586 lines
70 KiB
XML
586 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="BBD4F10EDBD53E5DA6C266ABF3161A85" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A62D2C77FF17FB3611F0F9AA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Euponera Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="25107B7314101C2A2F17FD61B96AA3B4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1B295E1039B37C9524938DC4E69F2058">
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<mods:title id="F5ECAA6289DDD19B17A91122BB36B814">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E269D13D3E5B1488BCE60FBD9370E1C2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D0F245A134931C606E411F3D191FE3EE">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2F8E7B6A10AA6E5E94685A821C54C979" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="45E1741823A0FC89F297098043D58E8B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FF3AC8CB58A5D18692A988A00B3947E4">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D2D474DB61AAFCF1F8F9E4225B93E3D8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A3D0D194401B15F69FD5F8A40ED8C219">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E28EE4AC0CD7D01624F6596FC6C1CEBE">
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<mods:date id="0170FD9BD2DABF3867578988ED262DAB">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C4E47AE469690DB7CE806DFE2E5F98D1">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4E506DC7F2562EAA2186BDF7E9E58E1C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9AFBD13504F992F12E70239B809DD4CA">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="276BD5FF31205DED744434571B715D50">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A9DDB19F7D3A070C63ACAB42C6EF146C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A62D2C77FF17FB3611F0F9AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117472" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117472" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A62D2C77FF17FB3611F0F9AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A62D2C77FF17FB3611F0F9AA" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62D2C70FF17FB36113CFB10" box="[151,345,1232,1258]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF17FB36113CFB10" blockId="82.[151,345,1232,1291]" box="[151,345,1232,1258]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA62D2C70FF17FB36113CFB10" bold="true" box="[151,345,1232,1258]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17FB36113CFB10" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[151,345,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FB36113CFB10" bold="true" box="[151,345,1232,1258]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FB361175FB10" bold="true" box="[151,272,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
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Forel
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62D2C70FF17FB141176FAF1" box="[151,275,1266,1291]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF17FB141176FAF1" blockId="82.[151,345,1232,1291]" box="[151,275,1266,1291]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A62D2C70FF17FB14108EFAF1" box="[151,235,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-51@83.[151,1436,193,1959]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 11. Worker caste of Euponera sikorae: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0487847, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Euponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120836/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs 11</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A62D2C70FF77FB141176FAF1" box="[247,275,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1269,1291]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-292@84.[151,1436,193,1247]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 12. Worker caste of Euponera antsiraka: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0317590, Jean Claude Rakotonirina and www.antweb.org)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120840/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">12</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62D2C70FF17FADD1343FA22" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF17FADD1142FA94" blockId="82.[151,1437,1338,1391]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA62D2C70FF17FADD1142FA94" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A62D2C70FF17FADD11CDFAAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5640527" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D1135600-75CD-4486-AAA1-7BC36B255253" author="Forel, A." box="[151,424,1338,1360]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBEB2CCE8F6D6D2752E572C3917A5A9C" page="126" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1891">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17FADD11CDFAAA" authority="Forel, 1891: 126" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,424,1338,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FADD109EFAAA" box="[151,251,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FE81FADC11CDFAAA" author="Forel, A." box="[257,424,1338,1360]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref142434" refString="Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, v + 237 pp." type="book" year="1891">Forel, 1891: 126</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FDD1FADD12FEFAAA" ID-CoL="63NZ7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[593,667,1339,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FDD1FADD12FEFAAA" box="[593,667,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A62D2C70FCC1FADD1562FAAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5640527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5640527" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D1135600-75CD-4486-AAA1-7BC36B255253" author="Forel, A." box="[833,1287,1338,1360]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DBEB2CCE8F6D6D2752E572C3917A5A9C" page="127" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1891">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FCC1FADD1562FAAA" authority="Forel, 1891: 127" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="127" authorityYear="1891" box="[833,1287,1338,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae" subGenus="Euponera">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FCC1FADD13E9FAAA" box="[833,908,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Ponera</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC1AFADD139BFAAA" box="[922,1022,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FB8CFADC1432FAAA" box="[1036,1111,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">sikorae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FBDDFADC1562FAAA" author="Forel, A." box="[1117,1287,1338,1360]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref142434" refString="Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, v + 237 pp." type="book" year="1891">Forel, 1891: 127</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF47FABF1142FA94" bold="true" box="[199,295,1369,1391]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF17FA7B1343FA22" blockId="82.[151,1437,1436,2001]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17FA7B1160FA4E" box="[151,261,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FA7B1160FA4E" box="[151,261,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a moderately large genus (26 described species) of medium-sized ants occurring in the Afrotropics,
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62D2C70FF17FA59117BFA22" box="[151,286,1471,1496]" name="Madagascar" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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and eastern Asia. Its habits are poorly known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62D2C76FF47FA02130CF871" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF47FA021479F82B" blockId="82.[151,1437,1436,2001]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF47FA021124FA07" bold="true" box="[199,321,1508,1533]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FECCFA031270FA07" box="[332,533,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FECCFA0311DFFA06" box="[332,442,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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fall into two groups, the first, related to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC7AFA031415FA07" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" box="[1018,1136,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC7AFA031415FA07" box="[1018,1136,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">E. sikorae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, can be diagnosed by the presence of a shiny integument, basal mandibular pits, cordate frontal lobes, divided mesopleuron, deep metanotal groove, and strong gastral constriction. This combination of characters does not occur in any other ponerine genus. The second set of species, which includes
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD0EF9B7136BF992" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[654,782,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sjostedti">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FD0EF9B7136BF992" box="[654,782,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">E. sjostedti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, can be separated from others by the presence of basal mandibular pits, obsolete metanotal groove, elongate or slit-shaped propodeal spiracle, simple subpetiolar process without an anterior fenestra and a prora on anterior margin of first gastral sternite. A shiny integument occurs in some other ponerines, but is absent in most large species. Basal mandibular pits occur in most species of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17F9391152F902" box="[151,311,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17F9391152F902" box="[151,311,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Brachyponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FEEFF9061196F90D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[367,499,1760,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEEFF9061196F90D" box="[367,499,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Cordate frontal lobes occur in most members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FBCFF93914B8F902" box="[1103,1245,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FBCFF93914B8F902" box="[1103,1245,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Plectroctena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group as well as in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF37F8E21136F8E7" box="[183,339,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF37F8E21136F8E7" box="[183,339,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEE7F8E311EEF8E6" box="[359,395,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">s.s.</emphasis>
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). A divided mesopleuron and deep metanotal groove occur in combination only in some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17F8C11152F8BA" box="[151,311,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17F8C11152F8BA" box="[151,311,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Brachyponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FEC6F8CE11D4F8C5" box="[326,433,1832,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEC6F8CE11D4F8C5" box="[326,433,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Hagensia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in which the mesopleuron is only partially divided), and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FBE8F8CF15F1F8BA" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1128,1428,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subiridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FBE8F8CF15F1F8BA" box="[1128,1428,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Mesoponera subiridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17F8AB1163F89E" box="[151,262,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17F8AB1163F89E" box="[151,262,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
superficially most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD30F8AA1329F89F" box="[688,844,1868,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FD30F8AA1329F89F" box="[688,844,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FCDEF8AB13E4F89E" box="[862,897,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC44F8AA1403F89F" box="[964,1126,1868,1893]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC44F8AA1403F89F" box="[964,1126,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs in the presence of basal mandibular pits. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD84F89712A9F872" box="[516,716,1903,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FD84F8971217F872" box="[516,626,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC2CF8961455F87D" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[940,1072,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC2CF8961455F87D" box="[940,1072,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these differ in having eyes and lacking mesotibial traction setae. They are also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FCDBF8731382F856" box="[859,999,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FCDBF8731382F856" box="[859,999,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are generally smaller in body size with smaller eyes, larger frontal lobes, a wider head and have shorter mandibles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A62C2C71FF17F85B1329F80B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120836" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120836/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" startId="83.[151,250,1981,2003]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1947]" targetPageId="83">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62C2C71FF17F85B1329F80B" blockId="83.[151,1436,1981,2034]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62C2C71FF17F85B1178F828" bold="true" box="[151,285,1981,2003]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62C2C71FE47F8581219F829" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[455,636,1981,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62C2C71FE47F8581219F829" box="[455,636,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Euponera sikorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0487847, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62C2C71FD63F83A1322F80B" box="[739,839,2012,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62C2C71FD63F83A1322F80B" box="[739,839,2012,2033]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A62B2C76FF17FB13133CFAD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120840/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" startId="84.[151,250,1269,1291]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1247]" targetPageId="84">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF17FB13133CFAD3" blockId="84.[151,1436,1268,1321]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF17FB13114FFAF0" bold="true" box="[151,298,1269,1291]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FE7FFB1312B6FAF0" baseAuthorityName="Rakotonirina & Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[511,723,1268,1290]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antsiraka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FE7FFB1312B6FAF0" box="[511,723,1268,1290]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Euponera antsiraka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0317590, Jean Claude Rakotonirina and www.antweb.org).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF47FAB311E8F92C" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47FAB311A9FA94" bold="true" box="[199,460,1365,1390]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FE5CFAB31254FA94" box="[476,561,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A62B2C76FD4CFAB31332FA94" box="[716,855,1365,1390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="10.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="8.25" valueMax="10.5" valueMin="6.0">6–10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FAB6FAB315FDFA94" box="[1334,1432,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with numerous teeth and a basal pit. Anterior clypeal margin convex or medially emarginate. Frontal lobes moderatel large to large, cordate and closely approximated for most of their length (less close in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FF17FA251158FA21" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,317,1474,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wroughtonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF17FA251158FA21" box="[151,317,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. wroughtonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Eyes small (3-4 facets in diameter) to moderate in size, located just anterior of head midline (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FF3FFA011156FA04" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[191,307,1509,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF3FFA011156FA04" box="[191,307,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. sikorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or anteriorly on sides of head (in most species). Mesopleuron sometimes divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove varying from little more than a suture to deeply impressed. Metapleural gland orifice opening laterally in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FE30F9C91232F9BC" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[432,599,1581,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wroughtonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FE30F9C91232F9BC" box="[432,599,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">P. wroughtonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Propodeal spiracle slit-shaped. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole with a cuboidal node in most species but scale-like in a few. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Head and body varying from shiny and sparsely punctate, with sparse pilosity and pubescence to finely punctate and with abundant pilosity and scattered to dense pubescence. Color variable, ferrugineous to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF47F904142CF901" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" box="[199,1097,1762,1787]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47F9041172F903" box="[199,279,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Winged but otherwise similar to workers (Rakotonirina & Fisher, 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF47F8E311D7F8E4" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" box="[199,434,1797,1822]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47F8E3116DF8E4" box="[199,264,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62B2C76FE8EF8E0115DF8E7" box="[270,312,1798,1821]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF47F8CD11D9F8B9" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" box="[199,444,1834,1859]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47F8CD1174F8B8" box="[199,273,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62B2C76FE98F8CC1127F8BB" box="[280,322,1834,1857]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C76FF47F8AB130CF871" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47F8AB1196F89C" bold="true" box="[199,499,1869,1894]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FE7DF8A9120EF89C" box="[509,619,1871,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FE7DF8A9120EF89C" box="[509,619,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FB8DF8AB14F1F89C" box="[1037,1172,1869,1894]" name="Madagascar" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FB53F8AB1569F89C" box="[1235,1292,1869,1894]" name="India" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
eastward to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FF17F89410BEF873" box="[151,219,1906,1929]" name="South Korea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FE92F8941137F873" box="[274,338,1906,1929]" name="Japan" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and south through the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FDD3F89412B4F871" box="[595,721,1906,1931]" name="Philippines" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62B2C76FD75F8941303F871" box="[757,870,1906,1931]" name="Indonesia" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62B2C77FF47F87311F0F9AA" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62B2C77FF47F873129EFEE7" blockId="84.[151,1437,1365,2003]" lastBlockId="85.[151,1437,151,1616]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FF47F87311B4F854" bold="true" box="[199,465,1941,1966]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FDFFF8711322F854" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[639,839,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FDFFF8711322F854" box="[639,839,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Euponera sikorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have come from rainforest habitats, but nothing else is known about its ecology or behavior.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62B2C76FDF3F85C1352F829" author="Terayama, M." box="[627,823,1978,2003]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref164195" refString="Terayama, M. (1999) Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, Part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan, 1, 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1999">Terayama (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62B2C76FC5FF85D14F9F829" baseAuthorityName="Terayama" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[991,1180,1978,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sakishimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62B2C76FC5FF85D14F9F829" box="[991,1180,1978,2003]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. sakishimensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests in soil and that workers forage on the ground, and K. Masuko observed very small colony sizes (4–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A62A2C77FBBBFF7114D2FF4A" box="[1083,1207,151,176]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="worker">11 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB61FF7F1533FF4A" box="[1249,1366,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosior">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB61FF7F1533FF4A" box="[1249,1366,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pilosior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. comm. in Peeters, 1993).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FE38FF5A122DFF2F" author="Villet, M. H." box="[440,584,188,213]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="185 - 187" refId="ref165789" refString="Villet, M. H. (1994) Reproductive organization in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla fossigera Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). African Entomology, 2 (2), 185 - 187." type="journal article" year="1994">Villet (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the colony demographics and reproductive strategy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FA8EFF5B15F0FF2F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1294,1429,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FA8EFF5B15F0FF2F" box="[1294,1429,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. fossigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species is a generalist predator, forms small colonies (up to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A62A2C77FCEBFF391388FF02" box="[875,1005,223,248]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="worker">50 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
), and nests in soil, leaf litter, or rotting wood. Reproduction is performed by a single ergatoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62A2C77FF47FEC114B2FCC2" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF47FEC112B5FEBA" bold="true" box="[199,720,295,320]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
Other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCD3FEC11394FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[851,1009,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCD3FEC11394FEBA" box="[851,1009,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FBBDFECF14CEFEBA" box="[1085,1195,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FBBDFECF14CEFEBA" box="[1085,1195,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been the focus of the greatest taxonomic lumping within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDF9FEAA1289FE9F" box="[633,748,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having at various times housed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FBDBFEAA149EFE9F" box="[1115,1275,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FBDBFEAA149EFE9F" box="[1115,1275,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FA89FEAB15F0FE9E" box="[1289,1429,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FA89FEAB15F0FE9E" box="[1289,1429,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FE89115CFE72" box="[151,313,367,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF17FE89115CFE72" box="[151,313,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FEC8FE8911A6FE72" box="[328,451,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Xiphopelta</emphasis>
|
||
(here treated as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCF0FE971399FE72" box="[880,1020,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCF0FE971399FE72" box="[880,1020,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FBBEFE9614CCFE7D" box="[1086,1193,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FBBEFE9614CCFE7D" box="[1086,1193,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which (except
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF17FE721177FE57" box="[151,274,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Xiphopelta</emphasis>
|
||
) we consider to be distinct genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FD27FE731370FE56" box="[679,789,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FD27FE731370FE56" box="[679,789,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally erected as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB62FE731551FE56" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1250,1332,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB62FE731551FE56" box="[1250,1332,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FAE1FE721084FE2A" author="Forel, A." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref142434" refString="Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. (Ed.), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, v + 237 pp." type="book" year="1891">Forel (1891)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to house the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDA4FE5F12FDFE2A" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[548,664,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FDA4FE5F12FDFE2A" box="[548,664,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. sikorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Emery raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCC6FE5F13D1FE2A" box="[838,948,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCC6FE5F13D1FE2A" box="[838,948,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full genus status (1900a) and described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FE3A11FFFE0F" box="[151,410,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF17FE3A1152FE0F" box="[151,311,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
(1900a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE5BFE3B12AEFE0F" box="[475,715,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE5BFE3B1202FE0E" box="[475,615,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
(1900b)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as subgenera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC1CFE3B146FFE0E" box="[924,1034,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC1CFE3B146FFE0E" box="[924,1034,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Emery’s treatment was generally accepted by most authors (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FDCEFE191361FDE2" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[590,772,511,536]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FCDFFE191473FDE2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[863,1046,511,536]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
moved both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB44FE191501FDE2" box="[1220,1380,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB44FE191501FDE2" box="[1220,1380,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FDC31146FDC6" box="[151,291,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF17FDC31146FDC6" box="[151,291,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full genus status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FD8CFDC212C0FDC7" author="Forel, A." box="[524,677,548,573]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="123 - 141" refId="ref142836" refString="Forel, A. (1901 a) I. Fourmis mexicaines recoltees par M. le professeur W. - M. Wheeler. II. A propos de la classification des fourmis. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 123 - 141." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel (1901a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
moved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC80FDC213C7FDC7" box="[768,930,548,573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC80FDC213C7FDC7" box="[768,930,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to subgenus status under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB44FDC31557FDC6" box="[1220,1330,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB44FDC31557FDC6" box="[1220,1330,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it generally remained until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FE39FDA1121FFD9A" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[441,634,583,608]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revived it as a distinct genus (but again see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FB07FDA1155DFD9A" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[1159,1336,583,608]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FAD1FDAE1085FD7F" author="Emery, C." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FEBBFD8A118CFD7F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[315,489,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FEBBFD8A118CFD7F" box="[315,489,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDB0FD8A12B7FD7F" box="[560,722,620,645]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FDB0FD8A12B7FD7F" box="[560,722,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC21FD8B146AFD7E" box="[929,1039,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC21FD8B146AFD7E" box="[929,1039,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FBF3FD8A1545FD7F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1139,1312,620,645]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
eventually raised it to full genus status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FE54FD691211FD52" author="Arnold, G." box="[468,628,655,680]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC96FD7613E7FD5D" box="[790,898,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC96FD7613E7FD5D" box="[790,898,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC4EFD771459FD52" box="[974,1084,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC4EFD771459FD52" box="[974,1084,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB3BFD771522FD52" box="[1211,1351,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB3BFD771522FD52" box="[1211,1351,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FF17FD521140FD37" author="Forel, A." box="[151,293,692,717]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref143196" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FEF8FD531186FD36" box="[376,483,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FEF8FD531186FD36" box="[376,483,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to subgenus status under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC8AFD53131DFD36" box="[778,888,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FC8AFD53131DFD36" box="[778,888,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FC08FD52144FFD37" author="Arnold, G." box="[904,1066,692,717]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="191 - 295" refId="ref131682" refString="Arnold, G. (1926) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Appendix. Annals of the South African Museum, 23, 191 - 295." type="journal article" year="1926">Arnold (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later raised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB38FD531541FD36" box="[1208,1316,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hagensia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB38FD531541FD36" box="[1208,1316,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hagensia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to generic status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FF65FD311116FD0A" author="Forel, A." box="[229,371,727,752]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref143196" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE4CFD311222FD0A" box="[460,583,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Xiphopelta</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDF0FD3F1299FD0A" box="[624,764,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FDF0FD3F1299FD0A" box="[624,764,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCD4FD3F13A7FD0A" box="[852,962,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCD4FD3F13A7FD0A" box="[852,962,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct subgenus, where it remained on and off until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FECFFD1A1188FCEF" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[335,493,764,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized it with
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FD65FD1A1464FCEE" box="[741,1025,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FD65FD1A13E2FCEF" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[741,903,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC13FD1B1464FCEE" box="[915,1025,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was treated as a distinct genus until W. L. Brown (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FED5FCF9118DFCC2" author="Bolton, B." box="[341,488,799,824]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62A2C77FED5FCF911C1FCC2" box="[341,420,799,824]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) lumped it under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FD30FCF9132AFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[688,847,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FD30FCF9132AFCC2" box="[688,847,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without phylogenetic justification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62A2C77FF47FCA313C3FBCE" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF47FCA31153FCA6" box="[199,310,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF47FCA31153FCA6" box="[199,310,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
became the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A62A2C77FE4BFCA2119EFCA6" box="[459,507,836,860]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FDFCFCA21342FCA7" author="Emery, C." box="[636,807,836,861]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="355 - 376" refId="ref141299" refString="Emery, C. (1909) Beitrage zur Monographie der Formiciden des palaarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil VIII. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1909, 355 - 376. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019090302" type="journal article" year="1909">Emery’s (1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FCB6FCA2130BFCA7" author="Emery, C." box="[822,878,836,861]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC00FCA21475FCA7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1909" box="[896,1040,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Euponerinae">Euponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he considered a section of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FC811162FC7A" box="[151,263,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and which basically conformed to the present definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FC29FC81146EFC7A" box="[937,1035,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FB97FC8E14D7FC7A" author="Emery, C." box="[1047,1202,871,896]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a diagnosis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FC6B1163FC5E" box="[151,262,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF17FC6B1163FC5E" box="[151,262,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE36FC6A1233FC5F" box="[438,598,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE36FC6A1233FC5F" box="[438,598,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDEAFC6B1293FC5E" box="[618,758,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FDEAFC6B1293FC5E" box="[618,758,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCB9FC6A1382FC5F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[825,999,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCB9FC6A1382FC5F" box="[825,999,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB9AFC6A14D9FC5F" box="[1050,1212,908,933]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB9AFC6A14D9FC5F" box="[1050,1212,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as subgenera. He united these taxa based on characters of their mandibles (subtriangular and toothed, with a distinct angle between the masticatory and basal margins), eyes (located in the anterior third of the head), mesosoma (presence of a distinct metanotal groove), and the alate queens. All of these characters are likely plesiomorphic within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF17FBFA109CFBCF" box="[151,249,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and do not indicate a close relationship among these genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62A2C77FF47FBA613EEFA3A" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
We are reviving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE00FBA7118BFBA2" box="[384,494,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE00FBA7118BFBA2" box="[384,494,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus based on both molecular and morphological evidence.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62A2C77FAAFFBD91084FB87" author="Schmidt, C." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDBBFB8212CEFB87" box="[571,683,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ward's (pers. comm.) examination of selected African taxa places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FF65FB6F1136FB5A" box="[229,339,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FF65FB6F1136FB5A" box="[229,339,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with strong support within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FD3DFB611302FB5A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[701,871,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FD3DFB611302FB5A" box="[701,871,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but its sister group is unresolved. It is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FEE9FB4A126DFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[361,520,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FEE9FB4A126DFB3F" box="[361,520,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FDB4FB4A12B3FB3F" box="[564,726,1196,1221]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FDB4FB4A12B3FB3F" box="[564,726,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as these are placed in separate genus groups (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB7DFB4A15FEFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1277,1435,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB7DFB4A15FEFB3F" box="[1277,1435,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE9AFB371108FB12" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[282,365,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE9AFB371108FB12" box="[282,365,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, respectively). Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FCC2FB3713D5FB12" box="[834,944,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FCC2FB3713D5FB12" box="[834,944,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares basal mandibular pits and a deep metanotal groove with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE33FB121236FAF7" box="[435,595,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE33FB121236FAF7" box="[435,595,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and while these taxa are otherwise morphologically quite different, Schmidt's and Ward's molecular data suggest a close relationship between them. Ward's molecular results suggest a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE55FADB1226FAAE" box="[469,579,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE55FADB1226FAAE" box="[469,579,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FD03FADA136AFAAF" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[643,783,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fisheropone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FD03FADA136AFAAF" box="[643,783,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fisheropone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even though they share few morphological characters. Similarly, the distinctive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE2FFA8612FCFA82" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1948" box="[431,665,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartwigi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE2FFA8612FCFA82" box="[431,665,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Cryptopone hartwigi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also found to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FBD1FA8714A5FA82" box="[1105,1216,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FBD1FA8714A5FA82" box="[1105,1216,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB7FFAB915EEFA82" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1279,1419,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Fisheropone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB7FFAB915EEFA82" box="[1279,1419,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fisheropone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The highly divergent morphologies among these three close relatives belie their true relationships, and have contributed to the fluidity of generic concepts within the subfamily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62A2C77FF47FA2A11F0F9AA" blockId="85.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Morphologically, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE60FA2B12C8FA1F" box="[480,685,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE60FA2B122BFA1E" box="[480,590,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are superficially closest to certain members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FB79FA2A15F0FA1F" box="[1273,1429,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FB79FA2A15F0FA1F" box="[1273,1429,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FE9FFA091224F9FD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1887" box="[287,577,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FE9FFA091224F9FD" box="[287,577,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Bothroponera comorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while other species are separable from selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62A2C77FBE9FA091506F9F2" box="[1129,1379,1519,1544]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62A2C77FBE9FA09156EF9F2" box="[1129,1291,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only by careful examination. However, molecular evidence suggests these similarities are due to convergence as they are not closely related.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |