923 lines
118 KiB
XML
923 lines
118 KiB
XML
<document id="15CC30DFEB7421D394D830A097546B29" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6502C10FF17FDC21380FBA2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Platythyrea Roger. These 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A9CBB875275CB6965101546D2AF618F0">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3C09D481DC273EA5AE2BEE80F33424A3">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="175EFABDE0C51E7CD0BAE17D2975C841">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D319EE11AE34C1257AF57358729F4D19">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B7A99747AA182AA5274C1375AF1C0CD0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="74F0F05F0F698A2A05B8D1F6A71587C5">
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<mods:date id="4EFB213F6B51653FE573D329EC5775F8">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="521C25B14D04A36C7E78A57C2B7FE7BD">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="486ADC895E5E92B3901BCC7F3CB0CD7D">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="07AB0123DA0ED5159F6725B49AF85352" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6502C10FF17FDC21380FBA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117432" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709988" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117432" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6502C10FF17FDC21380FBA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6502C10FF17FDC21380FBA2" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6502C0DFF17FDC21110FDC4" box="[151,373,548,574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF17FDC21110FDC4" blockId="47.[151,373,548,607]" box="[151,373,548,574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6502C0DFF17FDC21110FDC4" bold="true" box="[151,373,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FDC21110FDC4" ID-CoL="6S6Q" ID-ENA="77146" authority="Roger" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,373,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FDC21110FDC4" bold="true" box="[151,373,548,574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FDC21147FDC4" bold="true" box="[151,290,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
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Roger
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6502C0DFF17FDA010BDFDA5" box="[151,216,582,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF17FDA010BDFDA5" blockId="47.[151,373,548,607]" box="[151,216,582,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6502C0DFF17FDA010BDFDA5" box="[151,216,582,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-88@48.[151,1436,301,1931]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 3. Worker caste of Platythyrea dentinodis: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172409, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Platythyrea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120818/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6502C0DFF17FD68117BFC74" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF17FD681242FD39" blockId="47.[151,1437,654,768]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6502C0DFF17FD681242FD39" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6502C0DFF17FD681187FD5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6294763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6294763" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:09F37D2A-7DF6-41F0-A501-446B14B1EDDB" author="Roger, J." box="[151,482,654,676]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF5F07F4CDC549546B8DA150F749C818" page="172" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1863">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FD681187FD5E" ID-CoL="6S6Q" authority="Roger, 1863 a: 172" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,482,654,676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FD681169FD5E" box="[151,268,654,676]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFE99FD691187FD5E" author="Roger, J." box="[281,482,654,676]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="131 - 214" refId="ref160939" refString="Roger, J. (1863 a) Die neu aufgefuhrten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Erganzung einiger fruher gegebenen Beschreibungen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7, 131 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 47918630116" type="journal article" year="1863">Roger, 1863a: 172</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFC8AFD681496FD5E" ID-CoL="75H22" authority="Smith, F., 1858: 108" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="108" authorityYear="1858" box="[778,1267,654,676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC8AFD681465FD5E" box="[778,1024,654,676]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pachycondyla punctata</emphasis>
|
||
Smith, F., 1858: 108
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; by subsequent designation of
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6502C0DFEDDFD4B1246FD39" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[349,547,685,707]" page="73" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1903">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFEDDFD4B1246FD39" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[349,547,685,707]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903: 73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF17FD2A13E7FCFA" blockId="47.[151,1437,654,768]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6502C0DFF17FD2A13E7FCFA" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6502C0DFF17FD2A11BCFD18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8264355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8264355" author="Clark, J." box="[151,473,716,738]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E92943B86B59A643007022059172FBC4" page="8" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1930">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FD2A11BCFD18" authority="Clark, 1930: 8" authorityName="Clark" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,473,716,738]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FD2A115BFD18" box="[151,318,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFEC5FD2A11BCFD18" author="Clark, J." box="[325,473,716,738]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="2 - 25" refId="ref135310" refString="Clark, J. (1930) New Formicidae, with notes on some little-known species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.), 43, 2 - 25." type="journal article" year="1930">Clark, 1930: 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6502C0DFD69FD2A14FBFD18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8264355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8264355" author="Clark, J." box="[745,1182,716,738]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E92943B86B59A643007022059172FBC4" page="9" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1930">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFD69FD2A14FBFD18" authority="Clark, 1930: 9" authorityName="Clark" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1930" box="[745,1182,716,738]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFD69FD2A1465FD18" box="[745,1024,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eubothroponera dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFB87FD2A14FBFD18" author="Clark, J." box="[1031,1182,716,738]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="2 - 25" refId="ref135310" refString="Clark, J. (1930) New Formicidae, with notes on some little-known species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.), 43, 2 - 25." type="journal article" year="1930">Clark, 1930: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by original designation.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6502C0DFF47FD0D1100FCFA" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,357,746,768]" page="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1975">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFF47FD0D1100FCFA" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,357,746,768]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975: 6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFEF4FD0C127FFCFA" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[372,538,746,768]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFEF4FD0C127FFCFA" box="[372,538,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFD7DFD0C1317FCFA" ID-CoL="6S6Q" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[765,882,746,768]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFD7DFD0C1317FCFA" box="[765,882,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF17FCCB117BFC74" blockId="47.[151,1437,813,2026]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FCCB117CFCBC" ID-CoL="6S6Q" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,281,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FCCB117CFCBC" box="[151,281,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a moderately large (38 described extant species) pantropical genus and is the only member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FCB7114EFC90" ID-CoL="L5W" box="[151,299,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFEB7FCB711DCFC90" ID-CoL="6S6Q" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[311,441,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFEB7FCB711DCFC90" box="[311,441,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are notable for their rapid movement, arboreal habits and frequent presence of gamergates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6502C13FF47FC7F144BFE57" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C0DFF47FC7F15FDFA37" blockId="47.[151,1437,813,2026]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF47FC7F1124FC48" bold="true" box="[199,321,921,946]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFEC9FC7F11AFFC48" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[329,458,921,946]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFEC9FC7F11AFFC48" box="[329,458,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are distinctive and not easily confused with those of other genera, though the genus lacks unequivocal autapomorphies. Diagnostic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFC22FC5B1441FC2C" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[930,1060,957,982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC22FC5B1441FC2C" box="[930,1060,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers and queens include (in combination) pruinose sculpturing, broad insertion of the clypeus between the frontal lobes and the consequently widely spaced frontal lobes and antennal insertions, laterally opening metapleural gland orifice, metatibiae with two pectinate spurs, toothed tarsal claws, and projection of the helcium from near midheight on the anterior face of A3. Pruinose sculpturing is rare within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFDE4FBAB12A6FB9C" box="[612,707,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(only present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFC53FBA81437FB9F" box="[979,1106,1102,1125]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC53FBA81437FB9F" box="[979,1106,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Leptogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFB30FBAB1552FB9C" box="[1200,1335,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFB30FBAB1552FB9C" box="[1200,1335,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which lack the high helcium and broad clypeal insertion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFCC4FB9713A3FB70" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[836,966,1137,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFCC4FB9713A3FB70" box="[836,966,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but is also shared with the proceratiine genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF5EFB7311F7FB54" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1901" box="[222,402,1173,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Probolomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF5EFB7311F7FB54" box="[222,402,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Probolomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFE1FFB731237FB54" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1901" box="[415,594,1173,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Probolomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFE1FFB731237FB54" box="[415,594,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Probolomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFD65FB731302FB54" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[741,871,1173,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFD65FB731302FB54" box="[741,871,1173,1198]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, in numerous characters, most obviously in its lack of frontal lobes and eyes, its single metatibial spur, its simple tarsal claws, and its lack of a stridulitrum on the pretergite of A4. In most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFD9BFB3B121FFB0C" box="[539,634,1245,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
the clypeus is only narrowly inserted between the frontal lobes, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17FAE71104FAE0" box="[151,353,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF17FAE71104FAE0" box="[151,353,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a broad clypeal insertion (even broader than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFC40FAE71427FAE0" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[960,1090,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC40FAE71427FAE0" box="[960,1090,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFBDBFAE71540FAE0" box="[1115,1317,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFBDBFAE71540FAE0" box="[1115,1317,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
otherwise differs dramatically from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFE39FAC3125EFAC4" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[441,571,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFE39FAC3125EFAC4" box="[441,571,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they are unlikely to be confused. A small number of genera in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFABDFAC315F9FAC4" box="[1341,1436,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a relatively high helcium as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFDB0FAAF12D7FA98" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[560,690,1353,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFDB0FAAF12D7FA98" box="[560,690,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these genera all lack the broad clypeal insertion and pruinose sculpturing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFEB9FA8B11DEFA7C" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[313,443,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFEB9FA8B11DEFA7C" box="[313,443,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFD47FA8B13A1FA7C" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[711,964,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFD47FA8B13A1FA7C" box="[711,964,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFB5BFA8B15F6FA7C" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[1243,1427,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFB5BFA8B15F6FA7C" box="[1243,1427,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have a relatively low helcium, as in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFDEDFA7712AAFA50" box="[621,719,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and lack the fine pruinose sculpturing of most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFB68FA77150FFA50" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1256,1386,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFB68FA77150FFA50" box="[1256,1386,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFE40FA53127AFA34" box="[448,543,1461,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their broad clypeal insertion and presence of two pectinate metatibial spurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6502C12FF47FA3F11C3FF02" blockId="47.[151,1437,813,2026]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFF47FA3F11ACFA08" bold="true" box="[199,457,1497,1522]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFE55FA3F124EFA08" box="[469,555,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Small to very large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6502C0DFCE3FA3F13B2FA0B" box="[867,983,1497,1522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="4.0">4–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6502C0DFC68FA3C14E4FA08" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1000,1153,1497,1522]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFEACFA1B11A5F9EC" box="[300,448,1533,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, edentate or with multiple distinct teeth on the masticatory margin, and often with a basal groove. Clypeus with a flat or convex anterior margin, and a broad posterior insertion between the frontal lobes. Frontal lobes moderately large and widely separated. Eyes large to moderate in size, located anterior to head midline. Metanotal groove usually obsolete, rarely present and shallowly impressed (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFAECF98C117AF95C" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFF17F968117AF95C" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[151,287,1677,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">P. lamellosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Propodeum broad dorsally, the posterior margins distinct and usually with a short blunt tooth at each posterodorsal corner. Propodeal spiracle usually round, rarely slit-shaped (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC6EF95414D6F930" box="[1006,1203,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFBA7F95414D6F930" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[1063,1203,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">P. lamellosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Metapleural gland orifice opening laterally, near the posteroventral corner of the propodeum, sometimes with a shallow lateral longitudinal groove. Metatibial spur formula (1p, 1p). Tarsal claws usually armed with a single preapical tooth. Arolia prominent and bright white. Petiole nodiform, the node usually much longer than wide, with parallel sides and a distinct dorsal face, the posterodorsal margin often bi- or tridentate. Helcium usually projects from near midheight on the anterior face of A3 (projects from lower down in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6502C0DFC2AF880145FF884" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[938,1082,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6502C0DFC2AF880145FF884" box="[938,1082,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Head and body usually uniformly pruinose (having a frosted appearance due to extremely dense fine punctations combined with a dense short pubescence), usually also with scattered foveolations, and usually with little to no upright pilosity. Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64F2C12FED4FF7F1183FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[340,486,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64F2C12FED4FF7F1183FF4A" box="[340,486,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group lack the pruinose condition and have denser upright pilosity. Color variable, yellowish brown to black.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A64F2C12FE53FF5A119EFF2F" box="[467,507,188,213]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64F2C12FD41FF5A1301FF2F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[705,868,188,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64F2C12FC23FF5A1423FF2F" author="Bolton, B." box="[931,1094,188,213]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A64F2C12FC23FF5A138AFF2F" box="[931,1007,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for further details of worker structure in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64F2C12FE9CFF3911C3FF02" box="[284,422,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64F2C12FE9CFF3911C4FF02" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[284,417,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Platythyrea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A64F2C12FF17F846144BF82F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120818" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120818/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,1952,1974]" targetBox="[151,1436,301,1919]" targetPageId="48">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64F2C12FF17F846144BF82F" blockId="48.[151,1436,1952,2005]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64F2C12FF17F8461179F84F" bold="true" box="[151,284,1952,1974]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64F2C12FE6EF84612B8F84C" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[494,733,1952,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64F2C12FE6EF84612B8F84C" box="[494,733,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Platythyrea dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172409, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64F2C12FC33F859144DF82F" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[947,1064,1983,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64F2C12FC33F859144DF82F" box="[947,1064,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FF7E125AFEE7" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Very similar to conspecific workers but usually winged, with the corresponding modifications of the thoracic sclerites and usually with ocelli (though they are sometimes absent, which is a unique condition among alate ant queens) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FEF5FF391276FF02" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[373,531,223,248]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Queens are ergatoid in some species and are completely absent in others (reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FEB1FEE21256FEE7" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[305,563,260,285]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FEC11465FEBA" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" box="[199,1024,295,320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FEC1116DFEBA" box="[199,264,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A64E2C13FE8EFEC11153FEBA" box="[270,310,295,320]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE6FFECE12E8FEBA" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[495,653,295,320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FD43FEC11399FEBA" author="Yoshimura, M. & Fisher, B. L." box="[707,1020,295,320]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="21 - 40" refId="ref169599" refString="Yoshimura, M. & Fisher, B. L. (2007) A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa, 1654, 21 - 40." type="journal article" year="2007">Yoshimura & Fisher (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FEAB14BBFE9F" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" box="[199,1246,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FEAB1174FE9E" box="[199,273,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE33FEAA1285FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[435,736,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FD6BFEAA1357FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[747,818,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCBEFEAA131DFE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[830,888,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC03FEAA13D9FE9F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[899,956,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="50 - 55" refId="ref167410" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1989) Notes on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 97, 50 - 55." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC7BFEAA14BCFE9F" author="Villet, M. H. & Hanrahan, S. A. & Walther, C." box="[1019,1241,332,357]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="243 - 256" refId="ref166044" refString="Villet, M. H., Hanrahan, S. A. & Walther, C. (1990 a) Larval structures associated with larva-to-adult trophallaxis in Platythyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 19 (5 / 6), 243 - 256. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7322 (90) 90010 - m" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Villet
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FBC0FEAB141CFE9F" box="[1088,1145,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1990a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FE89144BFE57" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FE89118DFE72" bold="true" box="[199,488,367,392]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE77FE89121CFE72" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[503,633,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE77FE89121CFE72" box="[503,633,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pantropical, with some species also occurring in subtropical regions of the New World, Africa, Asia, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A64E2C13FDB4FE7212FFFE57" box="[564,666,404,429]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FD29FE721325FE57" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[681,832,404,429]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCCCFE721447FE57" author="Bolton, B. & Alpert, G. & Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P." box="[844,1058,404,429]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref133459" refString="Bolton, B., Alpert, G., Ward, P. S. & Naskrecki, P. (2006) Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., CD-ROM." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Bolton
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC1FFE7313B2FE57" box="[927,983,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA64E2C10FF47FE511380FBA2" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FE511168FCEF" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FE5111B1FE2A" bold="true" box="[199,468,439,464]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE5DFE51123AFE2A" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[477,607,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE5DFE51123AFE2A" box="[477,607,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an ecologically and behaviorally interesting genus. Unusually among ponerines, many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FED7FE3A1254FE0F" box="[343,561,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FED7FE3A11BCFE0F" box="[343,473,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are arboreal, nesting in hollow branches or other preformed cavities in live or fallen trees, and foraging on tree trunks or other vegetation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCBEFE1913B0FDE2" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[830,981,511,536]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC61FE19157EFDE2" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[993,1307,511,536]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FB0AFDE714A6FDE2" box="[1162,1219,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FAA6FE1910B6FDC7" author="Yeo, K. & Molet, M. & Peeters, C." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="435 - 438" refId="ref169538" refString="Yeo, K., Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) When David and Goliath share a home: compound nesting of Pyramica and Platythyrea ants. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 435 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0890 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Yéo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FADCFDE715F0FDE2" box="[1372,1429,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF5EFDC21184FDC7" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[222,481,548,573]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some large African species (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FCB7FDC31392FDC7" box="[823,1015,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FCEEFDC31392FDC7" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[878,1015,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">P. lamellosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) are terrestrial and nest at the base of termitaria or under rocks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE40FDA1123EFD9A" author="Arnold, G." box="[448,603,583,608]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FDE8FDAE129AFD9A" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[616,767,583,608]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FC94FDA113F3FD9A" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[788,918,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC94FDA113F3FD9A" box="[788,918,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are of the typical size for ponerines, with on average usually a few hundred workers or fewer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FC9DFD8B13F2FD7F" box="[797,919,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC9DFD8B13F2FD7F" box="[797,919,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 100 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FC73FD8A14E7FD7F" box="[1011,1154,620,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">500 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB0DFD8A1557FD7F" author="Levieux, J." box="[1165,1330,620,645]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref150919" refString="Levieux, J. (1976) Etude de la structure du nid de quelques especes terricoles de fourmis tropicales. Annales de l'Universite d' Abidjan, sec. C, 12, 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Lévieux, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FABDFD8A1150FD52" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FEC3FD691260FD52" author="Yeo, K. & Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[323,517,655,680]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="435 - 438" refId="ref169538" refString="Yeo, K., Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) When David and Goliath share a home: compound nesting of Pyramica and Platythyrea ants. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 435 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0890 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Yéo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FEFCFD7711DDFD52" box="[380,440,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD93FD7712FAFD52" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[531,671,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD93FD7712FAFD52" box="[531,671,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. lamellosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FD31FD691327FD52" box="[689,834,655,680]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">115 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCD1FD691455FD52" author="Villet, M. H. & Hart, A. & Crewe, R. M." box="[849,1072,655,680]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="250 - 253" refId="ref166119" refString="Villet, M. H., Hart, A. & Crewe, R. M. (1990 b) Social organization of Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 1. Reproduction. South African Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 250 - 253." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Villet
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC1AFD7713B0FD52" box="[922,981,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FBBEFD7714DFFD52" box="[1086,1210,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FBBEFD7714DFFD52" box="[1086,1210,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. modesta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FA94FD6915FDFD52" box="[1300,1432,655,680]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF17FD5211AAFD37" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[151,463,692,717]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FEBFFD53111DFD37" box="[319,376,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE5AFD53123EFD37" box="[474,603,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parallela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE5AFD53123EFD37" box="[474,603,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. parallela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FDEBFD52128EFD37" box="[619,747,692,717]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FD76FD5213FBFD37" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[758,926,692,717]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="483 - 510" refId="ref168762" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1959 b) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia V. The tribe Odontomachini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 120, 483 - 510." type="journal article" year="1959">Wilson, 1959b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FC29FD531443FD36" box="[937,1062,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC29FD531443FD36" box="[937,1062,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 23-
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FBDAFD5214BEFD37" box="[1114,1243,692,717]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">51 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB66FD521085FD0A" author="Hartmann, A. & Wantia, J. & Heinze, J." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="155 - 162" refId="ref145451" refString="Hartmann, A., Wantia, J. & Heinze, J. (2005 b) Facultative sexual reproduction in the parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata. Insectes Sociaux, 52, 155 - 162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 004 - 0786 - 5" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Hartmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FADDFD5315F0FD37" box="[1373,1429,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF6CFD3F11F7FD0A" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1941" box="[236,402,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF6CFD3F11F7FD0A" box="[236,402,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. quadridenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FE21FD311246FD0A" box="[417,547,727,752]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">19 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FDAFFD3E12FDFD0A" author="Ito, F." box="[559,664,727,752]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref147376" refString="Ito, F. (1995) Colony composition of two Malaysian ponerine ants, Platythyrea tricuspidata and P. quadridenta: sexual reproduction by workers and production of queens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 101, 209 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1994 / 19319" type="journal article" year="1995">Ito, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD24FD3F1346FD0A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[676,803,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD24FD3F1346FD0A" box="[676,803,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FCB3FD3113D1FD0A" box="[819,948,727,752]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">21 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC40FD311433FD0A" author="Villet, M. H." box="[960,1110,727,752]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="13 - 29" refId="ref165526" refString="Villet, M. H. (1991 b) Social differentiation and division of labour in the queenless ant Platythyrea schultzei Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4, 13 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539472" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FBE3FD3F1563FD0A" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1900" box="[1123,1286,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FBE3FD3F1563FD0A" box="[1123,1286,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. tricuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A64E2C13FA96FD3115FDFD0A" box="[1302,1432,727,752]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="worker">21 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF17FD1A1165FCEF" author="Ito, F." box="[151,256,764,789]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref147376" refString="Ito, F. (1995) Colony composition of two Malaysian ponerine ants, Platythyrea tricuspidata and P. quadridenta: sexual reproduction by workers and production of queens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 101, 209 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1994 / 19319" type="journal article" year="1995">Ito, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FCF91182FAF7" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF47FCF9112CFCC2" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[199,329,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FCF9112CFCC2" box="[199,329,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are very fast runners, and their speed combined with their potent venomous stings enable them to rapidly catch and subdue a wide range of prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC93FCA213CEFCA7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[787,939,836,861]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC38FCA21494FCA7" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[952,1265,836,861]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="324 - 326" refId="ref139333" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 a) Consuming large prey on the spot: the case of the arboreal foraging ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 48, 324 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001784" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FBE2FCA314FEFCA7" box="[1122,1179,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB7DFCA2152DFCA7" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[1277,1352,836,861]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF17FC811112FC7A" box="[151,375,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF17FC81117CFC7A" box="[151,281,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generalist predators (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD2FFC8F12BBFC7A" box="[687,734,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD6CFC8F142BFC7A" authority=": Yeo et al., 2006" authorityName="Yeo" authorityYear="2006" box="[748,1102,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD6CFC8F1308FC7A" box="[748,877,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC03FC81142BFC7A" author="Yeo, K. & Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[899,1102,871,896]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="435 - 438" refId="ref169538" refString="Yeo, K., Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) When David and Goliath share a home: compound nesting of Pyramica and Platythyrea ants. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 435 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0890 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Yéo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC3FFC8F139BFC7A" box="[959,1022,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FBE0FC811510FC7A" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[1120,1397,871,896]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FA07FC8F11D5FC5F" authority=": Villet, 1990 c" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FA07FC8F1161FC5F" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. lamellosa</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE98FC6A11D5FC5F" author="Villet, M. H." box="[280,432,908,933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="254 - 259" refId="ref165425" refString="Villet, M. H. (1990 c) Social organization of Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 2. Division of labor. South African Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1990">Villet, 1990c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE41FC6B1396FC5F" authority=": Djieto-Lordon et al., 2001 a" authorityName="Djieto-Lordon" authorityYear="2001" box="[449,1011,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE41FC6B125AFC5F" box="[449,575,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. modesta</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FDD3FC6A13FCFC5F" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[595,921,908,933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="324 - 326" refId="ref139333" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 a) Consuming large prey on the spot: the case of the arboreal foraging ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 48, 324 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001784" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC81FC6B135AFC5F" box="[769,831,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC29FC6A1396FC5F" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[937,1011,908,933]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but many reportedly specialize on termites (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE83FC57114EFC32" box="[259,299,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FEBAFC4911B6FC32" author="Arnold, G." box="[314,467,943,968]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE60FC561210FC32" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[480,629,943,968]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and at least one species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FC21FC571475FC32" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[929,1040,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC21FC571475FC32" box="[929,1040,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. arnoldi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is apparently a specialist on adult beetles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF75FC3211F4FC17" author="Arnold, G." box="[245,401,980,1005]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In an unusual behavior,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD39FC331350FC17" box="[697,821,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD39FC331350FC17" box="[697,821,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers collect nectar onto part of their body surface for transport to the nest; the liquid is retained via surface tension (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCF1FC1114EDFBEA" author="Dejean, A. & Suzzoni, J. P." box="[881,1160,1015,1040]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="76 - 79" refId="ref138264" refString="Dejean, A. & Suzzoni, J. P. (1997) Surface tension strengths in the service of a Ponerine ant: a new kind of nectar transport. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 76 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050352" type="journal article" year="1997">Déjean & Suzzoni, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB1BFC111522FBEA" author="Levieux, J." box="[1179,1351,1015,1040]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">Lévieux (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FEA5FBFA119AFBCF" box="[293,511,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FEA5FBFA11C2FBCF" box="[293,423,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as eating seeds, though this has not been confirmed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FBD6FBFA15F5FBCF" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[1110,1424,1052,1077]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF17FBD9117CFBA2" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,281,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF17FBD9117CFBA2" box="[151,281,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers typically forage individually (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD58FBA7136DFBA2" box="[728,776,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC91FBD913C3FBA2" author="Villet, M. H." box="[785,934,1087,1112]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="254 - 259" refId="ref165425" refString="Villet, M. H. (1990 c) Social organization of Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 2. Division of labor. South African Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1990">Villet, 1990c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC68FBD9154BFBA2" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[1000,1326,1087,1112]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FB13FBA714A8FBA2" box="[1171,1229,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed nestmate recruitment in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE25FB83127BFB87" box="[421,542,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE25FB83127BFB87" box="[421,542,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. modesta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to aid in retrieval of large prey. Interestingly, workers of this species sometimes carry larvae directly to their prey, rather than bringing the prey back to their nest; this behavior is otherwise unknown within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE0DFB4A1264FB3F" baseAuthorityName="sensu Bolton" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[397,513,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD90FB4B12E8FB3F" box="[528,653,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD90FB4B12E8FB3F" box="[528,653,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. modesta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
conducts frequent emigrations to new nest sites, with recruitment occurring via use of chemical trails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FDB5FB291316FB12" author="Djieto-Lordon, C. & Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[565,883,1231,1256]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="303 - 315" refId="ref139396" refString="Djieto-Lordon, C., Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001 b) Predatory behavior of the African ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38 (3 A), 303 - 315." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Djiéto-Lordon
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD61FB37137FFB12" box="[737,794,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The use of chemical trails by other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FA9AFB29108DFAF7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FA9AFB2915F9FB12" box="[1306,1436,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been reported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C13FF47FAF11271F962" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF47FAF1112CFACA" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[199,329,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47FAF1112CFACA" box="[199,329,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has perhaps the highest diversity of reproductive strategies known for any ponerine genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FAD5FAF11085FAAF" author="Villet, M. H." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="291 - 294" refId="ref165688" refString="Villet, M. H. (1992 b) Exploring the biology of obligate queenlessness: social organization in Platythyreine ants. In: Billen, J. P. (Ed.), Biology and Evolution of Social Insects. Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 291 - 294." type="book chapter" year="1992">Villet, 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF6CFADA118BFAAF" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[236,494,1340,1365]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nearly all examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD6BFADA13A1FAAF" box="[747,964,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD6BFADA1308FAAF" box="[747,877,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have gamergates, with the only exception being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF5FFA871139FA82" box="[223,348,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF5FFA871139FA82" box="[223,348,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FDF7FAB91336FA82" box="[631,851,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDF7FAB9129CFA82" box="[631,761,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known to have ergatoid queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB56FAB910B1FA67" author="Molet, M. & Peeters, C." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref155651" refString="Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) Evolution of wingless reproductives in ants: weakly specialized ergatoid queen instead of gamergates in Platythyrea conradti. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0856 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">Molet & Peeters, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE88FA6311EEFA67" box="[264,395,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE88FA6311E2FA67" box="[264,391,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">P. conradti</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
queens and workers aggressively interact to form a dominance hierarchy, but high-ranking workers do not reproduce unless the queen dies. Among those species known to have gamergates, some also have alate queens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FEB6FA2B11B8FA1F" authorityName="Donisthorpe" authorityYear="1941" box="[310,477,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FEB6FA2B11B8FA1F" box="[310,477,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. quadridenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FE6DFA2B12F6FA1F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1900" box="[493,659,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricuspidata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE6DFA2B12F6FA1F" box="[493,659,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. tricuspidata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD4FFA2B132CFA1F" box="[719,841,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FD4FFA2B1327FA1F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[719,834,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">P. arnoldi</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FCD2FA2A13B9FA1F" author="Villet, M. H." box="[850,988,1484,1509]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="56 - 57" refId="ref165745" refString="Villet, M. H. (1993) Cooccurrence of mated workers and a mated queen in a colony of Platythyrea arnoldi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). South African Journal of Zoology, 28 (1), 56 - 57." type="journal article" year="1993">Villet, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC6BFA2A1430FA1F" author="Ito, F." box="[1003,1109,1484,1509]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref147376" refString="Ito, F. (1995) Colony composition of two Malaysian ponerine ants, Platythyrea tricuspidata and P. quadridenta: sexual reproduction by workers and production of queens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 101, 209 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1994 / 19319" type="journal article" year="1995">Ito, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but some have gamergates only (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF5AFA171106F9F2" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[218,355,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF5AFA171106F9F2" box="[218,355,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. lamellosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FEF1FA171195F9F2" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[369,496,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FEF1FA171195F9F2" box="[369,496,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FDAEFA171288F9F2" baseAuthorityName="Gerstacker" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[558,749,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDAEFA171223F9F2" box="[558,582,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDEFFA091288F9F2" box="[623,749,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">cribrinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FD6DFA091291F9F2" box="[749,756,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">;</emphasis>
|
||
Peeters, 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC24FA09141EF9F2" author="Villet, M. H. & Hart, A. & Crewe, R. M." box="[932,1147,1519,1544]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="250 - 253" refId="ref166119" refString="Villet, M. H., Hart, A. & Crewe, R. M. (1990 b) Social organization of Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 1. Reproduction. South African Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 250 - 253." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Villet
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FC6AFA171446F9F2" box="[1002,1059,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1990b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FB06FA091579F9F2" author="Villet, M. H." box="[1158,1308,1519,1544]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="13 - 29" refId="ref165526" refString="Villet, M. H. (1991 b) Social differentiation and division of labour in the queenless ant Platythyrea schultzei Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4, 13 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539472" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FAA8FA091514F9F2" author="Villet, M. H." box="[1320,1393,1519,1544]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 231" refId="ref165576" refString="Villet, M. H. (1991 c) Reproduction and division of labour in Platythyrea cf. cribrinodis (Gerstaecker 1858) (Hymenoptera Formicidae): comparisons of individuals, colonies and species. Tropical Zoology, 4, 209 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539491" type="journal article" year="1991">1991c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the reproductive strategy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FDBDF9F312DEF9D6" box="[573,699,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDBDF9F312DEF9D6" box="[573,699,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps the most variable known for any ponerine species (see below).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF73F9D111ECF9AA" author="Villet, M. H." box="[243,393,1591,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="254 - 259" refId="ref165425" refString="Villet, M. H. (1990 c) Social organization of Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 2. Division of labor. South African Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Villet (1990
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FEFDF9D111ECF9AA" author="Peeters, C." box="[381,393,1591,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref158848" refString="Peeters, C. (1991 b) Ergatoid queens and intercastes in ants - 2 distinct adult forms which look morphologically intermediate between workers and winged queens. Insectes Sociaux, 38 (1), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242708" type="journal article" year="1991">c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1991b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE69F9D11254F9AA" author="Villet, M. H." box="[489,561,1591,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="291 - 294" refId="ref165688" refString="Villet, M. H. (1992 b) Exploring the biology of obligate queenlessness: social organization in Platythyreine ants. In: Billen, J. P. (Ed.), Biology and Evolution of Social Insects. Leuven University Press, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 291 - 294." type="book chapter" year="1992">1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) examined the division of labor in colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FBC1F9DF1498F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Gerstacker" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1089,1277,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FBC1F9DF143CF9AA" box="[1089,1113,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FB01F9D11498F9AA" box="[1153,1277,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">cribrinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FA8CF9DF15FEF9AA" box="[1292,1435,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FA8CF9DF15FDF9AA" authorityName=": Villet" authorityYear="1990" box="[1292,1432,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamellosa">P. lamellosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF46F9BB1121F98F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1910" box="[198,324,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schultzei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF46F9BB1121F98F" box="[198,324,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. schultzei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found typical age-related polyethism in all species, with unmated workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FB5FF9BB15FEF98F" baseAuthorityName="Gerstacker" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1247,1435,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FB5FF9BB149DF98E" box="[1247,1272,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FA9FF9BA15FEF98F" box="[1311,1435,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">cribrinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
laying only inviable haploid eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64E2C10FF47F9421438FF2F" blockId="49.[151,1440,151,2013]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FF47F94211D0F946" box="[199,437,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF47F94211D0F946" box="[199,437,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Platythyrea punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a fascinating species from the standpoint of social and reproductive behavior, as it variously has alate queens, parthenogenetic intercaste queens, mated gamergates, and parthenogenetic workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FF1EF90A11F3F8FF" author="Schilder, K. & Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[158,406,1772,1797]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="150 - 158" refId="ref161544" refString="Schilder, K., Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1999 a) Colony structure and reproduction in the thelytokous parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 46, 150 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000400050126" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Schilder
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FE86F90B1125F8FF" box="[262,320,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE23F90A1189F8FF" author="Schilder, K. & Heinze, J. & Gross, R. & Holldobler, B." box="[419,492,1772,1797]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1497 - 1507" refId="ref161606" refString="Schilder, K., Heinze, J., Gross, R. & Holldobler, B. (1999 b) Microsatellites reveal clonal structure of populations of the thelytokous ant Platythyrea punctata (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Molecular Ecology, 8, 1497 - 1507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 1999.00727. x" type="journal article" year="1999">1999b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FE79F90A1360F8FF" author="Hartmann, A. & Wantia, J. & Heinze, J." box="[505,773,1772,1797]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="155 - 162" refId="ref145451" refString="Hartmann, A., Wantia, J. & Heinze, J. (2005 b) Facultative sexual reproduction in the parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata. Insectes Sociaux, 52, 155 - 162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 004 - 0786 - 5" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Hartmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDF1F90B12CEF8FF" box="[625,683,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In many populations of this species, reproduction occurs via thelytokous parthenogenesis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FD8FF8E91322F8D2" author="Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[527,839,1807,1832]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="40 - 41" refId="ref146066" refString="Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1995) Thelytokous parthenogenesis and dominance hierarchies in the ponerine ant, Platythyrea punctata. Naturwissenschaften, 82, 40 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01167871" type="journal article" year="1995">Heinze & Hölldobler, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is not known to occur in any other ponerine. Workers in parthenogenetic colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64E2C13FDE2F8D31284F8B6" box="[610,737,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FDE2F8D31284F8B6" box="[610,737,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">P. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aggressively compete and form dominance hierarchies, with reproduction restricted to only a small number of high-ranking individuals and with workers attacking “surplus reproductives”, as communicated by their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FC50F89A1563F86F" author="Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[976,1286,1916,1941]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="40 - 41" refId="ref146066" refString="Heinze, J. & Holldobler, B. (1995) Thelytokous parthenogenesis and dominance hierarchies in the ponerine ant, Platythyrea punctata. Naturwissenschaften, 82, 40 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01167871" type="journal article" year="1995">Heinze & Hölldobler, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FA91F89A116EF843" author="Hartmann, A. & D'Ettorre, P. & Jones, G. R. & Heinze, J." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="282 - 286" refId="ref145330" refString="Hartmann, A., D'Ettorre, P., Jones, G. R. & Heinze, J. (2005 a) Fertility signaling - the proximate mechanism of worker policing in a clonal ant. Naturwissenschaften, 92, 282 - 286. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0625 - 1" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Hartmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FA08F89B10D1F843" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of worker policing in such colonies is surprising, since they are virtually clonal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64E2C13FABDF8461140F827" author="Schilder, K. & Heinze, J. & Gross, R. & Holldobler, B." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1497 - 1507" refId="ref161606" refString="Schilder, K., Heinze, J., Gross, R. & Holldobler, B. (1999 b) Microsatellites reveal clonal structure of populations of the thelytokous ant Platythyrea punctata (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Molecular Ecology, 8, 1497 - 1507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 1999.00727. x" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Schilder
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FF17F82310B5F827" box="[151,208,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and therefore lack any genetic conflict among colony members (Hartmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64E2C13FB07F82314A5F827" box="[1159,1216,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003). The reason for the reproductive conflict is that a reduced number of reproductives leads to increased colony productivity (Hartmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FE97FF5B112AFF2F" box="[279,335,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003), favoring the maintenance of social control over reproduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64D2C10FF47FF3914F8FEE7" blockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The chemical ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FE67FF39120CFF02" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[487,617,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FE67FF39120CFF02" box="[487,617,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been extensively studied, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FB99FF061560FF02" author="Morgan, E. D. & Jungnickel, H. & Keegans, S. J. & do Nascimento, R. R. & Billen, J. & Gobin, B. & Ito, F." box="[1049,1285,223,248]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref156304" refString="Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Morgan
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FBF9FF0714D7FF02" box="[1145,1202,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FA07FF07109CFEE6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FA07FF07109CFEE6" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a Dufour’s gland and lacks volatile substances in its venom gland secretions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64D2C10FF47FEC110AEFE35" blockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FF47FEC111F5FEBA" author="Yeo, K. & Molet, M. & Peeters, C." box="[199,400,295,320]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="435 - 438" refId="ref169538" refString="Yeo, K., Molet, M. & Peeters, C. (2006) When David and Goliath share a home: compound nesting of Pyramica and Platythyrea ants. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 435 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0890 - 9" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Yéo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FE80FECF1159FEBA" box="[256,316,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered an interesting commensal association between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FBBBFECF14DCFEBA" box="[1083,1209,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conradti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FBBBFECF14DCFEBA" box="[1083,1209,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. conradti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the myrmicine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FF17FEAA111EFE9E" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,379,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maynei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FF17FEAA111EFE9E" box="[151,379,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strumigenys maynei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which nest together in the same branches.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FCFAFEAA1461FE99" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[890,1028,332,355]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FCFAFEAA1461FE99" box="[890,1028,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strumigenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies were found in association with 75% of the examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FE43FE891220FE72" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[451,581,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FE43FE891220FE72" box="[451,581,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD43FE961329FE7D" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[707,844,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Strumigenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD43FE961329FE7D" box="[707,844,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Strumigenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers apparently feed on refuse in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FA9AFE8915F9FE72" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1306,1436,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FA9AFE8915F9FE72" box="[1306,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest, and are moved without injury by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FDD3FE7212B0FE57" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[595,725,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FDD3FE7212B0FE57" box="[595,725,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers if they attempt to feed on fresh prey brought into the nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64D2C10FF47FE3A1487FD79" blockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FF47FE3A1282FE0F" bold="true" box="[199,743,476,501]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FD75FE3A13FBFE0F" author="Roger, J." box="[757,926,476,501]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="131 - 214" refId="ref160939" refString="Roger, J. (1863 a) Die neu aufgefuhrten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Erganzung einiger fruher gegebenen Beschreibungen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7, 131 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 47918630116" type="journal article" year="1863">Roger (1863a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FB8BFE3A14E8FE0F" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1035,1165,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FB8BFE3A14E8FE0F" box="[1035,1165,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to house four species formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FEECFE19126FFDE2" box="[364,522,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FEECFE19126FFDE2" box="[364,522,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FDB0FDE712E7FDE2" box="[560,642,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FDB0FDE712E7FDE2" box="[560,642,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He did not cite a
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A64D2C10FCD0FDE613E5FDE2" box="[848,896,512,536]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FB91FE1914ACFDE2" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[1041,1225,511,536]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FA07FDE7111AFDC7" authority="(Smith, F.)" baseAuthorityName="Smith, F." class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FA07FDE7109CFDC6" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
(Smith, F.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A64D2C10FE59FDC2126CFDC6" box="[473,521,548,572]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. Some early authors placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FC35FDC21452FDC7" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[949,1079,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FC35FDC21452FDC7" box="[949,1079,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FBE2FDC214A4FDC7" box="[1122,1217,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FB55FDC31561FDC6" box="[1237,1284,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FA8FFDC215FDFDC7" author="Forel, A." box="[1295,1432,548,573]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref142729" refString="Forel, A. (1899) Formicidae. [part]. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym, 3, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Forel, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FF17FDA11122FD9A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[151,327,583,608]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="ref167610" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Ants: their structure, development and behavior. Columbia University Press, New York, xxv + 663 pp." type="book" year="1910">Wheeler, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or even in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FE72FDA1133AFD9A" authority="(Ashmead, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[498,863,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ectatommini">
|
||
Ectatommini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FD1AFDA11332FD9A" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[666,855,583,608]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="381 - 384" refId="ref131809" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1905) A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist, 37, 381 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 37381 - 11" type="journal article" year="1905">Ashmead, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FC26FDAE142CFD9A" author="Emery, C." box="[934,1097,583,608]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
moved it to its own tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FF17FD8A114EFD7F" box="[151,299,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subsequent authors have followed Emery’s classification, and we continue to do so.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64D2C10FF47FD691291FCA7" blockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The sole junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD81FD6912E6FD52" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[513,643,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD81FD6912E6FD52" box="[513,643,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD11FD69132CFD52" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[657,841,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD11FD69132CFD52" box="[657,841,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FB9DFD6914C9FD52" author="Clark, J." box="[1053,1196,655,680]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="2 - 25" refId="ref135310" refString="Clark, J. (1930) New Formicidae, with notes on some little-known species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.), 43, 2 - 25." type="journal article" year="1930">Clark (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A64D2C10FA94FD761521FD52" box="[1300,1348,656,680]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FF17FD52126AFD37" authority="Clark" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,527,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FF17FD5211AFFD37" box="[151,458,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
Clark
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FDD6FD521337FD37" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[598,850,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FDD6FD521337FD37" box="[598,850,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). He placed into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FB93FD5214AEFD37" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[1043,1227,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FB93FD5214AEFD37" box="[1043,1227,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
several Australian species which he considered to be closely related to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD5CFD31131AFD0A" box="[732,895,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD5CFD31131EFD0A" box="[732,891,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
of Tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FC66FD31142CFD0A" box="[998,1097,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is understandable, as the members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FEAEFD1A1183FCEF" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[302,486,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FEAEFD1A1183FCEF" box="[302,486,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FDE9FD1A1309FCEF" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[617,876,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentinodis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FDE9FD1A1309FCEF" box="[617,876,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea dentinodis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) differ from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FB37FD1A155CFCEF" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1207,1337,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FB37FD1A155CFCEF" box="[1207,1337,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their coarser sculpturing, denser pilosity, and especially in their relatively low helcium, which approximates the condition that is typical of most members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD0DFCA21295FCA7" box="[653,752,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A64D2C10FF47FC8E1380FBA2" blockId="50.[151,1440,151,1112]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FF47FC8E1108FC7A" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,365,871,896]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref134388" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1952) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. I. Tribe Platythyreini (Hymenoptera). Breviora, 6, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1952">Brown (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized the close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FC05FC811462FC7A" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[901,1031,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FC05FC811462FC7A" box="[901,1031,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FBCFFC811562FC7A" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[1103,1287,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FBCFFC811562FC7A" box="[1103,1287,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and moved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FF17FC6A112AFC5F" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,335,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FF17FC6A112AFC5F" box="[151,335,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FE0CFC6A1278FC5F" box="[396,541,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD31FC6A1301FC5F" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1901" box="[689,868,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Probolomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD31FC6A1301FC5F" box="[689,868,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Probolomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its eventual synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FB1AFC6A1545FC5F" box="[1178,1312,908,933]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Enterobacteriaceae" genus="Escherichia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Enterobacteriales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FB1AFC6A1545FC5F" box="[1178,1312,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Escherichia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FF1FFC491151FC32" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[159,308,943,968]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref134737" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search Agriculture (Ithaca N. Y.), 5 (1), 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1975">Brown, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) took the further step of synonymizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD6EFC4913C3FC32" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[750,934,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD6EFC4913C3FC32" box="[750,934,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Eubothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FC73FC491410FC32" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1011,1141,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FC73FC491410FC32" box="[1011,1141,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on both worker and larval characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A64D2C10FEE5FC321242FC17" author="Schmidt, C." box="[357,551,980,1005]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FCFDFC3213B9FC17" box="[893,988,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirms this synonymy, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FAAFFC3315F9FC16" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1895" box="[1327,1436,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FAAFFC3315F9FC16" box="[1327,1436,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. turneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(unequivocally a member of “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FE7CFC1112A6FBEA" box="[508,707,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FE7CFC1112D9FBEA" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1930" box="[508,700,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eubothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eubothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, though it was never formerly placed there) is nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FF17FBFA117CFBCF" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,281,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FF17FBFA117CFBCF" box="[151,281,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The phylogeny also confirms that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FD2EFBFA1355FBCF" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[686,816,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FD2EFBFA1355FBCF" box="[686,816,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Platythyrea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A64D2C10FCE9FBFA1478FBCF" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1901" box="[873,1053,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Probolomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A64D2C10FCE9FBFA1478FBCF" box="[873,1053,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Probolomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related, with their extensive morphological similarities presumably being due to convergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |