3379 lines
474 KiB
XML
3379 lines
474 KiB
XML
<document id="6D43BC8AAD68A2F210732BBDB436CE21" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.278172" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5bc8fcc0-d9a3-4036-ba87-e75e60779208" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="278172" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460318291413" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maidment, Susannah C. R. & Barrett, Paul M." docDate="2011" docId="03E33412F7707317FF66FE43E8E856DC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02963p047.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2963" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chasmosaurus russelli Sternberg 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFDA4C6AF7747331FFF1FF82EC7A5131" masterDocTitle="A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698255577641" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DE93466B5009A80E1B7EB4FACBCDD306">A new specimen of Chasmosaurus belli (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), a revision of the genus, and the utility of postcrania in the taxonomy and systematics of ceratopsid dinosaurs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B0BEA753B7A743EC9DFB33C5F2769716">Maidment, Susannah C. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="483F53E35155B660CAB28E8E7A9A0CE3">Barrett, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="58D1F33831BAA5201C3884BBA91EB210">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="EA67C7139DBFDB6A83856623E829C49B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E33412F7707317FF66FE43E8E856DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4584095" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119401994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4584095" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E33412F7707317FF66FE43E8E856DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33412F7707317FF66FE43E8E856DC" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707335FF66FE43EE0D50EB" box="[151,631,448,475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF66FE43EE0D50EB" blockId="4.[151,631,448,475]" box="[151,631,448,475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0BD3268F7707335FF66FE43EE0D50EB" bold="true" box="[151,631,448,475]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FF66FE43EE0D50EB" authority="Sternberg, 1940" authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,631,448,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
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||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66FE43EE0D50EB" bold="true" box="[151,631,448,475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66FE43EDD150EA" bold="true" box="[151,427,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus russelli</emphasis>
|
||
Sternberg, 1940
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707335FF66FD8AEDB253DF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF66FD8AEE19532D" blockId="4.[151,611,518,541]" box="[151,611,518,541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5AA22AF7707335FF66FD8AEE19532D" box="[151,611,518,541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FF66FD8AEE25532D" authority="Longrich, 2010: 683" authorityName="Longrich" authorityPageNumber="683" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,607,518,541]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Mojoceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perifania">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66FD8AEDFD532C" box="[151,391,519,541]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mojoceratops perifania</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEBA315F7707335FE7CFD84EE25532D" author="Longrich" box="[397,607,518,540]" page="683" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FE7CFD84EE57532D" author="Longrich" box="[397,557,518,540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Longrich, N. R. (2010) Mojoceratops perifania, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the late Campanian of western Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 84, 681 - 694." type="journal article" year="2010">Longrich, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 683
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF66FDC9EDB253DF" blockId="4.[151,1436,587,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66FDC9EDF35355" bold="true" box="[151,393,587,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amended diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Taxon displaying the combination of characters unique to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FB5CFDCEE9295355" box="[1197,1363,588,612]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FB5CFDCEE9295355" box="[1197,1363,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with the following features: (1) parietal posterior bar bearing a median emargination and is broadly arched either side so that it forms an ‘M’ shape with the parietal median bar; (2) each side of the posterior parietal bar bears three roughly equally sized epiparietals (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FDACFD36EFFB53FD" author="Godfrey" box="[605,897,692,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Both characters are autapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FABCFD37ECBC53DF" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FABCFD37ECBC53DF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FEEAFD54EDBB53DF" box="[283,449,726,750]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FEEAFD54EDBB53DF" box="[283,449,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707335FF36FD78E8305205" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF36FD78E8305205" blockId="4.[151,1436,587,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FD78ED415223" bold="true" box="[199,315,762,786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F13BA6F7707335FF36FD78ED4C5223" box="[199,310,762,786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5B1DC1F7707335FEB0FD7BEDFB5220" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" box="[321,385,761,785]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" name="Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CMN</collectionCode>
|
||
8800, comprising a partial skull lacking the lower jaw and part of the rostral, part of the jugals from both sides, part of the right quadrate, squamosal, and parietal (Sternberg 1940).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707335FF36FCBCE9615267" box="[199,1307,830,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF36FCBCE9615267" blockId="4.[151,1436,587,890]" box="[199,1307,830,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FCBCED1A5266" bold="true" box="[199,352,830,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
Lower beds of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35DC594F7707335FC34FCBCE8635267" box="[965,1049,830,854]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FBD9FCBCE96A5267" author="Ryan" box="[1064,1296,830,854]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Ryan, M. J. & Evans, D. C. (2005) Ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Currie, P. J. & Koppelhus, E. B. (Eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 312 - 348." type="book chapter" year="2005">Ryan & Evans 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707335FF36FCE3E8795248" box="[199,1027,865,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF36FCE3E8795248" blockId="4.[151,1436,587,890]" box="[199,1027,865,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FCE3EDC3524B" bold="true" box="[199,441,865,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5B1DC1F7707335FE31FCE0EE6C524B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[448,534,866,890]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5656;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5B1DC1F7707335FD92FCE3EED95248" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" box="[611,675,865,889]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" name="Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CMN</collectionCode>
|
||
2280, 41933;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5B1DC1F7707335FCB5FCE0EF075248" box="[836,893,866,889]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4q52-xvg6" name="Transvaal Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TMP</collectionCode>
|
||
1983.25.0 1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C350D68FF7707317FF36FC25E8E856DC" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF36FC25E85E555D" blockId="4.[151,1437,935,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FC25EE4552F1" bold="true" box="[199,575,935,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description of NHMUK R4948.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FDB7FC25EE04528E" box="[582,638,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Skull</emphasis>
|
||
. The skulls of ceratopsid dinosaurs are often found articulated with the individual bones fused together and sutures between the elements entirely obliterated. The skull of NHMUK R4948 was disarticulated when discovered, and it has not been reconstructed, presenting the rare opportunity to examine the morphology of a number individual skull bones from multiple views. This lack of fusion, together with several postcranial characters (see below), suggests that the specimen was not osteologically mature at the time of death. Skull, lower jaw and braincase measurements are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C8B0BFF7707335FC3BFBD6E864555D" box="[970,1054,1108,1132]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,235,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,687,2006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Skull, braincase and lower jaw measurements, NHMUK R 4948. Numbers in brackets in the second column correspond to measurements in Godfrey and Holmes (1995) for easy comparison." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35D58CF7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF35D58CF7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707335FF36FBF5E8F85495" blockId="4.[151,1437,935,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FBF5ED6055BE" box="[199,282,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rostral</emphasis>
|
||
. The rostral is a single median element fused anteriorly to the premaxilla forming a beak-like tip to the snout, and its presence constitutes a ceratopsian synapomorphy (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FC56FB18E8425583" author="Sereno" box="[935,1080,1178,1202]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1986) Phylogeny of the bird - hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research, 2, 234 - 256." type="journal article" year="1986">Sereno 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FBB5FB18E8FA5583" author="Sereno" box="[1092,1152,1178,1202]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1999) The evolution of the dinosaurs. Science, 284, 2137 - 2147." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In NHMUK R4948 the element is preserved in articulation with the premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FCE8FB3EEF2655E5" box="[793,860,1212,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the sutures between them are clear. In lateral view the element has an elongate dorsal process that contacts the anterodorsal premaxilla along a flattened ventrally facing facet, and an elongate posterior process (broken on the right side, but better preserved on the left) that extends along the ventral margin of the premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FD2CFAA6EF66540D" box="[733,796,1316,1340]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The ventral margin of the rostral is concave upwards in lateral view, as in all ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FDB5FAC5EF10546E" author="Godfrey" box="[580,874,1351,1375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The surface of the rostral is rugose, pitted and grooved, suggestive of a horny covering in life. In ventral view, the rostral is deeply concave and drawn to a posterior point on the midline where it intervenes for a short distance between the premaxillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7707334FF36FA2DED86531C" blockId="4.[151,1437,935,2034]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,557]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF36FA2DED3054F6" box="[199,330,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Premaxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
The premaxillae appear to be fused on the midline but the dorsal half of the left element is not preserved and has been reconstructed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FDDBFA50EE1654DB" box="[554,620,1490,1514]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal process of the premaxilla is thickened transversely and the surface is rugose, as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FD78FA77EF55573C" box="[649,815,1525,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FD78FA77EF55573C" box="[649,815,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843, 839; CMN 2280; TMP 1981.19.175) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66F99BED555701" box="[151,303,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357). At the dorsal end of the process a flat facet is present laterally for the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FAC7F995E90F571E" box="[1334,1397,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B); the suture between the two elements interdigitated so that the nasal overlapped the premaxilla laterally but a tongue from the fused premaxillae extended ventrally between the two lateral processes of the nasals on the midline (in contrast to the situation described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FDC9F9FDEEA157A6" box="[568,731,1663,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FDC9F9FDEEA157A6" box="[568,731,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FD18F902EFC557A6" author="Forster" box="[745,959,1663,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FCB5F903EF0757A6" box="[836,893,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FC3DF9FDE88857A6" author="Godfrey" box="[972,1266,1663,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], but similar to that seen in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FE0DF920EED8578B" box="[508,674,1698,1722]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FE0DF920EED8578B" box="[508,674,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[e.g. ROM 839; CMN 2280; UALVP 40] and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FB42F921E936578B" box="[1203,1356,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
[CMN 41357]). The premaxilla forms the anterior margin of the external naris. The snout was transversely narrow in this area and the left and right premaxillae closely approach each other forming a shallow premaxillary fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FACEF965E90557CE" box="[1343,1407,1767,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FF66F888EDCD5613" author="Godfrey" box="[151,439,1802,1826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anteriorly, the fossa is pierced by a large fenestra, the edges of which are broken and have been reinforced with plaster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FDEEF8AEEE255675" box="[543,607,1836,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B). A smaller foramen pierces the fossa just ventral to the larger foramen on the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FEBDF8CDEDF65656" box="[332,396,1871,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D), but this area is covered with plaster on the right. A similar foramen was also observed in ROM 839 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FEE6F8F0EDC456BB" box="[279,446,1906,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FEE6F8F0EDC456BB" box="[279,446,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) and is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FD41F8F0EF2E56BB" box="[688,852,1906,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FD41F8F0EF2E56BB" box="[688,852,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FBA4F8F0E88C56BB" author="Lehman" box="[1109,1270,1906,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A thin flange that arises from the ventromedial premaxillary palate extends posteriorly into the external naris (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7707335FB02F816E94F569D" box="[1267,1333,1940,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FF66F835EE4A56FE" authority="Forster et al. 1993" authorityName="Forster et al." authorityYear="1993" box="[151,560,1975,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FF66F835ED4756FE" box="[151,317,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FEBFF835EE5256FE" author="Forster" box="[334,552,1975,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FE5BF83BED9F56FE" box="[426,485,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7707335FD9DF835EF6A56FE" box="[620,784,1975,1999]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FD9DF835EF6A56FE" box="[620,784,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FCD0F835EFBE56FE" author="Lehman" box="[801,964,1975,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7707335FC23F83AE8D756FE" author="Forster" box="[978,1197,1975,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FBDDF83BE81D56FE" box="[1068,1127,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar flange is present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FEFFF858EDDC56C3" box="[270,422,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Utahceratops</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7707335FE2EF859EEF756C3" box="[479,653,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
but it is less developed and does not extend along the entire anterior margin of the external naris (Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7717334FDA5FF1BEEF45181" box="[596,654,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010). The ventral margin of the premaxilla is edentulous, a feature characteristic of all ceratopsids (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7717334FDCCFF38EEB551E3" author="Sereno" box="[573,719,186,210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1986) Phylogeny of the bird - hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research, 2, 234 - 256." type="journal article" year="1986">Sereno 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7717334FD2CFF38EF6351E3" author="Sereno" box="[733,793,186,210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1999) The evolution of the dinosaurs. Science, 284, 2137 - 2147." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and transversely expanded relative to the premaxillary body above it. Anteriorly, the ventral margin bears a flattened facet laterally and a deep groove ventrally, both for the articulation of the rostral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7717334FE19FF7DEE525026" box="[488,552,255,279]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B). A similar lateral facet can be seen in UALVP 40 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7717334FB7BFE82E94A5029" box="[1162,1328,256,280]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7717334FB7BFE82E94A5029" box="[1162,1328,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). The transversely thickened margin extends posteriorly to form a process that extends under the external naris, forming its ventral margin. Posteriorly the process turns dorsally and there is a grooved and ridged facet for the maxilla ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7717334FF10FEE5ED5B504E" box="[225,289,359,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). A flattened facet is present dorsally for the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7717334FC8EFEE5EFC4504E" box="[895,958,359,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1592,1615]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,171,1560]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: pm dp, premaxillary dorsal process; pm f, premaxillary fenestra; pm fl, premaxillary flange extending into external naris; pm-m f, maxillary facet on premaxilla; pm-n f, nasal facet on premaxilla; pm sf, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla; r, rostral; r dp, dorsal process of rostral; r pp, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The distal end of the process is broken off on both sides. In ventral view the ventral margin of the premaxilla curves medially to form a rudimentary premaxillary palate, but it does not meet its counterpart on the midline. This represents an unusual state in ceratopsids, but the space between the premaxillae in ventral view is infilled with plaster, and it may be that the medial margins are broken. The palate is pierced by two foramina, the anterior of which is larger and extends forwards as a shallow canal towards the rostral suture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2" ID-Table-UUID="DF35D58CF7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35D58CF7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1436,687,2006]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7717334FF66FDDEEFE453A2" blockId="5.[151,1436,603,659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7717334FF66FDDEED7F5340" bold="true" box="[151,261,604,625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Skull, braincase and lower jaw measurements, NHMUK R4948. Numbers in brackets in the second column correspond to measurements in Godfrey and Holmes (1995) for easy comparison.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7717334FF6EFD2DE8AE56E7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<table id="F94A77A4F7718CCEFF66FD2DE9E656E7" box="[151,1436,687,2006]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FD2DE9E653DC" box="[151,1436,687,749]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FD2DEDCC53DC" box="[151,438,687,749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Element Rostral</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FD2DE84153DC" box="[529,1083,687,749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Measurement taken Dorsoventral height</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFD2DE9E653DC" box="[1211,1436,687,749]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dimension (cm) 22</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FC82E9E6520F" box="[151,1436,768,830]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FC82EDCC520F" box="[151,438,768,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rostral Left premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FC82E841520F" box="[529,1083,768,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Max. anteroposterior length Anteroposterior length, as preserved</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFC82E9E6520F" box="[1211,1436,768,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15 32</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FCD3E9E65256" box="[151,1436,849,871]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FCD3EDCC5256" box="[151,438,849,871]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Right premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FCD3E8415256" box="[529,1083,849,871]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFCD3E9E65256" box="[1211,1436,849,871]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FCF8E9E652D1" box="[151,1436,890,992]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FCF8EDCC52D1" box="[151,438,890,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Left maxilla Right maxilla Nasal horncore</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FCF8E84152D1" box="[529,1083,890,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anteroposterior length, as preserved Anteroposterior length, as preserved Height (5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFCF8E9E652D1" box="[1211,1436,890,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">37 36.5 15.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FC71E9E6559A" box="[151,1436,1011,1195]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FC71EDCC559A" box="[151,438,1011,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nasal horncore Nasal horncore Right jugal Right jugal Right epijugal</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FC71E841559A" box="[529,1083,1011,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anteroposterior length at base Circumference at base Orbital margin to jugal posteroventral tip (9) Orbital margin to lateral temporal fenestra margin (10) Height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFC71E9E6559A" box="[1211,1436,1011,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14 35.5 28.5 12 5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FB3CE9E654AF" box="[151,1436,1214,1438]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FB3CEDCC54AF" box="[151,438,1214,1438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Right epijugal Right supraorbital horncore Right supraorbital horncore Orbit Orbit Right quadratojugal</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FB3CE84154AF" box="[529,1083,1214,1438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anteroposterior length at base Anteroposterior length at base (2) Height (1) Dorsoventral height (13) Anteroposterior length (11) Dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFB3CE9E654AF" box="[1211,1436,1214,1438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6.5 10 5.5 13.5 10 17.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FA33E9E654F6" box="[151,1436,1457,1479]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FA33EDCC54F6" box="[151,438,1457,1479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Left quadratojugal</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FA33E84154F6" box="[529,1083,1457,1479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFA33E9E654F6" box="[1211,1436,1457,1479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66FA58E9E6578B" box="[151,1436,1498,1722]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66FA58EDCC578B" box="[151,438,1498,1722]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Right quadrate Left quadrate Right squamosal Right squamosal Right squamosal Parietal</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0FA58E841578B" box="[529,1083,1498,1722]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsoventral height Dorsoventral height Dorsoventral height to jugal notch (14) Max. dorsoventral height (15) Anteroposterior length, as preserved Median bar length, as preserved</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AFA58E9E6578B" box="[1211,1436,1498,1722]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">29.5 29.5 22 36 90 86</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66F94FE9E6563A" box="[151,1436,1741,1803]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66F94FEDCC563A" box="[151,438,1741,1803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parietal Foramen magnum</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0F94FE841563A" box="[529,1083,1741,1803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parietal fenestra transverse width (25) Transverse width</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AF94FE9E6563A" box="[1211,1436,1741,1803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">49 3.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66F89CE9E6566D" box="[151,1436,1822,1884]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66F89CEDCC566D" box="[151,438,1822,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Foramen magnum Occipital condyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0F89CE841566D" box="[529,1083,1822,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsoventral height Transverse width</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AF89CE9E6566D" box="[1211,1436,1822,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3.4 6.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66F8EDE9E6569C" box="[151,1436,1903,1965]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66F8EDEDCC569C" box="[151,438,1903,1965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Occipital condyle Right lower jaw</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0F8EDE841569C" box="[529,1083,1903,1965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsoventral height Transverse width, posterior view</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AF8EDE9E6569C" box="[1211,1436,1903,1965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6.7 14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7718CCEFF66F842E9E656E7" box="[151,1436,1984,2006]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFF66F842EDCC56E7" box="[151,438,1984,2006]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Left lower jaw</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFDE0F842E84156E7" box="[529,1083,1984,2006]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Transverse width, posterior view</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7718CCEFB4AF842E9E656E7" box="[1211,1436,1984,2006]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7727337FF66F9BAEE9057F8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278173/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[165,1426,188,1539]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7727337FF66F9BAEE9057F8" blockId="6.[151,1436,1592,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FF66F9BAED69577F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1592,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Rostral and premaxillae of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7727337FD15F9BAEFD7577F" box="[740,941,1592,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FD15F9BAEFD7577F" box="[740,941,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FC3FF9BBEF84577F" bold="true" box="[974,1022,1593,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FB7CF9BAE8C4577E" bold="true" box="[1165,1214,1592,1615]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FA9AF9BBE9EF577F" bold="true" box="[1387,1429,1593,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FE30F9DAEE70575C" bold="true" box="[449,522,1624,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm dp</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary dorsal process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FCBCF9DAEFF9575F" bold="true" box="[845,899,1623,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm f</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FB72F9DAE8C5575F" bold="true" box="[1155,1215,1623,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm fl</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary flange extending into external naris;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FE36F9F4EE6C57BD" bold="true" box="[455,534,1653,1676]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm-m f</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary facet on premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FCAFF9F4EFDC57BD" bold="true" box="[862,934,1653,1676]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm-n f</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal facet on premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FB30F9F4E88757BD" bold="true" box="[1217,1277,1653,1676]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pm sf</emphasis>
|
||
, small foramen ventral to premaxillary fenestra on premaxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FD82F917EE07579B" bold="true" box="[627,637,1685,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">r</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FD26F917EF7E579B" bold="true" box="[727,772,1685,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">r dp</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal process of rostral;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FBFEF917E846579B" bold="true" box="[1039,1084,1685,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">r pp</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior process of rostral. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7727339FF36F974EE9D5055" blockId="6.[151,1437,1782,2022]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FF36F974ED64563F" box="[199,286,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
. Both maxillae are preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7727337FD8CF974EEB9563F" box="[637,707,1782,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The maxilla is roughly triangular in lateral view. The anteriormost portion of the maxilla is reconstructed on both sides, but a groove is present anterodorsally on the left maxilla, into which the nasomaxillary process of the premaxilla would have fitted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7727337FC26F8BCE8605667" box="[983,1050,1854,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G). The lateral surface of the maxilla is flat anteriorly, but moving posteriorly a sharp ridge arises that extends posterodorsally resulting in medial offset of the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7727337FE58F804ED9456AF" box="[425,494,1926,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, G), as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7727337FCADF804E87856AF" box="[860,1026,1926,1950]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FCADF804E87856AF" box="[860,1026,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843, 839; UALVP 40; TMP 1981.19.175) and other chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7727337FD64F828EF9E56F3" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[661,996,1962,1986]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FD64F828EF4256F3" box="[661,824,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7727337FCB7F828EF9E56F3" author="Lehman" box="[838,996,1962,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FC01F828E93E56F3" box="[1008,1348,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Utahceratops, Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FF35F84DEC8756D7" box="[196,253,1998,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7727337FEBBF84DEECE56D7" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[330,692,1998,2022]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FEBBF84DEDB156D7" box="[330,459,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7727337FE2BF84CEECE56D7" author="Hatcher" box="[474,692,1998,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7727337FDC8F84DEE0B56D7" box="[569,625,1998,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Dorsal to this ridge the lateral surface of the maxilla is rotated to face dorsolaterally. The facet for the nasal is a dorsally facing surface that forms the apex of the maxilla. The nasal would have overlapped the maxilla dorsolaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7737336FD2AF9C7EF5B576C" box="[731,801,1605,1629]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The ridge that extends across the maxilla, offsetting the tooth row medially, ends posteriorly in a fluted and grooved facet for the lacrimal and jugal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7737336FB20F9EBE96E57B0" box="[1233,1300,1641,1665]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C); between the lacrimal–jugal facet and the nasal facet is a shallow groove marking the position of the small antorbital fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7737336FF6EF933EC9857F8" box="[159,226,1713,1737]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C), which is similar to that observed in ROM 839 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7737336FCEBF933EFBA57F8" box="[794,960,1713,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FCEBF933EFBA57F8" box="[794,960,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). Ventral to the ridge the surface of the maxilla curves concavely towards the tooth row and is irregularly pierced with foramina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7737336FB62F957E8AD57DC" box="[1171,1239,1749,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, G), as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7737336FEC5F97BEDA05620" box="[308,474,1785,1809]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FEC5F97BEDA05620" box="[308,474,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. ROM 843; ROM 839) and other chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7737336FB7CF97BECA85604" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FB7CF97BE94A5620" box="[1165,1328,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7737336FAB1F97BECA85604" author="Lehman" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7737336FF2FF89DEE325604" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[222,584,1821,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FF2FF89DED1F5607" box="[222,357,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Triceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7737336FE9CF89FEE325604" author="Hatcher" box="[365,584,1821,1846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FE3DF89DEE7F5607" box="[460,517,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Below the ridge, the posterior margin of the maxilla describes an arc, concave anteriorly, adjacent to which the coronoid process of the lower jaw and its associated musculature would have projected when the skull and lower jaws were in articulation. The posteroventral process of the maxilla bears a shallowly concave facet dorsolaterally that may have been for the ectopterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7737336FBBEF80BE8EC5690" box="[1103,1174,1929,1953]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7737336FB4DF80BECA956F4" author="Godfrey" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tooth row dominates the maxilla in medial view. No teeth are preserved, but 28 alveoli are present in both maxillae; two additional sockets are reconstructed anteriorly on the right, while three additional sockets are reconstructed on the left. Twenty-seven teeth are present in TMP 1981.19.175 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FBFAFF1AE8CB5181" box="[1035,1201,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FBFAFF1AE8CB5181" box="[1035,1201,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), and tooth count is known to vary ontogenetically in chasmosaurines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FD14FF3EEFCD51E5" author="Forster" box="[741,951,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FCCCFF3FEF0F51E5" box="[829,885,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anteriorly, the medial surface of the maxilla is gently concave dorsal to the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FD51FF5DEE9E51C6" box="[672,740,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H). Posteriorly, a large foramen pierces the medial side of the maxilla and posterior to this a thin plate of bone projects dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FC70FE86EFBE502D" box="[897,964,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H). Dorsal to the foramen the thin plate of bone forms the ventral margin of the antorbital fenestra. Posteroventrally, just dorsal to the tooth row, is a fluted, ridged and grooved facet for the pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FD71FECEEEBE5055" box="[640,708,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1379,1402]" captionTargetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,179,1359]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maxillae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right maxilla in A, C, lateral, and B, D, medial view; E – H, left maxilla in E, G, lateral, and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; m-ecpt f, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla; m-la-j f, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla; m mf, medial foramen on maxilla; m-n f, nasal facet on maxilla; m-pm f, premaxillary facet on maxilla; m-pt f, pterygoid facet on maxilla; m r, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7737336FF66FAE1EDD854C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278174/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[176,1426,197,1335]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7737336FF66FAE1EDD854C5" blockId="7.[151,1437,1379,1524]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FF66FAE1ED695448" bold="true" box="[151,275,1379,1402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Maxillae of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7737336FDBAFAE6EF6F544B" box="[587,789,1380,1402]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FDBAFAE6EF6F544B" box="[587,789,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FCD3FAE6EF295448" bold="true" box="[802,851,1380,1401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, right maxilla in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FBF2FAE6E84E544B" bold="true" box="[1027,1076,1379,1402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A, C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FB49FAE6E89D5448" bold="true" box="[1208,1255,1380,1401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B, D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FA8FFAE6ECD154A9" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E– H</emphasis>
|
||
, left maxilla in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FEA3FA01EDF854A8" bold="true" box="[338,386,1410,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E, G</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FDFBFA01EE4D54A9" bold="true" box="[522,567,1411,1432]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">F, H</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FC80FA00EFE954A8" bold="true" box="[881,915,1410,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">aof</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FBBCFA01E8DD54A8" bold="true" box="[1101,1191,1410,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m-ecpt f</emphasis>
|
||
, ectopterygoid facet on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FF01FA23ED3A5489" bold="true" box="[240,320,1441,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m-la-j f</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal and jugal facets on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FD34FA20EE875489" bold="true" box="[709,765,1441,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m mf</emphasis>
|
||
, medial foramen on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FBD8FA20E8195489" bold="true" box="[1065,1123,1441,1464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m-n f</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal facet on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FAAAFA20ECE554E7" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m-pm f</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary facet on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FE15FA42EE5D54E7" bold="true" box="[484,551,1471,1494]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m-pt f</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid facet on maxilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7737336FCBDFA42EF0854E4" bold="true" box="[844,882,1472,1493]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">m r</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary ridge. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77C7339FF36FEF2E8BB553E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FF36FEF2ED7250B9" box="[199,264,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasal</emphasis>
|
||
. The nasals are firmly fused to each other on the midline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FC51FEEDEF9F50B6" box="[928,997,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteriorly a short, transversely compressed process forms the articular surface for the premaxilla, which the nasal overlapped laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FAC3FE16E903509D" box="[1330,1401,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Immediately posterior to the premaxillary facet the nasal horn core rises dorsally. A very prominent groove extends transversely around the front of the horn core (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FD44FE5EEE8050C5" box="[693,762,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D), fading on the lateral surface, and this may indicate the junction with the epinasal. That the suture between the epinasal and nasals is still visible may indicate that NHMUK R4948 was not fully osteologically mature at time of death (Horner & Goodwin 2006). A very prominent suture is also visible between the nasals in ventral view. The horn core is relatively short (15.5 cm from the dorsal margin of the external naris). It is oval in transverse cross-section with its long axis anteroposterior at its base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FA9FFDEEECDE5396" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F; in some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FE2EFD12EEFF5399" box="[479,645,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FE2EFD12EEFF5399" box="[479,645,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the horn core is rounded at the base, but this seems to be intraspecifically variable:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FECEFD36EE2753FD" author="Godfrey" box="[319,605,692,716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), flattened on top and projects dorsally (in some specimens the horn core projects posterodorsally, another feature that is apparently intraspecifically variable:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FB9BFD55E9EA53DE" author="Godfrey" box="[1130,1424,727,751]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphology of the nasal horn core is rather different from that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FC54FD7FE8295225" box="[933,1107,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FB7BFD7EE94E5225" box="[1162,1332,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FB7BFD7EE94A5225" box="[1162,1328,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Agujaceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which the horns are transversely compressed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FDBEFC9DEF585206" author="Forster" box="[591,802,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FD59FCA3EE9A5209" box="[680,736,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FC6AFCA3EFAE5209" box="[923,980,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010). Its surface is rugose and pitted in NHMUK R4948, suggestive of a horny covering in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FCEBFCC6EF25526D" box="[794,863,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). A ridge extends up the horn core posteriorly, but disappears before the tip. Ventral to the horn core, the nasal describes an arc forming the posterior margin of the external naris in lateral view, as in other ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FD01FC0EEFE75295" author="Longrich" box="[752,925,908,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Longrich, N. R. (2010) Mojoceratops perifania, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the late Campanian of western Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 84, 681 - 694." type="journal article" year="2010">Longrich 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally there is a tongue-and-groove joint for articulation with the premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FDC1FC2DEE0952F6" box="[560,627,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[209,1378,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nasals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, right lateral, C – D, left lateral, and E – F, dorsal view. Abbreviations: nhc, nasal horn core; n-pm f, premaxillary facet on nasal; n-pm p, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D), as in CMN 1254 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FC7CFC32E84952F9" box="[909,1075,944,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FC7CFC32E84952F9" box="[909,1075,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FB98FC2DE88252F6" author="Lambe" box="[1129,1272,943,967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1915) On Eoceratops canadensis, gen. nov., with remarks on other genera of Cretaceous horned dinosaurs. Canada Geological Survey Museum Bulletin, 12 (24), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1915">Lambe 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FAC6FC33ECAE52DD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357), although this has been partly reconstructed on both sides. Part of the posteroventral nasal has also been reconstructed, and the articular surface for the prefrontal and frontal is not preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77C733BFF36FB9EEEC356C3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,1506,2034]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FF36FB9EEDC35505" box="[199,441,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Circumorbital region</emphasis>
|
||
. The bones of the circumorbital region, including the lacrimal, jugal, postorbital and supraorbital are fused together on the right side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FD47FBC2EE815569" box="[694,763,1088,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
; on the left only the jugal and part of the postorbital are preserved:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FF05FBE6ED46554D" box="[244,316,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The orbit is circular. Anteroventrally the lacrimal presumably forms the margin of the orbit, although sutures between the lacrimal and other elements cannot be seen. Medially the boundary between the lacrimal and the jugal appears to be defined by a very prominent ridge that bears a grooved facet for the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FA9BFB2EECDC55D9" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 5H). At least one supraorbital element likely formed the anterior and dorsal margins of the orbit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FB0DFB52E9EA55D9" author="Forster" box="[1276,1424,1232,1256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In ROM 843 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FEC4FB77EDF2543D" box="[309,392,1268,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FEC4FB77EDF2543D" box="[309,392,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ROM 839 and TMP 1981.19.175 a deep groove is present dorsally above the orbit that separates two areas of rugosity, plausibly suggesting a suture between two supraorbital elements, as in a variety of other ornithischians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FE7FFABEEEC35465" author="Maidment" box="[398,697,1340,1364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maidment, S. C. R. & Porro, L. B. (2010) Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia, 43, 95 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Maidment & Porro 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No such groove is observable in NHMUK R4948, however, although this area is heavily repaired with plaster. Anterior to the orbit the anterior supraorbital (palpebral of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FA93FAE2EDFA54AD" author="Godfrey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is rugose, bearing a large number of horizontally extending grooves and ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FAE6FA06E92154AD" box="[1303,1371,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C), as seen in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FE36FA2AEE1754F1" box="[455,621,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FE36FA2AEE1754F1" box="[455,621,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843, 839; CMN 2245, 2280; UALVP 40; TMP 1981.19.175) and in some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FE6AFA4EEE8054D5" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[411,762,1484,1508]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FE6AFA4EEE4454D5" box="[411,574,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FDBEFA4EEE8954D5" author="Lehman" box="[591,755,1484,1508]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FCF8FA4FEFCD54D5" box="[777,951,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FC02FA4EE8F654D5" box="[1011,1164,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Utahceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FAFEFA4FE93054D5" box="[1295,1354,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010). The horn core is located anterodorsal to the orbit and projects anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FC11FA72E85D5739" box="[992,1063,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is oval in cross-section at its base, very short (5.5 cm tall from the dorsal margin of the orbit), and flattened on top. Medially it is partially reconstructed. Supraorbital horn size is variable in specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FC7EF9BAE84F5761" box="[911,1077,1592,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FC7EF9BAE84F5761" box="[911,1077,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FBB5F9BAE8CD5761" author="Lull" box="[1092,1207,1592,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FB32F9BAECAA5745" author="Godfrey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and other ceratopsids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FDC8F9DEEFEC5745" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[569,918,1628,1652]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FDC8F9DEEEA65745" box="[569,732,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FD1DF9DEEFF45745" author="Lehman" box="[748,910,1628,1652]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The postorbital forms the posterodorsal margin of the orbit. It is formed of two distinct surfaces in lateral view: one surface faces dorsally and formed the skull roof posterior to the orbit, while one surface faces laterally and formed the posterior margin of the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FAC6F926E90D578D" box="[1335,1399,1700,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A– D). Anteriorly, the left element bears a concave groove above the orbit for the posterior supraorbital (a neomorphic element:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FEF1F96EEE645635" author="Maidment" box="[256,542,1772,1796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Maidment, S. C. R. & Porro, L. B. (2010) Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia, 43, 95 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Maidment & Porro 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FDDBF96EEE175635" box="[554,621,1772,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Posterior to this the orbital margin is slightly thickened and rugose. The medial edge of the dorsally facing surface extends posteromedially in a dorsoventrally deep, straight, flattened facet for the frontal, and ends in a medially facing concave surface that may have contributed to the frontoparietal fontanelle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FEE4F8DAED2D5641" box="[277,343,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
D). A deep, triangular pit below this surface indicates the facet for the laterosphenoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FAE9F8DAE9205641" box="[1304,1370,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
D), as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77C7339FF02F8FEEE2F56A5" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[243,597,1916,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77C7339FF02F8FEEDED56A5" box="[243,407,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77C7339FE59F8FEEE3656A5" author="Lehman" box="[424,588,1916,1940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The posteromedial surface is broken on both sides, but posterolaterally there is a fluted and grooved interdigitating series of facets for the squamosal and parietal, and it is clear that these bones and the postorbital overlapped each other along this complicated suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77C7339FB9BF846E8CA56ED" box="[1130,1200,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C), as in CMN 1254 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77E733BFF51FA61ED3C54CA" box="[160,326,1507,1531]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFF51FA61ED3C54CA" box="[160,326,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77E733BFE71FA60EE6954CB" author="Lambe" box="[384,531,1506,1530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1915) On Eoceratops canadensis, gen. nov., with remarks on other genera of Cretaceous horned dinosaurs. Canada Geological Survey Museum Bulletin, 12 (24), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1915">Lambe 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The suture between the postorbital and jugal cannot be seen, but presumably extended from the lateral temporal fenestra to the posterior margin of the orbit, as in other ornithischians. The jugal forms the ventral margin of the orbit and a series of radial grooves extend across the lateral surface in this area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77E733BFA9EF9A8ECDD5756" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The posteroventral process of the jugal extends posterior to the orbit, as in other chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77E733BFAB2F9CDEDAD57BB" authority="Forster et al. 1993" authorityName="Forster et al." authorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFAB2F9CDEC9157BA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77E733BFF0DF9F1EDAD57BB" author="Forster" box="[252,471,1650,1675]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Forster, C., Sereno, P. C., Evans, T. W. & Rowe, T. (1993) A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of west Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Forster
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFEA7F9F6EDE857BA" box="[342,402,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFE17F9F6EF3257BA" box="[486,840,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kosmoceratops, Utahceratops;</emphasis>
|
||
Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFC32F9F6EF8557BA" box="[963,1023,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFBA5F9F6E89757BA" box="[1108,1261,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77E733BFB0EF9F0ECA9579E" author="Holmes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Holmes, R. B., Forster, C., Ryan, M. J. & Shepherd, K. M. (2001) A new species of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratopsia) from the Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1423 - 1438." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Holmes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFA91F9F6E9E657BA" box="[1376,1436,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ventral margin of the process describes a smooth, dorsally concave curve; the posterior surface of the jugal forms the anterior margin of the lateral temporal fenestra. A pyramidal epijugal is situated at the distal end of the posterior process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77E733BFE6BF95DED9C57C6" box="[410,486,1759,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 5G), as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77E733BFC82F95DE86357C6" box="[883,1049,1759,1783]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFC82F95DE86357C6" box="[883,1049,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. CMN 2245,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77E733BFB06F95DE9E257C6" author="Lambe" box="[1271,1432,1759,1783]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1914 a) On Gryposaurus notabilis, a new genus and species of trachodont dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Chasmosaurus belli. The Ottawa Naturalist, 27, 145 - 154." type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="a">Lambe 1914a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AMNH 5401,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77E733BFECAF881EDB0562B" author="Brown" box="[315,458,1794,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brown, B. (1933) A new longhorned Belly River ceratopsian. American Museum Novitates, 669, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1933">Brown 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; ROM 843; TMP 1981.19.175) and the suture between it and the jugal is clear in both lateral and medial view. It is
|
||
<quantity id="4CB228E1F77E733BFE2AF8A5EE6B560E" box="[475,529,1831,1855]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
tall and 6.5 cm wide anteroposteriorly at its base. Its surface is pitted and rugose and it projects laterally. In medial view, ventral to the orbit, the jugal bears a smooth oval facet for the maxilla with a ridge extending posterodorsally across it. Immediately posterodorsal to the facet on the left side is a small foramen with a canal opening towards the maxillary facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77E733BFD0CF810EF45569B" box="[765,831,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1884,1907]" captionTargetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[243,1345,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left postorbital and jugal of R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, postorbital in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial view; E – H, jugal in E, G, lateral and F, H, medial view. Abbreviations: epj, epijugal; fpf, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; orb, orbit; po-f f, frontal facet on postorbital; po-lsp f, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital; po-pso f, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
H). The distal end of the posterior process of the jugal bears a two-pronged facet in medial view for the quadratojugal, which was overlapped by the jugal. A deep groove extends up the centre of this facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77E733BFDEFF858EE1C56C3" box="[542,614,2010,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,171,1337]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, C lateral, and B, D, medial view. Abbreviations: aso, anterior supraorbital; epj, epijugal; j, jugal; j-ma f, maxillary facet on jugal; j-qj f, quadratojugal facet on jugal; la-j r, ridge between lacrimal and jugal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; orb, orbit; po-p f, parietal facet on postorbital; po-sq f, squamosal facet on postorbital; sohc, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 5H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF77D7338FF66F812EEC356D2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278175/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[225,1352,211,1902]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77D7338FF66F812EEC356D2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1936,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FF66F812ED6F5694" bold="true" box="[151,277,1936,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Nasals of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77D7338FDB5F812EF6B5697" box="[580,785,1936,1958]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FDB5F812EF6B5697" box="[580,785,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FCC6F812EF1C5694" bold="true" box="[823,870,1936,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FC0CF812E8545696" bold="true" box="[1021,1070,1936,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FB14F813E9755697" bold="true" box="[1253,1295,1937,1958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FEC7F82DED2756F5" bold="true" box="[310,349,1967,1988]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nhc</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal horn core;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FDEDF82DEE1C56F4" bold="true" box="[540,614,1966,1989]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n-pm f</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary facet on nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77D7338FC51F82DEF8A56F5" bold="true" box="[928,1008,1967,1988]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n-pm p</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary process of nasal. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF77E733BFF66FAC1E9065487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278176/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[160,1428,186,1315]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77E733BFF66FAC1E9065487" blockId="10.[151,1436,1347,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFF66FAC1ED685468" bold="true" box="[151,274,1347,1370]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Right circumorbital region of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77E733BFD0DFAC6EFBF546B" box="[764,965,1348,1370]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFD0DFAC6EFBF546B" box="[764,965,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFC14FAC6E86C546B" bold="true" box="[997,1046,1347,1370]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A, C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFB63FAC6E8BB5468" bold="true" box="[1170,1217,1348,1369]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B, D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFF04FAE1ED625449" bold="true" box="[245,280,1379,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aso</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior supraorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFDF0FAE0EE595448" bold="true" box="[513,547,1378,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">epj</emphasis>
|
||
, epijugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFD7EFAE0EEED5448" bold="true" box="[655,663,1378,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFD14FAE0EF5D5448" bold="true" box="[741,807,1378,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">j-ma f</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary facet on jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFBC5FAE0E8165448" bold="true" box="[1076,1132,1378,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">j-qj f</emphasis>
|
||
, quadratojugal facet on jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFF66FA03ECB754A6" bold="true" box="[151,205,1409,1432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">la-j r</emphasis>
|
||
, ridge between lacrimal and jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFDC9FA03EE2A54A9" bold="true" box="[568,592,1409,1432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ltf</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral temporal fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFC95FA00EFF054A6" bold="true" box="[868,906,1410,1431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">orb</emphasis>
|
||
, orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFC24FA00E86C54A9" bold="true" box="[981,1046,1409,1432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">po-p f</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal facet on postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFABAFA00E9EF54A9" bold="true" box="[1355,1429,1409,1432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">po-sq f</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal facet on postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77E733BFE28FA22EE735484" bold="true" box="[473,521,1440,1461]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sohc</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital horn core. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bar equal to 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77F733AFF36FF1AEF59524E" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFF36FF1AED165181" box="[199,364,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quadrotojugal</emphasis>
|
||
. Both quadratojugals are preserved: the right is almost complete while the left is incomplete posteromedially and has been reconstructed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFD7FFF3EEEA851E5" box="[654,722,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view the quadratojugal is roughly triangular with the apex pointing ventrally. The posterodorsal margin forms a portion of the ventral margin of the lateral temporal fenestra, a feature present in CMN 1254 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFD89FE86EF64502D" box="[632,798,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFD89FE86EF64502D" box="[632,798,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFCA6FE86EF9D502D" author="Lambe" box="[855,999,260,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1915) On Eoceratops canadensis, gen. nov., with remarks on other genera of Cretaceous horned dinosaurs. Canada Geological Survey Museum Bulletin, 12 (24), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1915">Lambe 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and UALVP 40 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFB4DFE86E918502D" box="[1212,1378,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFB4DFE86E918502D" box="[1212,1378,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.), which are both juveniles. In some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFDEBFEAAEEBA5071" box="[538,704,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFDEBFEAAEEBA5071" box="[538,704,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, however the squamosal overlaps the top of the quadrate and quadratojugal in lateral view, contacting the jugal and excluding the quadratojugal from the margin of the lateral temporal fenestra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFE4AFEEDEE2650B6" author="Lambe" box="[443,604,367,391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1914 a) On Gryposaurus notabilis, a new genus and species of trachodont dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Chasmosaurus belli. The Ottawa Naturalist, 27, 145 - 154." type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="a">Lambe 1914a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFD9BFEEDEFF050B6" author="Godfrey" box="[618,906,367,391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; CMN 2280; CMN 2245; ROM 839). Several lines of evidence, such as the lack of fusion of some skull elements, a visible epinasal suture, lack of fusion of the ilia to the sacrum and visible neurocentral sutures on dorsal vertebrae (see below) suggest NHMUK R4948 was not osteologically mature at the time of death and the contribution of the quadratojugal to the margin of the lateral temporal fenestra may well vary ontogenetically. A well-developed ridge extends from the dorsal surface ventrally and projects strongly laterally; it reaches an apex ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFCFEFDA6EF2E530D" box="[783,852,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Anterior to this ridge is a facet for the posterior process of the jugal; it is similar in morphology to the poorly preserved quadratojugal of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFB41FDCBE9325351" box="[1200,1352,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357) and that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFE87FDEFEE8E53B5" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[374,756,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFE87FDEFED8F53B5" box="[374,501,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFDF9FDEEEE9653B5" author="Hatcher" box="[520,748,620,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFD9DFDEFEEDC53B5" box="[620,678,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The facet is deeply grooved and large, occupying half the quadratojugal; the apex of the ridge apparently helped to support the epijugal ossification: it is rugose and contributes posterolaterally to the epijugal when the elements are articulated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFC45FD36EF8D53FD" box="[948,1015,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D, F). Posterior to the jugal facet and ridge the surface of the quadratojugal is smooth. The posterior margin is transversely thick and bears a slightly concave facet for the quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFE2EFD7EEE5F5225" box="[479,549,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E). This facet rotates from facing wholly posteriorly more dorsally to facing medially on the ventral quadratojugal. In this area the facet is very rugose and lumpy, as it is in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFAF5FCA3E9E65209" box="[1284,1436,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357). In medial view there is a flattened oval facet dorsally for the squamosal, indicating that at least part of the squamosal underlapped the quadratojugal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFD4EFCE5EF79524E" box="[703,771,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1858,1881]" captionTargetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1837]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Quadratojugals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right quadratojugal in A, D, lateral, B, E, medial and C, F, posterior view. Abbreviations: ltf m, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra; qj-epj f, epijugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-j f, jugal facet on quadratojugal; qj-q f, quadrate facet on quadratojugal; qj r, ridge on quadratojugal; qj-sq f, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77F733AFF36FC0EEE1C5449" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFF36FC0EED405295" box="[199,314,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quadrate.</emphasis>
|
||
Both quadrates are preserved but have been repaired with plaster (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFBC6FC0EE8075295" box="[1079,1149,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1370,1393]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,204,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1349]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Quadrates of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – B, E – F, right quadrate in A, E, anterior and B, F, posterior view; C – D, G – H, left quadrate in C, G, anterior and D, H, posterior view. Abbreviations: q-poc f, paroccipital process facet on quadrate; q-pt f, pterygoid facet on quadrate; q-pt p, pterygoid process of quadrate; q-qj f, quadrotojugal facet on quadrate; qsq f, squamosal facet on quadrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The quadrate is anteroposteriorly compressed and rectangular in lateral outline with the long axis trending dorsoventrally. Medially the pterygoid process is short dorsoventrally and incomplete on both sides; in posterior view a ridge extends ventrally down the medial surface of the quadrate and curves medially along the pterygoid process, marking the facet for the pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFEE2FB9EED2F5505" box="[275,341,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1370,1393]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,204,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1349]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Quadrates of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – B, E – F, right quadrate in A, E, anterior and B, F, posterior view; C – D, G – H, left quadrate in C, G, anterior and D, H, posterior view. Abbreviations: q-poc f, paroccipital process facet on quadrate; q-pt f, pterygoid facet on quadrate; q-pt p, pterygoid process of quadrate; q-qj f, quadrotojugal facet on quadrate; qsq f, squamosal facet on quadrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
F, H), as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFE2CFB9FEE0F5505" box="[477,629,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357). The lateral surface of the quadrate is the anteroposteriorly broadest part of the element. It is composed of three surfaces. The quadratojugal facet occupies the ventral third of the lateral surface, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFDE2FBE6EF0A554D" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[531,880,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFDE2FBE6EECD554D" box="[531,695,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFD36FBE6EF1D554D" author="Lehman" box="[711,871,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFC5AFBE7E839554D" box="[939,1091,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357). Ventrally it is rugose, as is the corresponding surface on the quadratojugal, and moving dorsally it becomes smoother and rotates onto the anterior surface of the bone. Dorsal to this facet, which is defined laterally by a ridge trending posteroventrally, the middle part of the lateral surface would be visible when articulating with other skull elements in lateral view. Dorsally, again separated by a ridge, is a flattened facet for the squamosal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFBCFFB76E8F9543D" box="[1086,1155,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1370,1393]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,204,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1349]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Quadrates of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – B, E – F, right quadrate in A, E, anterior and B, F, posterior view; C – D, G – H, left quadrate in C, G, anterior and D, H, posterior view. Abbreviations: q-poc f, paroccipital process facet on quadrate; q-pt f, pterygoid facet on quadrate; q-pt p, pterygoid process of quadrate; q-qj f, quadrotojugal facet on quadrate; qsq f, squamosal facet on quadrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Distally, the articular condyle of the quadrate is anteroposteriorly broad. In posterior view, a series of striations and low rugosities positioned dorsolaterally may indicate facets for the paroccipital processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFC2BFABEE8655465" box="[986,1055,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1370,1393]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,204,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1349]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Quadrates of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – B, E – F, right quadrate in A, E, anterior and B, F, posterior view; C – D, G – H, left quadrate in C, G, anterior and D, H, posterior view. Abbreviations: q-poc f, paroccipital process facet on quadrate; q-pt f, pterygoid facet on quadrate; q-pt p, pterygoid process of quadrate; q-qj f, quadrotojugal facet on quadrate; qsq f, squamosal facet on quadrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
F, H). Similar features were also observed in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFED1FAE3EDC25449" box="[288,440,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77F733FFF36FA06E8065600" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,1529,2019]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFF36FA06ED3854AD" box="[199,322,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Squamosal</emphasis>
|
||
. Both squamosals are preserved. They are shaped like elongate scalene triangles with the apex pointing posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFE79FA2AEDB454F1" box="[392,462,1448,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteriorly the left element preserves a fluted and grooved facet for the postorbital, which apparently overlapped the squamosal along much of the length of the contact (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFBA2FA4EE8EC54D5" box="[1107,1174,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
F), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFB08FA4EED3E5739" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFB08FA4EE9E654D5" box="[1273,1436,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFF6FFA72ED415739" author="Lehman" box="[158,315,1520,1544]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other ceratopsids. Medially, an anterodorsally trending ridge offsets part of the postorbital facet laterally relative to the rest of the medial surface, forming an articular facet for the paroccipital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFAEAF996E927571D" box="[1307,1373,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
D). A second facet is present ventrally, probably for the head of the quadrate. The part of the squamosal that contributes to the lateral temporal fenestra is not preserved on either side. Ventral to the postorbital facet, the squamosal arcs posteroventrally. The lateral surface of the squamosal is flat anteriorly and becomes concave posteriorly, as in other specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFE67F926EE46578D" box="[406,572,1700,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFE67F926EE46578D" box="[406,572,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843, 839; CMN 2245, 2280), and bears numerous pits and grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFF6EF94AEC9857D1" box="[159,226,1736,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The medial margin of the squamosal, where it articulates with the parietal, is slightly transversely thickened. A large foramen pierces the surface of the left element, but this is not present on the right side; similar asymmetry is seen in ROM 843 and ROM 839 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFD75F892EF505619" box="[644,810,1808,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFD75F892EF505619" box="[644,810,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFCCBF892E8235619" author="Godfrey" box="[826,1113,1808,1832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFB9FF892E97C5619" box="[1134,1286,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Utahceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFA79F893ECCE567D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010) and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFE0EF8B6EE96567D" author="Tanke" box="[511,748,1844,1868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Tanke, D. H. & Farke, A. A. (2007) Bone resorption, bone lesions and extra cranial fenestrae in ceratopsid dinosaurs: a preliminary assessment. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.), Horns and beaks: ceratopsian and ornithopod dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 319 - 347." type="book chapter" year="2007">Tanke & Farke 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Medially the squamosal is gently convex. A groove extends all the way along the margin medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77F733AFDBCF8DAEEF45641" box="[589,654,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
F) marking the facet for the parietal and suggesting the lateral parietal bar was complete, a feature that, although thought to be diagnositic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFC58F8FEE8F256A5" box="[937,1160,1916,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFC58F8FEE8F256A5" box="[937,1160,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFB43F8FEEC995689" author="Godfrey" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey and Holmes (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is also present in other chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFD10F823EFEA5689" box="[737,912,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
[Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFBFDF823E83E5689" box="[1036,1092,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010];
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFB6BF823E9495689" box="[1178,1331,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFAB1F822ED6D56ED" author="Holmes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Holmes, R. B., Forster, C., Ryan, M. J. & Shepherd, K. M. (2001) A new species of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratopsia) from the Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1423 - 1438." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Holmes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFF66F847ECAB56ED" box="[151,209,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFEDAF847EDD756ED" box="[299,429,1989,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Torosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFEDAF847EDD756ED" box="[299,429,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Torosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77F733AFE4AF846EEDB56ED" author="Hatcher" box="[443,673,1988,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFDD0F847EE2156ED" box="[545,603,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]), some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77F733AFC50F846E8D056ED" box="[929,1194,1988,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77F733AFC50F846E8D056ED" box="[929,1194,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chasmosaurus russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2280), and is known to vary within individuals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77A733FFDC9FA78EFEE5720" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[568,916,1529,1553]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFDC9FA78EEA05720" box="[568,730,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pentaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77A733FFD18FA7BEFF15720" author="Lehman" box="[745,907,1529,1553]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral margin of the squamosal bears a series of fused pyramidal episquamosals with oval bases. On the right side seven are preserved, while on the left there are six, although there is space for one more. Sutures between episquamosals and the squamosals are very clear, suggesting one may not have been entirely fused and has been lost from the left side. Episquamosal number is known to vary between six and ten in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77A733FFD0CF90BEFD95790" box="[765,931,1673,1697]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFD0CF90BEFD95790" box="[765,931,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77A733FFC42F90BE85D5790" author="Lull" box="[947,1063,1673,1697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77A733FFBC2F90BE92A5790" author="Godfrey" box="[1075,1360,1673,1697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey & Holmes 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77A733FFAADF90BECA957F4" author="Farke" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Farke, A. A. (2011) Anatomy and taxonomic status of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLoS ONE, 6, e 16196. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016196." type="journal article" year="2011">Farke 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The episquamosals are generally asymmetrical, with the apex nearer to their anterior margin than their posterior margin. The fourth episquamosal on the right side has a double apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77A733FFC1FF953E84B57D8" box="[1006,1073,1745,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1777,1800]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,348,1776]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Squamosals of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right squamosal in A – B, lateral and C – D, medial view; E – F, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations: episq, episquamosals; sq-pa f, parietal facet on the squamosal; sq-po s, suture with the postorbital; sq-poc f, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal; sq-q f, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B), and in medial view a groove separates the peaks, suggesting that this episquamosal was originally formed from two ossifications that have coalesced. This condition has not, to our knowledge, been reported before in ceratopsids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF778733DFF66F8DEEF2C56DC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278177/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[253,1328,202,1861]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F778733DFF66F8DEEF2C56DC" blockId="12.[151,1436,1884,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFF66F8DEED685643" bold="true" box="[151,274,1884,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Left postorbital and jugal of R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F778733DFD7DF8DFEF2C5642" box="[652,854,1885,1907]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFD7DF8DFEF2C5642" box="[652,854,1885,1907]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFC92F8DFEFEE5643" bold="true" box="[867,916,1885,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFBDCF8DFE8245642" bold="true" box="[1069,1118,1884,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A, C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFB2DF8DFE9715643" bold="true" box="[1244,1291,1885,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B, D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFF66F8FEECB256A0" bold="true" box="[151,200,1916,1937]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E–H</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFEDBF8FEED2056A3" bold="true" box="[298,346,1915,1938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E, G</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFE28F8FEEE7F56A0" bold="true" box="[473,517,1916,1937]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F, H</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFCCDF8F9EF2456A3" bold="true" box="[828,862,1915,1938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">epj</emphasis>
|
||
, epijugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFC3AF8F9EF9056A3" bold="true" box="[971,1002,1915,1938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fpf</emphasis>
|
||
, margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFA7CF8F9E9EF56A3" bold="true" box="[1421,1429,1915,1938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">j</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFF26F81BED635681" bold="true" box="[215,281,1945,1968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">j-ma f</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary facet on jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFDD7F81BEE275681" bold="true" box="[550,605,1945,1968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">j-qj f</emphasis>
|
||
, quadratojugal facet on jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFC65F81BEFB3569E" bold="true" box="[916,969,1945,1968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">la-j r</emphasis>
|
||
, ridge between lacrimal and jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFAC3F818E922569E" bold="true" box="[1330,1368,1946,1967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">orb</emphasis>
|
||
, orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFF66F83AECAA56FE" bold="true" box="[151,208,1976,1999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">po-f f</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal facet on postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFE07F83BEE3C56FE" bold="true" box="[502,582,1976,1999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">po-lsp f</emphasis>
|
||
, laterosphenoid facet on postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F778733DFC4CF83BE86956FE" bold="true" box="[957,1043,1976,1999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">po-pso f</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior supraorbital facet on postorbital. Diagonal lines indicate broken bone. Scale bars equal to 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF779733CFF66F8C0EE005685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278178/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[176,1409,211,1818]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F779733CFF66F8C0EE005685" blockId="13.[151,1436,1858,1972]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFF66F8C0ED6E5669" bold="true" box="[151,276,1858,1881]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Quadratojugals of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F779733CFD62F8C1EF245668" box="[659,862,1859,1881]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFD62F8C1EF245668" box="[659,862,1859,1881]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFC9DF8C1EFE25669" bold="true" box="[876,920,1859,1880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A–F</emphasis>
|
||
, right quadratojugal in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFB7DF8C1E8C45669" bold="true" box="[1164,1214,1859,1880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A, D</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFAE8F8C1E9335669" bold="true" box="[1305,1353,1859,1880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B, E</emphasis>
|
||
, medial and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFF30F8E3EC975646" bold="true" box="[193,237,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C, F</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFDC3F8E3EE1E5646" bold="true" box="[562,612,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ltf m</emphasis>
|
||
, margin of the lateral temporal fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFBF1F8E3E8355649" bold="true" box="[1024,1103,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj-epj f</emphasis>
|
||
, epijugal facet on quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFF66F8FDECB456A7" bold="true" box="[151,206,1919,1942]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj-j f</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal facet on quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFDFDF8FDEE3056A7" bold="true" box="[524,586,1919,1942]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj-q f</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate facet on quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFC5DF8FDEFAF56A4" bold="true" box="[940,981,1919,1942]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj r</emphasis>
|
||
, ridge on quadratojugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F779733CFB2AF8FDE95856A7" bold="true" box="[1243,1314,1919,1942]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">qj-sq f</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal facet on quadratojugal. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF77A733FFF66FAD8EE9154FD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278179/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[163,1422,204,1333]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77A733FFF66FAD8EE9154FD" blockId="14.[151,1436,1370,1485]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFF66FAD8ED685441" bold="true" box="[151,274,1370,1393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Quadrates of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77A733FFDA6FAD8EF5B5441" box="[599,801,1370,1392]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFDA6FAD8EF5B5441" box="[599,801,1370,1392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFCDCFAD8EFEE5441" bold="true" box="[813,916,1370,1392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A–B, E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, right quadrate in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFBBFFAD8E8045441" bold="true" box="[1102,1150,1370,1392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A, E</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFAFBFAD9E94F5441" bold="true" box="[1290,1333,1371,1392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B, F</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFF24FAFBED3D54A1" bold="true" box="[213,327,1401,1424]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C–D, G–H</emphasis>
|
||
, left quadrate in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFE03FAFBEE5854A1" bold="true" box="[498,546,1401,1424]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C, G</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFD5CFAF8EE9A54BE" bold="true" box="[685,736,1402,1423]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D, H</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFBD5FAF8E81554A1" bold="true" box="[1060,1135,1401,1424]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">q-poc f</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process facet on quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFF0AFA1AED4D549F" bold="true" box="[251,311,1431,1454]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">q-pt f</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid facet on quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFD96FA1AEED2549C" bold="true" box="[615,680,1432,1453]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">q-pt p</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid process of quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFC1FFA15E850549F" bold="true" box="[1006,1066,1431,1454]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">q-qj f</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrotojugal facet on quadrate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFA74FA1AECC754FC" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">qsq f</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal facet on quadrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77A733EFF36F8BFEE56557B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1529,2019]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFF36F8BFED595664" box="[199,291,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Parietal</emphasis>
|
||
. The parietal is preserved in six pieces that fit together and represent all parts of the element (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77A733FFAB8F8BFE9F45664" box="[1353,1422,1853,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1395,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parietal of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, which is preserved in six parts. A – B, dorsal view; C – D, ventral view. Abbreviations: lb, lateral bar; mb, median bar; mp, median platform; pb, posterior bar; sq f, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteromedially the parietal forms a transversely broad, dorsally convex ridged and grooved platform that extended anteriorly to form the posterior margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77A733FFC39F806E87756AD" box="[968,1037,1924,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1395,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parietal of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, which is preserved in six parts. A – B, dorsal view; C – D, ventral view. Abbreviations: lb, lateral bar; mb, median bar; mp, median platform; pb, posterior bar; sq f, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Laterally, the sides of this platform are smooth and concave and form the medial margins of the supratemporal fenestrae, which were confluent with the parietal fenestrae, as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77A733FFD16F849EFF756D2" box="[743,909,1995,2019]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77A733FFD16F849EFF756D2" box="[743,909,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other ceratopsids (Farke 2010). Ventrally, this part of the parietal bears three rounded fossae. The median bar is complete but in three pieces, and as preserved is
|
||
<quantity id="4CB228E1F77B733EFF41FF39EC8F51E2" box="[176,245,187,211]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="86.0">86 cm</quantity>
|
||
long anteroposteriorly. It is roughly triangular in cross-section with the apex pointing ventrally and the triangle base forming a flat dorsally-facing surface that bears a series of longitudinal striations. Laterally the sides of the median bar bear irregular grooves and ridges that are asymmetric on either side. The posterior parietal bar lies at right angles to the median bar and there is no ‘U’-shaped emargination where the two meet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFB3AFEA4E96A500F" box="[1227,1296,294,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1395,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parietal of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, which is preserved in six parts. A – B, dorsal view; C – D, ventral view. Abbreviations: lb, lateral bar; mb, median bar; mp, median platform; pb, posterior bar; sq f, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFAEFFEA4E90A500F" box="[1310,1392,294,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFEEEFECBEEFF5050" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[287,645,329,353]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFEEEFECBEDB95050" box="[287,451,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFE26FECBEE045050" author="Lehman" box="[471,638,329,353]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFD66FECBEFE75050" box="[663,925,329,353]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFD66FECBEFE75050" box="[663,925,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFC42FECBE8705050" box="[947,1034,329,353]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
D; CMN 2280) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFAF5FECBE9E65050" box="[1284,1436,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Utahceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFEE1FEECED3050B4" box="[272,330,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010), but similar to other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFCD4FEEFE87D50B4" box="[805,1031,365,389]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFCD4FEEFE87D50B4" box="[805,1031,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F13BA6F77B733EFB5CFEEEE97550B5" box="[1197,1295,364,388]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(CMN 491;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFF66FE12ED525099" author="Lambe" box="[151,296,400,424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lambe, L. M. (1902) New genera and species from the Belly River series (Mid - Cretaceous). Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, 3, 25 - 81." type="journal article" year="1902">Lambe 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), AMNH 5401 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFE13FE12EE095099" author="Brown" box="[482,627,400,424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Brown, B. (1933) A new longhorned Belly River ceratopsian. American Museum Novitates, 669, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1933">Brown 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ROM 843 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFCFBFE12EF265099" box="[778,860,400,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and CMN 2245 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFBB3FE12E8EC5099" box="[1090,1174,400,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
B),
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFB4EFE13E92D5099" box="[1215,1367,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFA96FE12ED3E50FA" author="Holmes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Holmes, R. B., Forster, C., Ryan, M. J. & Shepherd, K. M. (2001) A new species of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratopsia) from the Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1423 - 1438." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Holmes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFF3BFE37ED7850FD" box="[202,258,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFEA6FE37EEB950FA" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[343,707,435,460]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Torosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFEA6FE37EDAF50FD" box="[343,469,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Torosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFE13FE31EEC150FA" author="Hatcher" box="[482,699,435,460]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFDB5FE37EE0650FD" box="[580,636,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFD09FE37EFDC50FD" box="[760,934,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kosmoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(Sampson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFBD5FE37E82150FD" box="[1060,1115,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010). The dorsal surface of the junction between the bars is crossed with sinuous grooves that probably represent blood vessel channels (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFA9EFE55ECDC5323" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1395,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parietal of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, which is preserved in six parts. A – B, dorsal view; C – D, ventral view. Abbreviations: lb, lateral bar; mb, median bar; mp, median platform; pb, posterior bar; sq f, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The posterior bar, which is completely preserved on the left side, is rounded in cross-section but ventrally bears a thin anteriorly directed flange that is reconstructed and repaired with plaster along much of its length; how much of this feature is real is difficult to determine. The posterior bar of ROM 843 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFB99FDC0E8C75368" box="[1128,1213,577,601]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFB99FDC0E8C75368" box="[1128,1213,577,601]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is also rounded in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFECBFDE7EDF7534C" box="[314,397,613,637]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A), as is that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFDB8FDE7EFDD534C" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[585,935,613,637]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFDB8FDE7EE96534C" box="[585,748,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFD0CFDE7EFE5534C" author="Lehman" box="[765,927,613,637]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and TMP 1983.25.1 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFB5BFDE4E965534C" box="[1194,1311,613,637]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFB5BFDE4E965534C" box="[1194,1311,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFAC1FDE7E9FB534C" box="[1328,1409,613,637]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
E) but that of CMN 2245 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFE56FD0BED815391" box="[423,507,648,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFE56FD0BED815391" box="[423,507,648,672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFDFAFD0AEE275391" box="[523,605,648,672]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,789,812]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,768]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to Chasmosaurus. A – C, Chasmosaurus belli; D – E, Chasmosaurus russelli. A, ROM 843 in dorsal view; B, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view; C, NHMUK R 4948 in dorsal view; D, CMN 2280 in dorsal view; E, TMP 1983.25. 0 1 (the holotype of ‘ Mojoceratops’) in dorsal view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
B) is ‘C’-shaped, being strongly concave anteriorly, and this suggests the shape of the posterior bar is variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFDA7FD2EEE8753F5" box="[598,765,684,708]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFDA7FD2EEE8753F5" box="[598,765,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and should not be used as a diagnostic feature of the genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFF51FD53EC9353D9" box="[160,233,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">contra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFF01FD4DEDE053D6" author="Longrich" box="[240,410,719,743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Longrich, N. R. (2010) Mojoceratops perifania, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the late Campanian of western Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 84, 681 - 694." type="journal article" year="2010">Longrich 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Epiparietals are not fused to the posterior bar and are not preserved, but the fusion of ossifications to the parietal may vary ontogenetically in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFCF5FD71E812523A" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[772,1128,755,779]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFCF5FD71EFD0523A" box="[772,938,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFC4CFD71E81A523A" author="Lehman" box="[957,1120,755,779]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as they do in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFAEAFD76EDBD521F" authority="Horner & Goodwin 2006" authorityName="Horner & Goodwin" authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFAEAFD76E9E0523A" box="[1307,1434,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(Horner & Goodwin 2006)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The internal surface of the corner of the posterior bar and lateral bar is flattened, while the external surface, which forms the posterolateral corner of the frill, bears a facet for an epiparietal that was not fused and has not been preserved. The lateral bar is compressed dorsolaterally-ventromedially. Laterally it bears an elongate facet for the squamosal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFDEDFC02EE1B52A9" box="[540,609,896,920]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1395,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Parietal of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, which is preserved in six parts. A – B, dorsal view; C – D, ventral view. Abbreviations: lb, lateral bar; mb, median bar; mp, median platform; pb, posterior bar; sq f, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D), while medially there is a distinct groove below a low ridge. This ridge is better developed in CMN 2245 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFD9FFC27EEB9528D" box="[622,707,932,956]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFD9FFC27EEB9528D" box="[622,707,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), in which the lateral bar is triangular in cross-section with the apex pointing medially. The middle section of the lateral bar is not preserved in NHMUK R4948, but anteriorly the lateral bar flares medially as a thin flange to form the anterolateral corner of the parietal fenestra. The surface bears a large number of blood vessel grooves, a feature present in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFC87FB8CE8665517" box="[886,1052,1038,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFC87FB8CE8665517" box="[886,1052,1038,1062]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFB57FB8CE9625517" author="Lull" box="[1190,1304,1038,1062]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; ROM 843; CMN 2280) and is broken medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77B733EFF36FBD7ED5755A0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFF36FBD7ED3E555F" bold="true" box="[199,324,1109,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Braincase.</emphasis>
|
||
The braincase is complete and, rarely for chasmosaurines, is disarticulated from the rest of the skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFF6EFBFBEC8E55A0" box="[159,244,1145,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77B733EFF34FB1EE8AA5585" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2020]" box="[197,1232,1180,1204]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Individual braincase elements are fused and the sutures between them have been obliterated.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77B733EFF34FB42EFDC5794" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The paroccipital process is presumably formed by the fused exoccipital and opisthotic, and as in many adult reptiles, no suture is visible between them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFD71FB61EF6855CA" author="Romer" box="[640,786,1251,1275]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Romer, A. S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 771 pp." type="book" year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFC07FB61E83155CA" box="[1014,1099,1251,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
E, 12A), NHMUK R4948 has an elongate paroccipital process that projects posterolaterally. It is deep dorsoventrally and flares distally; although it is incomplete distally on both sides, it does not appear to flare to the same degree as it does in the centrosaurine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFF66FACCED3C5457" box="[151,326,1358,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFF66FACCED3C5457" box="[151,326,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFEA4FACCEE8B5457" author="Kirkland" box="[341,753,1358,1382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010: fig. 8.8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal part of the paroccipital process is gently excavated producing a shallow, posterodorsally facing sulcus, which probably served as an insertion area for the m. rectus capitis posterior (Fig. 12A;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFDFDFA16EED3549D" author="Tsuihiji" box="[524,681,1428,1452]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Tsuihiji, T. (2010) Reconstructions of the axial muscle insertions in the occipital region of dinosaurs: evalutations of past hypotheses on Marginocephalia and Tyrannosauridae using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. The Anatomical Record, 293, 1360 - 1386." type="journal article" year="2010">Tsuihiji 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35DC594F77B733EFD31FA17EEA5549C" box="[704,735,1429,1453]" name="American Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
the dorsal margins of the paroccipital processes are poorly preserved, it cannot be determined if posttemporal foramina were present or absent. The morphology of this area is similar to that seen in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFE2CFA5EEEF954C5" box="[477,643,1500,1524]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFE2CFA5EEEF954C5" box="[477,643,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (ROM 839; CMN 2245; UALVP 40; TMP 1981.19.175),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFF66F982EE525726" authority="Dodson et al. 2004" authorityName="Dodson et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[151,552,1535,1559]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFF66F982ED545726" box="[151,302,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFECEFA7DEE5A5726" author="Dodson" box="[319,544,1535,1559]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFE50F982EDA15726" box="[417,475,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFDC4FA7DE8495726" authority="Kirkland & Deblieux 2010" authorityName="Kirkland & Deblieux" authorityYear="2010" box="[565,1075,1535,1559]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFDC4FA7DEE995726" box="[565,739,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFD05FA7DE8515726" author="Kirkland" box="[756,1067,1535,1559]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFB9DF982ECA1570B" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFB9DF982E8975726" box="[1132,1261,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFB0FFA7DECA9570B" author="Hatcher" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFA93F982E9E65726" box="[1378,1436,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anterior and distal parts of the paroccipital process are probably formed by the opisthotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFB0EF9A0E9F5570B" author="Romer" box="[1279,1423,1570,1594]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Romer, A. S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 771 pp." type="book" year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anterior surface of the paroccipital process bears a number of fine transverse ridges and striations. At the distal end of the left paroccipital process a diagonal ridge extending dorsomedially–ventrolaterally is present and this may represent a facet for articulation of the quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F77B733EFD00F90FEF3F5794" box="[753,837,1677,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 12C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F77B7321FF34F932EDC7500F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,318]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Ventral to the paroccipital process, a deeply concave fossa is present on each side of the occipital condyle. A second, slightly smaller fossa positioned lateral to this large fossa is preserved on the left side of the condyle; this is one of several asymmetries in the braincase and is probably preservational in origin (Fig. 12A). The larger fossa probably surrounded the exits for the vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal nerves (XII), as it does in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFABEF89EED055667" authority="Forster 1996" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFABEF89EECAE5667" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFF12F8BCED025667" author="Forster" box="[227,376,1854,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFE7DF8BCEE925667" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[396,744,1854,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFE7DF8BCEE555667" box="[396,559,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFDCEF8BCEE9A5667" author="Lehman" box="[575,736,1854,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFD05F8BDE8345667" authority="Lehman 1993" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1993" box="[756,1102,1854,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFD05F8BDEFEC5667" box="[756,918,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pentaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFC54F8BCE83C5667" author="Lehman" box="[933,1094,1854,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1993) New data on the ceratopsian dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergii Osborn from New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 67, 279 - 288." type="journal article" year="1993">Lehman 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F77B733EFB7DF8BCEDEB5648" authority="Witmer & Ridgely 2008" authorityName="Witmer & Ridgely" authorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pachyrhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F77B733EFB7DF8BCE9235667" box="[1164,1369,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pachyrhinosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFA99F8BCEDF35648" author="Witmer" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the actual foramina are not visible due to the presence of matrix. Primitively in dinosaurs, cranial nerves IX to XI exited the braincase via the metotic foramen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFBEEF807E93E56AC" author="Sampson" box="[1055,1348,1925,1949]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Sampson, S. D. & Witmer, L. M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: Sampson, S. D. & Krause, D. W. (Eds), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8, pp. 32 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2007">Sampson & Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which represents the remains of the embryonic metotic fissure in reptiles and is located between the otic capsule and the occipital pillar of the embryological chondrocranium, which ossifies to form the opisthotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F77B733EFB49F84EE93D56D5" author="Starck" box="[1208,1351,1996,2020]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Starck, D. (1979) Cranio - cerebral relations in recent reptiles. In: Gans, C. Northcutt, R. G. & Ulinski, P. (Eds), Biology of the Reptilia: Volume 9. Academic Press, London, pp. 1 - 38." type="book" year="1979">Starck 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in neotheropods, the vagus canal, which minimally transmitted the vagus and accessory nerves, was diverted posteriorly to open on to the occiput in conjunction with the hypoglossal nerve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7647321FBDCFF39E92D51E2" author="Sampson" box="[1069,1367,187,211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Sampson, S. D. & Witmer, L. M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: Sampson, S. D. & Krause, D. W. (Eds), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8, pp. 32 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2007">Sampson & Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This derived condition, which is not present in non-ceratopsid neoceratopsians (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7647321FBDFFF62E8B851C6" author="Forster" box="[1070,1218,223,247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7647321FB20FF5DE9EE51C6" author="Makovicky" box="[1233,1428,223,247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) appears to have occurred convergently in ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7647321FD04FE80EFF2502B" author="Forster" box="[757,904,258,282]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7647321FC62FE80E8DE502B" author="Witmer" box="[915,1188,258,282]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and thus represents a ceratopsid synapomorphy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7647321FF66F973EF3756B3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278180/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[167,1436,366,1776]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7647321FF66F973EF3756B3" blockId="16.[151,1436,1777,1922]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FF66F973ED6F5636" bold="true" box="[151,277,1777,1800]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Squamosals of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7647321FD8AF970EF3D5639" box="[635,839,1778,1800]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FD8AF970EF3D5639" box="[635,839,1778,1800]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FCA7F970EFF25636" bold="true" box="[854,904,1778,1799]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, right squamosal in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FB90F970E8EB5636" bold="true" box="[1121,1169,1778,1799]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FAE7F973E93D5639" bold="true" box="[1302,1351,1777,1800]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FF26F893ED785617" bold="true" box="[215,258,1809,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, left squamosal in medial view. Because of the delicate condition of the left squamosal, it could not be turned for photography in lateral view at the time of writing. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FCB8F8ACEFFB5674" bold="true" box="[841,897,1838,1861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">episq</emphasis>
|
||
, episquamosals;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FBC2F8ADE8045674" bold="true" box="[1075,1150,1838,1861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sq-pa f</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal facet on the squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FF10F8CCED575652" bold="true" box="[225,301,1870,1891]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sq-po s</emphasis>
|
||
, suture with the postorbital;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FDA3F8CCEEDD5655" bold="true" box="[594,679,1869,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sq-poc f</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process facet on the squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7647321FB8DF8CCE8C35655" bold="true" box="[1148,1209,1869,1892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sq-q f</emphasis>
|
||
, quadrate facet on the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7657320FF66F8F9EEAF56FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278181/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[192,1393,225,1859]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7657320FF66F8F9EEAF56FE" blockId="17.[151,1437,1915,1999]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FF66F8F9ED6956A0" bold="true" box="[151,275,1915,1938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Parietal of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7657320FDCEF8FEEF7356A3" box="[575,777,1916,1938]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FDCEF8FEEF7356A3" box="[575,777,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is preserved in six parts.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FBA9F8FEE8FD56A0" bold="true" box="[1112,1159,1916,1937]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FAE6F8F9E93256A3" bold="true" box="[1303,1352,1915,1938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FE85F819EDF35681" bold="true" box="[372,393,1947,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">lb</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral bar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FDFEF819EE485681" bold="true" box="[527,562,1947,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">mb</emphasis>
|
||
, median bar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FD35F819EE9D5681" bold="true" box="[708,743,1947,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, median platform;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FC5EF819EFB15681" bold="true" box="[943,971,1947,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">pb</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior bar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7657320FB9DF819E8EE5680" bold="true" box="[1132,1172,1946,1969]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sq f</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for the squamosal. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7667323FF66FC97ED2952B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278182/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[157,1424,197,753]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7667323FF66FC97ED2952B9" blockId="18.[151,1436,789,904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FF66FC97ED5A521A" bold="true" box="[151,288,789,812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of parietal posterior bar and eqiparietal morphology in specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FB31FC94E92C521D" box="[1216,1366,790,812]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FB31FC94E92C521D" box="[1216,1366,790,812]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FA95FC97E9EF521D" bold="true" box="[1380,1429,789,812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FF66FCB6ED1F527B" box="[151,357,820,842]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FF66FCB6ED1F527B" box="[151,357,820,842]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FE86FCB7EDDD527B" bold="true" box="[375,423,821,842]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D–E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FE48FCB6EEDF527B" box="[441,677,820,842]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FE48FCB6EEDF527B" box="[441,677,820,842]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chasmosaurus russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FD47FCB6EEB25278" bold="true" box="[694,712,820,841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</emphasis>
|
||
, ROM 843 in dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FC0BFCB7E871527B" bold="true" box="[1018,1035,821,842]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 2245 in dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FA72FCB6E9EF527A" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,820,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</emphasis>
|
||
, NHMUK R4948 in dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FE14FCD1ED8D5259" bold="true" box="[485,503,851,872]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">D</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 2280 in dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FCEDFCD1EF575259" bold="true" box="[796,813,851,872]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E</emphasis>
|
||
, TMP 1983.25.0 1 (the holotype of ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FB6EFCD6E94E5258" box="[1183,1332,852,873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mojoceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
) in dorsal view. Not to scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7667323FF34FC37EDB454D9" blockId="18.[151,1437,948,2017]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In adult ceratopsids the exoccipitals meet dorsally above the foramen magnum, excluding the supraoccipital from its margin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FEA3FC5AEE5652C1" author="Hatcher" box="[338,556,984,1009]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FE42FC58ED9152C0" box="[435,491,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6; Goodwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FD1EFC58EF5D52C0" box="[751,807,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006). In NHMUK R4948 these sutures cannot be seen, and they were not observed in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FDAEFC7FEF7C5524" box="[607,774,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FDAEFC7FEF7C5524" box="[607,774,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (ROM 839; CMN 2245; UALVP 40; TMP 1981.19.175). The foramen magnum is deeper dorsoventrally (3.4 cm) than it is wide transversely (3.1 cm) and it is angled posterodorsally so that it is not clearly visible in posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7667323FC20FBC6E858556D" box="[977,1058,1092,1116]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A). In articulated specimens, this appears to be because the occipital condyle is angled slightly ventrally relative to the horizontal axis of the skull (ROM 839; CMN 2245;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FE42FB0FEFDD5595" authority="Kirkland & Deblieux 2010" authorityName="Kirkland & Deblieux" authorityYear="2010" box="[435,935,1164,1189]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FE42FB0FEE1B5594" box="[435,609,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FD81FB0EEFDD5595" author="Kirkland" box="[624,935,1164,1188]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FC2BFB0CE8215594" box="[986,1115,1166,1189]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FC2BFB0CE8215594" box="[986,1115,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FB9AFB0EE9315595" author="Hatcher" box="[1131,1355,1164,1189]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FB3FFB0CE97D5594" box="[1230,1287,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FF66FB33ED5D55F9" author="Forster" box="[151,295,1200,1224]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FEC7FB33EDA055F8" box="[310,474,1201,1225]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FEC7FB33EDA055F8" box="[310,474,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FE18FB32EEA955F9" author="Lehman" box="[489,723,1200,1224]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989: fig. 6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FD18FB33EFFA55F9" box="[745,896,1201,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FD18FB33EFFA55F9" box="[745,896,1201,1224]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FC7EFB32E81655F9" author="Dodson" box="[911,1132,1200,1225]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FC01FB30E85355F8" box="[1008,1065,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 23.4),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FB1FFB33ED9B55DD" authority="Kirkland & Deblieux 2010" authorityName="Kirkland & Deblieux" authorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FB1FFB33E9E655F8" box="[1262,1436,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FF6FFB56EDA355DD" author="Kirkland" box="[158,473,1236,1260]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FDEFFB57EEBE55DC" box="[542,708,1237,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FDEFFB57EEBE55DC" box="[542,708,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (UALVP 40; TMP 1981.19.175) the ventral margin of the supraoccipital articulates with the exoccipitals, forming a vertical and slightly posteriorly inclined wall. These taxa also possess a prominent ridge separating two fossae that were probably occupied by a venous sinus (Tshihiji 2010). The ridge extends ventrally down the midline of the supraoccipital. The dorsal margin of the occiput is broken in NHMUK R4948 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7667323FE40FAE6EE7B544D" box="[433,513,1380,1404]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A), but it differs from the aforementioned taxa in being angled anterodorsally and in lacking a prominent midline ridge. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FD85FA0BEF535490" box="[628,809,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7667323FD85FA0BEF5F5490" box="[628,805,1417,1441]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diabloceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the exoccipitals form a thin, caudally-extending shelf which projects over the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FC8EFA2EE8C654F5" author="Kirkland" box="[895,1212,1452,1476]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this feature is not present in NHMUK R4948.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7667323FF34FA76EE005645" blockId="18.[151,1437,948,2017]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The occipital condyle is composed of the exoccipitals laterally and the basioccipital ventrally in ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FF6FF99AED055701" author="Hatcher" box="[158,383,1560,1585]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FEF0F998ED415700" box="[257,315,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FE26F99AEE0D5701" author="Lehman" box="[471,631,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6; Goodwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7667323FCB0F998EF005700" box="[833,890,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006: fig. 9) but no sutures can be identified in this area in NHMUK R4948. The condyle is larger than the foramen magnum (6.7 cm tall dorsoventrally; 6.5 cm wide transversely), has a circular outline in posterior view, and a short neck that curves down to the basal tubera, narrowing in width slightly as it does so. The basal tubera are separated in posterior view by a shallow notch. The basal tubera are extremely large in comparison with other ornithischians, suggesting enlarged nuchal musculature (m. longissimus capitis, pars transversalis cervicis and m. iliocostalis capitis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FBFEF94EE8DD57D5" author="Tsuihiji" box="[1039,1191,1740,1764]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Tsuihiji, T. (2010) Reconstructions of the axial muscle insertions in the occipital region of dinosaurs: evalutations of past hypotheses on Marginocephalia and Tyrannosauridae using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. The Anatomical Record, 293, 1360 - 1386." type="journal article" year="2010">Tsuihiji 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are transversely broad plates in posterior view. In lateral view, they expand strongly anteroposteriorly towards their distal ends and project ventrally. In ventral view the distal ends of the tubera have an oval outline, with the long axis of this oval orientated transversely; a small foramen opens between them and comparison with crocodiles suggests this is for the basilar artery (Fig. 12B,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FE22F8DFEE175645" author="Hopson" box="[467,621,1884,1908]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Hopson, J. A. (1979) Paleoneurology. In: Gans, C., Northcutt, R. G. & Ulinski, P. (Eds), Biology of the Reptilia: Volume 9. Academic Press, London, pp. 39 - 148." type="book" year="1979">Hopson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7667322FF34F803EDEA50C8" blockId="18.[151,1437,948,2017]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,505]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7667323FE85F802EDBD56A9" box="[372,455,1920,1944]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D; 12C, D), a large foramen is present at the base of the paroccipital process immediately anterior to the basal tubera. This represents the fenestra ovalis, which would have received the footplate of the stapes, and it may also have transmitted the glossopharangeal nerve (IX;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667323FC37F84AE89D56D1" author="Sampson" box="[966,1255,1992,2016]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sampson, S. D. & Witmer, L. M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: Sampson, S. D. & Krause, D. W. (Eds), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8, pp. 32 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2007">Sampson & Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7667322FB03F84AED75519E" author="Witmer" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anterior to the fenestra ovalis another large foramen pierces the braincase and is identified as the trigeminal foramen, transmitting the maxillary (
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7677322FD41FF3EEEB751E8" box="[688,717,188,217]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">V2</date>
|
||
) and mandibular (
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7677322FC6DFF3EEFC051E8" box="[924,954,188,217]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">V3</date>
|
||
) parts of the trigeminal nerve (V). In birds
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7677322FF66FF61ECC95031" box="[151,179,227,256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">V2</date>
|
||
&3 exit the braincase via separate foramina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7677322FD6DFF60EF4151CB" author="Hartwig" box="[668,827,226,250]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hartwig, H. - G. (1993) The central nervous system of birds: a study of functional morphology. In: Farner, D. S., King, J. R. & Parkes, K. C. (Eds), Avian Biology: Volume IX. Academic Press, London, pp. 1 - 93." type="book chapter" year="1993">Hartwig 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but in dinosaurs the foramina are coalesced, as they are in crocodiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7677322FEAEFE8BED805010" author="Hopson" box="[351,506,265,289]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Hopson, J. A. (1979) Paleoneurology. In: Gans, C., Northcutt, R. G. & Ulinski, P. (Eds), Biology of the Reptilia: Volume 9. Academic Press, London, pp. 39 - 148." type="book" year="1979">Hopson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7677322FDF7FE8BEEEA5010" author="Starck" box="[518,656,265,289]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Starck, D. (1979) Cranio - cerebral relations in recent reptiles. In: Gans, C. Northcutt, R. G. & Ulinski, P. (Eds), Biology of the Reptilia: Volume 9. Academic Press, London, pp. 1 - 38." type="book" year="1979">Starck 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The trigeminal foramen is located within the prootic and its anterior boundary is formed by the laterosphenoid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7677322FD8DFEAFEF725074" author="Starck" box="[636,776,301,325]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Starck, D. (1979) Cranio - cerebral relations in recent reptiles. In: Gans, C. Northcutt, R. G. & Ulinski, P. (Eds), Biology of the Reptilia: Volume 9. Academic Press, London, pp. 1 - 38." type="book" year="1979">Starck 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fenestra ovalis and trigeminal foramen are separated by a sharp ridge of bone, which is often termed the crista prootica (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7677322FC3FFED0E81B5058" author="Forster" box="[974,1121,337,361]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This ridge arises from the posteroventral margin of the trigeminal foramen, extends dorsally to a point level with the dorsal margin of the foramen and then turns posteriorly, to extend dorsal to the fenestra ovalis. The ridge continues posteriorly, extending on to the anterior surface of the paroccipital process, fading out approximately one-third of the way along the process (Fig. 12C, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7677322FF66F8DBEE5E56BF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7677322FF66F8DBEE5E56BF" blockId="19.[151,1435,1881,1934]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FF66F8DBED64565F" bold="true" box="[151,286,1881,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Braincase of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7677322FD93F8DBEF56565E" box="[610,812,1881,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FD93F8DBEF56565E" box="[610,812,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FCBFF8DBEF1A565F" bold="true" box="[846,864,1881,1902]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FC49F8D8EFB3565E" bold="true" box="[952,969,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FBD8F8DBE8415641" bold="true" box="[1065,1083,1881,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FB3DF8D8E8A4565E" bold="true" box="[1228,1246,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7677322FA75F8D8E9EF565E" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7677325FF34F837EDDB50B6" blockId="19.[151,1436,1973,2033]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,391]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Anterior to the basal tubera the basisphenoid expands ventrally to form the basipterygoid processes, which are separated from each other by a deep fossa (Fig. 12B). The right process is broken, but the left is complete. It is triangular in lateral view with the apex tapering ventrally, but in anterior view it expands slightly transversely. A small foramen positioned ventral to the trigeminal foramen in the concavity formed between the basal tubera and basipterygoid process is present on the left side of the braincase (its presence on the right cannot be established externally due to breakage). A shallow groove extends from it posteriorly towards the basal tubera and it probably represents the entrance for the internal carotid artery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FD00FEA5E86E500E" author="Sampson" box="[753,1044,295,319]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Sampson, S. D. & Witmer, L. M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: Sampson, S. D. & Krause, D. W. (Eds), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8, pp. 32 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2007">Sampson & Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FBD1FEA5E94E500E" author="Witmer" box="[1056,1332,295,319]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar feature in the same location was also interpreted as the foramen for the internal carotid in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7607325FB50FECEEDE750B6" authority="Kirkland & Deblieux 2010" authorityName="Kirkland & Deblieux" authorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB50FECEE9355055" box="[1185,1359,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FAACFECEEDEF50B6" author="Kirkland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7607325FF66FAF7ED4E5755" blockId="20.[151,1436,1397,1636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FF66FAF7ED6554BB" bold="true" box="[151,287,1397,1420]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Interpretive drawings of the braincase of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7607325FC8DFAF7E83C54BA" box="[892,1094,1397,1419]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FC8DFAF7E83C54BA" box="[892,1094,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB97FAF7E80254BB" bold="true" box="[1126,1144,1397,1418]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB1AFAF4E88654BA" bold="true" box="[1259,1276,1398,1419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FAAAFAF7E91754BD" bold="true" box="[1371,1389,1397,1420]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FEF8FA16ED615498" bold="true" box="[265,283,1428,1449]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">D</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FD70FA16EEEF5498" bold="true" box="[641,661,1428,1449]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">II</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for exit of optic nerve;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FC1DFA16E8735498" bold="true" box="[1004,1033,1428,1449]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">III</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for exit of oculomotor nerve;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FF66FA31ECCA54F9" bold="true" box="[151,176,1459,1480]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">IV</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for exit of trochlear nerve;
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7607325FDDFFA31EE3254FD" box="[558,584,1459,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FDDFFA31EE3254FD" bold="true" box="[558,584,1459,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">V1</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, foramen for exit of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic branch;
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7607325FB51FA31E8C354FD" box="[1184,1209,1459,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB51FA31E8C354FD" bold="true" box="[1184,1209,1459,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">V2</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
&3, foramen for exit of trigeminal nerve, maxillary and mandibular branches;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FD3AFA56EF6A54D8" bold="true" box="[715,784,1492,1513]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">X–XII</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for exit of vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FF66FA71ECC45739" bold="true" box="[151,190,1523,1544]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">aob</emphasis>
|
||
, antotic buttress;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FE83FA71EDF75739" bold="true" box="[370,397,1523,1544]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ba</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for basilar artery,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FD57FA71EEC75739" bold="true" box="[678,701,1523,1544]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">bt</emphasis>
|
||
, basal tuber;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FCB4FA71EF245739" bold="true" box="[837,862,1523,1544]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">bv</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for blood vessel;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB85FA71E8D65739" bold="true" box="[1140,1196,1523,1544]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">bpt p</emphasis>
|
||
, basipterygoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FF66F990ECC15716" bold="true" box="[151,187,1554,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">crp</emphasis>
|
||
, crista prootica;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FE98F990EDEA5716" bold="true" box="[361,400,1554,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">dep</emphasis>
|
||
, preservational depression;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FD5EF993EEBE5719" bold="true" box="[687,708,1553,1576]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">fo</emphasis>
|
||
, fenestra ovalis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FC85F993EFE95719" bold="true" box="[884,915,1553,1576]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ica</emphasis>
|
||
, internal carotid artery;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FB7CF990E8DF5716" bold="true" box="[1165,1189,1554,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FA81F990E9EC5716" bold="true" box="[1392,1430,1554,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">poc</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FE9FF9B2EDC35777" bold="true" box="[366,441,1583,1606]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">poc-q f</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for quadrate on paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7607325FC86F9B2EFEC5774" bold="true" box="[887,918,1584,1605]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">sul</emphasis>
|
||
, sulcus. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equal to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB228E1F7607325FF1FF9CDED4A5755" box="[238,304,1615,1636]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7607325FF34F90FE8915605" blockId="20.[151,1437,1676,2024]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In other dinosaurs the foramen for the facial nerve (VII) pierces the braincase in the region between, or slightly ventral to, fenestra ovalis and the trigeminal foramen and a small facial foramen has been identified in all ceratopsians whose braincases have been studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FD74F956EE8357DD" author="Hay" box="[645,761,1748,1772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Hay, O. P. (1909) On the skull and the brain of Triceratops, with notes on the brain - cases of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 36, 95 - 108." type="journal article" year="1909">Hay 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FCF6F957E84B57DD" author="Brown" box="[775,1073,1748,1772]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 40, 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FBCFF956E9ED57DD" author="Maryanska" box="[1086,1431,1748,1773]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Maryanska, T. & Osmolska, H. (1975) Results of the Polish - Mongolian palaeontological expeditions - part 6: Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia. Palaeontologia Polonica, 33, 133 - 182." type="journal article" year="1975">Maryańska & Osmólska 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FF66F97AED425621" author="Lehman" box="[151,312,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FEB7F97AEDFB5621" author="Lehman" box="[326,385,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1993) New data on the ceratopsian dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergii Osborn from New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 67, 279 - 288." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FE61F97AEDB15621" author="Lehman" box="[400,459,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1996) A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 494 - 508." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FE2BF97BEE155621" author="Forster" box="[474,623,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FD8FF97AEF9A5621" author="Chinnery" box="[638,992,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Chinnery, B. J. & Weishampel, D. B. (1998) Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) and relationships among basal neoceratopsians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 569 - 585." type="journal article" year="1998">Chinnery & Weishampel 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FC01F97AE8CF5621" author="Makovicky" box="[1008,1205,1784,1808]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FB35F97AECA85605" author="Witmer" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FF2CF89EEE755605" author="Kirkland" box="[221,527,1820,1844]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, this opening cannot be identified in NHMUK R4948.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7607324FF34F8C2EEB15255" blockId="20.[151,1437,1676,2024]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,1300]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Anterior to the trigeminal foramen, the lateral wall of the braincase is pierced by numerous small foramina (Fig. 12C, D). Several are only present on the right side of NHMUK R4948, but this asymmetry is probably preservational. A ridge extending dorsally along the laterosphenoid probably corresponds to the structure termed the antotoic buttress by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FE89F82EEECE56F5" author="Godfrey" box="[376,692,1964,1988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey and Holmes (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the laterosphenoid buttress by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7607325FBCEF82EE9FA56F5" author="Kirkland" box="[1087,1408,1964,1988]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It is pierced ventrally by a foramen opening anteriorly that probably represents the exit for the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7617324FE77FF15EDDE5184" box="[390,420,151,181]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">V1</date>
|
||
). A similar structure in the same location was identified as
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7617324FBCAFF1AE82D5184" box="[1083,1111,152,181]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
V
|
||
<quantity id="4CB228E1F7617324FBBEFF25E82D5184" box="[1103,1111,167,181]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FB8BFF1AED1F51E6" authority="Kirkland & Deblieux 2010" authorityName="Kirkland & Deblieux" authorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FB8BFF1AE9525181" box="[1146,1320,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FAC7FF15ED2751E6" author="Kirkland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland & Deblieux 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ventromedial to the
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7617324FDA3FF42EE1451ED" box="[594,622,192,220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">V1</date>
|
||
foramen a second small foramen is present. Previous workers have identified this as the opening for the oculomotor nerve in other ceratopsian braincases (III;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FB86FF64E9ED51CC" author="Brown" box="[1143,1431,229,253]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 40, 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaiker 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FF66FE8BED4E5010" author="Lehman" box="[151,308,265,289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FEB1FE8BED015010" author="Lehman" box="[320,379,265,289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1996) A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 494 - 508." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FE77FE8BEE335010" author="Makovicky" box="[390,585,265,289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These foramina mark the anterior extent of the basisphenoid and its suture with the orbitosphenoid above and parasphenoid below (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FCFFFEAFEFD45074" author="Norman" box="[782,942,301,325]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Norman, D. B. (1986) On the anatomy of Iguanodon atherfieldensis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique: Sciences de la Terre, 56, 281 - 372." type="journal article" year="1986">Norman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further anteriorly, three small foramina lie adjacent to each other. Previous work has suggested that the foramen anterodorsal to the exit of cranial nerve III is the exit for the trochlear nerve (IV;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FDD7FEF4EEED50BC" author="Hay" box="[550,663,373,398]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hay, O. P. (1909) On the skull and the brain of Triceratops, with notes on the brain - cases of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 36, 95 - 108." type="journal article" year="1909">Hay 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FD52FEF4EFBC50BC" author="Brown" box="[675,966,373,397]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 40, 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FC23FEF7E81550BC" author="Lehman" box="[978,1135,373,397]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FB8AFEF7E8CC50BC" author="Lehman" box="[1147,1206,373,397]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1996) A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 494 - 508." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FB33FEF4E92950BC" author="Forster" box="[1218,1363,373,397]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FAAEFEF7ED5F5080" author="Makovicky" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FEC3FE1BEE705080" author="Dodson" box="[306,522,409,433]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FE61FE18EDB35080" box="[400,457,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) while the opening anterior to that for cranial nerve III (which also lies closest to the midline) is the exit for the optic nerve (II;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FD57FE3CEF6250E4" author="Hay" box="[678,792,445,470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hay, O. P. (1909) On the skull and the brain of Triceratops, with notes on the brain - cases of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 36, 95 - 108." type="journal article" year="1909">Hay 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FCD4FE3CE83650E4" author="Brown" box="[805,1100,445,469]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 40, 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FBA8FE3FE88250E4" author="Lehman" box="[1113,1272,445,469]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FAF4FE3FE93A50E4" author="Lehman" box="[1285,1344,445,469]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1996) A horned dinosaur from the El Picacho Formation of west Texas, and review of ceratopsian dinosaurs from the American southwest. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 494 - 508." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FABCFE3CECA850C8" author="Forster" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Forster, C. A. (1996) New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 246 - 258." type="journal article" year="1996">Forster 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FF2FFE63EDE550C8" author="Makovicky" box="[222,415,481,505]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FE5AFE63EEFF50C8" author="Dodson" box="[427,645,481,505]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FDFBFE60EE3850C8" box="[522,578,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which lies on the suture between the parasphenoid below and orbitosphenoid above (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FEA2FD87ED89532C" author="Norman" box="[339,499,517,541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Norman, D. B. (1986) On the anatomy of Iguanodon atherfieldensis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique: Sciences de la Terre, 56, 281 - 372." type="journal article" year="1986">Norman 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dorsalmost foramen in this area is located within the orbitosphenoid and probably represents a blood vessel canal, possibly the orbitocerebral vein (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FC48FDABE8AC5370" author="Witmer" box="[953,1238,553,577]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ventral to these foramina the braincase is broken and has been reconstructed with plaster, potentially filling the space that would have marked the exit for the olfactory tracts. The interpretation of these cranial foramina differs slightly from the interpretation of the braincase of the centrosaurine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FD24FD14EFF9539F" box="[725,899,662,686]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FD24FD14EFF9539F" box="[725,899,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FC5FFD17E97E539C" author="Kirkland" box="[942,1284,661,685]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Kirkland, J. I. & Deblieux, D. D. (2010) New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 117 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2010">Kirkland and Deblieux (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in which the foramen for cranial nerve III lies anterior and dorsal to
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7617324FCFBFD38EF5C53E7" box="[778,806,698,726]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">V1</date>
|
||
, and corresponds to the foramen here interpreted as the exit for cranial nerve II. The opening for cranial nerve II in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FCBDFD62EF8053C9" box="[844,1018,736,760]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FCBDFD62EF8053C9" box="[844,1018,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is interpreted as the opening for IV, while the opening for IV in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FE25FC86EEF8522D" box="[468,642,772,796]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Diabloceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FE25FC86EEF8522D" box="[468,642,772,796]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diabloceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is interpreted as a blood vessel pit herein. Our interpretation of braincase foramina is more similar to other work on ceratopsian braincase anatomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FBC3FCAAE8DC5271" author="Hay" box="[1074,1190,808,832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hay, O. P. (1909) On the skull and the brain of Triceratops, with notes on the brain - cases of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 36, 95 - 108." type="journal article" year="1909">Hay 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FB44FCABECA85255" author="Brown" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Brown, B. & Schlaikjer, E. M. (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 40, 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FF2CFCCEEDE55255" author="Makovicky" box="[221,415,844,868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Makovicky, P. J. (2001) A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In: Tanke, D. H. and Carpenter, K. (Eds), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 243 - 262." type="book chapter" year="2001">Makovicky 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FE5AFCCEEEC55255" author="Witmer" box="[427,703,844,868]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Witmer, L. M. & Ridgely, R. C. (2008) Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus based on CT scanning and 3 D visualization. In: Currie, P. J. (Ed.), A New Horned Dinosaur From an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 117 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2008">Witmer & Ridgely 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7617324FF34FCF3ED0D52C5" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1300]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FE84FCF2EDBF52B9" box="[373,453,880,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[171,1429,571,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,558,1859]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Braincase of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, right lateral, D, left lateral and E, posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278183/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A), the supraoccipital and posterior part of the frontals have been broken, but anteriorly there is a large concave fossa present between the laterosphenoids, presumably lying within the remnants of the broken frontals, and this probably represents part of the supracranial sinus, a feature present in many ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FF6FFC5EED5952C5" author="Farke" box="[158,291,988,1012]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Farke, A. A. (2006) Morphology and ontogeny of the cornual sinuses in chasmosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae). Journal of Paleontology, 80, 780 - 785." type="journal article" year="2006">Farke 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7617324FF36FB83EE945425" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1300]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FF36FB83ED375528" bold="true" box="[199,333,1024,1049]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lower jaw.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FEA4FB82EDA25529" box="[341,472,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Predentary.</emphasis>
|
||
The predentary is arrow-head shaped in dorsal view. Its dorsal surface is deeply concave, and the lateral margins (triturating surfaces) are transversely broad, orientated horizontally and flat to slightly concave, joining anteriorly in a point that is curved dorsally in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FC05FBCAE8325551" box="[1012,1096,1096,1120]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1696,1719]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,1357,1665]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,1343,1679]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 13. Predentary of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, ventral and C, right lateral view. Scale bar equal to 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278184/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteroventrally the predentary is also drawn into a midline point, and in posterior view two deeply concave facets extend from the posteroventral midline point to the dorsal surface for articulation with the dentaries. Ventrally the surface of the predentary is convex, pitted and grooved, suggestive of a horny covering in life. It is extremely similar to the predentaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FED5FB5BEDDF55C1" box="[292,421,1241,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FED5FB5BEDDF55C1" box="[292,421,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FE2FFB5AEEF855C1" box="[478,642,1240,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FE2FFB5AEEF855C1" box="[478,642,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FD60FB5AEF0A55C1" author="Hatcher" box="[657,880,1240,1264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FD05FB5BEF5755C1" box="[756,813,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FC8CFB5AE86155C1" author="Lehman" box="[893,1051,1240,1264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in all respects. A distinct groove extends anteroposteriorly down the midline ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7617324FF66F922ED4E57E4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278184/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[152,1431,1357,1665]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7617324FF66F922ED4E57E4" blockId="21.[151,1436,1696,1749]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FF66F922ED5A5787" bold="true" box="[151,288,1696,1719]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Predentary of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FD80F923EF465786" box="[625,828,1697,1719]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FD80F923EF465786" box="[625,828,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FCAFF923EF0A5787" bold="true" box="[862,880,1697,1718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FC3BF923EFA15787" bold="true" box="[970,987,1697,1718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FB93F922E80E5786" bold="true" box="[1122,1140,1696,1719]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7617327FF36F881E96D50C5" blockId="21.[151,1436,1794,2035]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,500]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FF36F881EE63562B" box="[199,537,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Posterior lower jaw elements.</emphasis>
|
||
The posterior elements of the lower jaw, including the surangular, articular and prearticular are preserved on both sides and are fused together; sutures are visible in places (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FB6BF8A4E88B560F" box="[1178,1265,1830,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FB0DF8A4E961560F" box="[1276,1307,1830,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1579,1602]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,289,1542]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,265,1558]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 15. Preserved right lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, dorsal, G – H, ventral and I – J, posterior view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278186/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally the coronoid process of the left dentary is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FD08F8C8EF325653" box="[761,840,1866,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
K, L).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FC63F8C8E8B75653" author="Godfrey" box="[914,1229,1866,1890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Godfrey, S. J. & Holmes, R. (1995) Cranial morphology and systematics of Chasmosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of western Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 726 - 742." type="journal article" year="1995">Godfrey and Holmes (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that coossification of the posterior jaw elements never occurred in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FCCBF8ECEF9A56B7" box="[826,992,1902,1926]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FCCBF8ECEF9A56B7" box="[826,992,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, this is clearly not the case in NHMUK R4948, where these elements are in articulation, have not been displaced and are fused together. In lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7617324FF2DF834ED4856FF" box="[220,306,1974,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 15B) the surangular is rectangular, with the long axis angled obliquely anterodorsally; it is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7617324FEF4F859EE0656C3" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[261,636,2010,2034]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FEF4F859EDFC56C3" box="[261,390,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7617324FE64F858EE0E56C3" author="Hatcher" box="[405,628,2010,2034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7617324FE06F859EE4A56C3" box="[503,560,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The surface is rugose and posterolaterally it bears striations and small lateral tumescenses. The angular would have been located ventral to the surangular, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7627327FB65FF1BEC8651E5" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FB65FF1BE96F5181" box="[1172,1301,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7627327FAD4FF15EC8E51E5" author="Hatcher" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FA79FF1BECCE51E5" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ventrally, the surangular bears a deeply concave facet into which the angular would have articulated, wrapping underneath the posterior lower jaw (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FD6CFF5DEE9551C6" box="[669,751,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 15B). Anterolaterally there is an oval facet for articulation with the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FEABFE86EDD6502D" box="[346,428,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B), also observed in CMN 2245 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7627327FCEDFE87EF14502D" box="[796,878,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FCEDFE87EF14502D" box="[796,878,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This differs from the condition in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FB0DFE87E9EE502D" box="[1276,1428,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, where the dentary appears to articulate along a blunt, anteriorly-facing facet (CMN 41357). The anterior parts of both surangulars are broken. On the right a large foramen extends posteriorly from the margin of the adductor fossa into the body of the surangular; this area is damaged on the left side and infilled with plaster. In posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FF6EFE16EC89509D" box="[159,243,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 15J), the surangular extends medially as a dorsoventally thin process to articulate with the prearticular, as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FF24FE3BED1750E1" box="[213,365,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357). Two small foramina are present posterolaterally; foramina in similar locations were illustrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7627327FE99FE5FED9350C5" box="[360,489,477,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FE99FE5FED9350C5" box="[360,489,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7627327FDE2FE5EEE8650C5" box="[531,764,476,500]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FD82FE5FEED150C5" box="[627,683,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1907)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and are present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FC21FE5FE81250C5" box="[976,1128,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7627327FF66FA3FEDEF577F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7627327FF66FA3FEDEF577F" blockId="22.[151,1437,1469,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FF66FA3FED5A54E3" bold="true" box="[151,288,1469,1492]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7627327FCA8FA3FE85954E2" box="[857,1059,1469,1491]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FCA8FA3FE85954E2" box="[857,1059,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FBC1FA3FE82654E3" bold="true" box="[1072,1116,1469,1490]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A–J</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior part of the left lower jaw in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FF2CFA5EED7754C0" bold="true" box="[221,269,1500,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FE96FA59EDE254C3" bold="true" box="[359,408,1499,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FE09FA5EEE5954C0" bold="true" box="[504,547,1500,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FD66FA59EEB654C3" bold="true" box="[663,716,1499,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">G–H</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FCBBFA5EEF1754C0" bold="true" box="[842,877,1500,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">I–J</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FBF4FA5EE84C54C0" bold="true" box="[1029,1078,1500,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
, left coronoid process in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FACDFA5EE92A54C0" bold="true" box="[1340,1360,1500,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">K</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FF35FA79ECAF5721" bold="true" box="[196,213,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FDFCFA79EE4C5721" bold="true" box="[525,566,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">add</emphasis>
|
||
, adductor fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FD19FA79EE855721" bold="true" box="[744,767,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">ar</emphasis>
|
||
, articular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FC80FA78EFEA5720" bold="true" box="[881,912,1530,1553]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">for</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FBF2FA79E8585721" bold="true" box="[1027,1058,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">gle</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FB39FA79E8975721" bold="true" box="[1224,1261,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">par</emphasis>
|
||
, prearticular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FA8EFA79E9EF5721" bold="true" box="[1407,1429,1531,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sa</emphasis>
|
||
, surangular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FEE3F998ED345701" bold="true" box="[274,334,1561,1584]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sa-a f</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for angular on surangular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7627327FD5EF998EE975701" bold="true" box="[687,749,1561,1584]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sa-d f</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7627327FF36F9F7ECAC5654" blockId="22.[151,1437,1653,2037]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The prearticular forms the posteromedial and medial portions of the posterior part of the lower jaw (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FADDF9F7E9FB57BC" box="[1324,1409,1653,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 15D). Posteromedially the prearticular contacts the surangular, and in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FBB4F91BE8E15780" box="[1093,1179,1689,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
J, 15H) a suture can be traced extending anteriorly along the ventromedial surface. A triangular wedge of the articular is visible between the prearticular and surangular in ventral view. Posterodorsally the prearticular is deeply concave, where it forms the posteromedial part of the glenoid for articulation with the quadrate. Anteriorly the cup-like articular surface gives way to a transversely compressed, dorsoventrally thin lamina that extends forwards and is broken on both sides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7627326FF36F8F3E8DC51E5" blockId="22.[151,1437,1653,2037]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The articular forms approximately half of the articular surface for the quadrate and is reniform in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7627327FF6EF817EC8E569C" box="[159,244,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1469,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,570,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,553,1448]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Preserved left lower jaw elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – J, posterior part of the left lower jaw in A – B, lateral, C – D, medial, E – F, posterior, G – H, dorsal and I – J, ventral view. K – L, left coronoid process in K, lateral and L, medial view. Abbreviations: add, adductor fossa; ar, articular; for, foramen; gle, glenoid fossa; par, prearticular; sa, surangular; sa-a f, facet for angular on surangular; sa-d f, facet for dentary on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bars equal to 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278185/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
H, 15F). It is concave medially, where it overlies the prearticular, while laterally it becomes convex, overlying the surangular. The articular appears to extend ventrally between the surangular and prearticular, although it is excluded from the posterior surface of the lower jaw by contact of these elements. In ventral view the articular forms a triangular wedge between the surangular and prearticular, so that the apex of the triangle points posteriorly, and the base of the triangle forms the smooth, slightly concave surface of the adductor fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7637326FF36FF5DE89E5055" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FF36FF5DED0D51C9" bold="true" box="[199,375,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Axial skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Although the presacral axial skeleton is preserved in three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FB54FF62E93651C9" box="[1189,1356,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FB54FF62E93651C9" box="[1189,1356,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843, CMN 2245, CMN 2280), it has not previously been described in detail (although it was briefly described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FF66FEA5EDDF500E" author="Mallon" box="[151,421,295,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mallon, J. C. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) A reevaluation of sexual dimorphism in the postcranium of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Chasmosaurus belli (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). The Canadian Field - Naturalist, 120, 403 - 412." type="journal article" year="2006">Mallon & Holmes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cervicals and dorsals of NHMUK R4948 are the least distorted of any
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FB04FEAAE9E15071" box="[1269,1435,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FB04FEAAE9E15071" box="[1269,1435,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen and are uncrushed. Dimensions of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae are given in Table 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7637326FF66FE16EFD6552C" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<table id="F94A77A4F7638CCEFF66FE11E93F552F" box="[151,1349,403,1054]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FE11E93F509B" box="[151,1349,403,426]" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FE11EDC3509B" box="[151,441,403,426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FF66FE16ED7E5098" bold="true" box="[151,260,404,425]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE31FE11ED9D509B" box="[448,487,403,426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">free</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFE11EF07509B" box="[494,893,403,426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">cervical and dorsal vertebrae, NHMUK</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FE11E93F509B" box="[900,1349,403,426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R4948..</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FE47E93F50EA" box="[151,1349,453,475]" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FE47EDC350EA" box="[151,441,453,475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Element</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFE47EF0750EA" box="[494,893,453,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Length of centrum (cm)</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FE47E93F50EA" box="[900,1349,453,475]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Width across anterior articular surface (cm)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FE6CE93F5335" box="[151,1349,494,516]" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FE6CEDC35335" box="[151,441,494,516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical 4</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFE6CEF075335" box="[494,893,494,516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FE6CE93F5335" box="[900,1349,494,516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FD9AE93F531F" box="[151,1349,536,558]" gridrow="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FD9AEDC3531F" box="[151,441,536,558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical 5</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFD9AEF07531F" box="[494,893,536,558]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FD9AE93F531F" box="[900,1349,536,558]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FDC3E93F5366" box="[151,1349,577,599]" gridrow="4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FDC3EDC35366" box="[151,441,577,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical 6</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFDC3EF075366" box="[494,893,577,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FDC3E93F5366" box="[900,1349,577,599]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FDE8E93F53B1" box="[151,1349,618,640]" gridrow="5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FDE8EDC353B1" box="[151,441,618,640]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical 7</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFDE8EF0753B1" box="[494,893,618,640]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FDE8E93F53B1" box="[900,1349,618,640]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">10.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FD11E93F5398" box="[151,1349,659,681]" gridrow="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FD11EDC35398" box="[151,441,659,681]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical 8</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFD11EF075398" box="[494,893,659,681]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FD11E93F5398" box="[900,1349,659,681]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">10.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FD3FE93F53E2" box="[151,1349,701,723]" gridrow="7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FD3FEDC353E2" box="[151,441,701,723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 1</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFD3FEF0753E2" box="[494,893,701,723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FD3FE93F53E2" box="[900,1349,701,723]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FD64E93F53CD" box="[151,1349,742,764]" gridrow="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FD64EDC353CD" box="[151,441,742,764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 2</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFD64EF0753CD" box="[494,893,742,764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FD64E93F53CD" box="[900,1349,742,764]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FC92E93F5217" box="[151,1349,784,806]" gridrow="9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FC92EDC35217" box="[151,441,784,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 3</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFC92EF075217" box="[494,893,784,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FC92E93F5217" box="[900,1349,784,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FCBBE93F527E" box="[151,1349,825,847]" gridrow="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FCBBEDC3527E" box="[151,441,825,847]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 4</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFCBBEF07527E" box="[494,893,825,847]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FCBBE93F527E" box="[900,1349,825,847]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">8.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FCE0E93F5249" box="[151,1349,866,888]" gridrow="11" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FCE0EDC35249" box="[151,441,866,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 5</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFCE0EF075249" box="[494,893,866,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FCE0E93F5249" box="[900,1349,866,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">8.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FC09E93F5290" box="[151,1349,907,929]" gridrow="12" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FC09EDC35290" box="[151,441,907,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 6</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFC09EF075290" box="[494,893,907,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FC09E93F5290" box="[900,1349,907,929]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FC37E93F52FA" box="[151,1349,949,971]" gridrow="13" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FC37EDC352FA" box="[151,441,949,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 7</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFC37EF0752FA" box="[494,893,949,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FC37E93F52FA" box="[900,1349,949,971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FC5CE93F52C5" box="[151,1349,990,1012]" gridrow="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FC5CEDC352C5" box="[151,441,990,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 8</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFC5CEF0752C5" box="[494,893,990,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">5.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FC5CE93F52C5" box="[900,1349,990,1012]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7638CCEFF66FB8AE93F552F" box="[151,1349,1032,1054]" gridrow="15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFF66FB8AEDC3552F" box="[151,441,1032,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dorsal 9</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFE1FFB8AEF07552F" box="[494,893,1032,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">6.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7638CCEFC75FB8AE93F552F" box="[900,1349,1032,1054]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7637326FF34FBE1ED8554D3" blockId="23.[151,1437,1122,2011]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FF34FBE1EDE5554A" box="[197,415,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cervical vertebrae.</emphasis>
|
||
The first three cervical vertebrae are fused together to form the cervical bar or syncervical, a feature that constitutes a neoceratopsian synapomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FCD7FB04EF8555AF" author="Dodson" box="[806,1023,1158,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FC74FB0AEFC455AF" box="[901,958,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FBFAFB04E94155AF" author="Campione" box="[1035,1339,1158,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Campione, N. E. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) The anatomy and homologies of the ceratopsid syncervical. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 1014 - 1017." type="journal article" year="2006">Campione & Holmes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FAB6FB04EDF455F3" author="Tsuihiji" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Tsuihiji, T. & Makovicky, P. J. (2007) Homology of the neoceratopsian cervical bar elements. Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1132 - 1138." type="journal article" year="2007">Tsuihiji and Makovicky 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In NHMUK R4948 the atlas, axis and cervical three are clearly differentiated from each other by rugose sutures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7637326FE43FB4CEE7255D7" box="[434,520,1230,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1234,1257]" captionTargetBox="[161,1431,627,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,620,1214]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 16. Syncervical of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, right lateral and B, left lateral view. Abbreviations: III, cervical three; III dia, diapophysis of cervical three; III ns, neural spine of cervical three; III para, parapophysis of cervical three; at, atlas; at rf, atlas rib facet; ax, axis; ax dia, diapophysis of axis; ax na, neural arch of axis; ax ns, neural spine of axis; ax para, parapophysis of axis. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278187/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). The atlas is longer than wide and rounded in transverse section, with a deeply concave anterior facet for the occipital condyle, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FCF1FB76E802543B" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[768,1144,1266,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FCF1FB76EFFB543A" box="[768,897,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FC60FB70E80A543B" author="Hatcher" box="[913,1136,1266,1291]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FC05FB76E855543A" box="[1012,1071,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FB42FB71E930543B" box="[1203,1354,1267,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FB42FB71E930543B" box="[1203,1354,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 767). The anterior rim is smooth, although it is finished with plaster on the left side. The lateral sides of the atlas are smooth except where they rise to rugose tumescences about half way along the length of the element: these are rounded, situated dorsally on the intercentrum and represent the articular facet for the single-headed atlas rib, which is unpreserved. The suture with the axis is expanded transversely and rugose laterally; there is no evidence of the atlas centrum (odontoid process) and it probably fused to the axis early in ontogeny. The atlantal neural arches are broken on both sides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7637329FF36FA6CEF2251E5" blockId="23.[151,1437,1122,2011]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1435,151,212]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The axis forms the second fused element in the cervical bar. It is similar in length anteroposteriorly to the atlas and the lateral sides of the centrum are smooth. Ventrally a very slight ridge is present extending anteroposteriorly, a feature also observed in ROM 843 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FDB1F9B4EF5A577F" box="[576,800,1590,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FDB1F9B4EF5A577F" box="[576,800,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In left lateral view a small parapophysis projects laterally from the anterior part of the lateral centrum, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FD0CF9DEE8095743" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[765,1139,1626,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FD0CF9DEEF045742" box="[765,894,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FC7CF9D8E8115743" author="Hatcher" box="[909,1131,1626,1651]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FC1EF9DEE8525742" box="[1007,1064,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; on the right side this area is broken. Posteriorly the centrum expands transversely along the suture with cervical three and is rugose.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35DC594F7637326FACCF9FDE92657A6" box="[1341,1372,1663,1687]" name="American Samoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in all ceratopsians, the neural arch of the axis is very large (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FD00F920E859578B" author="Campione" box="[753,1059,1698,1722]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Campione, N. E. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) The anatomy and homologies of the ceratopsid syncervical. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 1014 - 1017." type="journal article" year="2006">Campione & Holmes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FBDEF920E902578B" author="Tsuihiji" box="[1071,1400,1698,1722]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Tsuihiji, T. & Makovicky, P. J. (2007) Homology of the neoceratopsian cervical bar elements. Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1132 - 1138." type="journal article" year="2007">Tsuihiji & Mackovicky 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is broken along the anterior edge, and comprises two transversely thin sheets of bone that converge above the neural canal to form an elongate, posteriorly inclined neural spine that is fused to the anterior surface of the neural arch of cervical three, forming an elongate plate that presumably served as an anchorage point for some of the musculature necessary for the support of the large ceratopsid head (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FCDDF8B0E872567B" author="Hatcher" box="[812,1032,1842,1867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FC7FF8B6EFBC567A" box="[910,966,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FBE5F8B1E8D8567B" author="Romer" box="[1044,1186,1842,1866]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Romer, A. S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 771 pp." type="book" year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FB5FF8B0ECA9565F" author="Campione" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Campione, N. E. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) The anatomy and homologies of the ceratopsid syncervical. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 1014 - 1017." type="journal article" year="2006">Campione & Holmes 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FF2FF8D4ED0D565F" author="Tsuihiji" box="[222,375,1878,1902]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Tsuihiji, T. (2010) Reconstructions of the axial muscle insertions in the occipital region of dinosaurs: evalutations of past hypotheses on Marginocephalia and Tyrannosauridae using the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. The Anatomical Record, 293, 1360 - 1386." type="journal article" year="2010">Tsuihiji 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The end of the neural spine is rounded dorsally and a cleft separates it from the dorsal end of the spine of cervical three. Posteroventrally a foramen separates the axis neural arch from the neural arch pedicle of cervical three; this is broken around its edges. A foramen in present in the same location in ROM 843, CMN 2280 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FF6FF840EE3456EB" author="Campione" box="[158,590,1986,2010]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Campione, N. E. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) The anatomy and homologies of the ceratopsid syncervical. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 1014 - 1017." type="journal article" year="2006">Campione & Holmes 2006: fig. 3B, C</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FD95F846EFA256EB" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[612,984,1986,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FD95F846EE9956EA" box="[612,739,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7637326FD05F840EFB556EB" author="Hatcher" box="[756,975,1986,2011]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FCA4F846EFF456EA" box="[853,910,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637326FC15F841E8F956EB" box="[996,1155,1987,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637326FC15F841E8F956EB" box="[996,1155,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7637329FAB7F841EC985181" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7637329FAB7F841EC985181" italics="true" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344). In left lateral view a small diapophysis projects laterally on a sturdy transverse process from the side of the neural arch; this area is broken on the right side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF76C7329FF66F9A9E906574E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278186/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[160,1428,289,1542]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76C7329FF66F9A9E906574E" blockId="24.[151,1436,1579,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FF66F9A9ED5A5770" bold="true" box="[151,288,1579,1602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved right lower jaw elements of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76C7329FC97F9AEE84A5773" box="[870,1072,1580,1602]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FC97F9AEE84A5773" box="[870,1072,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FBA0F9AEE8FB5770" bold="true" box="[1105,1153,1580,1601]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FB2BF9A9E9715773" bold="true" box="[1242,1291,1579,1602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FA9AF9AEE9EF5770" bold="true" box="[1387,1429,1580,1601]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FF10F9C8ED6F5750" bold="true" box="[225,277,1610,1633]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">G–H</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FE66F9C9EDC05751" bold="true" box="[407,442,1611,1632]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">I–J</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FD0EF9C9EF525751" bold="true" box="[767,808,1611,1632]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">add</emphasis>
|
||
, adductor fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FC22F9C9EF905751" bold="true" box="[979,1002,1611,1632]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">ar</emphasis>
|
||
, articular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FBA6F9C8E80C5750" bold="true" box="[1111,1142,1610,1633]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">for</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FB15F9C9E9795751" bold="true" box="[1252,1283,1611,1632]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">gle</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FF66F9E8ECC6574E" bold="true" box="[151,188,1642,1663]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">par</emphasis>
|
||
, prearticular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FEBBF9E8ED1A574E" bold="true" box="[330,352,1642,1663]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">sa</emphasis>
|
||
, surangular;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FE17F9E8EE5A57B1" bold="true" box="[486,544,1641,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">sa-a f</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for angular on surangular. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar equals 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76C7328FF36F92EE85D502D" blockId="24.[151,1437,1708,2020]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The centrum of cervical three, the final element in the ceratopsid cervical bar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76C7329FBDFF92EE90D57F5" author="Tsuihiji" box="[1070,1399,1708,1732]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Tsuihiji, T. & Makovicky, P. J. (2007) Homology of the neoceratopsian cervical bar elements. Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1132 - 1138." type="journal article" year="2007">Tsuihiji & Mackovicky 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is approximately the same length as the atlas and axis. The posterior centrum facet is flat, the lateral surface is smooth, and ventrally a very slight ridge is present extending anteroposteriorly. A small, rounded parapophysis is located anterodorsally on the lateral surface of the centrum; it is supported by a bulge that continues onto the posterolateral surface of the axis, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76C7329FDB5F8BFEFCD5665" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[580,951,1852,1876]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FDB5F8BFEEBF5665" box="[580,709,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76C7329FD25F8BEEFD55665" author="Hatcher" box="[724,943,1852,1876]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FCC4F8BFEF175665" box="[821,877,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anterior surface of the neural arch and neural spine of cervical three is coalesced with those of the axis and prezygapophyses, and sutures have been largely obliterated, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76C7329FE4DF807EF4556AD" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[444,831,1924,1948]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FE4DF807EE4756AD" box="[444,573,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76C7329FDBEF806EF4D56AD" author="Hatcher" box="[591,823,1924,1948]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FD45F807EE8A56AD" box="[692,752,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in contrast, the postzygapophyses of cervical three extend posteriorly from just dorsal to the neural canal, face ventrolaterally, and are broadly separated, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76C7329FAB7F82BEC9856D5" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76C7329FAB7F82BEC9856D5" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 767). The diapophysis, which is smaller than the parapophysis, is located posterodorsal to the latter and situated on a short transverse process that projects ventrally and slightly posteriorly. A foramen pierces the neural arch ventrally at the base of the diapophysis and appears to extend dorsomedially in left lateral view; this feature is not present on the right side because the diapophysis has been covered with plaster in this area. The neural spine is short and stout, being broader transversely than it is anteroposteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76D7328FF36FEAAEFAD5326" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
A further five cervical vertebrae are preserved, bringing the total number of cervicals to eight, and based on their articulations with each other, the morphology and sizes of the anterior dorsals, and comparisons with CMN 2245 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FF11FEF2EDBB50B9" box="[224,449,368,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF11FEF2EDBB50B9" box="[224,449,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), this probably represents the complete cervical column (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76D7328FBA1FEEDE8DE50B6" box="[1104,1188,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1928,1951]" captionTargetBox="[312,1265,207,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[302,1266,195,1897]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Cervical vertebrae four to eight of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – C, cervical four; D – F, cervical five; G – I, cervical six; J – L, cervical seven; M – O, and cervical eight; shown in A, D, G, J, M, anterior, B, E, H, K, N, posterior and C, F, I, L, O, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278188/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, no quarry map exists and the sequence of the vertebrae assumed herein is based on parapophysis location, height of the neural spines and matching of similarly sized articular surfaces. Cervical vertebrae are distinguished from dorsal vertebrae on the basis of parapophyseal position: cervicals bear a parapophysis located on the centrum or neurocentral suture, whereas in dorsal vertebrae the parapophysis is located on the neural arch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF76D7328FF66FB50EE835474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278187/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[161,1431,627,1199]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76D7328FF66FB50EE835474" blockId="25.[151,1437,1234,1349]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF66FB50ED5B55D9" bold="true" box="[151,289,1234,1257]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Syncervical of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FD8FFB51EF3355D8" box="[638,841,1235,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FD8FFB51EF3355D8" box="[638,841,1235,1257]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FC9DFB51EF0455D9" bold="true" box="[876,894,1235,1256]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FBC9FB51E83355D9" bold="true" box="[1080,1097,1235,1256]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF66FB70ECCE5436" bold="true" box="[151,180,1266,1287]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">III</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical three;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FEA6FB70EDE75439" bold="true" box="[343,413,1265,1288]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">III dia</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis of cervical three;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FD2AFB70EF6D5436" bold="true" box="[731,791,1266,1287]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">III ns</emphasis>
|
||
, neural spine of cervical three;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FBA7FB70E8D75436" bold="true" box="[1110,1197,1266,1287]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">III para</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophysis of cervical three;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF0DFA93ED6B5417" bold="true" box="[252,273,1297,1318]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">at</emphasis>
|
||
, atlas;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FEABFA93EDF05416" bold="true" box="[346,394,1296,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">at rf</emphasis>
|
||
, atlas rib facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FDDFFA93EE3D5417" bold="true" box="[558,583,1297,1318]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ax</emphasis>
|
||
, axis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FD7AFA93EEB75416" bold="true" box="[651,717,1296,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ax dia</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis of axis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FC5DFA93EF9D5417" bold="true" box="[940,999,1297,1318]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ax na</emphasis>
|
||
, neural arch of axis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FB4EFA93E88D5417" bold="true" box="[1215,1271,1297,1318]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ax ns</emphasis>
|
||
, neural spine of axis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF3CFAB2ED655474" bold="true" box="[205,287,1328,1349]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ax para</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophysis of axis. Scale bar equals 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76D7328FF36FAEEED785621" blockId="25.[151,1436,1388,2024]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The centra of cervicals four to eight are amphiplatyan, transversely wider than they are anteroposteriorly long, and laterally bear several small foramina. Foramina are also observed piercing the sides of the centra in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FAD4FA12ECAE54FC" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FAD8FA12ECAE54FC" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Anchiceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anchiceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’ (CMN 8547).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76D7328FE7AFA37EE5154FD" author="Brown" box="[395,555,1460,1484]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Brown, B. (1917) A complete skeleton of the horned dinosaur Monoclonius, and description of a second skeleton showing skin impressions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 37, 281 - 306 + 9 pl." type="journal article" year="1917">Brown (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the cervical centra of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FC5DFA37E83E54FD" box="[940,1092,1461,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FC5DFA37E83E54FD" box="[940,1092,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
become progressively shorter more posteriorly along the column; in contrast, the lengths of the centra in NHMUK R4948 remain subequal. Cervicals four, five and six bear a flattened ridge ventrally that extends between the anterior and posterior centrum facets; in cervicals seven and eight the ridge is less well defined. The parapophysis of cervicals four to six is located on the anterior half of the lateral centrum and slightly closer to the neurocentral suture than the ventral margin, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FF66F9EBEE6C57B1" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[151,534,1640,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF66F9EBED6257B1" box="[151,280,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76D7328FED8F9EAEE7757B1" author="Hatcher" box="[297,525,1640,1664]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FE7CF9EBEDB257B1" box="[397,456,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This process is rounded, concave, faces posterolaterally and is slightly raised from the lateral surface. Striations extending anterodorsally are present above the parapophysis in cervical four. In cervicals seven and eight the parapophyses are located more dorsally on the centrum than in the other cervicals, and in cervical eight they are oval in shape, with the long axis angled anteroventrally, and are larger than in the other cervicals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76D7328FF36F89EE917564D" blockId="25.[151,1436,1388,2024]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">The neural arches of cervicals four to eight exhibit variable preservation. Cervical seven is present as a centrum only; however an isolated partial neural arch and spine that may belong to this cervical is present. The height and angle of the neural spine are congruent with the interpretation that this is the neural arch of cervical seven.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76D732BFF36F80BEFD9500E" blockId="25.[151,1436,1388,2024]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In all cervicals the neural canal is circular or tear-drop shaped in outline and is approximately as wide as it is tall. The neural arch in cervicals five to eight leans slightly anteriorly, a feature also seen in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76D7328FF66F852ED4756D9" box="[151,317,2000,2024]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76D7328FF66F852ED4756D9" box="[151,317,2000,2024]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2245, ROM 843). The prezygapophyses are located immediately dorsal to the neural canal and are widely separated, with ovate articular surfaces that face dorsomedially. A ridge extends anteriorly from the anterior margin of the neural spine, lying between the prezgyapophyses, and prominent depressions are present either side of this ridge, as is also the case in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFD66FF63EF6251C9" box="[663,792,225,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFD66FF63EF6251C9" box="[663,792,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFCD6FF5DE87C51C6" author="Hatcher" box="[807,1030,223,248]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC7BFF63EFB951C9" box="[906,963,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 51). The postzygapophyses are broadly separated in posterior view and have articular surfaces that are oriented ventrolaterally. These surfaces are reniform in outline in cervical four but oval in cervicals six and eight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76E732BFF36FECFEF6C52F2" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In cervical four, the diapophysis, which is preserved completely on the left side, is positioned on a short transverse process that extends laterally and slightly ventrally. In contrast, the fourth cervical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFB54FEF2E95C50B6" box="[1189,1318,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFB54FEF2E95C50B6" box="[1189,1318,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has transverse processes that extend dorsolaterally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFD8EFE11EF1A509A" author="Hatcher" box="[639,864,403,427]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFD13FE16EF66509A" box="[738,796,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cervicals five and eight of NHMUK R4948, the only other cervicals in which they are preserved, have transverse processes that extend dorsolaterally. By contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFF44FE59ED3750C3" box="[181,333,475,498]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFF44FE59ED3750C3" box="[181,333,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 767) these processes extend more strongly laterally. In cervical eight of NHMUK R4948 the transverse processes are longer and more robust than they are in cervical five, and bear ovate diapophyses with flat to slightly concave articular surfaces. The base of the transverse process is pierced by a large foramen in cervicals four and six, but this feature is absent in cervicals five and eight; the area is not preserved in cervical seven. A similar foramen is present in cervical five of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFD6FFDE8EF0553B3" box="[670,895,618,642]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFD6FFDE8EF0553B3" box="[670,895,618,642]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2245), and in cervicals four and five of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFF66FD0CED4C5394" box="[151,310,654,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFF66FD0CED4C5394" box="[151,310,654,677]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344), but no such features were observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFC6BFD0CE86A5397" box="[922,1040,654,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC6BFD0CE86A5397" box="[922,1040,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2280). The neural spine is completely preserved in cervicals four, seven and eight, and it projects dorsally, as it does in CMN 2245, CMN 2280,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFF2FFD54EE2253DC" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[222,600,725,749]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFF2FFD54ED2553DC" box="[222,351,726,749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFE9EFD57EE2B53DC" author="Hatcher" box="[367,593,725,749]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFE22FD54EE7753DC" box="[467,525,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFDACFD57EF7253DC" box="[605,776,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFD90FD57EF7253DC" box="[609,776,725,749]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Anchiceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anchiceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’ (CMN 8547) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFC16FD54E8FC53DC" box="[999,1158,726,749]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC16FD54E8FC53DC" box="[999,1158,726,749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344). In cervical four the spine broadens transversely towards its apex and the aforementioned ridge that extends forward between the prezygapophyses extends approximately halfway up the spine before splitting to give way to a flattened anterodorsal surface. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFE99FCC3ED935269" box="[360,489,833,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFE99FCC3ED935269" box="[360,489,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the top of the neural spine of cervical four is also broader transversely than it is anteroposteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFE97FCE6EE32524D" author="Hatcher" box="[358,584,868,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFE3BFCE7EE7E524D" box="[458,516,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The summit of the neural spine in cervicals seven and eight of NHMUK R4948 is not expanded transversely at the top, but is bifurcated by a groove posteriorly so that it is arrow-head shaped in cross-section with the apex pointing anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76E732BFF34FC4DEE1755D0" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFF34FC4DEDF652D6" box="[197,396,975,999]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dorsal vertebrae.</emphasis>
|
||
Seven dorsal vertebrae comprising centra and parts of the neural arch are present, along with two additional centra and five isolated partial neural spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76E732BFCC4FC71EFF1553A" box="[821,907,1011,1035]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[256,1318,183,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[256,1327,177,1942]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Dorsal vertebrae one to four of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – C, dorsal one; D – F, dorsal two; G – I, dorsal three; J – L, and dorsal four; shown in A, D, G, J, anterior, B, E, H, K, posterior and C, F, I, L, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278189/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76E732BFC66FC71EFCC553A" box="[919,950,1011,1035]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1935,1958]" captionTargetBox="[259,1299,204,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[251,1310,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 19. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, D, G, anterior, B, E, H, posterior and C, F, I, right lateral view. These vertebrae are termed dorsals five to seven in the text, but their exact location in the dorsal vertebral column is unknown. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278190/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four of these appear to be anteriorly positioned and probably represent dorsals one to four based on the height of the neural arch, the angle of the transverse processes and the size of the neural spine relative to that on the last cervical vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76E732BFBADFBB8E8CA5563" box="[1116,1200,1082,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1949,1972]" captionTargetBox="[256,1318,183,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[256,1327,177,1942]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Dorsal vertebrae one to four of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – C, dorsal one; D – F, dorsal two; G – I, dorsal three; J – L, and dorsal four; shown in A, D, G, J, anterior, B, E, H, K, posterior and C, F, I, L, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278189/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Other dorsals (here termed dorsals five to seven) are more posterior dorsals based on neural spine and zygapophysis morphology, although it is not possible to determine which vertebrae they represent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76E732BFC49FB03E87655A8" box="[952,1036,1153,1177]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1935,1958]" captionTargetBox="[259,1299,204,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[251,1310,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 19. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, D, G, anterior, B, E, H, posterior and C, F, I, right lateral view. These vertebrae are termed dorsals five to seven in the text, but their exact location in the dorsal vertebral column is unknown. Scale bar equals 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278190/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). This suggests that the middle dorsals were not preserved: comparisons with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFD35FB24EF10558F" box="[708,874,1190,1214]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFD35FB24EF10558F" box="[708,874,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens suggest that around four dorsal vertebrae are missing (CMN 2245; ROM 843).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76E732BFF36FB6FE9EF5777" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The centra of all dorsals are amphiplatyan, wider than long, and the lateral sides are smooth and generally lack foramina, except for dorsal four, which bears two small nutrient foramina on its right side. The lateral sides are not deeply excavated, in contrast to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFDAFFAB7EE8F547D" box="[606,757,1333,1356]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFDAFFAB7EE8F547D" box="[606,757,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 1426;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFC62FAB6E87E547D" author="Lull" box="[915,1028,1332,1356]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally, a flattened ridge extends from the anterior to the posterior articular surface in dorsal one. In dorsals two to seven the anterior articular surface is slightly larger than the posterior surface and both articular surfaces extend ventrally under the centrum as rugosities, producing strong, thickened rims to the centra, which increasingly approach each other in the more posterior regions of the dorsal column, a feature that also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFC85FA41E86D54EA" box="[884,1047,1475,1499]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC85FA41E86D54EA" box="[884,1047,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFBD6FA41E96154EA" author="Lehman" box="[1063,1307,1475,1499]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989: fig.13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is not apparent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFED1FA6AEE3D54CE" authority="Lull 1933" authorityName="Lull" authorityYear="1933" box="[288,583,1511,1535]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFED1FA6AEDC254CE" box="[288,440,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFE38FA65EE3A54CE" author="Lull" box="[457,576,1511,1535]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The neurocentral suture, obliterated on the cervicals and dorsals one and two, is clear on dorsals three to seven, suggesting fusion of the neural arches to the centra may have proceeded posteriorly during ontogeny, and that the animal was not fully osteologically mature at the time of death (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFAF8F9ACE9F35777" author="Irmis" box="[1289,1417,1582,1606]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Irmis, R. B. (2007) Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Psuedosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 350 - 361." type="journal article" year="2007">Irmis 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76E732FFF36F9D0EECD51C6" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,2011]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The neural canal of all dorsals is rounded, except for that of dorsal one, which is oval, being taller than wide. The prezygapophyses of dorsals one to four face dorsomedially and their bases are separated from each other by a groove that extends to the top of the neural canal. This is similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFB9DF919E8975783" box="[1132,1261,1691,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFB9DF919E8975783" box="[1132,1261,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFB0CF91BECA957E4" author="Hatcher" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFA90F919E9E65783" box="[1377,1436,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 52), but contrasts with that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFD9FF93CEFEB57E4" authority="Lull 1933" authorityName="Lull" authorityYear="1933" box="[622,913,1725,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFD9FF93CEF7F57E4" box="[622,773,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFCE7F93FEFF357E4" author="Lull" box="[790,905,1725,1749]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFC3CF93CE81657E4" box="[973,1132,1726,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC3CF93CE81657E4" box="[973,1132,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344), in which the bases of the prezygapophyses meet ventrally. This groove becomes more prominent in the posterior dorsals, in which the prezygapophyseal articular surfaces rotate to face entirely dorsally. Accordingly, the postzygapophyses face ventrolaterally in dorsals one to four, but entirely ventrally in dorsals five to seven, a feature also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFF66F8CFED895655" authority="Lehman 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,499,1868,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFF66F8CFED405654" box="[151,314,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFEB8F8CEED915655" author="Lehman" box="[329,491,1868,1892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFDF8F8CFEECE5654" box="[521,692,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFD35F8CEEF925655" author="Mallon" box="[708,1000,1868,1892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Mallon, J. C. & Holmes, R. B. (2010) Description of a complete and fully articulated chasmosaurine postcranium previously assigned to Anchiceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae). In: Ryan, M. J., Chinnery - Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 189 - 202." type="book chapter" year="2010">Mallon and Holmes 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFBD9F8CCE8D35654" box="[1064,1193,1870,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFBD9F8CCE8D35654" box="[1064,1193,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFB49F8CEE9E25655" author="Hatcher" box="[1208,1432,1868,1893]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFAEAF8CCE92E5654" box="[1307,1364,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 52). A ridge extends ventrally from the postzygapophyses, along the midline to the top of the neural canal. The zygapophyses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFE90F816EE3E569D" box="[353,580,1940,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFE90F816EE3E569D" box="[353,580,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843) are rather different from those of NHMUK R4948: they are fused to each other ventrally forming a continuous, concave (prezygapophyses) or convex (postzygapophyses) surface for articulation with the preceding or following vertebra, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76E732BFC75F85EE8DF56C2" authority="Lull 1933" authorityName="Lull" authorityYear="1933" box="[900,1189,2011,2035]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76E732BFC75F85EE86156C2" box="[900,1051,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76E732BFBDBF859E8E756C2" author="Lull" box="[1066,1181,2011,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is possible that this feature is subject to ontogenetic variation, and this warrants further investigation. Additionally, in all of the dorsals of the latter two taxa, regardless of their position in the axial column, the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially, while the postzygapophyses face ventrolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF76F732AFF66F80AEEC556ED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278188/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[312,1265,207,1880]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76F732AFF66F80AEEC556ED" blockId="27.[151,1436,1928,2013]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFF66F80AED6556AF" bold="true" box="[151,287,1928,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Cervical vertebrae four to eight of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76F732AFCCDF80BE87F56AE" box="[828,1029,1929,1951]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFCCDF80BE87F56AE" box="[828,1029,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFBE3F80AE83956AE" bold="true" box="[1042,1091,1928,1951]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical four;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFB2FF80BE97056AF" bold="true" box="[1246,1290,1929,1950]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D–F</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical five;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFF66F825ECBB568F" bold="true" box="[151,193,1959,1982]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">G–I</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical six;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFEBFF82AED02568C" bold="true" box="[334,376,1960,1981]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">J–L</emphasis>
|
||
, cervical seven;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFDD2F825EE21568F" bold="true" box="[547,603,1959,1982]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">M–O</emphasis>
|
||
, and cervical eight; shown in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFC7BF82AE86C568C" bold="true" box="[906,1046,1959,1982]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A, D, G, J, M</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFB8CF82AE970568C" bold="true" box="[1149,1290,1960,1981]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B, E, H, K, N</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76F732AFF66F844ED6D56EC" bold="true" box="[151,279,1990,2013]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C, F, I, L, O</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF768732DFF66F81FED4456C0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278189/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[256,1318,183,1932]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F768732DFF66F81FED4456C0" blockId="28.[151,1436,1949,2033]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFF66F81FED5A5682" bold="true" box="[151,288,1949,1972]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal vertebrae one to four of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F768732DFCD6F81CEF885685" box="[807,1010,1950,1972]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFCD6F81CEF885685" box="[807,1010,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFBF1F81FE84A5685" bold="true" box="[1024,1072,1949,1972]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal one;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFB46F81CE8995682" bold="true" box="[1207,1251,1950,1971]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D–F</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal two;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFA9AF81FE9EF5685" bold="true" box="[1387,1429,1949,1972]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">G–I</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal three;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFEEDF83FED3C56E3" bold="true" box="[284,326,1981,2002]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">J–L</emphasis>
|
||
, and dorsal four; shown in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFD91F83EEEB356E3" bold="true" box="[608,713,1980,2003]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A, D, G, J</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFCC3F83FEFD956E3" bold="true" box="[818,931,1981,2002]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B, E, H, K</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F768732DFBCDF83EE8E456E3" bold="true" box="[1084,1182,1980,2003]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C, F, I, L</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF769732CFF66F80DEE0756D3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278190/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[259,1299,204,1873]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F769732CFF66F80DEE0756D3" blockId="29.[151,1436,1935,2018]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F769732CFF66F80DED655695" bold="true" box="[151,287,1935,1958]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior dorsal vertebrae of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F769732CFCF1F80DEFB35694" box="[768,969,1935,1957]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F769732CFCF1F80DEFB35694" box="[768,969,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F769732CFC18F80DE84D5697" bold="true" box="[1001,1079,1935,1958]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A, D, G</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F769732CFB6FF812E8965694" bold="true" box="[1182,1260,1936,1957]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B, E, H</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F769732CFA72F80DECC356F2" bold="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C, F, I</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view. These vertebrae are termed dorsals five to seven in the text, but their exact location in the dorsal vertebral column is unknown. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76A732FFF36FE86E83750C2" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">In dorsal one the parapophysis, an oval, concave facet, is located below the base of the transverse process, level with the neural canal. In dorsals two to four, the parapophysis is located more dorsally, and is present as a rounded, deeply concave facet situated on a robust, laterally projecting stalk that arises from the transverse process approximately level with the prezygapophyses. In dorsal six, the only posterior dorsal in which the parapophysis is preserved, it is a smaller, circular facet located on the anteroventral transverse process below the diapophysis and dorsal to the prezygapophysis. In several dorsals of ROM 843, the capitulum of the rib is fused to the parapophysis; this may be a pathological or ontogenetic feature and is not seen in NHMUK R4948.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76A732FFF34FD82E8EE553E" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
In NHMUK R4948 the diapophysis is located at the distal end of the dorsolaterally projecting transverse process; in dorsals one to three the cross section of the transverse process is shaped like an inverted ‘L’. The diapophysis is expanded anteroposteriorly, rounded, and angles ventrolaterally, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFC0EFDCAE902536E" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[1023,1400,583,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFC0EFDCAE8FA536E" box="[1023,1152,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFB61FDC5E90A536E" author="Hatcher" box="[1168,1392,583,607]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFB02FDCAE956536E" box="[1267,1324,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In dorsal four and dorsal six, the only posterior dorsal in which the transverse process is preserved, the transverse process is ‘T’ shaped in cross section, an anterior ridge having been developed. The diapophysis is not as expanded in dorsal four as it is in dorsals one to three; in the posterior dorsals it is not preserved. The neural spine is preserved completely only in dorsal four; however, the base of the spine is preserved in dorsals three, five and six. In dorsal four the neural spine is blade-shaped, strongly transversely compressed, tapers dorsally and is oriented slightly posteriorly. In the posterior dorsals the neural spine is much broader anteroposteriorly (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFB85FCA2E88F5206" box="[1140,1269,800,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFB85FCA2E88F5206" box="[1140,1269,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFAF3FC9DECAE526A" author="Hatcher" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFA95FCA2E9E65206" box="[1380,1436,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFF01FCC1EDEB526A" box="[240,401,835,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Anchiceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFF01FCC1EDEB526A" box="[240,401,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Anchiceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ [CMN 8547] and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFD9CFCC6EF7E526A" box="[621,772,836,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFD9CFCC6EF7E526A" box="[621,772,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[ROM 767]) although it remains compressed transversely, and appears to have projected more strongly dorsally.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFD0AFCE5E854524E" author="Mallon" box="[763,1070,871,895]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Mallon, J. C. & Holmes, R. B. (2006) A reevaluation of sexual dimorphism in the postcranium of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Chasmosaurus belli (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). The Canadian Field - Naturalist, 120, 403 - 412." type="journal article" year="2006">Mallon and Holmes (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the neural spines of the anterior dorsals of CMN 2245 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFDB5FC0EEEED5292" box="[580,663,907,931]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFDB5FC0EEEED5292" box="[580,663,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) projected more strongly posteriorly than the posterior dorsal neural spines, a feature not observed in CMN 2280 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFD62FC32EF7C52F6" box="[659,774,943,967]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFD62FC32EF7C52F6" box="[659,774,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. russelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Our observations of NHMUK R4948 support the suggestion that the anterior neural spines projected more posteriorly than the posterior neural spines in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFB11FC56E94152DA" box="[1248,1339,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFB11FC56E94C52DA" box="[1248,1334,979,1003]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">C. belli</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and this may prove to be a specific difference, although more specimens are needed to confirm this.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76A732EFF34FB99ECA150FE" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,2011]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,860]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFF34FB99EDF35502" box="[197,393,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sacral vertebrae.</emphasis>
|
||
The centra of six vertebrae are fused together to form the sacral rod, which appears to comprise two dorsosacrals and four sacrals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76A732FFDA9FBBDEED65566" box="[600,684,1087,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1363,1386]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,919,1334]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,913,1342]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 20. Sacral vertebrae of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli in A, dorsal, B, right lateral and C, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ds 1, first dorsosacral vertebra; ds 2, second dorsosacral vertebra; s 1, first sacral vertebra; s 2, second sacral vertebra; s 3, third sacral vertebra; s 4, fourth sacral vertebra. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278191/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
; dorsosacrals are those that bear ribs similar in morphology to dorsal ribs, while the four true sacrals, homologous to the four sacrals of basal ornithischians, bear sacral ribs: see below). In contrast, nine vertebrae are fused to form the sacral rod in CMN 2245 (one dorsosacral, four sacrals and four caudosacrals) and eleven are fused in ROM 843 (three dorsosacrals, four sacrals and four caudosacrals).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFA96FB29ED6255D6" author="Lehman" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported ten vertebrae in the sacral rod in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFD1FFB4DEFEB55D6" box="[750,913,1231,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFD1FFB4DEFEB55D6" box="[750,913,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(three dorsosacrals, four sacrals and three caudosacrals), and there are also ten in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFDB9FB76EEB3543A" box="[584,713,1268,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFDB9FB76EEB3543A" box="[584,713,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFD2DFB71EFBC543A" author="Hatcher" box="[732,966,1267,1291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFCB3FB76EF04543A" box="[834,894,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: two dorsosacrals, four sacrals and four caudosacrals). In NHMUK R4948, the anteriormost vertebra fused to the sacral rod, the second dorsosacral, bears prezygapophyses that face dorsally and are identical in morphology to those of the posterior dorsals. The dorsosacral vertebrae bear laterally-projecting transverse processes that are comparable in anteroposterior width to those of the dorsals. No evidence for parapophyses is visible on the lateral sides of the vertebrae, suggesting that they either bore single-headed ribs or more likely that the transverse processes contacted the preacetabular process of the ilium. Their neural spines are strongly inclined posteriorly, in contrast to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFB87FA4EE88454D2" box="[1142,1278,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFB87FA4EE88054D2" box="[1142,1274,1484,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which extend dorsally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFF0EFA6DEDA15736" author="Hatcher" box="[255,475,1519,1543]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFE91FA72EDE35736" box="[352,409,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 54), and are not fused to each other or to those of the other vertebrae in the sacral rod. The posterior four vertebrae in the sacral rod bear sacral ribs and are probably homologous to the four sacral vertebrae present in primitive ornithischians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFD67F9B5EF19577E" author="Butler" box="[662,867,1591,1615]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Butler, R. J., Upchurch, P. & Norman, D. B. (2008) The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 6, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Butler
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFD17F9BAEF64577E" box="[742,798,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Foramina pierce the fused neural arches between the third and fourth vertebrae fused into the rod (sacrals one and two) and the fourth and fifth vertebrae fused into the rod (sacrals two and three). Ventrally, all of the vertebrae in the rod bear a deep groove that extends along the centrum anteroposteriorly, a feature present in chasmosaurines but developed to a much lesser extent in centrosaurines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76A732FFF2FF945EDFA57EE" author="Lehman" box="[222,384,1735,1759]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The neural spines of vertebrae three to six (sacrals one to four) are coalesced into a transversely compressed sheet and sutures between them have been obliterated. No ossified tendons are preserved. The posterior centrum facet of the final vertebra in the rod, sacral four, is rugose and unfinished and suggests an additional vertebra, a caudosacral, may have contributed to the sacral rod but was not fused at the time of death. Since other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76A732FFE89F8D5EE64565E" box="[376,542,1879,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76A732FFE89F8D5EE64565E" box="[376,542,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2245; ROM 843) bear four caudosacrals, it is likely that several additional vertebrae would have fused into the sacral rod during ontogeny, and the unfused state of these vertebrae provides further evidence that the animal was not osteologically mature at the time of death. The sacral ribs of the third, fourth and fifth vertebrae in the sacral rod (sacrals one to three) are dorsoventrally deep and anteroposteriorly compressed, and slightly hour-glass shaped in cross section. There are two distinct articular surfaces, one dorsal and one ventral, homologous with the diapophysis and parapophysis of dorsal vertebrae, respectively. Both of these articular surfaces would have contacted the medial surface of the ilium. The ventral articular surfaces of sacrals one to three are coalesced into one anteroposteriorly elongate surface, while the dorsal articular surfaces remain distinct from each other and do not fuse, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFDBAFEABEEB65071" box="[587,716,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFDBAFEABEEB65071" box="[587,716,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76B732EFD2AFEA5EFC3500E" author="Hatcher" box="[731,953,295,320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFCCCFEABEF0C5071" box="[829,886,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 54) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFBA1FEABE88B5071" box="[1104,1265,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFBA1FEABE88B5071" box="[1104,1265,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pentaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76B732EFAF0FEA5ECBF5055" author="Wiman" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Wiman, C. (1930) Uber Ceratopsia aus der oberen kreide in New Mexico. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, series 4, 7, 1 - 19 + 7 pl." type="journal article" year="1930">Wiman 1930: pl.5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rib of the posteriormost vertebra fused to the sacral rod, sacral four, does not bear distinct dorsal and ventral articular surfaces for the ilium; instead these coalesce and are joined to the ventral articular surfaces of the other sacral ribs, resulting in the rib angling anterodorsally, a feature also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFB82FE17E88E509D" box="[1139,1268,405,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFB82FE17E88E509D" box="[1139,1268,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFADFFE17ECAE50E1" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFADFFE17ECAE50E1" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pentaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76B732EFF34FE5EEF7F526D" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,860]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF34FE5EEC8450C5" box="[197,254,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ribs.</emphasis>
|
||
Many dorsal rib fragments are preserved, but these are broken into small pieces and no complete rib remains. Anterior dorsal ribs are ‘Y’-shaped, with the tuberculum and capitulum held on elongate processes at right angles to each other. The tuberculum is anteroposteriorly expanded and oval in outline, while the capitulum, which sits on the longer of the two branches of the ‘Y’, is not expanded relative to the shaft and is also oval in outline. Proximally, the rib shaft is anteroposteriorly compressed and oval in cross-section; more distally it becomes triangular in cross-section with the apex pointing anteriorly. The process bearing the tuberculum in the more posterior dorsal ribs is much shorter proximodistally than it is in the anterior ribs, while the process for the capitulum is much longer. The tuberculum is not significantly expanded anteroposteriorly, whereas the tuberculum is larger than in anterior ribs. The proximal shaft is transversely compressed and its anterior surface is concave so that it is ‘C’ shaped in cross-section. More distally, the shaft is triangular in cross-section but the apex points posteriorly, in contrast to the situation in the anterior dorsal ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76B732EFD54FCC6EE82526D" box="[677,760,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1750,1773]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,807,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,793,1729]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 21. Examples of the dorsal ribs of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, in A – B, anterior and C – D, posterior view. Location of ribs on the dorsal column unknown. Scale bar equals 20 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278192/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF76B732EFF66FAD1EFB05497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278191/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[160,1425,919,1334]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76B732EFF66FAD1EFB05497" blockId="31.[151,1437,1363,1446]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF66FAD1ED5B5459" bold="true" box="[151,289,1363,1386]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
|
||
Sacral vertebrae of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFD5CFAD1EF035458" box="[685,889,1363,1385]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFD5CFAD1EF035458" box="[685,889,1363,1385]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFC6DFAD1EFD45459" bold="true" box="[924,942,1363,1384]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFBF8FAD6E8605458" bold="true" box="[1033,1050,1364,1385]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFB25FAD1E89C545B" bold="true" box="[1236,1254,1363,1386]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFEC5FAF0ED2354B6" bold="true" box="[308,345,1394,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ds1</emphasis>
|
||
, first dorsosacral vertebra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFD80FAF0EEEF54B6" bold="true" box="[625,661,1394,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ds2</emphasis>
|
||
, second dorsosacral vertebra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFC3AFAF0EF9B54B6" bold="true" box="[971,993,1394,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">s1</emphasis>
|
||
, first sacral vertebra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFB30FAF0E8AD54B6" bold="true" box="[1217,1239,1394,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">s2</emphasis>
|
||
, second sacral vertebra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF26FA13EC975497" bold="true" box="[215,237,1425,1446]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">s3</emphasis>
|
||
, third sacral vertebra;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFE23FA13ED925497" bold="true" box="[466,488,1425,1446]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">s4</emphasis>
|
||
, fourth sacral vertebra. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76B732EFF36FA4FED9A571F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1485,1582]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF36FA4FEDA454D7" bold="true" box="[199,478,1485,1510]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Appendicular skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Elements of the pectoral girdle, forelimb, pelvic girdle and hind limb are well preserved in NHMUK R4948; unfortunately no manus or pes material was recovered. Dimensions of the appendicular skeleton are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C8B0BFF76B732EFE77F994EDA1571F" box="[390,475,1558,1582]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,235,154,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1291,203,680]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="TABLE 3. Postcranial measurements, NHMUK R 4948." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35D58CF7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF35D58CF7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F76B732EFF66F9DCE8B1568B" blockId="31.[151,1436,1630,1978]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF66F9DCED725747" box="[151,264,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coracoid.</emphasis>
|
||
Both coracoids are well preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F76B732EFD69F9DCEE935747" box="[664,745,1630,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1796,1819]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,852,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,841,1775]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 22. Preserved pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, coracoid in A, right lateral, B, right medial, C, left lateral and D, left medial view. E – G, proximal plate of left scapula in E, lateral, F, medial and G, anterior view. H – K, partial right pubis in H, lateral, I, medial, J, dorsal and K, ventral view. The anterior portion of the prepubis is preserved separately and shown in its approximate location with respect to the rest of the pubis in J and K. Abbreviations: ace, acetabular part of the pubis; acr, acromial process; can, canal; cor s, surface for coracoid; gle, glenoid; pop, postpubis; prp, prepubis; scc, area of attachment of the m. supracoracoideus; sp, sternal process. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278193/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). They were not fused to the scapula, in contrast with the situation in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFE05F900EEE057AB" box="[500,666,1666,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFE05F900EEE057AB" box="[500,666,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843; ROM 839; CMN 2245; CMN 2280) and most other ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76B732EFEF3F924ED9A578F" author="Dodson" box="[258,480,1702,1726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFE92F925EDE7578F" box="[355,413,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), probably because the specimen was not osteologically mature at the time of death. The coracoid is gently convex laterally, gently concave medially, and the bone surface is smooth. Proximal to the sutural surface for the scapula the dorsal margin of the coracoid is rugose and thickened, representing the inferred origin of the m. supracoracoideus (Maidment and Barrett unpublished data); a similar roughened area was observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F76B732EFF44F8B5ED2E567F" box="[181,340,1847,1870]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFF44F8B5ED2E567F" box="[181,340,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344) and an unnamed pachyrhinosaur (TMP 2002.76.01). The coracoid foramen is fully enclosed on the lateral surface; medially it opens onto the sutural surface for the scapula. The glenoid is deeply concave and faces posteroventrally. A prominent sternal process projects from the anteroventral surface well below the level of the glenoid, as in ROM 843, CMN 2280 and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F76B732EFC12F820E8C5568B" author="Dodson" box="[995,1215,1954,1978]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F76B732EFBB2F821E801568B" box="[1091,1147,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E" ID-Table-UUID="DF35D58CF7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E" box="[151,719,153,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35D58CF7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[151,1291,203,680]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7547311FF66FF18EEB5519E" blockId="32.[151,719,153,175]" box="[151,719,153,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FF66FF18ED7E519E" bold="true" box="[151,260,154,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Postcranial measurements, NHMUK R4948.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7547311FF6EFF49E8E85399" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<table id="F94A77A4F7548CCEFF66FF49E9715399" box="[151,1291,203,680]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FF49E97151D3" box="[151,1291,203,226]" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FF49ED4E51D3" box="[151,308,203,226]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Element</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FF49EF4F51D3" box="[578,821,203,226]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Measurement taken</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FF49E97151D3" box="[1126,1291,203,226]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dimension (cm)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FF77E971503A" box="[151,1291,245,267]" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FF77ED4E503A" box="[151,308,245,267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left coracoid</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FF77EF4F503A" box="[578,821,245,267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FF77E971503A" box="[1126,1291,245,267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">32.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FE9CE9715005" box="[151,1291,286,308]" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FE9CED4E5005" box="[151,308,286,308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right coracoid</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FE9CEF4F5005" box="[578,821,286,308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dorsoventral height</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FE9CE9715005" box="[1126,1291,286,308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">33.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FECAE971506F" box="[151,1291,328,350]" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FECAED4E506F" box="[151,308,328,350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left humerus</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FECAEF4F506F" box="[578,821,328,350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FECAE971506F" box="[1126,1291,328,350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">59.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FEF3E97150B6" box="[151,1291,369,391]" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FEF3ED4E50B6" box="[151,308,369,391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left humerus</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FEF3EF4F50B6" box="[578,821,369,391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Midshaft circumference</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FEF3E97150B6" box="[1126,1291,369,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FE18E9715081" box="[151,1291,410,432]" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FE18ED4E5081" box="[151,308,410,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right humerus</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FE18EF4F5081" box="[578,821,410,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FE18E9715081" box="[1126,1291,410,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">59.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FE41E97150E8" box="[151,1291,451,473]" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FE41ED4E50E8" box="[151,308,451,473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right humerus</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FE41EF4F50E8" box="[578,821,451,473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Midshaft circumference</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FE41E97150E8" box="[1126,1291,451,473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FE6FE9715332" box="[151,1291,493,515]" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FE6FED4E5332" box="[151,308,493,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left ulna</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FE6FEF4F5332" box="[578,821,493,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FE6FE9715332" box="[1126,1291,493,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">44.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FD94E971531D" box="[151,1291,534,556]" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FD94ED4E531D" box="[151,308,534,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right ulna</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FD94EF4F531D" box="[578,821,534,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FD94E971531D" box="[1126,1291,534,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">46.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FDC2E9715367" box="[151,1291,576,598]" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FDC2ED4E5367" box="[151,308,576,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right femur</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FDC2EF4F5367" box="[578,821,576,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FDC2E9715367" box="[1126,1291,576,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">78.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FDEBE971534E" box="[151,1291,617,639]" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FDEBED4E534E" box="[151,308,617,639]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right femur</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FDEBEF4F534E" box="[578,821,617,639]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Midshaft circumference</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FDEBE971534E" box="[1126,1291,617,639]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">34.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A8746F7548CCEFF66FD10E9715399" box="[151,1291,658,680]" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFF66FD10ED4E5399" box="[151,308,658,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right tibia</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFDB3FD10EF4F5399" box="[578,821,658,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABEE3AF7548CCEFB97FD10E9715399" box="[1126,1291,658,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">58.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7547311FF66F954EF0C563A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278192/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[164,1423,807,1711]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7547311FF66F954EF0C563A" blockId="32.[151,1437,1750,1803]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FF66F954ED5A57DD" bold="true" box="[151,288,1750,1773]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
|
||
Examples of the dorsal ribs of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7547311FCE6F955EF9B57DC" box="[791,993,1751,1773]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FCE6F955EF9B57DC" box="[791,993,1751,1773]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FBF8F955E84357DD" bold="true" box="[1033,1081,1751,1772]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FB36F954E88257DC" bold="true" box="[1223,1272,1750,1773]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view. Location of ribs on the dorsal column unknown. Scale bar equals 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7547311FF36F8BAE9E656D1" blockId="32.[151,1436,1848,2016]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FF36F8BAED5B5661" box="[199,289,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapula</emphasis>
|
||
. Only a small portion of the proximal plate and the distal end of the left scapula are preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7547311FA9EF8BAECCE5645" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1796,1819]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,852,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,841,1775]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 22. Preserved pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, coracoid in A, right lateral, B, right medial, C, left lateral and D, left medial view. E – G, proximal plate of left scapula in E, lateral, F, medial and G, anterior view. H – K, partial right pubis in H, lateral, I, medial, J, dorsal and K, ventral view. The anterior portion of the prepubis is preserved separately and shown in its approximate location with respect to the rest of the pubis in J and K. Abbreviations: ace, acetabular part of the pubis; acr, acromial process; can, canal; cor s, surface for coracoid; gle, glenoid; pop, postpubis; prp, prepubis; scc, area of attachment of the m. supracoracoideus; sp, sternal process. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278193/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
E–G). The sutural surface for the coracoid is rugose, unfinished and transversely compressed dorsally; it thickens ventrally close to the glenoid. The dorsal margin of the scapula is drawn into a small, poorly defined acromial process that rises gently anteriorly as in all ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7547311FCE6F827EFE2568D" box="[791,920,1957,1980]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FCE6F827EFE2568D" box="[791,920,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NHMUK R3886-8,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7547311FB7AF826E910568D" author="Hatcher" box="[1163,1386,1956,1980]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FB1DF827E95F568D" box="[1260,1317,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 64; ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FF3CF84AED0256D1" box="[205,376,1992,2016]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FDEDF84BEEB856D1" box="[540,706,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7547311FDEDF84BEEC456D1" box="[540,702,1993,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Styracosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 344;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7547311FCA1F84BEF9456D1" box="[848,1006,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7547311FCA1F84BEF9056D1" box="[848,1002,1993,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Centrosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ROM 767, 1426; pachyrhinosaur sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7557310FF66FF15ED115225" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,788]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
indet., TMP 2002.76.01; in the centrosaurines examined the acromial process appears to be shorter, occupies less of the scapula shaft, and is less well developed than in the chasmosaurines examined). The dorsal margin of the acromial process is folded over laterally to form a flattened apex in lateral view just posterior to the coracoid suture for inferred attachment of the m. deltoideus clavicularis (Maidment & Barrett unpublished data), as in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FF09FEAAEDE55071" box="[248,415,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF09FEAAEDE55071" box="[248,415,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2280, ROM 839),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FD34FEAAEF1E500E" box="[709,868,296,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FD34FEAAEF1E500E" box="[709,868,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FC0CFEABE8045071" box="[1021,1150,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FC0CFEABE8045071" box="[1021,1150,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7557310FB7CFEA5E911500E" author="Hatcher" box="[1165,1387,295,320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB1EFEABE9525071" box="[1263,1320,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 64) and an unnamed pachyrhinosaur (TMP 2002.76.01). The glenoid is thickened transversely relative to the rest of the proximal plate. It is pentagonal in cross-section with the apex pointing ventrally, and it faces anteroventrally. Posterior to the glenoid on the ventral surface are rugosities and a shallow depression, probably indicating the origin of the m. triceps longus (Maidment and Barrett, unpublished data). Similar features are seen in the same location in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FE31FE5EEE1C50C5" box="[448,614,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FE31FE5EEE1C50C5" box="[448,614,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 839; ROM 843, CMN 2245; CMN 2280) and in other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FF51FD83ED5B5329" box="[160,289,513,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF51FD83ED5B5329" box="[160,289,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
NHMUK R3886-8,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7557310FDF9FE7DEE9A5326" author="Hatcher" box="[520,736,511,536]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FD96FD83EEE55329" box="[615,671,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FD1AFD82EFE55329" box="[747,927,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FBCBFD82E8A35326" box="[1082,1241,512,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FBCBFD82E8A35326" box="[1082,1241,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FA94FD82ED7B530D" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FA94FD82ED7B530D" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 767, 1426; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01). In medial view a shallow canal extends from the coracoid suture posteriorly and would have joined the coracoid foramen when the elements were in articulation, as in CMN 2245. Posterior to this a small foramen pierces the medial surface. The small portion of the distal end of the scapula suggests that the scapula blade was not significantly flared posteriorly, as is the case in other specimens (CMN 2280; ROM 839) and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FCD8FD37EFD053FD" box="[809,938,693,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FCD8FD37EFD053FD" box="[809,938,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NHMUK R3886-8;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB6BFD36E93453FD" box="[1178,1358,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FF11FD5AED0553DE" box="[224,383,728,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF11FD5AED0553DE" box="[224,383,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FDE2FD5AEED053DE" box="[531,682,728,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FDE2FD5AEED053DE" box="[531,682,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ROM 767). It is rugose and unfinished, suggestive of a cartilaginous suprascapula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7557310FF66F886E8895685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278193/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[160,1423,852,1762]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7557310FF66F886E8895685" blockId="33.[151,1437,1796,1972]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF66F886ED65562B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1796,1819]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7557310FC35F887E8F4562A" box="[964,1166,1797,1819]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FC35F887E8F4562A" box="[964,1166,1797,1819]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB6BF887E8B1562B" bold="true" box="[1178,1227,1797,1818]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, coracoid in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FABCF887E925562B" bold="true" box="[1357,1375,1797,1818]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF13F8A6EC895608" bold="true" box="[226,243,1828,1849]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FE76F8A1EDE3560B" bold="true" box="[391,409,1827,1850]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FDCCF8A6EE355608" bold="true" box="[573,591,1828,1849]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">D</emphasis>
|
||
, left medial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FCFAF8A1EF43560B" bold="true" box="[779,825,1827,1850]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E–G</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal plate of left scapula in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB7DF8A6E8E75608" bold="true" box="[1164,1181,1828,1849]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB04F8A6E9785608" bold="true" box="[1269,1282,1828,1849]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">F</emphasis>
|
||
, medial and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FA74F8A1E9EC560B" bold="true" box="[1413,1430,1827,1850]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FED9F8C0ED265666" bold="true" box="[296,348,1858,1879]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H–K</emphasis>
|
||
, partial right pubis in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FDCFF8C0EE285666" bold="true" box="[574,594,1858,1879]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FD5AF8C0EECF5666" bold="true" box="[683,693,1858,1879]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">I</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FCE2F8C0EF5A5666" bold="true" box="[787,800,1858,1879]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">J</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FC6DF8C0EFCA5666" bold="true" box="[924,944,1858,1879]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">K</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. The anterior portion of the prepubis is preserved separately and shown in its approximate location with respect to the rest of the pubis in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB58F8E3E8CF5647" bold="true" box="[1193,1205,1889,1910]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">J</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB14F8E3E8835647" bold="true" box="[1253,1273,1889,1910]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF66F802ECC056A4" bold="true" box="[151,186,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ace</emphasis>
|
||
, acetabular part of the pubis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FE00F802EE6956A4" bold="true" box="[497,531,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">acr</emphasis>
|
||
, acromial process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FD2DF802EF7856A4" bold="true" box="[732,770,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">can</emphasis>
|
||
, canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FCA4F802EFF056A4" bold="true" box="[853,906,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">cor s</emphasis>
|
||
, surface for coracoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB84F802E8EE56A4" bold="true" box="[1141,1172,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">gle</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FB0CF802E95C56A4" bold="true" box="[1277,1318,1920,1941]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postpubis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FF66F81DECC45685" bold="true" box="[151,190,1951,1972]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">prp</emphasis>
|
||
, prepubis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FEDEF81DED355685" bold="true" box="[303,335,1951,1972]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">scc</emphasis>
|
||
, area of attachment of the m. supracoracoideus;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7557310FCCDF81DEF295685" bold="true" box="[828,851,1951,1972]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">sp</emphasis>
|
||
, sternal process. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7567313FF66F8D6E88256D4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278194/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[198,1363,210,1845]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7567313FF66F8D6E88256D4" blockId="34.[151,1436,1876,2022]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FF66F8D6ED5A565B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1876,1899]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
|
||
Humeri of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7567313FDBFF8D7EF62565A" box="[590,792,1877,1899]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FDBFF8D7EF62565A" box="[590,792,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FCD4F8D7EF2D565B" bold="true" box="[805,855,1877,1898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, right humerus in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FBE2F8D7E85F565B" bold="true" box="[1043,1061,1877,1898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FB7CF8D7E8E4565B" bold="true" box="[1165,1182,1877,1898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FAE3F8D6E95E565A" bold="true" box="[1298,1316,1876,1899]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FF66F8F6ECD356B8" bold="true" box="[151,169,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FEB3F8F6ED1656B8" bold="true" box="[322,364,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E–J</emphasis>
|
||
, left humerus in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FDEFF8F6EE5556B8" bold="true" box="[542,559,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FD68F8F6EEDC56B8" bold="true" box="[665,678,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">F</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FCEDF8F1EF5756BB" bold="true" box="[796,813,1907,1930]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">G</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FC79F8F6EFE656B8" bold="true" box="[904,924,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FC0CF8F6E87D56B8" bold="true" box="[1021,1031,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">I</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FB76F8F6E8EE56B8" bold="true" box="[1159,1172,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">J</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FABAF8F6E92F56B8" bold="true" box="[1355,1365,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">I</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FA78F8F6E9EF56B8" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1908,1929]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">J</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior is towards the top of the figure. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FD21F811EE8D5699" bold="true" box="[720,759,1939,1960]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">dpc</emphasis>
|
||
, deltopectoral crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FC3CF811EFA05699" bold="true" box="[973,986,1939,1960]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">g</emphasis>
|
||
, groove separating area of attachment of m. pectoralis from m. deltoideus clavicularis and scapularis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FD2CF830EE8356F6" bold="true" box="[733,761,1970,1991]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">hd</emphasis>
|
||
, humeral head;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FC6AF830EFD356F6" bold="true" box="[923,937,1970,1991]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">n</emphasis>
|
||
, notch on dorsal surface separating medial tuberosity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FF24F852EC8B56D4" bold="true" box="[213,241,2000,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">str</emphasis>
|
||
, striations;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FE98F84DED0056D7" bold="true" box="[361,378,1999,2022]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">tf</emphasis>
|
||
, triceps fossa; see text for details. Scale bar equals 10 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FC1BF852E86656D4" bold="true" box="[1002,1052,2000,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A–H</emphasis>
|
||
and 5 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FB5BF852E8CE56D4" bold="true" box="[1194,1204,2000,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">I</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7567313FB14F852E88B56D4" bold="true" box="[1253,1265,2000,2021]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">J</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7577312FF36FF1BE9EB530D" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF36FF1BED545181" box="[199,302,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Humerus</emphasis>
|
||
. Both humeri are uncrushed and quite well preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7577312FC66FF15EF91519E" box="[919,1003,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1876,1899]" captionTargetBox="[198,1363,210,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[191,1396,193,1862]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 23. Humeri of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, right humerus in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral and D, medial view. E – J, left humerus in E, anterior, F, posterior, G, lateral, H, medial, I, dorsal and J, ventral view. In I and J, anterior is towards the top of the figure. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; g, groove separating area of attachment of m. pectoralis from m. deltoideus clavicularis and scapularis; hd, humeral head; n, notch on dorsal surface separating medial tuberosity; str, striations; tf, triceps fossa; see text for details. Scale bar equals 10 cm for A – H and 5 cm for I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278194/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). In anterior view, the proximal end of the humerus is rectangular in outline. The medial tuberosity is distinguished from the dorsal surface of the element by a notch, which is also present in other well preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FCC1FF62EFAC51C9" box="[816,982,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FCC1FF62EFAC51C9" box="[816,982,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (ROM 843; ROM 839) and developed to a greater degree in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FDF0FE87EEF8502D" box="[513,642,261,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FDF0FE87EEF8502D" box="[513,642,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FD61FE86EF11502D" author="Hatcher" box="[656,875,260,284]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD00FE87EF53502D" box="[753,809,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 65). The deltopectoral crest is small and projects anterolaterally. Its anterolateral surface is incomplete on both humeri, but appears to be straight in lateral view, as in other chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FDF5FECEEECB5055" box="[516,689,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FDF5FECEEED75055" box="[516,685,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chasmosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 2280; CMN 2245; ROM 839;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBA5FECEE9725055" box="[1108,1288,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FF66FEF3EE7450B6" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[151,526,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF66FEF3ED6250B9" box="[151,280,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FED8FEEDEE7450B6" author="Hatcher" box="[297,526,367,392]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE7DFEF3EDB250B9" box="[396,456,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 66) but in contrast to the condition in centrosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FB04FEF2E9EE50B6" box="[1269,1428,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB04FEF2E9EE50B6" box="[1269,1428,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FEE9FE17EDCD509D" box="[280,439,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FEE9FE17EDC8509D" box="[280,434,405,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Centrosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ROM 767; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01) in which it is concave upwards in lateral view. The apex, which points anteriorly, is well preserved on both sides in NHMUK R4948 and it forms a flattened, dorsoventrally elongate surface that probably formed the insertion of the m. pectoralis (Maidment & Barrett unpublished data). It is similar in morphology to that of other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FBD3FD82E8B35329" box="[1058,1225,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBD3FD82E8B35329" box="[1058,1225,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843; ROM 839),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FF29FDA7ED0D530D" box="[216,375,549,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF29FDA7ED0D530D" box="[216,375,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FDE1FDA7EEDD530D" box="[528,679,549,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FDE1FDA7EEDD530D" box="[528,679,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 1426) and an unnamed pachyrhinosaur (TMP 2002.76.01).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7577312FF66FDEEEE76548E" blockId="35.[151,1437,620,2012]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The apex of the deltopectoral crest reaches approximately midlength, and below it the shaft constricts rapidly before flaring for the distal condyles, which are rugose and unfinished in appearance, suggestive of a thick cartilaginous cap. The humeral head is restricted to the posterior surface, as is the case in all quadrupedal ornithischians (SCRM pers. obs.,
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7577312FE9CFD55ED9553DE" box="[365,495,727,751]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2009" valueMax="2010">2009–2010</date>
|
||
). It is distinct, rounded, and rugose and projects posteriorly. The posterior surface of the medial tuberosity bears some vertical striations. The posterolateral surface of the deltopectoral crest is strongly striated for the inferred insertion of the deltoid musculature, a feature seen in many ceratopsids (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FAD4FCA2ECAE526D" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FAD8FCA2ECAE526D" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Anchiceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anchiceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’, CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FE73FCC7EE5B526D" box="[386,545,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE73FCC7EE5B526D" box="[386,545,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FD48FCC7EF2A526D" box="[697,848,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD48FCC7EF2A526D" box="[697,848,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 767, 1426; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FED4FCEBEDC752B1" box="[293,445,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 41357;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FD9BFCEBEFAC524E" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[618,982,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD9BFCEBEE8A52B1" box="[618,752,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FD0AFCE5EFAC524E" author="Hatcher" box="[763,982,871,896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FCADFCEBEFEF52B1" box="[860,917,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FB04FCEAE9E152B1" box="[1269,1435,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB04FCEAE9E152B1" box="[1269,1435,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2280, CMN 2245; ROM 839; ROM 843); the area of insertion of the m. pectoralis on the apex of the deltopectoral crest is clearly distinguished from the insertion of the deltoids by a deep groove, also observed on ROM 839, CMN 2280 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FE7EFC57EE6A52DD" box="[399,528,981,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE7EFC57EE6A52DD" box="[399,528,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FDD0FC56EF7C52DD" author="Hatcher" box="[545,774,980,1004]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD74FC57EEBA52DD" box="[645,704,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 66) but not on the more poorly preserved humeri of ROM 843. The posterior surface of the humerus lateral to the head bears a deep fossa, a feature observed on other ceratopsid humeri (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE88FB9FEE7B5505" box="[377,513,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FE88FB9FED875505" box="[377,509,1053,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Triceratops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
NHMUK R3886-8,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FD04FB9EEFA15505" author="Hatcher" box="[757,987,1052,1076]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FCA8FB9FEFEF5505" box="[857,917,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 66;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBBAFB9EE97C5505" box="[1099,1286,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">‘Anchiceratops’,</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FF66FBC2ED4C5566" box="[151,310,1088,1111]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF66FBC2ED4C5566" box="[151,310,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FE3DFBC2EE195566" box="[460,611,1088,1111]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE3DFBC2EE195566" box="[460,611,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 767; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB0DFBC3E9EE5569" box="[1276,1428,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 41357). The fossa probably represents the origin of m. triceps brevis (Maidment & Barrett unpublished data;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF66FB0BEC9A5591" box="[151,224,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">contra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FF19FB0AEDFE5591" author="Lehman" box="[232,388,1160,1184]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is much better developed in chasmosaurines than in centrosaurines. In many ceratopsid humeri, a foramen pierces the posteromedial humerus on the proximal half of the element (e.g. CMN 2280; CMN 2245; ROM 843;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FEACFB52ED8655D6" box="[349,508,1232,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FEACFB52ED8655D6" box="[349,508,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD7BFB52EF5255D6" box="[650,808,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FD7BFB52EF5E55D6" box="[650,804,1232,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Centrosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ROM 767; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF66FB77ED55543D" box="[151,303,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 41357,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FE2DFB77EF30543D" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[476,842,1268,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FE2DFB77EE27543D" box="[476,605,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FD9DFB76EF30543D" author="Hatcher" box="[620,842,1268,1292]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD3CFB77EF7C543D" box="[717,774,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 66); this may correspond to the insertion of the m. latissimus dorsi. In NHMUK R4948 the posterior shaft is patched with plaster on both sides and the foramen cannot be seen. In chasmosaurines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FD93FABEEF725465" box="[610,776,1340,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD93FABEEF725465" box="[610,776,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 2280, 2245; ROM 843,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FB80FABFECA95446" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB80FABFE8835465" box="[1137,1273,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FAF0FABEECA95446" author="Hatcher" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FA93FABFE9E65465" box="[1378,1436,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 66) the foramen is dorsal to the apex of the deltopectoral crest, whereas in centrosaurines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FB04FAE2E9EE5446" box="[1269,1428,1376,1399]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB04FAE2E9EE5446" box="[1269,1428,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FEE6FA07EDD454AD" box="[279,430,1413,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FEE6FA07EDD454AD" box="[279,430,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 767; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01) it is located approximately level with the apex and more medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7577312FF36FA4EECA556ED" blockId="35.[151,1437,620,2012]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF36FA4EEC8554D5" box="[199,255,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ulna</emphasis>
|
||
. Both ulnae are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7577312FDE7FA4EEE1D54D5" box="[534,615,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1731,1754]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,198,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,195,1708]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 24. Ulnae and radius of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right ulna in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral view. G – L, left ulna in G, anterior, H, posterior, I, lateral J, medial, K, dorsal and L, ventral view. M – P, right radius in M, anterior, N, posterior, O, dorsal and P, ventral view. The radius is preserved in three parts that have been approximately positioned relative to each other. Abbreviations: al p, anterolateral process; m p, medial process; o p, olecranon process; r f, radial facet; u f, ulnar facet. Scale bar equals 10 cm for A – D, G – J and M – N, and 5 cm for E – F, K – L and O – P." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278195/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
A–L), although the olecranon process is eroded on the right ulna, and part of the shaft is reconstructed. On the left ulna, the olecranon process is large, rounded in cross-section and tapers dorsally, as in ROM 843 and other ceratopsids (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD28F996EFF7571D" box="[729,909,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBD6F997E8BF571D" box="[1063,1221,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FBD6F997E8BB571D" box="[1063,1217,1557,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Centrosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ROM 1426;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FAA9F997ED795761" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FAA9F997EC855761" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Styracosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 344; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FC53F9BBE8405761" box="[930,1082,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 41357;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FB03F9BAED475745" authority="Lehman, 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FB03F9BAE9EF5761" box="[1266,1429,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FF66F9DEED475745" author="Lehman" box="[151,317,1628,1652]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FEBBF9DFEEC25745" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[330,696,1628,1652]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FEBBF9DFEDAB5745" box="[330,465,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FE2BF9DEEEC25745" author="Hatcher" box="[474,696,1628,1652]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FDCAF9DFEE0E5745" box="[571,628,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A well-developed anterolateral process is present, as in all quadrupedal ornithischians (SCRM pers. obs.,
|
||
<date id="FFF4A3C4F7577312FD89F9FDEE8157A6" box="[632,763,1663,1687]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2009" valueMax="2010">2009–2010</date>
|
||
). It forms a right angle to the medial process, which is larger and has a flattened anterior surface against which the posterior surface of the proximal radius articulated, comparing favourably with ROM 843 and ROM 839. The distal end is not expanded relative to the shaft, and it is ringed in vertical striations, which are also observed in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FD6CF96EEF285635" box="[669,850,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 8547),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FC0AF96FE8E05635" box="[1019,1178,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FC0AF96FE8E05635" box="[1019,1178,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FAAFF96FEC835619" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FAAFF96FEC835619" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 767, 1426). A large roughened scar on the anteromedial surface of the distal end marks the articular facet for the distal end of the radius, as in ROM 839 and other ceratopsids (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBA1F8B6E97E567D" box="[1104,1284,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FF66F8DAED54565E" box="[151,302,1880,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FF66F8DAED54565E" box="[151,302,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 767, 1426;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FDF2F8DAEED8565E" box="[515,674,1880,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FDF2F8DAEED8565E" box="[515,674,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7577312FCC1F8DBE8E15641" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[816,1179,1880,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FCC1F8DBEFCB5641" box="[816,945,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FC31F8DAE8E15641" author="Hatcher" box="[960,1179,1880,1904]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7577312FBD1F8DBE8225641" box="[1056,1112,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 67). The presence of a large anterolateral process of the ulna results in the radius being located anteromedial to the ulna rather than wholly anteriorly, as it is in basal, bipedal ornithischians, and this makes pronation of the manus possible (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7577312FAB2F822ECAE56ED" author="Bonnan" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bonnan, M. F. (2003) The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 595 - 613." type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7507315FF66F941EC8F5642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278195/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[164,1423,198,1693]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7507315FF66F941EC8F5642" blockId="36.[151,1436,1731,1908]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FF66F941ED5A57E8" bold="true" box="[151,288,1731,1754]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Ulnae and radius of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7507315FD58F946EF0957EB" box="[681,883,1732,1754]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FD58F946EF0957EB" box="[681,883,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FC71F946EFD657E8" bold="true" box="[896,940,1732,1753]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A–F</emphasis>
|
||
, right ulna in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FBCAF946E83757E8" bold="true" box="[1083,1101,1732,1753]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FB45F946E8BF57E8" bold="true" box="[1204,1221,1732,1753]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">B</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FAC6F941E93357EB" bold="true" box="[1335,1353,1731,1754]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FF66F961ECD357C9" bold="true" box="[151,169,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FEF6F961ED6257C9" bold="true" box="[263,280,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FE62F961EDDA57C9" bold="true" box="[403,416,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">F</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FDC4F960EE1D57C8" bold="true" box="[565,615,1762,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">G–L</emphasis>
|
||
, left ulna in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FD17F960EE8D57C8" bold="true" box="[742,759,1762,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">G</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FCACF961EF0B57C9" bold="true" box="[861,881,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">H</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FC12F961EF9757C9" bold="true" box="[995,1005,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">I</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FBCEF961E83657C9" bold="true" box="[1087,1100,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">J</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FB58F961E8C757C9" bold="true" box="[1193,1213,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">K</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FAC9F961E93357C9" bold="true" box="[1336,1353,1763,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">L</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FF25F880ED7F5626" bold="true" box="[212,261,1794,1815]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">M–P</emphasis>
|
||
, right radius in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FE5DF880EDBE5626" bold="true" box="[428,452,1794,1815]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">M</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FDDFF880EE3A5626" bold="true" box="[558,576,1794,1815]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">N</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FD44F883EEB35629" bold="true" box="[693,713,1793,1816]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">O</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FCB8F880EF2F5626" bold="true" box="[841,853,1794,1815]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. The radius is preserved in three parts that have been approximately positioned relative to each other. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FC79F8A3EFCA5607" bold="true" box="[904,944,1825,1846]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">al p</emphasis>
|
||
, anterolateral process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FB6BF8A3E8B95607" bold="true" box="[1178,1219,1825,1846]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">m p</emphasis>
|
||
, medial process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FA85F8A3E9EF5607" bold="true" box="[1396,1429,1825,1846]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">o p</emphasis>
|
||
, olecranon process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FEADF8BDED0D5664" bold="true" box="[348,375,1854,1877]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">r f</emphasis>
|
||
, radial facet;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FDF4F8BDEE595664" bold="true" box="[517,547,1854,1877]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">u f</emphasis>
|
||
, ulnar facet. Scale bar equals 10 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FC35F8BDE84A5664" bold="true" box="[964,1072,1854,1877]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A–D, G–J</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FB92F8BDE8E05665" bold="true" box="[1123,1178,1855,1876]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">M–N</emphasis>
|
||
, and 5 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FAC3F8BDE9275665" bold="true" box="[1330,1373,1855,1876]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FA9AF8BDE9E15665" bold="true" box="[1387,1435,1855,1876]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FF33F8DFEC955645" bold="true" box="[194,239,1885,1908]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">O–P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7507314FF36F819EF0C508B" blockId="36.[151,1436,1947,2037]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FF36F819ED6F5682" box="[199,277,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Radius</emphasis>
|
||
. Only the proximal and distal ends of the right radius are preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7507315FBDEF819E8065682" box="[1071,1148,1947,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1731,1754]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,198,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,195,1708]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 24. Ulnae and radius of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – F, right ulna in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral view. G – L, left ulna in G, anterior, H, posterior, I, lateral J, medial, K, dorsal and L, ventral view. M – P, right radius in M, anterior, N, posterior, O, dorsal and P, ventral view. The radius is preserved in three parts that have been approximately positioned relative to each other. Abbreviations: al p, anterolateral process; m p, medial process; o p, olecranon process; r f, radial facet; u f, ulnar facet. Scale bar equals 10 cm for A – D, G – J and M – N, and 5 cm for E – F, K – L and O – P." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278195/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig 24</figureCitation>
|
||
M–P). The proximal end, which was expanded transversely and anteroposteriorly relative to the shaft, is flat dorsally. It is oval in cross-section with the long axis oriented transversely, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7507315FD3AF85FEFD156C4" box="[715,939,2013,2037]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FD3AF85FEFD156C4" box="[715,939,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7507315FBB5F85FE89056C4" box="[1092,1258,2013,2037]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7507315FBB5F85FE89056C4" box="[1092,1258,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (ROM 839) and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FE69FF1AEE55519E" box="[408,559,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FE69FF1AEE55519E" box="[408,559,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ROM 767, 1426;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FCF9FF1AEFDD519E" box="[776,935,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FCF9FF1AEFDD519E" box="[776,935,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FED5FF3BEE0751E0" authority="Lehman, 1989" authorityName="Lehman" authorityYear="1989" box="[292,637,185,209]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Agujaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FED5FF3BEDBD51E0" box="[292,455,185,209]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Agujaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FE26FF3BEE0751E0" author="Lehman" box="[471,637,185,209]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the posterior surface is flattened for articulation with the medial process of the ulna. The distal end is also expanded relative to the shaft. It is expanded more medially than it is laterally in anterior view, and it extends further ventrally on the medial side than it does on the lateral side. A small boss is present on the posterolateral surface for articulation with the distal ulna, a feature also seen in ROM 843, ROM 839 and other ceratopsids (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FE05FEBCEED35067" box="[500,681,318,342]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">‘Anchiceratops’</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 8547;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FCB5FEBDEFA15067" box="[836,987,319,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FCB5FEBDEFA15067" box="[836,987,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ROM 1426;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FB87FEBDE9675067" box="[1142,1309,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FB87FEBDE9625067" box="[1142,1304,319,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Styracosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 344; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01); although the two elements articulated they were clearly not tightly associated with each other and rotation of the distal end of the radius around the ulna was probably possible, allowing some degree of pronatory and supinatory rotation at the wrist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7517314FF36FE46EFB952C9" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FF36FE46ED7D50ED" box="[199,263,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pubis</emphasis>
|
||
. A partial right pubis is the only pelvic element preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7517314FC47FE46E87050ED" box="[950,1034,452,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1796,1819]" captionTargetBox="[160,1423,852,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,841,1775]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 22. Preserved pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, coracoid in A, right lateral, B, right medial, C, left lateral and D, left medial view. E – G, proximal plate of left scapula in E, lateral, F, medial and G, anterior view. H – K, partial right pubis in H, lateral, I, medial, J, dorsal and K, ventral view. The anterior portion of the prepubis is preserved separately and shown in its approximate location with respect to the rest of the pubis in J and K. Abbreviations: ace, acetabular part of the pubis; acr, acromial process; can, canal; cor s, surface for coracoid; gle, glenoid; pop, postpubis; prp, prepubis; scc, area of attachment of the m. supracoracoideus; sp, sternal process. Scale bar equals 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278193/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
H–K). The acetabular region of the pubis is broader transversely than it is deep dorsoventrally. The acetabulum is cup-shaped, concave and faces dorsolaterally. The anteromedial corner of the acetabular rim is triangular in shape, rugose and unfinished, and represents the articular surface for the pubic peduncle of the ilium. Posteriorly the acetabular rim angles posteriorly and is rugose for articulation with the ischium; these features are also observed in ROM 843, the only other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FAC6FDD6EC9853A1" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FAC6FDD6EC9853A1" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen to preserve this portion of the pubis. The postpubis has almost completely broken off and is not preserved, except for a small portion proximal to the acetabular region of the pubis. It is flattened dorsoventrally and slightly concave dorsally, as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FDD9FD43EEBB53E9" box="[552,705,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(CMN 41357) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FC6FFD43E96F53E6" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[926,1301,703,728]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FC6FFD43E86753E9" box="[926,1053,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FBDFFD3DE97653E6" author="Hatcher" box="[1070,1292,703,728]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FB61FD43E8B353E9" box="[1168,1225,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The prepubis is elongate, dorsoventrally flattened and transversely as broad as the acetabular part of the pubis, as in other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FEFBFC8BEDF15211" box="[266,395,777,800]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FEFBFC8BEDF15211" box="[266,395,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NHMUK R3886-8,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FD7EFC8AEF045211" author="Hatcher" box="[655,894,776,800]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FD07FC8BEF4C5211" box="[758,822,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FF66FCAFED4C5275" box="[151,310,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vagaceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
CMN 41357;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FE26FCAFEF605275" authority="Wiman 1930" authorityName="Wiman" authorityYear="1930" box="[471,794,812,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FE26FCAFEE035275" box="[471,633,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pentaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FD77FCAEEF605275" author="Wiman" box="[646,794,812,836]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Wiman, C. (1930) Uber Ceratopsia aus der oberen kreide in New Mexico. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, series 4, 7, 1 - 19 + 7 pl." type="journal article" year="1930">Wiman 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pl. 6). The anterior margin of the prepubis is broken. It is greatly expanded dorsoventrally relative to the rest of the prepubis, and is also expanded medially, so that the medial surface of the prepubis is concave upward when viewed from above at the anterior end, a feature observed in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FE7AFC1AEE4B5281" box="[395,561,920,944]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FE7AFC1AEE4B5281" box="[395,561,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 2245; ROM 843) and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FBB8FC1BE8B05281" box="[1097,1226,921,944]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FBB8FC1BE8B05281" box="[1097,1226,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NHMUK R3886- 8,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FF43FC3EEDF052E5" author="Hatcher" box="[178,394,956,980]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FEE0FC3FED3252E5" box="[273,328,956,980]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FE64FC3FEE5752E5" box="[405,557,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vagaceratops</emphasis>
|
||
, CMN 41357,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FD25FC3FE86C52E5" authority="Wiman 1930" authorityName="Wiman" authorityYear="1930" box="[724,1046,956,980]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pentaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FD25FC3FEF0752E5" box="[724,893,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pentaceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FC72FC3EE86C52E5" author="Wiman" box="[899,1046,956,980]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Wiman, C. (1930) Uber Ceratopsia aus der oberen kreide in New Mexico. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, series 4, 7, 1 - 19 + 7 pl." type="journal article" year="1930">Wiman 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; pl. 6). This medial expansion may have contacted the posterior dorsal ribs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FDACFC62EF7652C9" author="Sternberg" box="[605,780,992,1016]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Sternberg, C. M. (1927) Horned dinosaur group in the National Museum of Canada. The Canadian Field - Naturalist, 41, 67 - 73. Sternberg, C. M. (1940). Ceratopsidae from Alberta. Journal of Paleontology, 14, 468 - 480." type="journal article" year="1927">Sternberg 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FCE9FC62EFCD52C9" author="Lehman" box="[792,951,992,1016]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Lehman, T. M. (1989) Chasmosaurus mariscalensis, sp. nov., a new ceratopsian dinosaur from Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Lehman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7517314FF36FB87EC9C5709" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FF36FB87ED6C552D" box="[199,278,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Femur.</emphasis>
|
||
The right femur is preserved but it is anteroposteriorly crushed and the medullary cavity has collapsed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7517314FF6EFBAAEC885571" box="[159,242,1064,1088]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionTargetBox="[167,1430,311,965]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,303,979]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 25. Right femur of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli, in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral view. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, anterior trochanter; gt, greater trochanter; hd, femoral head. Scale bar equals 20 cm for A – D, 15 cm for E – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278196/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
). The femoral head is separated from both the shaft and greater trochanter by a distinct neck, as in all neornithischians. It is slightly flattened posteriorly and bears several ventrally-trending striations. The head is separated from the greater trochanter by a saddle-shaped depression. The greater trochanter projects dorsally to approximately the same level as the head, a feature common to most neornithischians. Laterally, the greater trochanter is flattened, broad and slightly striated along its dorsal margin. The anterior trochanter appears to be fused to the anterior side of the greater trochanter, as in ROM 843 and all ceratopsids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FC24FB5EE8C055C5" author="Dodson" box="[981,1210,1244,1268]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Dodson, P., Forster, C. A. & Sampson, S. D. (2004) Ceratopsidae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds), The Dinosauria (2 nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 494 - 516" type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Dodson
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FBC9FB5FE80E55C5" box="[1080,1140,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the cleft between the two in lateral view is filled with plaster. The anterior trochanter can be clearly distinguished from the greater trochanter because it projects further laterally and does not project as far dorsally, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FAEAFAA7E9E0540D" box="[1307,1434,1317,1340]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FAEAFAA7E9E0540D" box="[1307,1434,1317,1340]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FF6FFACAEDFE5451" author="Hatcher" box="[158,388,1352,1376]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FEF2FACBED445451" box="[259,318,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 14). The shaft is poorly preserved and crushed. The fourth trochanter is present as an obliquely-trending ridge in posterior view, as in ROM 843 and other ceratopsids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FBD5FAEFE8B954B5" box="[1060,1219,1389,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FBD5FAEFE8B954B5" box="[1060,1219,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CMN 344; pachyrhinosaur sp. indet., TMP 2002.76.01;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FDB9FA13EFCA5499" authority="Hatcher et al. 1907" authorityName="Hatcher et al." authorityYear="1907" box="[584,944,1424,1448]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FDB9FA13EEAA5499" box="[584,720,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FD26FA12EFCA5499" author="Hatcher" box="[727,944,1424,1448]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FCC7FA13EF145499" box="[822,878,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pl. 14); its surface is flat to concave. Medially it is fringed by a series of small horizontal striations, probably for the m. caudofemoralis longus (Maidment and Barrett unpublished data). In posterior view, the medial distal condyle is larger than the lateral one; the lateral condyle is divided into a posterior and a lateral surface, separated by a groove in lateral view, as in all neornithischians.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7517317FF36F9C6E86E502D" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FF36F9C6EC85576D" box="[199,255,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tibia</emphasis>
|
||
. The right tibia is present, but the shaft is crushed and the distal end is poorly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7517314FAF2F9C6E92C576D" box="[1283,1366,1604,1628]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1696,1719]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,1110,1663]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,1107,1675]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 26. Right tibia and fibula of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, tibia in A, lateral, B, medial, C, dorsal and D, ventral view. E – F, fibula in E, lateral and F, medial view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; fc, fibular condyle; ifb, attachment area for m. iliofibularis. Scale bars equal 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278197/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Proximally, the tibia is in good condition and broader anteroposteriorly than it is transversely. The cnemial crest is transversely compressed. It projects further dorsally than any other part of the proximal tibia, is slightly concave laterally and flat medially, and is similar in morphology to ROM 839
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FC21F932E80C57F9" box="[976,1142,1712,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FC21F932E80C57F9" box="[976,1142,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chasmosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (ROM 839),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FAB4F933E9E657F9" box="[1349,1436,1712,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FAB4F933E9E657F9" box="[1349,1436,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FEA3F957ED8B57DD" box="[338,497,1749,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FEA3F957ED8B57DD" box="[338,497,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Styracosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMN 344). The proximodorsal part is covered in plaster. The rounded fibula condyle projects strongly laterally and is rugose: many grooves and canals cross this surface and are suggestive of a thick cartilaginous cap; it is similar in morphology to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FCA2F89FEFDD5605" box="[851,935,1820,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FCA2F89FEFDD5605" box="[851,935,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ROM 843) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7517314FB9FF89FE8955605" box="[1134,1263,1821,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FB9FF89FE8955605" box="[1134,1263,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7517314FB0EF89EECA95666" author="Hatcher" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7517314FA93F89FE9E65605" box="[1378,1436,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 16). Posterior to the fibula condyle the proximal end is transversely broad and flattened dorsally. The bone surface is rugose and unfinished in this area. The distal end is also broader anteroposteriorly than it is transversely, in contrast to the condition in other ornithischians. Since the distal end is very crushed and poorly preserved, it is likely that it has rotated around to lie in this orientation as a result of post-mortem deformation. The posterior surface of the distal end now faces laterally. It is crushed but gently convex. The anterior surface, which now faces medially, bears two distinct surfaces separated by a groove, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7527317FBF1FF1BE8FB5181" box="[1024,1153,153,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FBF1FF1BE8FB5181" box="[1024,1153,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7527317FB60FF15E908519E" author="Hatcher" box="[1169,1394,151,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Hatcher, J. B., Marsh, O. C. & Lull, R. S. (1907) The Ceratopsia. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, 39, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1907">
|
||
Hatcher
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB05FF1BE9545181" box="[1268,1326,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1907
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 16). The fibula would have articulated with the lateralmost of these surfaces, which projects further ventrally than the medial surface, and is slightly striated (as in ROM 843). The calcaneum would have articulated ventrally, and the surface for it is convex. The facet for the astragalus, in contrast, is flattened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7527317FF66FC6EEE3F5571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278196/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[167,1430,311,965]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7527317FF66FC6EEE3F5571" blockId="38.[151,1436,1004,1088]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FF66FC6EED5A5530" bold="true" box="[151,288,1004,1027]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Right femur of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7527317FD89FC6EEF385533" box="[632,834,1004,1026]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FD89FC6EEF385533" box="[632,834,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FC98FC6EEF015530" bold="true" box="[873,891,1004,1025]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FC13FC6FEF895533" bold="true" box="[994,1011,1005,1026]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">B</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB94FC6EE80D5532" bold="true" box="[1125,1143,1004,1027]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB21FC6FE8985533" bold="true" box="[1232,1250,1005,1026]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">D</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FAB1FC6FE92B5533" bold="true" box="[1344,1361,1005,1026]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FF33FB89ECB55511" bold="true" box="[194,207,1035,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">F</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FDF3FB89EE6C5511" bold="true" box="[514,534,1035,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4t</emphasis>
|
||
, fourth trochanter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FD2DFB89EE8B5511" bold="true" box="[732,753,1035,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">at</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior trochanter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FC39FB89EFA75511" bold="true" box="[968,989,1035,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">gt</emphasis>
|
||
, greater trochanter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB5BFB89E8BC5511" bold="true" box="[1194,1222,1035,1056]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">hd</emphasis>
|
||
, femoral head. Scale bar equals 20 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FE9CFBA8EDE4550E" bold="true" box="[365,414,1066,1087]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, 15 cm for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FDE5FBA8EE44550E" bold="true" box="[532,574,1066,1087]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35D58CF7527317FF66F922EEC257C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278197/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[164,1426,1110,1663]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7527317FF66F922EEC257C5" blockId="38.[151,1436,1696,1780]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FF66F922ED5A5787" bold="true" box="[151,288,1696,1719]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Right tibia and fibula of NHMUK R4948,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7527317FD26F922EFDB5787" box="[727,929,1696,1718]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FD26F922EFDB5787" box="[727,929,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FC5CF923EFA55787" bold="true" box="[941,991,1697,1718]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
, tibia in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FBC8F923E8315787" bold="true" box="[1081,1099,1697,1718]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB55F923E8CF5787" bold="true" box="[1188,1205,1697,1718]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">B</emphasis>
|
||
, medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FAE5F922E95C5786" bold="true" box="[1300,1318,1696,1719]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FF66F942ECD357E4" bold="true" box="[151,169,1728,1749]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">D</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FEB0F942ED1157E4" bold="true" box="[321,363,1728,1749]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, fibula in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FE27F942ED9D57E4" bold="true" box="[470,487,1728,1749]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FD96F942EE0E57E4" bold="true" box="[615,628,1728,1749]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">F</emphasis>
|
||
, medial view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FC58F942EFC557E4" bold="true" box="[937,959,1728,1749]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">cc</emphasis>
|
||
, cnemial crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FB93F93DE80F57E7" bold="true" box="[1122,1141,1727,1750]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">fc</emphasis>
|
||
, fibular condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FADDF93DE93057E7" bold="true" box="[1324,1354,1727,1750]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ifb</emphasis>
|
||
, attachment area for m. iliofibularis. Scale bars equal 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF58504F7527317FF36F8A3E8E856DC" blockId="38.[151,1436,1824,2030]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FF36F8A3ED635608" box="[199,281,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fibula.</emphasis>
|
||
The right fibula is slender and elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13719981F7527317FCF3F8A2EF2D5609" box="[770,855,1824,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1696,1719]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,1110,1663]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,1107,1675]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 26. Right tibia and fibula of NHMUK R 4948, Chasmosaurus belli. A – D, tibia in A, lateral, B, medial, C, dorsal and D, ventral view. E – F, fibula in E, lateral and F, medial view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; fc, fibular condyle; ifb, attachment area for m. iliofibularis. Scale bars equal 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278197/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F). Its proximal end is transversely compressed while the distal end is anteroposteriorly compressed, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AFE87F7527317FCD0F8C7EFC2566D" box="[801,952,1861,1884]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E5916F7527317FCD0F8C7EFC2566D" box="[801,952,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Centrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7527317FC37F8C6E82C566D" author="Brown" box="[966,1110,1860,1884]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Brown, B. (1917) A complete skeleton of the horned dinosaur Monoclonius, and description of a second skeleton showing skin impressions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 37, 281 - 306 + 9 pl." type="journal article" year="1917">Brown 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7527317FB90F8C6E8A8566D" author="Lull" box="[1121,1234,1860,1884]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Lull, R. S. (1933) A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 3, 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal end is expanded more than the proximal end, which is slightly broken anteriorly. The shaft is flattened on its medial surface proximally and it bears a ridge on its lateral surface about one third of the way from the proximal end that probably represents the insertion of m. iliofibularis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7527317FD2AF832EF1356F9" author="Dilkes" box="[731,873,1968,1992]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Dilkes, D. W. (2000) Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 90, 87 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Dilkes 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). About half way down the shaft, the posterior surface bears a rugose, lumpy muscle scar, probably for the m. peroneus brevis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBF8F5F7527317FC09F857E8FC56DC" author="Dilkes" box="[1016,1158,2005,2029]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Dilkes, D. W. (2000) Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 90, 87 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Dilkes 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |