" box="[874,983,1645,1672]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Long Co." pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="North Carolina">Long Co.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEFDD4CFC7EF98EB36CF92D" box="[994,1103,1645,1671]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Ludowici" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" stateProvince="North Carolina">Ludowici</location>
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||
, Griffin Ridge.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[306,484,167,193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
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<collectingRegion box="[306,479,167,193]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion box="[491,603,167,193]" country="United Kingdom" name="Plymouth" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Plymouth</collectingRegion>
|
||
Co.,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEEDD4DFD01FF44B4FBFF6B" box="[669,984,167,193]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Myles Standish State Forest" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" stateProvince="North Carolina">Myles Standish State Forest</location>
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||
.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[995,1108,166,192]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
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||
<collectingRegion box="[995,1103,166,192]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEEDD4DFF10FF29B7F6FF4E" box="[140,213,202,228]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Ozark" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" stateProvince="North Carolina">Ozark</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEFDD4DFF10FC4FB62BFAAE:8EFDC0F5FFEEDD4DFF7CFF29B6A2FF4E" box="[224,385,202,228]" county="Putnam Co." municipality="Ocala National Forest" name="Camp Rucker" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" stateProvince="North Carolina">Camp Rucker</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[185,924,237,264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" box="[185,924,237,264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,237,263]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[438,547,238,263]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,547,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see diagnosis under that species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="104" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,360,272,298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,354,272,298]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" reason="1">Redescription</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Markings, colouration and genitalic structure as for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[946,1055,273,298]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[946,1055,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differing in the following characters.
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,660,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
– length averaging
|
||
<quantity box="[884,989,308,334]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="17.4">17.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 4) in males,
|
||
<quantity box="[220,327,343,369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="18.9">18.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 3) in females; ground colour greyish brown to dark chocolate brown with a slight violaceous tinge; entire wing covered in fine black striae, less developed and thinner than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[425,533,414,439]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,533,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; antemedial line with more pronounced medial angle than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[268,377,449,474]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,377,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; orbicular small and black, sharply contrasting; subterminal area concolourous with medial area, never contrastingly paler with strong striae.
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1107,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Hindwing</emphasis>
|
||
– as for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[230,339,519,544]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[230,339,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but without variation toward more contrasting hindwing markings seen in pale specimens.
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,569,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
– valves slightly more elongate compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; aedeagus slightly shorter and less twisted than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[800,911,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[800,911,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1107,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
– ostium separated from caudal margin of antevaginal plate by diameter of ostium; proximal chamber of corpus bursae 1.9 × diameter of distal chamber.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="104" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,497,694,721]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,694,720]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[508,651,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,651,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs primarily east and south of the Appalachian Mountains. Examined material and reliable records indicate a range from southern Maine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner DL & Nelson MW & Schweitzer DF" box="[339,566,765,792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" pagination="95 - 112" refId="ref3512" refString="Wagner DL, Nelson MW, Schweitzer DF (2003) Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management. Forest Ecology and Management 185: 95 - 112." type="journal article" year="2003">Wagner et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) south to Lee Co., Mississippi (D. Schweitzer, pers. comm.) and Florida. Not known from south-eastern Virginia or South Carolina, but the species may occur in these regions. Lack of suitable habitat in Maryland and Delaware make occurrence in these states unlikely (D. Schweitzer, pers. comm.). Occurs inland to the mountains of Virginia and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[652,751,906,932]" name="Lebanon" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
County, Pennsylvania (Nature- Serve 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
In southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[367,457,976,1002]" name="Georgia" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
this species inhabits open, sandy pine-oak forest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner DL & Nelson MW & Schweitzer DF" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" pagination="95 - 112" refId="ref3512" refString="Wagner DL, Nelson MW, Schweitzer DF (2003) Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management. Forest Ecology and Management 185: 95 - 112." type="journal article" year="2003">Wagner et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record it from sand plain pitch pine / scrub oak barrens in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[140,297,1047,1073]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Larvae feed on Bear Oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Wangenh." authorityName="Wangenh." box="[616,929,1047,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ilicifolia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,803,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Quercus ilicifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Wangenh.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner DL & Nelson MW & Schweitzer DF" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" pagination="95 - 112" refId="ref3512" refString="Wagner DL, Nelson MW, Schweitzer DF (2003) Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management. Forest Ecology and Management 185: 95 - 112." type="journal article" year="2003">Wagner et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and other scrub oak species (NatureServe 2009). Additional life history data are given by NatureServe (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="104" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1108,166,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,1152,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,1152,1178]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
DNA analysis of seven
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[574,693,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,693,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[832,951,1152,1178]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[196,279,1187,1214]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
) exhibited two ‘barcode’ haplotypes differing by one base-pair. Minimum divergence from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[335,447,1223,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,447,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes (five specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[837,925,1223,1249]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[986,1100,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="5" pageNumber="104">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
) was 1.2 %.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |