428 lines
52 KiB
XML
428 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="8461EA51B3B69CC81B34B8E8FB06FD74" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6F62CA9FF17FCA415E1FD37" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Belonopelta Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1063F0DB33A745AF21C64484C6565895">
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<mods:title id="A16D376D7BB4B0C17B2A8FDF9887161A">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6BB585BD916E0514E7EF4DB216A5BD2A">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7F6D926F3CBDC98FC51BB401A7C64630">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F4FD29EA5D36E1782D3BC9350DBF9B5B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7C38EA7B468AD89A6342CA946D72BCB6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7465071EBB66E59275E02FA5E9DD101A">
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<mods:date id="C40BF01D46484AEB5B227B693D65C79A">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BE523FF7404EEA4860B79C5F782BC116">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B0F9822FAB1676444D1A1A8F69566200">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C5DFA38BE596E5869CAC8E331750432D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6F62CA9FF17FCA415E1FD37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117536" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117536" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6F62CA9FF17FCA415E1FD37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6F62CA9FF17FCA415E1FD37" lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF17FCA41110FCA6" box="[151,373,834,860]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FCA41110FCA6" blockId="137.[151,373,834,894]" box="[151,373,834,860]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6F62CABFF17FCA41110FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,373,834,860]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF17FCA41110FCA6" ID-CoL="39CY" ID-ENA="604371" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,373,834,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FCA41110FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,373,834,860]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FCA4114DFCA6" bold="true" box="[151,296,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF17FC831083FC84" box="[151,230,869,894]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FC831083FC84" blockId="137.[151,373,834,894]" box="[151,230,869,894]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6F62CABFF17FC831083FC84" box="[151,230,869,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="138.[151,250,1985,2007]" captionTargetBox="[174,1410,517,1943]" captionTargetId="figure-197@138.[174,1410,517,1954]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="FIGURE 27. Worker caste of Belonopelta deletrix: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0260514, Shannon Hartman and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Belonopelta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120874/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF17FC4B14C5FB9F" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FC4B1491FC39" blockId="137.[151,1437,941,1024]" box="[151,1268,941,963]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6F62CABFF17FC4B1491FC39" box="[151,1268,941,963]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F62CABFF17FC4B11A5FC39" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,448,941,963]" page="394" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" year="1870">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF17FC4B11A5FC39" ID-CoL="39CY" authority="Mayr, 1870: 394" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="394" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,448,941,963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FC4B1177FC39" box="[151,274,941,963]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFE97FC4811A5FC39" author="Mayr, G." box="[279,448,941,963]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="370 - 417" refId="ref155212" refString="Mayr, G. (1870) Formicidae novogranadenses. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abteilung I, 61, 370 - 417." type="journal article" year="1870">Mayr, 1870: 394</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F62CABFD4BFC4B1438FC39" author="Mayr, G." box="[715,1117,941,963]" page="395" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" year="1870">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD4BFC4B1438FC39" ID-CoL="LBZM" authority="Mayr, 1870: 395" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="395" authorityYear="1870" box="[715,1117,941,963]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD4BFC4B13C9FC39" box="[715,940,941,963]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta attenuata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFC32FC481438FC39" author="Mayr, G." box="[946,1117,941,963]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="370 - 417" refId="ref155212" refString="Mayr, G. (1870) Formicidae novogranadenses. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abteilung I, 61, 370 - 417." type="journal article" year="1870">Mayr, 1870: 395</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FC2A13B8FBFA" blockId="137.[151,1437,941,1024]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6F62CABFF17FC2A13B8FBFA" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F62CABFF17FC2A1269FC18" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[151,524,972,994]" page="309" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" year="1975">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF17FC2A1269FC18" authority="Baroni Urbani, 1975: 309" authorityName="Baroni Urbani" authorityPageNumber="309" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,524,972,994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FC2A1092FC18" box="[151,247,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Leiopelta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFE80FC2A1269FC18" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[256,524,972,994]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975: 309</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F62CABFCA3FC2A14FDFC18" author="Mann, W. M." box="[803,1176,972,994]" page="9" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" year="1922">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCA3FC2A14FDFC18" ID-CoL="LBZN" authority="Mann, 1922: 9" authorityName="Mann" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1922" box="[803,1176,972,994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCA3FC2A1396FC18" box="[803,1011,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta deletrix</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFC7CFC2A14FDFC18" author="Mann, W. M." box="[1020,1176,972,994]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref153070" refString="Mann, W. M. (1922) Ants from Honduras and Guatemala. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61, 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2434.1" type="journal article" year="1922">Mann, 1922: 9</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by original designation.
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6F62CABFF47FC0C1266FBFA" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[199,515,1002,1024]" page="10" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" year="1990">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFF47FC0C1266FBFA" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[199,515,1002,1024]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 10</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD92FC0C1217FBFA" authorityName="Baroni Urbani" authorityYear="1975" box="[530,626,1002,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD92FC0C1217FBFA" box="[530,626,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Leiopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCD4FC0C13ABFBFA" ID-CoL="39CY" box="[852,974,1002,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCD4FC0C13ABFBFA" box="[852,974,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FBC114C5FB9F" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF17FBC1117BFBBA" ID-CoL="39CY" box="[151,286,1063,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FBC1117BFBBA" box="[151,286,1063,1088]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small genus (two described species) restricted to the Neotropics. Little is known about their habits, but they are apparently cryptobiotic predators of diplurans and other soft-bodied arthropods.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF47FB8912DBF887" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47FB8912E7FA9A" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47FB891124FB72" bold="true" box="[199,321,1135,1160]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFECBFB8911B7FB72" box="[331,466,1135,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFECBFB8911B7FB72" box="[331,466,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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workers are easily differentiated from those of most other ponerine genera by their narrow curved mandibles, which have several long teeth.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFC9DFB7313CEFB56" box="[797,939,1173,1196]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFC9DFB7313CEFB56" box="[797,939,1173,1196]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is quite similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFBFDFB721561FB57" box="[1149,1284,1172,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFBFDFB721561FB57" box="[1149,1284,1172,1197]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but they can be separated by their frontal lobes (very small and closely approximated in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFC69FB511415FB2A" box="[1001,1136,1207,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFC69FB511415FB2A" box="[1001,1136,1207,1232]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, medium sized and mildly separated anteriorly in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE25FB3B1257FB0E" box="[421,562,1245,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE25FB3B1257FB0E" box="[421,562,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
) and by their body sculpturing and pilosity (pruinose and without upright pilosity in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE9BFB1911C7FAE2" box="[283,418,1279,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE9BFB1911C7FAE2" box="[283,418,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, foveolate with abundant pilosity in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCE1FAE7138BFAE2" box="[865,1006,1281,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCE1FAE7138BFAE2" box="[865,1006,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB8CFB1914B3FAE2" box="[1036,1238,1279,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFB8CFB1914B3FAE2" box="[1036,1238,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has curved mandibles with an attenuated apical tooth, but its teeth are much longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB9AFAC214C4FAC7" box="[1050,1185,1316,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFB9AFAC214C4FAC7" box="[1050,1185,1316,1341]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it has much more widely spaced frontal lobes and larger eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47FA8A1361F95F" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47FA8A11A0FA7F" bold="true" box="[199,453,1388,1413]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE4DFA8A1246FA7F" box="[461,547,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Small (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F62CABFD2AFA8A136CFA7F" box="[682,777,1388,1413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB37FA8A157FFA7F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1207,1306,1388,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles narrow and curved, with five or six teeth, the apical tooth greatly attenuated, without a distinct basal margin or basal groove. Anterior clypeal margin triangular, sometimes with a prominent tooth medially. Frontal lobes very small and closely approximated. Eyes very small, located anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove shallow or reduced to a simple suture. Propodeum mildly narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles round. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole nodiform, wider than long. Subpetiolar process sometimes with an anterior fenestra. Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body shining to pruinose, with scattered small foveae or punctations, very sparse pilosity and a dense short pubescence. Color reddish-brown to nearly black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47F95614C4F911" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47F9561172F93D" box="[199,279,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE45F9571259F932" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[453,572,1711,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE45F9571259F932" box="[453,572,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFDEBF9491345F932" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[619,800,1711,1736]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: similar to worker but slightly larger, alate, with ocelli, larger compound eyes, and the modifications of the thorax typical for alate ponerine queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47F91111D7F8EA" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" box="[199,434,1783,1808]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47F911116DF8EA" box="[199,264,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F62CABFE8EF91E115DF8F5" box="[270,312,1784,1807]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47F8FB13F4F8CF" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" box="[199,913,1820,1845]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47F8FB1174F8CE" box="[199,273,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE38F8FB1249F8CF" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[440,556,1820,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE38F8FB1249F8CF" box="[440,556,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFDD6F8FA13E8F8CF" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[598,909,1820,1845]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="443 - 462" refId="ref167049" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1964) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 443 - 462." type="journal article" year="1964">Wheeler & Wheeler (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47F8D912DBF887" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47F8D91190F8A2" bold="true" box="[199,501,1855,1880]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD82F8D912ECF8A2" box="[514,649,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD82F8D912ECF8A2" box="[514,649,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the Neotropics, ranging from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F62CABFAA3F8D9151DF8A2" box="[1315,1400,1855,1880]" name="Mexico" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6F62CABFF17F8821160F887" box="[151,261,1892,1917]" name="Colombia" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFE94F88211DEF887" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[276,443,1892,1917]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFE46F88212D7F887" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[454,690,1892,1917]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CA9FF47F86115E1FD37" lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CA8FF47F8611310FE2A" blockId="137.[151,1436,1063,2025]" lastBlockId="138.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="138" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47F86111BCF85A" bold="true" box="[199,473,1927,1952]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFC43F861142FF85A" box="[963,1098,1927,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFC43F861142FF85A" box="[963,1098,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they are rarely collected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFF1EF84A112DF83F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[158,328,1964,1989]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="8 - 19" refId="ref168067" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1935) Ants of the genera Belonopelta Mayr and Simopelta Mann. Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro), 5, 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1935">Wheeler, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their vestigial eyes are suggestive of a cryptobiotic lifestyle, and field observations confirm this, as individual workers are found among leaf litter, under logs or in soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFC30F8361458F813" author="Mann, W. M." box="[944,1085,2000,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref153070" refString="Mann, W. M. (1922) Ants from Honduras and Guatemala. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61, 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2434.1" type="journal article" year="1922">Mann, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFBC7F83714B9F813" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1095,1244,2000,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="241 - 250" refId="ref134356" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1950) Morphological, taxonomic, and other notes on ants. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 8, 241 - 250." type="journal article" year="1950">Brown, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFB67F83615F5F813" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1255,1424,2000,2025]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and nests are constructed in rotting wood (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F52CA8FDFCFF711340FF4A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[636,805,151,176]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colonies are small, with roughly 16 or fewer workers and a single dealate queen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F52CA8FE67FF5A12F1FF2F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[487,660,188,213]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; W. L. Brown, pers. comm. cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F52CA8FBD5FF5A1560FF2F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[1109,1285,188,213]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FF17FF39117BFF02" box="[151,286,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FF17FF39117BFF02" box="[151,286,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
food preferences are scant, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F52CA8FD0CFF39135EFF02" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[652,827,223,248]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FC64FF07143FFF02" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[996,1114,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FC64FF07143FFF02" box="[996,1114,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers in captivity readily preyed on diplurans, small geophilid centipedes, and a small cicadellid, but largely ignored large centipedes, termites, beetles (both larvae and adults), moth larvae, isopods, and millipedes. Wilson hypothesized that in nature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FF17FEAB116EFE9F" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,267,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FF17FEAB116EFE9F" box="[151,267,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is largely a specialist predator of diplurans, and observed that the method of prey capture by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FAA7FEAB15FEFE9F" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[1319,1435,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FAA7FEAB15FEFE9F" box="[1319,1435,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typical for ponerines despite their highly specialized mandibular structure.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F52CA8FC7CFE8914CFFE72" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1020,1194,367,392]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" pagination="82 - 87" refId="ref168499" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1955 a) Ecology and behavior of the ant Belonopelta deletrix Mann (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 62, 82 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Wilson (1955a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FA04FE971089FE57" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FA04FE971089FE57" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are very timid and readily flee from non-prey arthropods. The degree to which Wilson’s observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FECAFE5F11DAFE2A" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[330,447,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FECAFE5F11DAFE2A" box="[330,447,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apply also to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FDDBFE5F1280FE2A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[603,741,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FDDBFE5F1280FE2A" box="[603,741,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">B. attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6F52CA8FF17F827140FF80F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120874" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120874/files/figure.png" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" startId="138.[151,250,1985,2007]" targetBox="[174,1410,517,1943]" targetPageId="138">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F52CA8FF17F827140FF80F" blockId="138.[151,1436,1985,2037]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FF17F827114FF82C" bold="true" box="[151,298,1985,2007]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FE7EF82712B0F82D" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[510,725,1985,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FE7EF82712B0F82D" box="[510,725,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Belonopelta deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0260514, Shannon Hartman and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F52CA8FC69F8391401F80F" box="[1001,1124,2015,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F52CA8FC69F8391401F80F" box="[1001,1124,2015,2037]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47FF71124DFE0E" blockId="139.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47FF7112BEFF4A" bold="true" box="[199,731,151,176]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD65FF711309FF4A" box="[741,876,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD65FF711309FF4A" box="[741,876,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has had a complicated taxonomic history.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FAE0FF7E1084FF2F" author="Mayr, G." pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="370 - 417" refId="ref155212" refString="Mayr, G. (1870) Formicidae novogranadenses. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abteilung I, 61, 370 - 417." type="journal article" year="1870">Mayr (1870)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the genus for the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD2DFF5B1352FF2E" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[685,823,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD2DFF5B1352FF2E" box="[685,823,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B. attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted the general similarity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FA94FF5A15FEFF2F" box="[1300,1435,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FA94FF5A15FEFF2F" box="[1300,1435,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF47FF07117FFF02" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[199,282,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47FF07117FFF02" box="[199,282,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, citing the medial clypeal tooth and highly derived mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FB82FF0714E9FF02" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[1026,1164,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FB82FF0714E9FF02" box="[1026,1164,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B. attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as major distinguishing features. Subsequently, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD96FEE212E3FEE7" box="[534,646,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD96FEE212E3FEE7" box="[534,646,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was at times considered a subgenus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FBB0FEE214D9FEE7" author="Mann, W. M." box="[1072,1212,260,285]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref153070" refString="Mann, W. M. (1922) Ants from Honduras and Guatemala. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61, 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2434.1" type="journal article" year="1922">Mann, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or junior synonym (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FF1EFEC111EEFEBA" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[158,395,295,320]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE3BFEC11227FEBA" box="[443,578,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE3BFEC11227FEBA" box="[443,578,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FDD2FEC11322FEBA" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[594,839,295,320]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FC29FEC11455FEBA" box="[937,1072,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FC29FEC11455FEBA" box="[937,1072,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and made
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FB2EFECF155EFEBA" box="[1198,1339,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FB2EFECF155EFEBA" box="[1198,1339,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FEA7FEAA11CBFE9F" box="[295,430,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FEA7FEAA11CBFE9F" box="[295,430,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at the same time removing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD78FEAB130AFE9F" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[760,879,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD78FEAB130AFE9F" box="[760,879,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the separate genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FBF0FEAA14BFFE9F" authorityName="Baroni Urbani" authorityYear="1975" box="[1136,1242,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FBF0FEAA14BFFE9F" box="[1136,1242,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Leiopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. None of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FAD0FEAA112DFE72" author="Baroni Urbani, C." pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani’s (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
genus-level taxonomic changes withstood scrutiny by subsequent authors, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FB30FE891084FE57" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." pageId="139" pageNumber="140" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE0EFE72119DFE57" authorityName="Baroni Urbani" authorityYear="1975" box="[398,504,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE0EFE72119DFE57" box="[398,504,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Leiopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FDCEFE7212B0FE57" box="[590,725,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FDCEFE7212B0FE57" box="[590,725,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and moved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FCEDFE7213B8FE57" box="[877,989,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FCEDFE7213B8FE57" box="[877,989,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
back to full genus status, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FAD0FE721084FE2A" author="Bolton, B." pageId="139" pageNumber="140" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F42CA9FAD0FE7215F9FE57" box="[1360,1436,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
moved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FECAFE5F11B2FE2A" box="[330,471,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FECAFE5F11B2FE2A" box="[330,471,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
back to full genus status.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6F42CA9FCA5FE51132BFE2A" box="[805,846,439,464]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
the discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FBDCFE5114A9FE2A" box="[1116,1228,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FBDCFE5114A9FE2A" box="[1116,1228,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for more on the phylogenetic position of that genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F42CA9FF47FE1915E1FD37" blockId="139.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Recently, P. S. Ward (pers. comm.) examined a number of primarily African ponerines using molecular data and found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE8FFDC211F3FDC7" box="[271,406,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE8FFDC211F3FDC7" box="[271,406,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD24FDC2130BFDC7" box="[676,878,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD24FDC2130BFDC7" box="[676,878,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Combined with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FBB2FDC21491FDC7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1074,1268,548,573]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstration that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FF47FDA111F4FD9A" box="[199,401,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FF47FDA111F4FD9A" box="[199,401,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD8FFDA1121AFD9A" box="[527,639,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD8FFDA1121AFD9A" box="[527,639,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it appears that these three genera form a clade or basal grade. As these three genera belong to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE49FD8A120DFD7F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[457,616,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE49FD8A120DFD7F" box="[457,616,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD6CFD8B131CFD7E" box="[748,889,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD6CFD8B131CFD7E" box="[748,889,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FC67FD8B145CFD7E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[999,1081,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FC67FD8B145CFD7E" box="[999,1081,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F42CA9FB13FD8A15F9FD7F" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[1171,1436,620,645]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani’s (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
belief that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE91FD7711F9FD52" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[273,412,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE91FD7711F9FD52" box="[273,412,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B. attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE54FD771204FD52" box="[468,609,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE54FD771204FD52" box="[468,609,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are congeneric (with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FCDBFD7713B5FD52" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[859,976,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FCDBFD7713B5FD52" box="[859,976,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
excluded) is not supported. We are here retaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FE81FD5211EDFD37" box="[257,392,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FE81FD5211EDFD37" box="[257,392,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F42CA9FD2AFD531352FD36" box="[682,823,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F42CA9FD2AFD531352FD36" box="[682,823,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the available data suggest that they are unrelated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |