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<document id="EB676D043357C797CFA2CE373CB526EF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276900" ID-GBIF-Dataset="27fd8d65-d146-43dc-a3f8-9623b25de14f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276900" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460243759716" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="De, Marcelo R. &amp; Lovejoy, Nathan R." docDate="2011" docId="EB76AC73E95E00597781F9D4FCCAE0AC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02776p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2776" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Heliotrygon De &amp; Lovejoy, 2011, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="174FD40BE95A005F7716FFC6FFDCE20B" masterDocTitle="Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698241358558" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DEC3C395D7A9413AAF2E454E6AE5A30C">Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkable new genus and two new species of Neotropical freshwater stingrays from the Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A016A1F8C9E9AC6000FBE229C747C2A9">De, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C03E28A1072BC70A9BDAAC957F78ECE6">Lovejoy, Nathan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="63D8F819A25262FBD200E69B04736CCF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="604AFD8340AE6DE4A31D987B394E428F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8277748EBB9BF53B33BCAA0486362CBF">
<mods:date id="EB9ABD1BCDF5682F757283A08E06770F">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="E19F6FED57FFFF9AE26B26E27BEB0AA6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="1D18E02290D31F071A519D577910AC1D">2776</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BCEFF024B3459FDC927A93F0F23CBBB7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="48344229A17E914B2742175C700E6838" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276900</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EB76AC73E95E00597781F9D4FCCAE0AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617646" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119390150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617646" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB76AC73E95E00597781F9D4FCCAE0AC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB76AC73E95E00597781F9D4FCCAE0AC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="2BC54EEEE95E005B7781F9D4FE03E427" box="[151,479,1554,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="63601D65E95E005B7781F9D4FE03E427" blockId="4.[151,479,1554,1580]" box="[151,479,1554,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="3828AA09E95E005B7781F9D4FE03E427" bold="true" box="[151,479,1554,1580]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B7781F9D4FE03E427" bold="true" box="[151,479,1554,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B77F8F9D4FEA3E427" ID-CoL="637CK" ID-ENA="1090083" box="[238,383,1554,1580]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B77F8F9D4FEA3E427" bold="true" box="[238,383,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4A987C0CE95E005B769BF9D4FE03E427" box="[397,479,1554,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BC54EEEE95E005A7781F99FFD77E724" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="63601D65E95E005A7781F99FFE04E3C4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1625,2010]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B7781F99FFED6E479" bold="true" box="[151,266,1625,1650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B760CF99FFE7DE47A" box="[282,417,1625,1649]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B760CF99FFE7DE47A" box="[282,417,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from all other potamotrygonid genera by the following uniquely derived characters: disc very circular, without a median anterior concavity at snout (disc oval in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B736BF9B8FB22E49E" box="[1149,1278,1662,1685]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B736BF9B8FB22E49E" box="[1149,1278,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B721BF9BBFA40E49E" box="[1293,1436,1661,1685]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B721BF9BBFA40E49E" box="[1293,1436,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B77D1F964FEBBE4B2" box="[199,359,1698,1721]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B77D1F964FEBBE4B2" box="[199,359,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[slightly less so in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B7552F964FD0AE4B2" box="[580,726,1697,1721]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyura">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B7552F964FD8EE4B2" box="[580,594,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B7577F967FD0AE4B2" box="[609,726,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">brachyura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], and with a clear anterior median concavity in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B73E3F964FAAAE4B2" box="[1269,1398,1698,1721]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B73E3F964FAAAE4B2" box="[1269,1398,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); a highly reduced and barely noticeable caudal sting, shorter than spiracular length (sting usually at least as great as interorbital space in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B7690F92CFDDBE50A" box="[390,519,1770,1793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B7690F92CFDDBE50A" box="[390,519,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B750FF92FFD74E50A" box="[537,680,1769,1793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B750FF92FFD74E50A" box="[537,680,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B75F3F92CFC59E50A" box="[741,901,1770,1793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B75F3F92CFC59E50A" box="[741,901,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and devoid of acute lateral serrations (welldeveloped, sharp lateral serrations present in caudal stings of all three potamotrygonid genera); pelvic girdle very stout, with puboischiadic bar situated very obliquely in relation to median prepelvic process, resembling an upsidedown “V” (puboischiadic process more perpendicular in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B740EF893FC7BE566" box="[792,935,1877,1901]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B740EF893FC7BE566" box="[792,935,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B74C9F890FBA3E566" box="[991,1151,1878,1901]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B74C9F890FBA3E566" box="[991,1151,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not nearly as stout in all three remaining genera of the family); lateral prepelvic process reduced to a broad lateral angle of the pelvic girdle (processes well-developed in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B76F4F858FD5EE5BE" box="[482,642,1950,1973]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B76F4F858FD5EE5BE" box="[482,642,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B75AFF85BFC94E5BE" box="[697,840,1949,1973]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B75AFF85BFC94E5BE" box="[697,840,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but slightly less developed in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95E005B73B5F858FAF8E5BE" box="[1187,1316,1950,1973]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95E005B73B5F858FAF8E5BE" box="[1187,1316,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); anteriormost segment of propterygium closely contacts anterior margin of nasal capsule for half or most of its length (anterior propterygial segment contacting nasal capsule only at its posteriormost point in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A736FFF5FFB26E2BB" box="[1145,1274,153,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A736FFF5FFB26E2BB" box="[1145,1274,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and contacts lateral, not anterior, margins of nasal capsules in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A75D5FF7BFCBFE2DF" box="[707,867,189,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A75D5FF7BFCBFE2DF" box="[707,867,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A748AFF7AFBF7E2DF" box="[924,1067,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A748AFF7AFBF7E2DF" box="[924,1067,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); anterior propterygial segments almost contact each other medially (these farther apart in all three remaining potamotrygonid genera and widely distant in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A761FFEC3FE75E317" box="[265,425,261,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A761FFEC3FE75E317" box="[265,425,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A76F5FEC2FDAEE317" box="[483,626,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A76F5FEC2FDAEE317" box="[483,626,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); metapterygium stout and highly arched, reaching laterally to level of propterygium (less stout and less arched in other potamotrygonid genera, not reaching laterally to level of propterygium); basibranchial copula with a very slender, acute anterior projection extending anteriorly to beyond level of ventral pseudohyoid bar (basibranchial anterior projection stouter in all three other potamotrygonid genera, triangular also in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7627FE53FE6EE3A7" box="[305,434,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7627FE53FE6EE3A7" box="[305,434,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but more broadly so, not extending significantly beyond ventral pseudohyoid in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7248FE53FEDFE3DB" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7248FE53FEDFE3DB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A762EFE7EFE1BE3DB" box="[312,455,440,464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A762EFE7EFE1BE3DB" box="[312,455,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005A77D1FE1AFCFCE6CF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
Additional characters that distinguish
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7562FE1AFD20E3FF" box="[628,764,476,500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7562FE1AFD20E3FF" box="[628,764,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other potamotrygonids, but not exclusive to
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7223FE1AFF1DE013" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7223FE1AFF1DE013" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or of uncertain polarity within myliobatiforms, are as follows: nostrils circular, not slit-like (slit-like nostrils in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781FDE3FEEBE037" box="[151,311,549,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781FDE3FEEBE037" box="[151,311,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7665FDE2FDDEE037" box="[371,514,548,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7665FDE2FDDEE037" box="[371,514,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); snout greatly elongated, preorbital length about one-third of disc width (snout much shorter, with preorbital length smaller than one-fourth disc width in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A74F1FD8FFB5BE06B" box="[999,1159,585,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A74F1FD8FFB5BE06B" box="[999,1159,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73D7FD8EFA8CE06B" box="[1217,1360,584,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73D7FD8EFA8CE06B" box="[1217,1360,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); eyes very reduced in size, much smaller than spiracles (eyes about equal or smaller than spiracles in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73CAFDAAFAB7E08F" box="[1244,1387,620,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73CAFDAAFAB7E08F" box="[1244,1387,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781FD57FEEBE0A3" box="[151,311,657,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781FD57FEEBE0A3" box="[151,311,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); spiracles without posterior knobs (present in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7446FD57FC0DE0A3" box="[848,977,657,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7446FD57FC0DE0A3" box="[848,977,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); nostrils circular (elongated, slit-like in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781FD72FEFAE0C7" box="[151,294,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781FD72FEFAE0C7" box="[151,294,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7675FD73FDDFE0C7" box="[355,515,693,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7675FD73FDDFE0C7" box="[355,515,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); branchial basket relatively short, about equal to internasal distance (branchial basket much greater than internasal space in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7589FD1EFCF2E0FB" box="[671,814,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7589FD1EFCF2E0FB" box="[671,814,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A747CFD1FFBD6E0FB" box="[874,1034,729,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A747CFD1FFBD6E0FB" box="[874,1034,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); pelvic fins entirely concealed by posterior pectoral disc in dorsal view (pelvics protrude beyond disc in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A74A4FD3AFB9DE11F" box="[946,1089,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A74A4FD3AFB9DE11F" box="[946,1089,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A736EFD3BFAC4E11F" box="[1144,1304,765,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A736EFD3BFAC4E11F" box="[1144,1304,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); tail width at base much less than one-half interorbital distance (roughly equal in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A74DAFCE6FB87E133" box="[972,1115,800,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A74DAFCE6FB87E133" box="[972,1115,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7381FCE7FAEBE133" box="[1175,1335,801,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7381FCE7FAEBE133" box="[1175,1335,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); caudal sting situated relatively close to tail base (positioned farther posteriorly in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A730FFC83FB65E157" box="[1049,1209,837,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A730FFC83FB65E157" box="[1049,1209,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73EAFC82FA57E157" box="[1276,1419,836,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73EAFC82FA57E157" box="[1276,1419,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); enlarged, acute spines over posterior disc midline and base of tail lacking (present in all three potamotrygonid genera in varying configurations); tail elongated and very slender, whip-like (tail stout and short in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73E2FC4BFA48E1AF" box="[1268,1428,909,932]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73E2FC4BFA48E1AF" box="[1268,1428,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stout at base but slender distally in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7534FC76FD6DE1C3" box="[546,689,944,968]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7534FC76FD6DE1C3" box="[546,689,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); lack of discrete angular cartilages (angulars present in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A723BFC76FF1DE1E7" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A723BFC76FF1DE1E7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A77EBFC13FE41E1E7" box="[253,413,981,1004]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A77EBFC13FE41E1E7" box="[253,413,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); propterygium very wide and highly arched (clearly less wide and less arched in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7248FC13FEDFE61B" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7248FC13FEDFE61B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A762BFC3EFE10E61B" box="[317,460,1016,1040]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A762BFC3EFE10E61B" box="[317,460,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); scapulocoracoid very stout, wide and anteroposteriorly extended (these much more slender in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7604FBDAFE7DE63F" box="[274,417,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7604FBDAFE7DE63F" box="[274,417,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A76C8FBDBFDA2E63F" box="[478,638,1053,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A76C8FBDBFDA2E63F" box="[478,638,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); iliac processes reduced, not extending beyond level of ischial processes (projecting beyond level of ischial processes in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A75E8FB87FC42E653" box="[766,926,1089,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A75E8FB87FC42E653" box="[766,926,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A74C0FB86FBB9E653" box="[982,1125,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A74C0FB86FBB9E653" box="[982,1125,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); hyomandibulae relatively short, smaller than length of precerebral and frontoparietal fontenellae (greater in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7330FBA3FB1AE677" box="[1062,1222,1125,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7330FBA3FB1AE677" box="[1062,1222,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73EAFBA2FA57E677" box="[1276,1419,1124,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73EAFBA2FA57E677" box="[1276,1419,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); nasal capsules separated by a relatively wide internasal septum (nasal capsules very close together with a very slen- der internasal septum in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A76BCFB6BFD96E6CF" box="[426,586,1197,1220]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A76BCFB6BFD96E6CF" box="[426,586,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Potamotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7597FB6AFCCCE6CF" box="[641,784,1196,1220]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7597FB6AFCCCE6CF" box="[641,784,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Plesiotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005A77D1FB09FC77E6EC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,939,1231,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A77D1FB09FE81E6E3" bold="true" box="[199,349,1231,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Type-species</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A767DFB16FD94E6E3" box="[363,584,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A767DFB16FD94E6E3" box="[363,584,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon gomesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4A987C0CE95F005A7541FB16FD49E6EC" box="[599,661,1232,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005A77D1FB32FD77E724" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A77D1FB32FE53E707" bold="true" box="[199,399,1267,1292]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Included species</emphasis>
. Currently the new genus is composed of two species,
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A733CFB32FAD0E707" box="[1066,1292,1268,1292]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gomesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A733CFB32FAD0E707" box="[1066,1292,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon gomesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4A987C0CE95F005A7209FB33FABEE707" box="[1311,1378,1269,1292]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781FADEFE81E73B" box="[151,349,1304,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781FADEFE81E73B" box="[151,349,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon rosai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4A987C0CE95F005A767DFADEFE75E724" box="[363,425,1304,1327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, both described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BC54EEEE95F005A77D1FAFAFB8BE77C" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005A77D1FAFAFB8BE77C" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A77D1FAFAFE9AE75F" bold="true" box="[199,326,1340,1364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Etymology</emphasis>
. From the Greek
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A751DFAFAFD92E75F" box="[523,590,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">helios</emphasis>
, meaning “sun”, in reference to its distinctively arranged pectoral disc radials that appear to “radiate” outward; and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7574FAA7FD77E773" box="[610,683,1377,1400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Trygon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7574FAA7FD77E773" box="[610,683,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">trygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Greek for stingray. Gender feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2BC54EEEE95F005977D1FA42FCCAE0AC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005A77D1FA42FAE6E564" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A77D1FA42FEE8E797" bold="true" box="[199,308,1412,1436]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis>
. The generic diagnosis above is based on characters that are common to both new species described below; monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7685FA6EFDC7E7CB" box="[403,539,1448,1472]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7685FA6EFDC7E7CB" box="[403,539,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well supported. Even though the diagnosis is restricted to comparisons with other potamotrygonid genera, these same characters, either in isolation or in combination, serve to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781FA36FEC2E403" box="[151,286,1520,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781FA36FEC2E403" box="[151,286,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other myliobatiform genera as well.
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7431FA37FB76E40C" authority="Muller &amp; Henle 1837" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityYear="1837" box="[807,1194,1519,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7431FA37FC75E403" box="[807,937,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Urogymnus</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle 1837
</taxonomicName>
, of uncertain validity (but cf.
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A77F9F9D3FDDBE427" author="Last" box="[239,519,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Last, P. R. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) Dasyatididae. Stingrays. Pp. 1479 - 1505. In: Carpenter, K. E. &amp; Niem, V. H. (Eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome." type="book chapter" year="1999">Last &amp; Compagno, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A7505F9D2FD0BE427" author="Compagno" box="[531,727,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (2005) Checklist of living Chondrichthyes. Pp. 503 - 548. In: Hamlett, W. C. (ed.), Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Chondrichthyes, Sharks, Batoids and Chimaeras. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH), USA." type="book chapter" year="2005">Compagno, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A75F5F9D3FC05E427" author="Last" box="[739,985,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Last, P. R. &amp; Stevens, J. D. (2009) Sharks and rays of Australia. 2 nd Edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; 644 p." type="book" year="2009">Last &amp; Stevens, 2009</bibRefCitation>
), also has a somewhat rounded disc, but much more oval and not nearly as circular as in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A75ADF9FEFC9EE45B" box="[699,834,1592,1616]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A75ADF9FEFC9EE45B" box="[699,834,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The snout region in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7320F9FFFB64E45B" box="[1078,1208,1593,1616]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7320F9FFFB64E45B" box="[1078,1208,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Urogymnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also significantly shorter than in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7646F99AFE0BE47F" box="[336,471,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7646F99AFE0BE47F" box="[336,471,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, no other myliobatiform genus has a caudal sting as reduced as in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A7781F946FEC2E493" box="[151,286,1664,1688]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A7781F946FEC2E493" box="[151,286,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; although a few myliobatiform species lack caudal stings, these belong to genera in which the caudal stings are present as well developed structures in congeneric species. No nominal genus available for a potamotrygonid can be applied to our new species either.
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A75BDF90EFBDEE4D4" authority="Schomburgk, 1843" authorityName="Schomburgk" authorityYear="1843" box="[683,1026,1735,1760]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Elipesurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A75BDF90EFCFFE4EB" box="[683,803,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Elipesurus</emphasis>
Schomburgk, 1843
</taxonomicName>
, following
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A7397F90EFACDE4D4" author="Rosa" box="[1153,1297,1735,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1985 a) A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (Chondricthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Unpublished PhD diss., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, xvi + 523 p." type="book" year="1985" yearSuffix="a">Rosa (1985a</bibRefCitation>
, b) and
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A727CF901FEB2E50F" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Lovejoy, N. R. &amp; Rosa, R. S. (2003) Family Potamotrygonidae. Pp. 22 - 29. In: Reis, R. E, Ferraris Jr, C. J. &amp; Kullander, S. O. (Eds.). Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre, EDIPUCRS, 729 pp." type="book chapter">Carvalho et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
cannot be unequivocally applied and is best considered doubtful, whereas
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A73CEF92BFF13E52C" authority="Garman, 1877" authorityName="Garman" authorityYear="1877" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Disceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A73CEF92BFAEDE50F" box="[1240,1329,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Disceus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A722DF92AFF13E52C" author="Garman" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Garman, S. (1877) On the pelvis and external sexual organs of selachiens, with special reference to the new genera Potamotrygon and Disceus. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 19, 197 - 215." type="journal article" year="1877">
<collectingCountry id="1BC85DF5E95F005A722DF92AFA44E50F" box="[1339,1432,1772,1796]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Garman</collectingCountry>
, 1877
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95F005A76FCF8D7FCC6E52C" authority="Dumeril, 1865" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1865" box="[490,794,1807,1832]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95F005A76FCF8D7FDB7E523" box="[490,619,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Paratrygon</emphasis>
Duméril, 1865
</taxonomicName>
(for further comments, see
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A7376F8D6FB01E52C" author="Rosa" box="[1120,1245,1807,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Rosa, R. S. (1990) Paratrygon aiereba (Muller &amp; Henle, 1841): the senior synonym of the freshwater stingray Disceus thayeri Garman, 1913 (Chondrychthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 7 (4), 425 - 437." type="journal article" year="1990">Rosa 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="074E6094E95F005A73FDF8C9FF08E547" author="Carvalho" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de, Lovejoy, N. R. &amp; Rosa, R. S. (2003) Family Potamotrygonidae. Pp. 22 - 29. In: Reis, R. E, Ferraris Jr, C. J. &amp; Kullander, S. O. (Eds.). Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre, EDIPUCRS, 729 pp." type="book chapter" year="2003">Carvalho et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). We note that the first authors to report on the distinctiveness of the new form were Ishihara &amp; Taniuchi (1995), based on a juvenile aquarium specimen reportedly from the Orinoco basin (locality unconfirmed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95F005977D1F8BBFF14E2FC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,679]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
Most specimens of both new species do not have caudal stings, but these may be damaged upon being captured, and appear not to be as firmly attached as in other potamotrygonids or myliobatiforms. Under magnification, however, a small groove on the dorsal tail base is clearly visible where the caudal sting was originally located, even in smaller specimens. The lack of caudal stings in some specimens therefore does not invalidate this feature (i.e. reduced caudal sting) as a generic-level diagnostic character, one considered (see below) to be derived in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597223FF7AFF1DE2F3" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597223FF7AFF1DE2F3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95C005977D1FEC2FF30E037" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">
Both species of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C0059766BFEC2FDD8E317" box="[381,516,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C0059766BFEC2FDD8E317" box="[381,516,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have greatly reduced eyes and are sometimes captured in relatively deeper channels of usually murky rivers in the Amazon basin. In this regard, species of this genus have a life-style and geographic distribution that is notably similar to
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C0059758AFE8AFC56E36F" box="[668,906,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C0059758AFE8AFC56E36F" box="[668,906,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we expect that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597202FE8AFA47E36F" box="[1300,1435,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597202FE8AFA47E36F" box="[1300,1435,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. will be captured where
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C005976C2FEB6FD1EE383" box="[468,706,368,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Plesiotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwamae">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C005976C2FEB6FD1EE383" box="[468,706,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Plesiotrygon iwamae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to occur. Parallels with other batoid genera are present in the morphology of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597682FE52FDC7E3A7" box="[404,539,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597682FE52FDC7E3A7" box="[404,539,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well. Species of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597412FE52FC57E3A7" box="[772,907,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597412FE52FC57E3A7" box="[772,907,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C005974D0FE53FBECE3A7" box="[966,1072,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Gymnuridae" genus="Gymnura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C005974D0FE53FBECE3A7" box="[966,1072,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Gymnura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and also
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C005973BCFE53FAF7E3A7" box="[1194,1323,405,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C005973BCFE53FAF7E3A7" box="[1194,1323,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are relatively flat and wide batoids that have expanded scapulocoracoids, pectoral basals and pectoral radials, morphological designs that provide enhanced skeletal support for the disc region. However, these similarities are clearly independently derived for
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C005976A9FDC6FDF4E01C" box="[447,552,512,535]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Gymnuridae" genus="Gymnura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C005976A9FDC6FDF4E01C" box="[447,552,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Gymnura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597549FDC6FD3AE013" box="[607,742,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597549FDC6FD3AE013" box="[607,742,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C00597412FDC7FC59E013" box="[772,901,513,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Paratrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C00597412FDC7FC59E013" box="[772,901,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Paratrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Phylogenetic relationships of
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C0059721BFDC6FA48E013" box="[1293,1428,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C0059721BFDC6FA48E013" box="[1293,1428,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63601D65E95C005977D1FD8EFCCAE0AC" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">
At present, only two new species are described in
<taxonomicName id="A4DF66E6E95C005975EEFD8EFCA3E06B" box="[760,895,584,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Heliotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51ABC177E95C005975EEFD8EFCA3E06B" box="[760,895,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Heliotrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but more material from a greater distribution is needed in order to shed light on morphological variation within and among species. Individuals of both species present variation in coloration that requires further study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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