731 lines
92 KiB
XML
731 lines
92 KiB
XML
<document id="D1F48C4226FB7AD46551CD45074E7027" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6472C1EFF17F9201251FEBA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hypoponera Santschi" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="60" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AB121FE080BB4F48138A28226E5F8CD8">
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<mods:title id="7B8B0C01CF2FD0533B51173D24E9573A">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E9419534EAB67247E0F99CA7DA597BD">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BAEC6DE41EF0892DDF85BB758C184013">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A7BC646BAA97DF332395AAB21989D3C6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DC3964ECF768D78FC59137FB9153C82F">
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<mods:date id="EBB2A731BB25220AE33B4C6EF2A663AB">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B83612A60EE86C30D1D616F2F62415E6">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F25B240B942D48DCB1DE78143EB4C5A8">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6472C1EFF17F9201251FEBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117444" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6472C1EFF17F9201251FEBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6472C1EFF17F9201251FEBA" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6472C1AFF17F92011FBF91A" box="[151,414,1734,1760]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6472C1AFF17F92011FBF91A" blockId="56.[151,414,1734,1794]" box="[151,414,1734,1760]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6472C1AFF17F92011FBF91A" bold="true" box="[151,414,1734,1760]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFF17F92011FBF91A" ID-CoL="52V8" ID-ENA="237677" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" box="[151,414,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFF17F92011FBF91A" bold="true" box="[151,414,1734,1760]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFF17F9201148F91A" bold="true" box="[151,301,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
Santschi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6472C1AFF17F90F10BDF8F8" box="[151,216,1769,1794]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6472C1AFF17F90F10BDF8F8" blockId="56.[151,414,1734,1794]" box="[151,216,1769,1794]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6472C1AFF17F90F10BDF8F8" box="[151,216,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@57.[151,1436,193,1767]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 5. Worker caste of Hypoponera eduardi: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172333, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Hypoponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120822/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6472C1AFF17F8D41494F809" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6472C1AFF17F8D41126F89C" blockId="56.[151,1436,1841,1894]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6472C1AFF17F8D41126F89C" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6472C1AFF17F8D411BBF8BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6287382" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6287382" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2B0C4CA9-DD74-485A-BA82-3D6A2E59A5E3" author="Santschi, F." box="[151,478,1841,1863]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F07987E3046A06E2BF8A976D73DAAAC" page="79" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1938">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFF17F8D411BBF8BD" ID-CoL="52V8" authority="Santschi, 1938: 79" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="79" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,478,1841,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFF17F8D41173F8BD" box="[151,278,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6472C1AFE9DF8D711BBF8BD" author="Santschi, F." box="[285,478,1841,1863]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref161358" refString="Santschi, F. (1938) Notes sur quelques Ponera Latr. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 43, 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1938">Santschi, 1938: 79</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFD11F8D412B9F8BD" ID-CoL="63NZ7" box="[657,732,1842,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFD11F8D412B9F8BD" box="[657,732,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFC06F8D414BCF8BD" authority="Andre, 1881: 61" authorityName="Andre" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1881" box="[902,1241,1841,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abeillei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFC06F8D41440F8BD" box="[902,1061,1841,1863]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ponera abeillei</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6472C1AFBAEF8D714BCF8BD" author="Andre, E." box="[1070,1241,1841,1863]" page="61" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1881">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6472C1AFBAEF8D714BCF8BD" author="Andre, E." box="[1070,1241,1841,1863]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="53 - 78" refId="ref131325" refString="Andre, E. (1881) Catalogue raisonne des Formicides provenant du voyage en Orient de M. Abeille de Perrin et description des especes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 6, 1, 53 - 78." type="journal article" year="1881">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6472C1AFBAEF8D71415F8BD" box="[1070,1136,1841,1863]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">André</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1881: 61
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, xlviii; by original designation.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6472C1AFF17F8751494F809" blockId="56.[151,1436,1938,2035]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFF17F8751146F850" ID-CoL="52V8" box="[151,291,1939,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFF17F8751146F850" box="[151,291,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a large (approximately 170 described extant species) cosmopolitan genus of small cryptic ponerines. Most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6472C1AFED4F8511185F834" ID-CoL="52V8" box="[340,480,1975,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6472C1AFED4F8511185F834" box="[340,480,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generalist predators, and some are widespread tramp species. Several are known to have highly unusual reproductive strategies, including the presence of combative ergatoid males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6462C1BFF17F91B1452F8CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120822/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" startId="57.[151,250,1789,1811]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1755]" targetPageId="57">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6462C1BFF17F91B1452F8CB" blockId="57.[151,1436,1789,1842]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFF17F91B1178F8E8" bold="true" box="[151,285,1789,1811]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6462C1BFE73F91812B4F8E9" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[499,721,1789,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFE73F91812B4F8E9" box="[499,721,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hypoponera eduardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172333, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6462C1BFC33F8FA1454F8CB" box="[947,1073,1820,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFC33F8FA1454F8CB" box="[947,1073,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6462C18FF47F8B812B5FA1F" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6462C18FF47F8B813FBFDE2" blockId="57.