116 lines
15 KiB
XML
116 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="A648904AAA1650CC2B11E63752CD77DF" ID-CLB-Dataset="31608" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eadc6621-31b2-41a1-b248-8bb38bd75d09" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1042988" ID-ZooBank="B1B682B2-C9F1-4CF9-B57F-CA45B1F87B46" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510040820721" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wagner, Daniel & Shuler, Andrew" docDate="2017" docId="03EEED386A38FFB46ECB9FC0B44B4205" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4344.2.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4344 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Antipathes furcata Gray 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="370" masterDocId="FFD795406A3BFFB06E5C994DB7734319" masterDocTitle="The black coral fauna (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of Bermuda with new records" masterLastPageNumber="379" masterPageNumber="367" pageNumber="370" updateTime="1698480813510" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="EF23CE77A94A2063B8EF097C83DD1DB7">The black coral fauna (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of Bermuda with new records</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B676BEAA5BE568B2B1372D1C75993753">Wagner, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E130FD3F389653A3BF8F11347FF99C6F">Shuler, Andrew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9597E1C78750735AF11FE1FFA3495918">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6BE504CFE48D595FC1A4CD447A48E0DC">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BA238882B1A7802CC0C59D11AA0FD130">4344</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EEED386A38FFB46ECB9FC0B44B4205" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6035220" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137252755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6035220" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEED386A38FFB46ECB9FC0B44B4205" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEED386A38FFB46ECB9FC0B44B4205" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="370" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">
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<heading id="D0B0EB426A38FFB36ECB9FC0B57B45BE" bold="true" box="[151,520,1677,1703]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A38FFB36ECB9FC0B57B45BE" ID-CoL="F29Q" authority="Gray, 1857" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,520,1677,1703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="furcata">
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36ECB9FC0B57B45BE" bold="true" box="[151,520,1677,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36ECB9FC0B60B45BE" bold="true" box="[151,376,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Antipathes furcata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36F239FC0B57B45BE" author="Gray" box="[383,520,1677,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25, 278 - 294." type="journal article" year="1857">Gray, 1857</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A38FFB36ECB9F9EB61445F5" ID-CoL="F29Q" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,359,1747,1772]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="furcata">
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36ECB9F9EB61445F5" box="[151,359,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Antipathes furcata</emphasis>
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forms fan-shaped colonies that are typically less than
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in height, with long branches that grow in narrow branch angles (
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<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36C579FBAB5EF4409" box="[523,668,1783,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[182,1393,327,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[182,1402,327,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Antipathes furcata from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042992/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 2a–b</figureCitation>
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). The terminal branches typically reach lengths of
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or more without becoming branched. Skeletal spines are smooth, triangular or slightly inclined distally, and occasionally include some that are bifurcated towards their apex (
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<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36CB69E72B42F4441" box="[746,860,1855,1880]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[182,1393,327,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[182,1402,327,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Antipathes furcata from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042992/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 2d</figureCitation>
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). The spines are generally 30–70 µm in height and typically 50–70 µm in width at their base. On smaller branches, the spines are arranged in axial rows with adjoining rows offset in a spiral pattern around the corallum (
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<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36C8A9ECAB43444B9" box="[726,839,1927,1952]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[182,1393,327,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[182,1402,327,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Antipathes furcata from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042992/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 2d</figureCitation>
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). Spine spacing is fairly regular within each row, and typically ranges between 240–280 µm. The polyps are arranged on only one side of the branches, are generally 0.6– 1.0 mm in transverse diameter, and are spaced
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apart (
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<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36DC49E82B37944F1" box="[920,1034,1999,2024]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[182,1393,327,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[182,1402,327,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Antipathes furcata from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042992/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 2c</figureCitation>
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). The coloration of living colonies ranges between grayish brown to white.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A3FFFB46C2B99D5B59943A9" ID-CoL="F29Q" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[631,746,152,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="furcata">
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A3FFFB46C2B99D5B59943A9" box="[631,746,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="371">A. furcata</emphasis>
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has previously been reported from the Caribbean, Gulf of
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<collectingCountry id="F3501CBE6A3FFFB46ECB99F1B79F43CC" box="[151,236,188,213]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="371">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and North Atlantic at depths ranging between
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3FFFB46DF599F1B3D443CD" author="Brito" box="[937,1191,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" refString="Brito, A. & Ocana, O. (2004) Corales de las Islas Canarias: antozoos con esqueleto de los fondos litorales y profundos. La Laguna, Tenerife, 475 pp." type="book" year="2004">Brito & Ocaña, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3FFFB46AE499F1B2E443CD" author="Cairns" box="[1208,1431,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" refString="Cairns, S. D., Opresko, D. M. & Hopkins, T. S. (1993) New records of deep-water Cnidaria (Scleractinia & Antipatharia) from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science, 13, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1993">
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Cairns
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A3FFFB46B5099F0B23A43CC" box="[1292,1353,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1993
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3FFFB46ECB9992B63243E1" author="Opresko" box="[151,321,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2009) Antipatharia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Tunnell, J. W. Jr., Felder, D. L. & Earle, S. A. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M University Press, Corpus Christi, 359 - 363." type="book chapter" year="2009">Opresko, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3FFFB46F129992B54843E1" author="Opresko" box="[334,571,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" refString="Opresko, D. M., Nuttall, M. F. & Hickerson, E. L. (2016) Black corals of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. Gulf of Mexico Science Science, 2016, 47 - 67." type="journal article" year="2016">
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Opresko
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A3FFFB46FEA99ACB68343E1" box="[438,496,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="371">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3FFFB46C159992B40A43E1" author="Opresko" box="[585,889,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Sanchez, J. A. (2005) Caribbean shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia). Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 492 - 507." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko & Sanchez, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Bermudan specimens examined as part of this study were collected at depths between
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<quantity id="4CBFF1CB6A3FFFB46C089849B5B64205" box="[596,709,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.04" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="4" pageNumber="371" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="104.0" valueMin="96.0">96–104 m</quantity>
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(
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<tableCitation id="C6C569956A3FFFB46C8F9849B4554205" box="[723,806,260,285]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,440,463]" captionText="TABLE 1. Black coral specimens examined as part of this study (BAMZ = Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo; NR = not reported; * = new record for Bermuda)." pageId="4" pageNumber="371">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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