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<document id="BDAE5322F2593BC435DC2CE81C4B1476" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC3527717FFFDCFD35FABDFD6AFA2F" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Epinephelus aeneus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C69BDBF3FE8DCAEB61A8CF8701668B3B">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD8E355505BBBE4D62AF3B71ADA4E1B7">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0E9BFE7561DF4F4C629C5A244EAFA39D">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8876AE992ECA2E78E47C1B65E03FA587">1991</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2690A120558F525200EA7D12469C039E">1991-08-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="57E39BCE290985A9A5DB58C81644C7E3">43</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC3527717FFFDCFD35FABDFD6AFA2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233229882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC3527717FFFDCFD35FABDFD6AFA2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC3527717FFFDCFD35FABDFD6AFA2F" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA717FFFC2FD35FABDFA9CFA9C" box="[659,1360,1369,1398]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FD35FABDFA9CFA9C" blockId="15.[659,1360,1369,1431]" box="[659,1360,1369,1398]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="D0B2335D717FFFC2FD35FABDFA9CFA9C" box="[659,1360,1369,1398]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FD35FABDFA9CFA9C" ID-CoL="6G5LX" authority="(E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1817)" baseAuthorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[659,1360,1369,1398]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FD35FABDFCB4FA85" bold="true" box="[659,888,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Epinephelus aeneus</emphasis>
(E.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FC13FABDFA8AFA85" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E." bookContentInfo="Paris, Planches Histoire Naturelle, 1, Poissons, pls. 18 - 27" box="[949,1350,1369,1395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref28960" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E.: 1817. Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee. In, Description de l' Egypte au Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Paris, Planches Histoire Naturelle, 1, Poissons, pls. 18 - 27." title="Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Description de l' Egypte au Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise" year="1817">GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1817</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA717FFFC2FC76FA9CFBD9FA7A" box="[976,1045,1403,1431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FC76FA9CFBD9FA7A" blockId="15.[659,1360,1369,1431]" box="[976,1045,1403,1431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="137E98B4717FFFC2FC76FA9CFBD9FA7A" box="[976,1045,1403,1431]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[631,662,2374,2398]" captionTargetBox="[540,1491,1925,2336]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 5 - Epinephelus aeneus, 136 mm. SI.. Sénégal. from STEINDACHNER, 1882." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168237/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA717FFFC2FDABFA59FDBBF8FB" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDABFA59FD5BF9CE" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FDABFA59FBD2FA25" authority="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1817" authorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" authorityYear="1817" box="[525,1054,1470,1494]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FDABFA59FD7EFA25" box="[525,690,1470,1488]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Serranus aeneus</emphasis>
E.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FD71FA59FBD2FA25" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E." bookContentInfo="Paris, Planches Histoire Naturelle, 1, Poissons, pls. 18 - 27" box="[727,1054,1470,1494]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref28960" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E.: 1817. Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee. In, Description de l' Egypte au Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise. Paris, Planches Histoire Naturelle, 1, Poissons, pls. 18 - 27." title="Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Description de l' Egypte au Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee francaise" year="1817">GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1817</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: Pl. 21,
<figureCitation id="137E98B4717FFFC2FBD5FA59FB67FA25" box="[1139,1195,1470,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[588,620,2325,2349]" captionTargetBox="[516,1461,1885,2304]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3 - Cephalopholis taeniops, 16 cm. SL, Sénégal, from STEINDACHNER, 1882." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168233/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
(description by I.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FACCFA59FCE0FA06" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E." pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="311 - 350" refId="ref29019" refString="1827. Histoire Naturelle des Poisson de Nil (suite). In, Description de I ' Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant I ' expedition de l ' armee francaise. Paris, Histoire Naturelle, 1: 265 - 310. Suivi de: Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee, pp. 311 - 350." title="Histoire Naturelle des Poisson de Nil (suite)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Description de I ' Egypte ou Recueil des observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant I ' expedition de l ' armee francaise. Paris, Histoire Naturelle, 1: 265 - 310. Suivi de: Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee" year="1827">GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1827: 317</bibRefCitation>
; type locality, Mediterranean coast of Egypt; holotype MNHN 6326 (266 mm.) DAMIETTE);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FCBDFA11FC20F9E2" author="GUNTHER, A." box="[795,1004,1526,1548]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref29325" refString="GUNTHER, A.: 1859. Catalogue of the Acanthopteiygian fishes in the British Museum I. British Museum (Natural History), London. xxxi + 524 pp." type="book" year="1859">GÜNTHER, 1859: 134</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FC5FFA11FB23F9E2" author="STEINDACHNER, F." box="[1017,1263,1526,1551]" journalOrPublisher="Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="19 - 51" part="41" refId="ref32101" refString="1882. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens. Denkrchr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41: 19 - 51." title="Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Afrikas I. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Meeresfische Senegambiens" type="journal article" year="1882">STEINDACHNER, 1882: 21</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 2,
<figureCitation id="137E98B4717FFFC2FA9EFA10FABCF9E2" box="[1336,1392,1527,1549]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[551,583,1600,1624]" captionTargetBox="[767,1312,1093,1570]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Diagramatic illustration of a grouper's head to show method of measuring maxilla width (MW); UL =upper lip; SM=supramaxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168229/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FAD8FA10FD5EF9CE" author="FOWLER, H. W." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="607 - 1493" part="70" refId="ref28759" refString="1936. The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 70 (2): 607 - 1493." title="The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II." type="journal article" year="1936">FOWLER, 1936: 756</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDB6F9C8FD46F9B4" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FDBCF9C8FCACF9AA" authority="COUCH, 1832: 21" authorityName="COUCH" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1832" box="[538,864,1583,1605]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FDBCF9C8FD69F9AB" box="[538,677,1583,1601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Perca robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FD17F9C8FCACF9AA" author="COUCH, J." box="[689,864,1583,1605]" journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH, 1832: 21</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="137E98B4717FFFC2FCD4F9C8FC64F9AA" box="[882,936,1583,1606]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[557,589,2338,2364]" captionTargetBox="[533,1482,1921,2306]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 7 - Epinephelus coioides, 33 cm. SL, Persian Gulf, from photograph of J. E. RANDALL." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168243/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig 7</figureCitation>
(type locality, Cornwall, England; holotype not preserved?)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDA8F98FFC3FF994" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" box="[526,1011,1639,1662]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FDA8F98FFD53F994" baseAuthorityName="BRUNNICH" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[526,671,1639,1662]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FDA8F98FFD53F994" box="[526,671,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Serranus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FD1EF98FFC80F993" author="DAY, F." bookContentInfo="London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." box="[696,844,1639,1661]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref28244" refString="1880. The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." title="The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland" type="book" year="1880">DAY, 1880: 16</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 5 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDA8F963FBEDF97F" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" box="[526,1057,1667,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FDA8F963FD43F97F" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[526,655,1668,1686]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cerna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FDA8F963FD43F97F" box="[526,655,1668,1686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Cerna aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FD0FF963FC5DF97F" author="DODERLEIN, P." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[681,913,1668,1688]" journalOrPublisher="G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="168 - 259" part="15" refId="ref28335" refString="DODERLEIN, P.: 1882. Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia. G. Sci. nat. econ., Palermo, 15: 168 - 259, 5 pls." title="Rivista delle specie del genere Epinephelus Bloch o Cerna Bonap. riscontrate sinora nei mari della Sicilia" type="book chapter" year="1882">DODERLEIN, 1882: 201</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 2,
<figureCitation id="137E98B4717FFFC2FC47F964FBD7F97F" box="[993,1051,1667,1690]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[588,620,2325,2349]" captionTargetBox="[516,1461,1885,2304]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3 - Cephalopholis taeniops, 16 cm. SL, Sénégal, from STEINDACHNER, 1882." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168233/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDABF978FC1EF924" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2717FFFC2FDABF978FD18F958" baseAuthorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[525,724,1695,1720]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FDABF978FD18F958" box="[525,724,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Epinephelus aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FD4EF947FC02F958" author="BOULENGER, G. A." bookContentInfo="Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp" box="[744,974,1696,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref27380" refString="1895. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I. Second edition, Taylor and Francis, London. 394 pp." title="Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum. I." type="book" year="1895">BOULENGER, 1895: 222</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FC7AF978FB69F958" author="CADENAT, J." bookContentInfo="Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs" box="[988,1189,1695,1717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref27543" refString="1951. Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951]: 345 pp., 241, figs." title="Poissons de mer du Senegal, Initiations africaines, HI" type="book" year="1951">CADENAT, 1951: 191</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 120;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FAB6F946FA68F958" author="POLL, M." bookContentInfo="Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls" box="[1296,1444,1696,1718]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref31149" refString="1954. Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie). Res. Sci. Exped. oceauogr. belg. Eaux cot. afr. Atlan. Sud. (1948 - 49). Inst R. Sci. Nat. Belge, 4 (3 A): 1 - 390, 107 figs., 9 pls." title="Poissons IV. Teleosteens Acanthopterygiens (Premiere Partie)" type="book" year="1954">POLL, 1954: 50</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 14;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FDF0F95BFCC6F924" author="TORTONESE, E." bookContentInfo="Vol. I. UNESCO, Paris. xxii + 683 pp" box="[598,778,1724,1745]" editor="J. - C. Hureau &amp; Th. Monod" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="355 - 362" refId="ref32332" refString="1973. Serranidae. (pp. 355 - 362) in Check-list of the Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. J. - C. Hureau &amp; Th. Monod, (eds). Vol. I. UNESCO, Paris. xxii + 683 pp." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Check-list of the Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean" year="1973">TORTONESE, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FCBCF95CFC01F924" author="SERET, B." box="[794,973,1723,1745]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref31716" refString="SERET, B.: 1981. Poissons de Mer de l'ouest Africain Tropical. ORSTOM, Paris. 416 pp." type="book" year="1981">SÉRET, 1981: 154</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FDA9F93EFDBBF8FB" blockId="15.[525,1497,1470,1809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
Additional references are given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FCC9F93EFBC5F91A" author="FOWLER, H. W." box="[879,1033,1753,1777]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" pagination="607 - 1493" part="70" refId="ref28759" refString="1936. The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 70 (2): 607 - 1493." title="The marine fishes of West Africa based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. Part II." type="journal article" year="1936">FOWLER (1936)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0717FFFC2FBB3F93EFB66F905" author="BRUSLE, J." bookContentInfo="FAO Synap. Peches, (129): 64 pp" box="[1045,1194,1752,1776]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refId="ref27440" refString="BRUSLE, J.: 1985. Expose synoptique des donnees biologiques sur les merous Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809) et Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) de l'Ocean Atlantique et de la Mediterranee. FAO Synap. Peches, (129): 64 pp." title="Expose synoptique des donnees biologiques sur les merous Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809) et Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) de l'Ocean Atlantique et de la Mediterranee" type="book" year="1985">BRUSLÉ (1985)</bibRefCitation>
and HEEMSTRA and RANDALL (1992).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA717FFFDDFD88F8DBFB0DFB55" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFC2FD88F8DBFD24F700" blockId="15.[496,1529,1850,2428]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FD88F8DBFD64F8BF" bold="true" box="[558,680,1852,1877]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Dorsal fin XI, 14- 16; anal fin III,7-9; pectoral fin rays 18- 19; lateral-line scales 67- 72; lateral scale series 98- 102; gill-rakers 8-10 + 15 - 17 including 4-8 rudiments on each limb. Body depth distinctly less than head length, contained 3.0- 3.6 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.9 times in SL; pectoral fins longer than pelvics, 1.5 - 1.9 times in head length; pelvic fins 1.8-2.0 times in head length for fish 10-20 cm. SL. Caudal fin rounded; dorsal fin with the third or fourth spine longest and the interspinous membranes only slightly incised. Interorbital area convex; preopercle angular, with 3-6 large spines at the angle, the lowermost directed ventrally; maxilla reaches about to vertical at rear edge of
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FBFAF7B4FB48F782" box="[1116,1156,2131,2152]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">eye</emphasis>
; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of teeth; rear nostrils slightly bigger than front ones. Eye diameter equals interorbital width in fish of 20-25 cm. SL and is distinctly less than the interorbital width in larger specimens. Lateral body scales distinctly ctenoicl, with auxiliary scales. Pyloric caeca 12- 14.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA8431717FFFDDFD97F71FFA95FB7D" blockId="15.[496,1529,1850,2428]" lastBlockId="16.[508,1536,1086,1215]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FD97F71FFD4BF6E7" bold="true" box="[561,647,2296,2317]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Colour</emphasis>
: Greenish bronze, the fins darker, brownish violet, bordered with white or pale mauve; 2 or 3 pale blue (or white) lines across operculum, the lowest from rear end of maxilla to interopercle, the next from
<emphasis id="B9315823717FFFC2FBC2F6A5FB40F6BD" box="[1124,1164,2370,2391]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">eye</emphasis>
across preopercle just above the angle and onto subopercle, the uppermost line from eye to upper end of preopercle where it usually bifurcates and continues to rear edge of operculum. Juveniles with faint dark spots on body forming 5 indistinct dark bars; fins also with faint dark spots. In large adults the white lines on the head may be indistinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDDFD9AFB42FB0DFB55" blockId="16.[508,1536,1086,1215]" box="[572,1217,1187,1215]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD9AFB42FD3AFB53" bold="true" box="[572,758,1189,1210]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Maximum size</emphasis>
: 120 cm. total length, weight 25 kg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7160FFDDFC9EFB0EFD9FF9E2" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDDFC9EFB0EFB08FB11" blockId="16.[824,1220,1257,1276]" box="[824,1220,1257,1276]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="D0B2335D7160FFDDFC9EFB0EFB08FB11" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[824,1220,1257,1276]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC9EFB0EFB08FB11" bold="true" box="[824,1220,1257,1276]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDDFD9CFACBFD9FF9E2" blockId="16.[509,1537,1322,1544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFD9CFACBFD7CFAAA" baseAuthorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[570,688,1324,1344]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD9CFACBFD81FAAA" box="[570,589,1324,1344]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFDC6FAD5FD7CFAAA" box="[608,688,1330,1344]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs throughout the Mediterranean and along the west coast of Africa to southern Angola; also reported from the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands. The seasonal migration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFCE8FA89FC08FA68" baseAuthorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[846,964,1390,1410]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFCE8FA89FCADFA68" box="[846,865,1390,1410]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFCD3FA93FC08FA68" box="[885,964,1396,1410]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
off the coast of Sénégal is influenced by the seasonal upwellirıgs off Sénégal and Mauritania (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFBFDFA6AFA88FA40" author="CURY, P. &amp; C. Roy" box="[1115,1348,1421,1450]" journalOrPublisher="Oceanol. Acta" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" pagination="25 - 36" part="11" refId="ref28093" refString="CURY, P. &amp; C. Roy: 1988. Migration saisonniere du thiof (Epinephelas aeneus) au Senegal: influence des upwellings senegalais et mauritanien. Oceanol. Acta. 11 (1): 25 - 36, illustr. (In French with English summary \)." title="Migration saisonniere du thiof (Epinephelas aeneus) au Senegal: influence des upwellings senegalais et mauritanien" type="journal article" year="1988">CURY &amp; ROY, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). The description of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFDF7FA55FC6CFA26" authority="COUCH (1832)" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[593,928,1456,1484]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFDF7FA55FD20FA2C" box="[593,748,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Perca robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFD53FA56FC6CFA26" author="COUCH, J." box="[757,928,1456,1484]" journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="16" pageNumber="21" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH (1832)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was based on a fish &quot;3 ft. in length&quot; that was caught off the south coast of England, but
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFC6FFA35FBF3FA0F" baseAuthorityName="E. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[969,1087,1490,1510]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC6FFA35FC17FA0C" box="[969,987,1490,1510]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC49FA30FBF3FA0F" box="[1007,1087,1495,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not normally occur in British waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7160FFDCFC66F9DFFB56FAC9" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDDFC66F9DFFBF1F9A1" blockId="16.[960,1085,1592,1611]" box="[960,1085,1592,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="D0B2335D7160FFDDFC66F9DFFBF1F9A1" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[960,1085,1592,1611]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC66F9DFFBF1F9A1" bold="true" box="[960,1085,1592,1611]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">REMARKS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDDFD9AF99DFD97F916" blockId="16.[508,1536,1657,2436]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
Adults are found on rocky or mud and sand bottoms in depths of 20-200 m.; juveniles have been taken in coastal lagoons and estuaries.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFB46F97CFA5BF952" author="BRUSLE, J." bookContentInfo="FAO Synap. Peches, (129): 64 pp" box="[1248,1431,1691,1720]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refId="ref27440" refString="BRUSLE, J.: 1985. Expose synoptique des donnees biologiques sur les merous Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809) et Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) de l'Ocean Atlantique et de la Mediterranee. FAO Synap. Peches, (129): 64 pp." title="Expose synoptique des donnees biologiques sur les merous Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809) et Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) de l'Ocean Atlantique et de la Mediterranee" type="book" year="1985">BRUSLÉ (1985)</bibRefCitation>
summarized the published information on the ecology, distribution and biology of this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317160FFDCFD9DF8E3FB56FAC9" blockId="16.[508,1536,1657,2436]" lastBlockId="17.[494,1526,1087,1315]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFD9DF8E3FC5FF8F2" authority="COUCH, 1832" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[571,915,1795,1820]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD9DF8E3FD17F8F2" box="[571,731,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Perca robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFD57F8E4FC5FF8F2" author="COUCH, J." box="[753,915,1795,1820]" journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="16" pageNumber="21" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH, 1832</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was listed as a synonym of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFABCF8E4FA3FF8F4" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1306,1523,1795,1822]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFABCF8E4FA3FF8F4" box="[1306,1523,1795,1822]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; [=
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFD81F8C2FD1CF8AA" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[551,720,1829,1856]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD81F8C2FDF6F8D0" box="[551,570,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFDEAF8C2FD1CF8AA" box="[588,720,1829,1856]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] by C.L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFCE2F8C3FC2BF8AA" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[836,999,1828,1856]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="16" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
. In his original description,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFAF4F8C3FDE9F888" author="COUCH, J." journalOrPublisher="Mag. nat. Hist., Lond." pageId="16" pageNumber="21" pagination="15 - 24" part="5" refId="ref28018" refString="COUCH, J.: 1832. Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'. Mag. nat. Hist., Lond., 5: 15 - 24." title="Fishes new to the British fauna, contained in Couch's ' History of the fishes of Cornwall'" type="journal article" year="1832">COUCH (1832: 21)</bibRefCitation>
gives the length of his holotype as 3 feet and the body depth as 7 inches (depth 5.1 in total length). The original illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFBF2F880FB3FF896" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[1108,1267,1895,1925]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFBF2F880FB3FF896" box="[1108,1267,1895,1925]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Perca robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a somewhat crude and diagrammatic woodcut, with the body depth contained 3.3 times in the total length. Although the fin counts given by COUCH (dorsal fin with 11 spines and 16 rays; anal with 2 spines [the small first spine was probably overlooked] and 8 rays; pectoral fin rays 19) fit
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFCBCF816FC72F7E6" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[794,958,2033,2060]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFCBCF816FCE1F7EF" box="[794,813,2033,2053]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC9BF816FC72F7E6" box="[829,958,2033,2060]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the body depth of &quot;7 inches&quot; is much too small for a 3 -ft fish (the depth would be at least 9 inches in a
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFB3FF7F5FAD7F7C7" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1177,1307,2066,2093]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFB3FF7F5FAD7F7C7" box="[1177,1307,2066,2093]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this size). A more likely candidate for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFD5AF7D2FCBDF7A0" authorityName="COUCH" authorityYear="1832" box="[764,881,2101,2129]" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD5AF7D2FCBDF7A0" box="[764,881,2101,2129]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">P. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFC3CF7D2FB49F7A0" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[922,1157,2101,2128]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC3CF7D2FB49F7A0" box="[922,1157,2101,2128]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Epinephelııs aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is more elongate than
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFE5BF7B0FD4CF798" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[509,640,2135,2162]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFE5BF7B0FD4CF798" box="[509,640,2135,2162]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(body depth 3.0-3.6 times in SL, versus 2.6-3.1 in SL) and has virtually the same fin counts. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFCC1F79DFBC5F77F" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[871,1033,2169,2197]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFCC1F79DFCB5F764" box="[871,889,2170,2190]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFC2AF79EFBE2F764" box="[908,1070,2169,2197]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
marginatus,
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFBBBF79EFB43F764" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1053,1167,2169,2190]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
E.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFBE6F767FB43F764" box="[1088,1167,2176,2190]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 2 or 3 oblique, pale blue or white stripes across the operculum, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFB8AF77DFAD0F75D" author="COUCH, J." bookContentInfo="1, 1867; vii + 245 pp, col. pls. I-LVII" box="[1068,1308,2202,2231]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refId="ref28059" refString="1867. A History of the Fishes of the British Islands, 2 nd ed., London, 1, 1867; vii + 245 pp, col. pls. I-LVII." title="A History of the Fishes of the British Islands, 2 nd ed., London" type="book" year="1867">COUCH (1867: 199)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned &quot;Two slightly marked pale lines on the gill-covers, one on each plate, running obliquely downward. “ The description and illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFBEDF707FB3CF710" baseAuthorityName="BRUNNICH" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[1099,1264,2272,2298]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFBEDF707FB3CF710" box="[1099,1264,2272,2298]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Serranus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFABDF738FD2EF6FC" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland</emphasis>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07160FFDDFCB5F6E6FC6DF6F7" author="DAY, F." bookContentInfo="London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." box="[787,929,2305,2333]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refId="ref28244" refString="1880. The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." title="The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland" type="book" year="1880">DAY (1880)</bibRefCitation>
is based on
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFBE7F6E5FB7AF6FC" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1089,1206,2306,2326]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFBE7F6E5FB9FF6FC" box="[1089,1107,2306,2326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFBC0F6EFFB7AF6FC" box="[1126,1206,2312,2326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but his synonyrny applies mainly to
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27160FFDDFDD4F6C3FCDFF6D4" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[626,787,2340,2366]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFDD4F6C3FD49F6D2" box="[626,645,2340,2360]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237160FFDDFD35F6C3FCDFF6D4" box="[659,787,2340,2366]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. DAY’s figure (1880: Pl. 5) was done from a specimen supplied by W.C.H. PETERS of the Berlin Museum. No locality or length was given for this fish, but judging from the size of the eye, it was probably about 20 cm. SL. The ratio of SL/body depth taken from the drawing is 3.4, which is well outside the range for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFE49FB85FD58FB96" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[495,660,1122,1148]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFE49FB85FDCDFB9C" box="[495,513,1122,1142]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFDB4FB85FD58FB96" box="[530,660,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but Within the range for
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFC75FB85FB8EFB9C" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[979,1090,1122,1142]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFC75FB85FC28FB9C" box="[979,996,1122,1142]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFC53FB8FFB8EFB9C" box="[1013,1090,1128,1142]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. DAY’s illustration also shows two faint pale bands running backwards across the cheek, as seen on some faded preserved specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFD56FB42FCAFFB53" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[752,867,1189,1209]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFD56FB42FCCEFB53" box="[752,770,1189,1209]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFCB2FB4CFCAFFB53" box="[788,867,1195,1209]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07161FFDCFCD3FB43FBF2FB2A" author="CADENAT, J." box="[885,1086,1188,1216]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit." pageId="17" pageNumber="22" pagination="377 - 422" part="8" refId="ref27491" refString="CADENAT, J.: 1935. Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert). Rev. Trav. Off. (scient. tech.) Pech. marit., 8 (4): 377 - 422, 30 figs." title="Les Serranides de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert)" type="journal article" year="1935">CADENAT (1935)</bibRefCitation>
clearly distinguished
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFAEBFB41FA38FB2A" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1357,1524,1190,1216]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFAEBFB41FA93FB50" box="[1357,1375,1190,1210]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFAD7FB41FA38FB2A" box="[1393,1524,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFD83FB21FD3FFB0B" box="[549,755,1222,1249]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFD83FB21FD3FFB0B" box="[549,755,1222,1249]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;] from
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFCEEFB20FC74FB31" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[840,952,1223,1243]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFCEEFB20FC95FB31" box="[840,857,1223,1243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFCCEFB2AFC74FB31" box="[872,952,1229,1243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and he listed
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07161FFDCFBC0FB21FACCFB0B" author="DAY, F." bookContentInfo="London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." box="[1126,1280,1222,1249]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" refId="ref28244" refString="1880. The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." title="The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland" type="book" year="1880">DAY’s (1880)</bibRefCitation>
account of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFA28FB2FFDE4FAEB" baseAuthorityName="BRUNNICH" baseAuthorityYear="1768" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFA28FB2FFDE4FAEB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">Serranus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFC95FB0FFC67FB16" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[819,939,1256,1276]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFC95FB0FFC89FB16" box="[819,837,1256,1276]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFCFDFB09FC67FB16" box="[859,939,1262,1276]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but he inexplicably used
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07161FFDCFAA7FB00FA55FB16" author="DAY, F." bookContentInfo="London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." box="[1281,1433,1255,1283]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" refId="ref28244" refString="1880. The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland. London-Edinburgh, 2 vols., vol. i: 336 pp, 92 pls." title="The Fishes of Gram Britain and Ireland" type="book" year="1880">DAY's (1880</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5) illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFD05FAEEFCDBFAF7" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[675,791,1289,1309]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinepheliis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFD05FAEEFD78FAF7" box="[675,692,1289,1309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFD61FAE8FCDBFAF7" box="[711,791,1295,1309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">aeneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as if it were
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27161FFDCFC64FAEFFB58FAC9" box="[962,1172,1288,1315]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFC64FAEFFB58FAC9" box="[962,1172,1288,1315]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">Epinephelus gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7161FFDCFCC2FAA8FD6AFA2F" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFA84317161FFDCFCC2FAA8FBB0FA8A" blockId="17.[868,1148,1359,1377]" box="[868,1148,1359,1377]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0B2335D7161FFDCFCC2FAA8FBB0FA8A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[868,1148,1359,1377]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B93158237161FFDCFCC2FAA8FBB0FA8A" bold="true" box="[868,1148,1359,1377]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA84317161FFDCFE56FA6AFD6AFA2F" blockId="17.[496,1523,1421,1477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7161FFDCFE56FA6AFC51FA4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234341" box="[496,925,1421,1445]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Nigeria" location="NIGERIA" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="MNHN 1896-354" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17161FFDCFE56FA6AFD92FA75" box="[496,606,1421,1439]" name="Nigeria" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">NIGERIA</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7161FFDCFDD2FA69FCE9FA75" box="[628,805,1422,1439]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">MNHN 1896-354</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47161FFDCFC9EFA69FC41FA4A" box="[824,909,1422,1440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="207.0">207 mm</quantity>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7161FFDCFC01FA68FB03FA4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234358" box="[935,1231,1422,1445]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Nigeria" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="MNHN 1896-355" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7161FFDCFC01FA68FB94FA75" box="[935,1112,1422,1440]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">MNHN 1896-355</specimenCode>
(
<quantity id="4CBD29D47161FFDCFBCBFA69FB73FA4A" box="[1133,1215,1422,1440]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="126.0">126 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7161FFDCFB47FA68FD6AFA2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234337" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Benin" location="BENIN" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="MNHN 1967-946" specimenCount="3">
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17161FFDCFB47FA68FAE3FA4A" box="[1249,1327,1423,1440]" name="Benin" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">BENIN</collectingCountry>
:
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7161FFDCFA99FA68FA3FFA4B" box="[1343,1523,1423,1441]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">MNHN 1967-946</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9D434FB87161FFDCFE5CFA4AFDC8FA55" box="[506,516,1453,1471]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">3</specimenCount>
, 125-
<quantity id="4CBD29D47161FFDCFDE4FA4AFD5AFA55" box="[578,662,1453,1471]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="152.0">152 mm</quantity>
.).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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