[151,1437,1886,2019]" lastBlockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFF47F8B81124F88D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1886,1911]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6462C1BFECCF8B911BDF88C" box="[332,472,1887,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFECCF8B911BDF88C" box="[332,472,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically the most generalized of the cryptobiotic ponerine genera, as it lacks any obvious autapomorphies. The genus also shows greater variability than most ponerine genera in many characters typically useful for generic diagnosis. Despite these complications,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6462C1BFB92F84114FBF844" box="[1042,1182,1959,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6462C1BFB92F84114FBF844" box="[1042,1182,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are generally diagnosable by the following combination of characters: mandibles triangular, with a variable number of small teeth and without basal pits or grooves; frontal lobes small and closely approximated; metanotal groove usually shallowly depressed; mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi without stout traction setae; metatibial spur formula (1p); petiole squamiform; subpetiolar process a rounded lobe without paired teeth posteriorly, and usually without an anterior fenestra; and head and body without strong sculpturing and usually with a relatively dense pubescence.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FF17FECF1146FEBA" box="[151,291,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF17FECF1146FEBA" box="[151,291,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FD6BFECF1358FEBA" box="[747,829,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FD6BFECF1358FEBA" box="[747,829,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FCD4FECE13BDFEC5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[852,984,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FCD4FECE13BDFEC5" box="[852,984,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FC70FEC114F7FEBA" box="[1008,1170,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FC70FEC114F7FEBA" box="[1008,1170,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FB29FEC11535FEBA" box="[1193,1360,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FB29FEC11529FEBA" box="[1193,1356,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachyponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
some
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF17FEAB11F9FE9F" box="[151,412,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FF17FEAB116DFE9E" box="[151,264,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE95FEAA11F9FE9F" box="[277,412,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Belonopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE5FFEAB1209FE9E" box="[479,620,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE5FFEAB1209FE9E" box="[479,620,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FDFDFEAB136CFE9E" box="[637,777,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FDFDFEAB136CFE9E" box="[637,777,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most consistently differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBF3FEAB14A0FE9E" box="[1139,1221,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBF3FEAB14A0FE9E" box="[1139,1221,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the structure of the subpetiolar process: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE4AFE971278FE72" box="[458,541,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE4AFE971278FE72" box="[458,541,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the subpetiolar process has an anterior fenestra and a pair of teeth posteriorly, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE9CFE7311CDFE56" box="[284,424,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE9CFE7311CDFE56" box="[284,424,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the subpetiolar process is a simple rounded lobe, only rarely with an anterior fenestra.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FF17FE5F1146FE2A" box="[151,291,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF17FE5F1146FE2A" box="[151,291,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE4AFE5E122AFE35" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[458,591,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE4AFE5E122AFE35" box="[458,591,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking stout spines on the middle and hind legs, from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FAA6FE5F15F1FE2A" box="[1318,1428,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FAA6FE5F15F1FE2A" box="[1318,1428,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FF17FE3A115CFE0F" box="[151,313,476,501]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF17FE3A115CFE0F" box="[151,313,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FEEEFE3A126BFE0F" box="[366,526,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FEEEFE3A126BFE0F" box="[366,526,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having only a single metatibial spur, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBB6FE3A14D8FE0F" box="[1078,1213,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBB6FE3A14D8FE0F" box="[1078,1213,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FB72FE3B151AFE0E" box="[1266,1407,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FB72FE3B151AFE0E" box="[1266,1407,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having triangular mandibles without a series of long attenuated teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FDC21117FC17" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FDC211A1FDC7" bold="true" box="[199,452,548,573]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE4CFDC21246FDC7" box="[460,547,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Very small to small (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6452C18FCC3FDC213A8FDC7" box="[835,973,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) slender to robust ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FEB1FDA111F6FD9A" box="[305,403,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with a variable number of teeth and without a distinct basal groove (though a shallow pit or vestigial groove may be present). Frontal lobes small and closely approximated. Apical segments of antennae sometimes enlarged into a distinct club. Eyes sometimes absent, but usually present, very small and located far anterior on the sides of the head. Mesopleuron usually not divided by a transverse groove, though occasionally faintly present. Metanotal groove usually present and shallowly depressed, though sometimes reduced to a suture, and rarely absent altogether. Propodeum usually moderately to strongly narrowed dorsally, but occasionally broad. Propodeal spiracles round. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole squamiform. Subpetiolar process a rounded lobe, without paired teeth posteriorly and only rarely with an anterior fenestra. Gaster with a weak to strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum sometimes present on pretergite of A4. Head and body occasionally glossy, usually finely punctate, sometimes lightly striate on the sides of the mesosoma. Head and body with sparse to scattered pilosity and usually a dense pubescence. Color variable, testaceous to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FC1E1501FBCF" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FC1E1172FBF5" box="[199,279,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker; usually alate, with ocelli and larger compound eyes. Queens are sometimes ergatoid or intermorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FED4FBFA122AFBCF" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." box="[340,591,1052,1077]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE4DFBFB1260FBCF" box="[461,517,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6452C18FDE2FBFA12EEFBCF" box="[610,651,1052,1077]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
further description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FC05FBFA147AFBCF" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[901,1055,1052,1077]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FBD6FBFA1505FBCF" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[1110,1376,1052,1077]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref133706" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2011) Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa, 2843, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6452C18FBD6FBFA14C7FBCF" box="[1110,1186,1052,1077]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FBD913F6FB87" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FBD9116DFBA2" box="[199,264,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Usually winged, but sometimes ergatoid.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6452C18FD65FBD9136BFBA2" box="[741,782,1087,1112]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
general description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FB91FBD914C9FBA2" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[1041,1196,1087,1112]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FB64FBD91085FB87" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref133706" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2011) Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa, 2843, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6452C18FB64FBD91555FBA2" box="[1252,1328,1087,1112]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and descriptions of ergatoid males in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FD0BFB8213EBFB87" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." box="[651,910,1124,1149]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FC82FB83135FFB87" box="[770,826,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FB6F1119FAAF" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FB6F11C1FB5A" box="[199,420,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Larva.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE98FB6F11C1FB5A" box="[280,420,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
larvae were described generically by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FCD0FB61138FFB5A" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[848,1002,1159,1184]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and for various species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FAA0FB61112FFB3F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="443 - 462" refId="ref167049" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1964) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 443 - 462." type="journal article" year="1964">Wheeler & Wheeler (1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FEDEFB4A11C0FB3F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[350,421,1196,1221]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FE3AFB4A1193FB3F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[442,502,1196,1221]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="457 - 473" refId="ref167445" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1990) Notes on ant larvae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 115, 457 - 473." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Detailed histological or morphological studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBF5FB4B1564FB3E" box="[1141,1281,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBF5FB4B1564FB3E" box="[1141,1281,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae were performed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FEBDFB3612ECFB12" author="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[317,649,1231,1256]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref159422" refString="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1992) Notes on the morphology of the sticky " doorknobs " of larvae in an Australian Hypoponera sp. (Formicidae; Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 99, 23 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1992 / 96238" type="journal article" year="1992">Peeters & Hölldobler (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FD47FB2913B5FB12" author="Escoubas, P. & Whitman, D. W. & Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S." box="[711,976,1231,1256]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="241 - 247" refId="ref141439" refString="Escoubas, P., Whitman, D. W., Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S. (1987) Larval appendages of two termitophagous ants, Hypoponera eduardi and Ponera pennsylvatica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 13 (3), 241 - 247." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Escoubas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FCBBFB371312FB12" box="[827,887,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Unusually among ponerines, sufficient research has been conducted on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FDAFFB1312DEFAF6" box="[559,699,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FDAFFB1312DEFAF6" box="[559,699,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larval structure to yield a meaningful diagnostic character:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FF17FAFF1146FACA" box="[151,291,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF17FAFF1146FACA" box="[151,291,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have two pairs of sticky tubercles on A4 and A5, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBA3FAFF1410FACA" box="[1059,1141,1305,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBA3FAFF1410FACA" box="[1059,1141,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have three or four pairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FF5CFADA110AFAAF" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[220,367,1340,1365]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FAB912B5FA1F" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FAB91194FA82" bold="true" box="[199,497,1375,1400]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE7AFA8712E3FA82" box="[506,646,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE7AFA8712E3FA82" box="[506,646,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most cosmopolitan of all ponerine genera, occurring on every continent except
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FEDCFA6211B4FA67" box="[348,465,1412,1437]" name="Antarctica" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and extending into many temperate regions. Endemic species are apparently absent from many island groups (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE43FA4F1197FA3A" box="[451,498,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
Polynesia), but several widespread tramp species have become established even in these locations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FECBFA2A11B8FA1F" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[331,477,1484,1509]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FE69FA2A12A1FA1F" author="Ingram, K. K. & Bernardello, G. & Cover, S. & Wilson, E. O." box="[489,708,1484,1509]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="383 - 387" refId="ref147240" refString="Ingram, K. K., Bernardello, G., Cover, S. & Wilson, E. O. (2006) The ants of the Juan Fernandez Islands: genesis of an invasive fauna. Biological Invasions, 8, 383 - 387. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 004 - 3973 - 4" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Ingram
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FDC1FA2B121CFA1F" box="[577,633,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6452C1EFF47FA091251FEBA" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C18FF47FA091443F8B6" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF47FA0911AAF9F2" bold="true" box="[199,463,1519,1544]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE56FA171207F9F2" box="[470,610,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE56FA171207F9F2" box="[470,610,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably the most common and diverse ponerine genus worldwide and is consistently one of the most abundant and diverse ant genera collected in quantitative surveys of leaf litter and soil ant communities, especially in the tropics (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FD31F9DF1285F9AA" box="[689,736,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FD69F9D11338F9AA" box="[745,861,1591,1616]" name="Argentina" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FCE9F9D1142AF9AA" author="Theunis, T. & Gilbert, M. & Roisin, Y. & Leponce, M." box="[873,1103,1591,1616]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="366 - 377" refId="ref164432" refString="Theunis, T., Gilbert, M., Roisin, Y. & Leponce, M. (2005) Spatial structure of litter-dwelling ant distribution in a subtropical dry forest. Insectes Sociaux, 52, 366 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0822 - 0" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Theunis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FC4BF9DF1460F9AA" box="[971,1029,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FBDCF9D114A2F9AA" box="[1116,1223,1591,1616]" name="Australia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FB53F9D115F2F9AA" author="King, J. R. & Andersen, A. N. & Cutter, A. D." box="[1235,1431,1591,1616]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1627 - 1638" refId="ref149543" refString="King, J. R., Andersen, A. N. & Cutter, A. D. (1998) Ants as bioindicators of habitat disturbance: validation of the functional group model for Australia's humid tropics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1627 - 1638." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
King
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FA93F9DF1528F9AA" box="[1299,1357,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FF17F9BA1085F98F" box="[151,224,1628,1653]" name="Brazil" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FF6CF9BA1240F98F" author="Soares, S. M. & Schoereder, J. H." box="[236,549,1628,1653]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="280 - 286" refId="ref162904" refString="Soares, S. M. & Schoereder, J. H. (2001) Ant-nest distribution in a remnant of tropical rainforest in southeastern Brazil. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 280 - 286. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001778" type="journal article" year="2001">Soares & Schoereder, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FDB2F9BA12D6F98F" box="[562,691,1628,1653]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FD3EF9BA13CFF98F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[702,938,1628,1653]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="689 - 702" refId="ref152207" refString="Longino, J. T. (2002) The ant fauna of a tropical rain forest: estimating species richness three different ways. Ecology, 83 (3), 689 - 702. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3071874" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Longino
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FCA6F9BB1305F98F" box="[806,864,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FC38F9BA1463F98F" box="[952,1030,1628,1653]" name="Ghana" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FB91F9BA1554F98F" author="Belshaw, R. & Bolton, B." box="[1041,1329,1628,1653]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="5 - 16" refId="ref132600" refString="Belshaw, R. & Bolton, B. (1994) A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 3, 5 - 16." type="journal article" year="1994">Belshaw & Bolton, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FABDF9BA15FDF98F" box="[1341,1432,1628,1653]" name="Guyana" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FF17F999111BF962" author="LaPolla, J. S. & Suman, T. & Sosa-Calvo, J. & Schultz, T. R." box="[151,382,1663,1688]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="491 - 510" refId="ref150062" refString="LaPolla, J. S., Suman, T., Sosa-Calvo, J. & Schultz, T. R. (2007) Leaf litter ant diversity in Guyana. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 491 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 005 - 6229 - 4" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
LaPolla
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FF78F9671156F962" box="[248,307,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FE0DF999127CF962" box="[397,537,1663,1688]" name="Madagascar" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FDA6F99912D2F962" author="Fisher, B. L." box="[550,695,1663,1688]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="714 - 731" refId="ref142099" refString="Fisher, B. L. (1999) Improving inventory efficiency: a case study of leaf-litter ant diversity in Madagascar. Ecological Applications, 9 (2), 714 - 731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 (1999) 009 [0714: iieacs] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="1999">Fisher, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Melanesia and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FCF4F966144DF962" box="[884,1064,1663,1688]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FBB5F99914B4F962" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1077,1233,1663,1688]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="187 - 200" refId="ref168799" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1976) Which are the most prevalent ant genera? Studia Entomologica, 19 (1 - 4), 187 - 200." type="journal article" year="1976">Wilson, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; generally:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FAD9F99910B1F947" author="Ward, P. S." pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="99 - 131" refId="ref166344" refString="Ward, P. S. (2000) Broad-scale patterns of diversity in leaf litter ant communities. In: Agosti, D., J., Alonso, E. & Schultz, T. R. (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 99 - 131." type="book chapter" year="2000">Ward, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FED0F94311AAF946" box="[336,463,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FED0F94311AAF946" box="[336,463,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Leptogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently boasts many more described species than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBC4F94314B5F946" box="[1092,1232,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBC4F94314B5F946" box="[1092,1232,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the true species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE9DF92F11CCF91A" box="[285,425,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE9DF92F11CCF91A" box="[285,425,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably grossly underestimated and may rival or exceed that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FB1DF92F1578F91A" box="[1181,1309,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FB1DF92F1578F91A" box="[1181,1309,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Leptogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
given their cryptobiotic habits, lack of revisionary taxonomic work, and the likely occurrence of cryptic species complexes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FF17F8E91154F8D2" author="Fisher, B. L." box="[151,305,1807,1832]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="714 - 731" refId="ref142099" refString="Fisher, B. L. (1999) Improving inventory efficiency: a case study of leaf-litter ant diversity in Madagascar. Ecological Applications, 9 (2), 714 - 731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 (1999) 009 [0714: iieacs] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="1999">Fisher (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE3AF8F71223F8D2" box="[442,582,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE3AF8F71223F8D2" box="[442,582,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diversity was a good surrogate for total ant diversity in forests in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6452C18FF17F8D21145F8B7" box="[151,288,1844,1869]" name="Madagascar" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, indicating that it may be a useful indicator genus for faunal surveys.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6452C19FF47F8BE12B1FE51" blockId="58.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Except for their unusual reproductive and larval behaviors (see below), surprisingly little work has been done on the ecology and behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FE78F89B12E1F86E" box="[504,644,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FE78F89B12E1F86E" box="[504,644,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are cryptobiotic, nesting in soil, under rocks, or in rotting wood, and foraging there or in leaf litter and other sheltered microhabitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FC1AF8461427F843" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[922,1090,1952,1977]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FBCEF8461561F843" author="Onoyama, K." box="[1102,1284,1952,1977]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref157529" refString="Onoyama, K. (1989) Notes on the ants of the genus Hypoponera in Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edaphologia, 41, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1989">Onoyama, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FA90F8461099F827" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FA08F84710D1F827" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6452C18FE87F82211DBF827" author="Terayama, M." box="[263,446,1988,2013]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref164195" refString="Terayama, M. (1999) Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, Part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1, 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1999">Terayama, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Foitzik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FD9FF8231232F827" box="[543,599,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002; pers. obs.). Reports on the sizes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6452C18FBB0F82314D9F826" box="[1072,1212,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6452C18FBB0F82314D9F826" box="[1072,1212,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are scarce, but colonies usually have fewer than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6442C19FDC4FF7112B4FF4A" box="[580,721,151,176]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and only occasionally more (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FBA6FF7F1433FF4A" box="[1062,1110,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FBDFFF711562FF4A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1119,1287,151,176]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Villet
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FADBFF7F15F0FF4A" box="[1371,1429,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF60FF5A127AFF2F" author="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[224,543,188,213]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref159422" refString="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1992) Notes on the morphology of the sticky " doorknobs " of larvae in an Australian Hypoponera sp. (Formicidae; Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 99, 23 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1992 / 96238" type="journal article" year="1992">Peeters & Hölldobler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Peeters, 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD58FF5A1386FF2F" author="Hashimoto, Y. & Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E." box="[728,995,188,213]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref145660" refString="Hashimoto, Y., Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E. (1995) Unique habits of stomodeal trophallaxis in the ponerine ant Hypoponera sp. Insectes Sociaux, 42, 137 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242450" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hashimoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FCDDFF5B13FDFF2F" box="[861,920,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FC72FF5A1496FF2F" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." box="[1010,1267,188,213]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FBECFF5B14C2FF2F" box="[1132,1191,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Foitzik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FADAFF5B15F0FF2F" box="[1370,1429,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002). They are typically reported to be generalist predators of small arthropods or scavengers (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FA8AFF07155CFF02" box="[1290,1337,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FAC5FF3910BAFEE7" author="Wilson, E. O." pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF6CFEE211FBFEE7" author="Agbogba, C." box="[236,414,260,285]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="264 - 276" refId="ref130767" refString="Agbogba, C. (1984) Tandem running behavior in 2 species of ponerine ants - Mesoponera caffraria (Smith) and Hypoponera sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 31 (3), 264 - 276." type="journal article" year="1984">Agbogba, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FE2CFEE212C0FEE7" author="Escoubas, P. & Whitman, D. W. & Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S." box="[428,677,260,285]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="241 - 247" refId="ref141439" refString="Escoubas, P., Whitman, D. W., Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S. (1987) Larval appendages of two termitophagous ants, Hypoponera eduardi and Ponera pennsylvatica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 13 (3), 241 - 247." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Escoubas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FD9FFEE3123FFEE7" box="[543,602,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD33FEE2132FFEE7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[691,842,260,285]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="45 - 79" refId="ref134888" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (2000) Diversity of ants. In: Agosti, D., Majer, J., Alonso, E. & Schultz, T. R. (Eds.), Ants: standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 45 - 79." type="book chapter" year="2000">Brown, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FCD8FEE2138AFEE7" author="Seifert, B." box="[856,1007,260,285]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="61 - 81" refId="ref161993" refString="Seifert, B. (2004) Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) and H. schauinslandi (Emery) - Two morphologically and biologically distinct species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Goerlitz, 75, 61 - 81." type="journal article" year="2004">Seifert, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though some species probably have stricter diets (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEB1FECF1105FEBA" box="[305,352,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
one African species is reported to feed principally on collembolans;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FBE4FEC1156FFEBA" author="Levieux, J." box="[1124,1290,295,320]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">Lévieux, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Foraging is probably generally performed by solitary workers, though at least one species is known to recruit nestmates to help dismember large prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FE3AFE891212FE72" author="Agbogba, C." box="[442,631,367,392]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="264 - 276" refId="ref130767" refString="Agbogba, C. (1984) Tandem running behavior in 2 species of ponerine ants - Mesoponera caffraria (Smith) and Hypoponera sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 31 (3), 264 - 276." type="journal article" year="1984">Agbogba, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD15FE89130EFE72" author="Holldobler, B." box="[661,875,367,392]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="89 - 99" refId="ref146543" refString="Holldobler, B. (1985) Liquid food transmission and antennation signals in ponerine ants. Israel Journal of Entomology, 19, 89 - 99." type="journal article" year="1985">Hölldobler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed tandem running in an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FF17FE73111EFE57" box="[151,379,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FF17FE731146FE56" box="[151,291,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but did not clarify its purpose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6442C19FF47FE5113BDFC17" blockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
While in most respects
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE52FE5F123BFE2A" box="[466,606,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE52FE5F123BFE2A" box="[466,606,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fairly typical ponerines, members of the genus exhibit many unusual social or reproductive traits, including one of only two known instances of adult trophallaxis in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FAACFE3A11C9FDE2" authority="(Hashimoto et al., 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Hashimoto" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">
|
||
Ponerinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF1EFE1911C1FDE2" author="Hashimoto, Y. & Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E." box="[158,420,511,536]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref145660" refString="Hashimoto, Y., Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E. (1995) Unique habits of stomodeal trophallaxis in the ponerine ant Hypoponera sp. Insectes Sociaux, 42, 137 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242450" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hashimoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEA2FDE7113EFDE2" box="[290,347,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as obligate worker sterility (Villet
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC12FDE713AFFDE2" box="[914,970,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FB9FFDE61545FDE2" author="Ito, F. & Ohkawara, K." box="[1055,1312,511,536]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="138 - 140" refId="ref147588" refString="Ito, F. & Ohkawara, K. (1994) Spermatheca size differentiation between queens and workers in primitive ants. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 138 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131772" type="journal article" year="1994">Ito & Ohkawara, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FAACFE19117DFDC7" author="Yamauchi, K. & Oguchi, S. & Nakamura, Y. & Suetake, H. & Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K." pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref169471" refString="Yamauchi, K., Oguchi, S., Nakamura, Y., Suetake, H., Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K. (2001) Mating behavior of dimorphic reproductives of the ponerine ant, Hypoponera nubatama. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 83 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001763" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FF17FDC310AAFDC7" box="[151,207,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), male polymorphism, and larval cannibalism. As a genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC26FDC31457FDC6" box="[934,1074,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC26FDC31457FDC6" box="[934,1074,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays an interesting diversity of reproductive strategies, with species variously having almost every conceivable combination of alate and intermorphic queens and alate and ergatoid males. At least three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC13FD8B141EFD7F" box="[915,1147,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC13FD8B147AFD7E" box="[915,1055,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to have both winged and ergatoid males (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE58FD771296FD52" box="[472,755,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE58FD771231FD52" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[472,596,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eduardi">H. eduardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FDE0FD771296FD52" authorityName="Terayama & Hashimoto" authorityYear="1996" box="[608,755,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubatama">H. nubatama</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FCACFD7713C3FD5D" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[812,934,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FCACFD7713C3FD5D" box="[812,934,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. opacior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), at least three species apparently have only ergatoid males (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FECAFD531195FD37" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[330,496,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ergatandria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FECAFD531195FD37" box="[330,496,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. ergatandria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE7EFD5312E3FD37" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[510,646,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gleadowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE7EFD5312E3FD37" box="[510,646,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. gleadowi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FD3CFD53131DFD36" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[700,888,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FD3CFD53131DFD36" box="[700,888,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. punctatissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,), and still other species are thought to have only winged males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FEC2FD311225FD0A" author="Yamauchi, K. & Oguchi, S. & Nakamura, Y. & Suetake, H. & Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K." box="[322,576,727,752]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref169471" refString="Yamauchi, K., Oguchi, S., Nakamura, Y., Suetake, H., Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K. (2001) Mating behavior of dimorphic reproductives of the ponerine ant, Hypoponera nubatama. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 83 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001763" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE3CFD3F1190FD0A" box="[444,501,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FDCCFD311328FD0A" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[588,845,727,752]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref133706" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2011) Taxonomy of Afrotropical and West Palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi. Zootaxa, 2843, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6442C19FDCCFD3112FDFD0A" box="[588,664,727,752]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar variation occurs in the queen caste, with some species having both alate and intermorphic queens and others probably having only one or the other (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FAECFD1B15FEFCEE" box="[1388,1435,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF17FCF911C1FCC2" author="Hashimoto, Y. & Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E." box="[151,420,799,824]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref145660" refString="Hashimoto, Y., Yamauchi, K. & Hasegawa E. (1995) Unique habits of stomodeal trophallaxis in the ponerine ant Hypoponera sp. Insectes Sociaux, 42, 137 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242450" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hashimoto
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE9CFCC71132FCC2" box="[284,343,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FE33FCF912D1FCC2" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." box="[435,692,799,824]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FDADFCC7120CFCC2" box="[557,617,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD44FCF91365FCC2" author="Yamauchi, K. & Oguchi, S. & Nakamura, Y. & Suetake, H. & Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K." box="[708,768,799,824]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref169471" refString="Yamauchi, K., Oguchi, S., Nakamura, Y., Suetake, H., Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K. (2001) Mating behavior of dimorphic reproductives of the ponerine ant, Hypoponera nubatama. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 83 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001763" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In what are probably the most complex mating systems known for any ponerine,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE3BFCA31235FCA7" authorityName="Terayama & Hashimoto" authorityYear="1996" box="[443,592,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubatama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE3BFCA31235FCA7" box="[443,592,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. nubatama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FD0BFCA31362FCA6" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[651,775,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FD0BFCA31362FCA6" box="[651,775,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. opacior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have alate queens, intermorphic queens, alate males, and ergatoid males, often all in the same colony (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD0FFC8113EFFC7A" author="Yamauchi, K. & Oguchi, S. & Nakamura, Y. & Suetake, H. & Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K." box="[655,906,871,896]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref169471" refString="Yamauchi, K., Oguchi, S., Nakamura, Y., Suetake, H., Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K. (2001) Mating behavior of dimorphic reproductives of the ponerine ant, Hypoponera nubatama. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 83 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001763" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC89FC8F1324FC7A" box="[777,833,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Foitzik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC6DFC8F1440FC7A" box="[1005,1061,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FBFAFC8E152CFC7A" author="Ruger, M. H. & Froba, J. & Foitzik, S." box="[1146,1353,871,896]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="12 - 21" refId="ref161074" refString="Ruger, M. H., Froba, J. & Foitzik, S. (2008) Larval cannibalism and worker-induced separation of larvae in Hypoponera ants: a case of conflict over caste determination? Insectes Sociaux, 55, 12 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 007 - 0965 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Rüger
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FB46FC8F149BFC7A" box="[1222,1278,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE9CFC6B11F3FC5E" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[284,406,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE9CFC6B11F3FC5E" box="[284,406,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. opacior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are polygynous and polydomous, with 2 to 15 intermorphic queens and multiple nest sites connected by subterranean tunnels. Ergatoid males remain in their natal nest and mate with virgin queens (either alate or intermorphic) which are still in their puparia (Foitzik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FCC9FC3313E7FC17" box="[841,898,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6442C19FF47FC111147FAAF" blockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
The behavior of ergatoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE63FC1F120AFBEA" box="[483,623,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE63FC1F120AFBEA" box="[483,623,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males is both unusual and varied within the genus. At one extreme is
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FA01FC1F1147FBCF" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FA01FC1F117AFBCF" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ergatandria">H. ergatandria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
whose males are dimorphic, the minor males mimicking females and utilizing a sneaky mating strategy, and the major males fighting and killing one another to secure mating opportunities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FB5EFBD910B6FB87" author="Yamauchi, K. & Kimura, Y. & Corbara, B. & Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K." pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref169408" refString="Yamauchi, K., Kimura, Y., Corbara, B., Kinomura, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Dimorphic ergatoid males and their reproductive behavior in the ponerine ant Hypoponera bondroiti. Insectes Sociaux, 43, 119 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01242564" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FADAFBA715F0FBA2" box="[1370,1429,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar fighting was also observed among ergatoid males of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC19FB83143AFB86" box="[921,1119,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC19FB83143EFB86" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[921,1115,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">H. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
though it’s unclear whether they are dimorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FE00FB61125DFB5A" author="Hamilton, W. D." box="[384,568,1159,1184]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="167 - 220" refId="ref145152" refString="Hamilton, W. D. (1979) Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects. In: Blum, M. S. & Blum, N. A. (Eds.), Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects. Academic Press, New York, pp. 167 - 220." type="book chapter" year="1979">Hamilton, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ergatoid males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FCA1FB6F13D3FB5A" authorityName="Terayama & Hashimoto" authorityYear="1996" box="[801,950,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubatama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FCA1FB6F13D3FB5A" box="[801,950,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. nubatama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not fight directly but instead kill other males before they eclose from their puparia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD14FB4A13F6FB3F" author="Yamauchi, K. & Oguchi, S. & Nakamura, Y. & Suetake, H. & Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K." box="[660,915,1196,1221]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref169471" refString="Yamauchi, K., Oguchi, S., Nakamura, Y., Suetake, H., Kawada, N. & Kinomura, K. (2001) Mating behavior of dimorphic reproductives of the ponerine ant, Hypoponera nubatama. Insectes Sociaux, 48, 83 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001763" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Yamauchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC8FFB4B132DFB3F" box="[783,840,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, ergatoid males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FB51FB4B152EFB3E" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1233,1355,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FB51FB4B152EFB3E" box="[1233,1355,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">H. opacior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not fight but monopolize their mates by copulating with them for up to 40 hours, the longest copulations ever observed in ants (Foitzik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FECDFB1311E2FAF7" box="[333,391,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002). Given the presence of ergatoid males in virtually all tramp species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FA89FB131154FACA" authority=", Taylor (1967)" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FA89FB1315F0FAF6" box="[1289,1429,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF17FAF11154FACA" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[151,305,1303,1328]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hypothesized that the consequent simplification of the mating process in these species may facilitate their spread.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6442C19FF47FA8711B7F9F2" blockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FF47FA871136FA82" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[199,339,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FF47FA871136FA82" box="[199,339,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have two pairs of sticky tubercles, with which they are stuck to the walls and ceilings of their nest cavities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FEECFA62119AFA67" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[364,511,1412,1437]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD8CFA621365FA67" author="Escoubas, P. & Whitman, D. W. & Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S." box="[524,768,1412,1437]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="241 - 247" refId="ref141439" refString="Escoubas, P., Whitman, D. W., Clement, J. L. & Blum, M. S. (1987) Larval appendages of two termitophagous ants, Hypoponera eduardi and Ponera pennsylvatica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 13 (3), 241 - 247." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Escoubas
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FDFDFA6312D3FA67" box="[637,694,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FC8CFA621423FA67" author="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[780,1094,1412,1437]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref159422" refString="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1992) Notes on the morphology of the sticky " doorknobs " of larvae in an Australian Hypoponera sp. (Formicidae; Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 99, 23 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1992 / 96238" type="journal article" year="1992">Peeters & Hölldobler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This may assist the larvae in feeding or may function to protect the larvae from excess humidity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FC31FA411497FA3A" author="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B." box="[945,1266,1447,1472]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref159422" refString="Peeters, C. & Holldobler, B. (1992) Notes on the morphology of the sticky " doorknobs " of larvae in an Australian Hypoponera sp. (Formicidae; Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 99, 23 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1992 / 96238" type="journal article" year="1992">Peeters & Hölldobler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but may also function to separate larvae sufficiently to prevent larval cannibalism, which has been observed in at least three species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF76FA0911A3F9F2" author="Ruger, M. H. & Froba, J. & Foitzik, S." box="[246,454,1519,1544]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="12 - 21" refId="ref161074" refString="Ruger, M. H., Froba, J. & Foitzik, S. (2008) Larval cannibalism and worker-induced separation of larvae in Hypoponera ants: a case of conflict over caste determination? Insectes Sociaux, 55, 12 - 21. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 007 - 0965 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Rüger
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEC3FA17111EF9F2" box="[323,379,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6442C19FF47F9F211C8F88A" blockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FF47F9F212B3F9D7" bold="true" box="[199,726,1556,1581]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FD5DF9F213EAF9D7" author="Santschi, F." box="[733,911,1556,1581]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref161358" refString="Santschi, F. (1938) Notes sur quelques Ponera Latr. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 43, 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1938">Santschi (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC71F9F31418F9D6" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[1009,1149,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC71F9F31418F9D6" box="[1009,1149,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FAC9F9F315F9F9D6" box="[1353,1436,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FAC9F9F315F9F9D6" box="[1353,1436,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to house those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FEC7F9DF1190F9AA" box="[327,501,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEC7F9DF11FCF9AA" box="[327,409,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with shallow metanotal grooves.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FCFFF9D11479F9AA" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[895,1052,1591,1616]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FBF4F9DF1565F9AA" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[1140,1280,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FBF4F9DF1565F9AA" box="[1140,1280,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full genus status, recognized that Santschi’s definition of the subgenus was phylogenetically meaningless, and instead differentiated the genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE6AF9671258F962" box="[490,573,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FE6AF9671258F962" box="[490,573,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its palp formula (1,1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FCFAF9671463F962" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[890,1030,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FCFAF9671463F962" box="[890,1030,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), absence of an anterior fenestra or posterior teeth in the subpetiolar process, several male characters, and the number of sticky tubercles on the larvae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FF17F92F1146F91A" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,291,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FF17F92F1146F91A" box="[151,291,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are superficially quite similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC18F92F138EF91A" box="[920,1003,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC18F92F138EF91A" box="[920,1003,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they are distantly separated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FF17F90A113EF8FF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,347,1772,1797]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FD2AF90A1378F8FF" box="[682,797,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that their morphological similarities are the result of convergence due to their similar cryptobiotic lifestyles.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FC0EF8F7147FF8D2" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[910,1050,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FC0EF8F7147FF8D2" box="[910,1050,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is phylogenetically distinct from other major lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FE1FF8D21264F8B7" box="[415,513,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, diverging from its closest relative (probably the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FBA4F8D214D7F8B7" box="[1060,1202,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FBA4F8D214D7F8B7" box="[1060,1202,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Plectroctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) quite early in the radiation of the tribe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6442C1EFF47F89A1251FEBA" blockId="59.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="60.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Given the absence of strong autapomorphies for the genus and its relatively high morphological diversity, it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FEB2F84711DBF842" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[306,446,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEB2F84711DBF842" box="[306,446,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as presently defined is non-monophyletic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6442C19FC38F846140FF843" author="Schmidt, C." box="[952,1130,1952,1977]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included in his molecular phylogeny several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6442C19FEEBF823122AF827" box="[363,591,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6442C19FEEBF8231192F826" box="[363,503,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presenting maximum morphological diversity from across the range of the genus, to begin to test the monophyly of the genus. To his surprise these species formed a tight clade with strong phylogenetic support. Even more surprising was that three sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6432C1EFC1CFF5B141AFF2F" box="[924,1151,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6432C1EFC1CFF5B144DFF2E" box="[924,1064,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6432C1EFB43FF5A1549FF2F" box="[1219,1324,188,213]" name="Malaysia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which he included in the phylogeny because they are morphologically quite divergent from one another (to the point that he expected them all to represent distinct genera) turned out to be very closely related to one another, indicating an impressive recent adaptive radiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |