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<document id="06D5ABB59948154B2C1D940ECB16E940" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172021" ID-GBIF-Dataset="411cd3ec-9962-486e-aa43-1151a03d95cc" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172021" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459762656100" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Samyn, Yves, Vandenspiegel, Didier &amp; Massin, Claude" docDate="2006" docId="03E18793E763FF8415103826C41A2D5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01138p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1138" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Actinopyga caerulea Samyn, Vandenspiegel &amp; Massin, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="FFD8FFEBE766FF8914183A58C7712921" masterDocTitle="A new Indo­West Pacific species of Actinopyga (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698215467860" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="8CDF1480148A8E58BBD3B0B7D7C5F744" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A38622C6A7D3E088BC78E77B5A7C17CE">
<mods:title id="75CC77172481409DC834BBBB6CE3BB27">A new Indo­West Pacific species of Actinopyga (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7C049BC7D0A754508ECD3912AA03EDF8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AC19EE72271ECE11FCD378195C7F106B">
<mods:roleTerm id="E2DBF09AC19B4CB117C308BF99D6BE0D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3785C36D14799E4BF7DDF57482D85A13">Samyn, Yves</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="33C3430A2F295024E5A6868DE0F1E1A9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1BDFADD867664752A64FA99DFF0A5C59">
<mods:roleTerm id="8BE004B6B0A3F8576F7DE4ABEC0680CF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AFCB59266451B609D030097D4C2EEA73">Vandenspiegel, Didier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="464A0EBB6AF07A7019B5716E7E138AA1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6E5EAD5B090E7E7978ED66781EA8D681">
<mods:roleTerm id="F9F7422E0EAAEFA1FD5F8265E7B090BE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A0857544CA9514FD40C139637AB0F49E">Massin, Claude</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F5EA6A4DEEC43F323F097960EA0F7644">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="7B4C3AEC85BDF15A342F43EEB90C4211" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="78C5597C348DCADE02216C8B9AB12376">
<mods:title id="8FEC735947E2DCB3B69C319E6EFD81A9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="20A37A0176403EA145F33A7FDCCEAF0A">
<mods:date id="AABC5291D480EB6574EBA1466E63DE36">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="504F4B8934F024E4393813614570AE0E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="7DE6E0D60CCDE3C48D40C0045315642A">1138</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B4FD2A389E3212C258C8DEBF5264635E">53</mods:start>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="4E61A15D9CD1CF72849CAB3541E409F8">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="66849927C6B57DC6B15F17FE3A3E8662" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.172021</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="57750E8EEEE62E7666B7F57D0A54C97A" type="GBIF-Dataset">411cd3ec-9962-486e-aa43-1151a03d95cc</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="68AFA415AE35A64CBC002B16FBCB56EF" type="Zenodo-Dep">172021</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E18793E763FF8415103826C41A2D5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628951" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119345270" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628951" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E18793E763FF8415103826C41A2D5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E18793E763FF8415103826C41A2D5F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<subSubSection id="C352650EE763FF8C15103826C4142B9A" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15103826C5142BB9" blockId="5.[264,869,638,699]" box="[264,613,638,664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<heading id="D0BF81E9E763FF8C15103826C5142BB9" bold="true" box="[264,613,638,664]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103826C5142BB9" bold="true" box="[264,613,638,664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C15103826C5712BB9" box="[264,512,638,664]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103826C5712BB9" bold="true" box="[264,512,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE763FF8C16103826C5142BB9" box="[520,613,638,664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C151038F9C4142B9A" blockId="5.[264,869,638,699]" box="[264,869,673,699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
(
<figureCitation id="13732A00E763FF8C150838F9C60A2B9A" box="[272,379,673,699]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Figures 1</figureCitation>
A–J, 2A–E, 3A–E, 4A–G, 5; plate 1A–C)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE763FF8C151038B4C6852AAB" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C151038B4C3372A02" blockId="5.[264,1323,748,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5811ABE763FF8C151038B4C3372A02" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C151038B4C6A32A22" box="[264,466,748,771]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C151038B4C6A32A22" box="[264,466,748,771]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Actinopyga crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE91094E763FF8C15FE38B4C4252A22" author="Cherbonnier" box="[486,852,748,771]" page="664" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C15FE38B4C47E2A22" author="Cherbonnier" box="[486,783,748,771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. &amp; Feral, J. P. (1984) Les Holothuries de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Deuxieme contribution (Premiere partie: Synallactidae et Holothuriidae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris Quatrieme serie, 6, section A (3), 659 - 700." type="journal article" year="1984">Cherbonnier &amp; Féral 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 664
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 A–K;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE91094E763FF8C17EB38B4C6242A02" author="Feral" page="70" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C17EB38B4C26D2A22" author="Feral" box="[1011,1308,748,771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Feral, J. - P. &amp; Cherbonnier (1986) Les holothurides. In: Guille, A. n Laboute P. &amp; Menou, J. - L. (eds) Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Faune Tropicale, 25, 57 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Féral &amp; Cherbonnier 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 70
</treatmentCitation>
–71;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE91094E763FF8C15913954C5882A02" author="Erhardt" box="[393,761,780,803]" page="1153" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C15913954C5CA2A02" author="Erhardt" box="[393,699,780,803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Erhardt, H. &amp; Moosleitner, H. (1995) Meerwasser Atlas Bd 3 Wirbellose Tiere, Mergus Verlag, Melle, 738 - 1328." type="book chapter" year="1995">Erhardt &amp; Moosleitner 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 1153
</treatmentCitation>
(non
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C17203954C34F2A02" authority="Panning, 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[824,1086,780,803]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C17203954C4ED2A02" box="[824,924,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">A. crassa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C17BA3954C34F2A02" author="Panning" box="[930,1086,780,803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15103974C2732A62" blockId="5.[264,1323,748,835]" box="[264,1282,812,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5811ABE763FF8C15103974C2732A62" box="[264,1282,812,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C15103974C6F02A62" box="[264,385,812,835]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103974C6F02A62" box="[264,385,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Actinopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?)
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C15B43974C5562A62" box="[428,551,812,835]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15B43974C5562A62" box="[428,551,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE91094E763FF8C162D3974C4F32A62" author="Erhardt" box="[565,898,812,835]" page="1076" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C162D3974C4332A62" author="Erhardt" box="[565,834,812,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Erhardt, H. &amp; Baensch, H. A. (1998) Meerwasser Atlas Bd. 4 Wirbellose, Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1 - 1214." type="book chapter" year="1998">Erhardt &amp; Baensch 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 1076
</treatmentCitation>
(non
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C17DE3974C38B2A62" authority="Panning 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[966,1274,812,835]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C17DE3974C32E2A62" box="[966,1119,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C107D3974C38B2A62" author="Panning" box="[1125,1274,812,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15103929C6852AAB" blockId="5.[264,1325,881,982]" box="[264,500,881,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103929C6852AAB" box="[264,500,881,906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
Name­bearing
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C15A03929C6852AAB" box="[440,500,881,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">types</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE763FF8E152039CFC37C2C83" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C152039CFC4942AF7" blockId="5.[264,1325,881,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<bibRef id="52E8A273E763FF8C152039CFC4942AF7" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="journal article">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C152039CFC5232A90" author="Holotype" box="[312,594,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Holotype, RMCA 1803; Paratype 1, CNDRS 2004.09; Paratype 2, RBINS IG 30376; Paratype 3, MNHN EcHo 8081; Paratype 4, NHM 2005.2405." type="journal article" year="1803">
<author id="53F5DE60E763FF8C152039CFC57A2A90" box="[312,523,919,945]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C152039CFC6D92A90" box="[312,424,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C15AD39CFC57A2A90" box="[437,523,919,945]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ee3x-fpgk" name="Royal Museum for Central Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">RMCA</collectionCode>
</author>
<year id="FFE077D6E763FF8C160C39CFC5232A90" box="[532,594,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">1803</year>
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;
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<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C164739CFC5B72A90" box="[607,710,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</title>
<part id="FFEC9C18E763FF8C16D639CFC5AC2A90" box="[718,733,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="volume">1</part>
,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C16F539CFC43E2A90" box="[749,847,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">CNDRS</collectionCode>
2004.09;
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C17D039CFC35E2A90" box="[968,1071,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
2,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C104D39CFC3DD2A90" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" box="[1109,1196,919,945]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">RBINS</collectionCode>
IG 30376;
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3,
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EcHo 8081;
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C169139E4C5812AF7" box="[649,752,956,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<pagination id="B281C871E763FF8C16EF39E4C4792AF7" box="[759,776,956,982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="pagination">4</pagination>
,
<journalOrPublisher id="51893C49E763FF8C170C39E4C4902AF7" box="[788,993,956,982]" jopScore="0.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="_" typeScore="7">NHM 2005.2405</journalOrPublisher>
.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15103E5FC6972D01" blockId="5.[264,1326,1031,1497]" box="[264,486,1031,1056]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103E5FC6972D01" box="[264,486,1031,1056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15203E77C6102CF8" blockId="5.[264,1326,1031,1497]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15A03E77C5532D68" box="[440,546,1071,1097]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
(Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C168A3E77C5852D68" box="[658,756,1071,1097]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, Ikoni),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C174E3E77C4AE2D68" box="[854,991,1071,1097]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-11-22">
22.XI.
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</date>
, 37 m depth, coll. Y. Samyn &amp; D. VandenSpiegel,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C16033E0FC5CB2D50" author="RMCA" box="[539,698,1111,1137]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Holotype, RMCA 1803; Paratype 1, CNDRS 2004.09; Paratype 2, RBINS IG 30376; Paratype 3, MNHN EcHo 8081; Paratype 4, NHM 2005.2405." type="journal article" year="1803">
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C16033E0FC5002D50" box="[539,625,1111,1137]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ee3x-fpgk" name="Royal Museum for Central Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">RMCA</collectionCode>
1803
</bibRefCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C16D73E0FC44D2D50" box="[719,828,1111,1137]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
); Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C17FA3E0FC33D2D50" box="[994,1100,1111,1137]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
(Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C10DF3E0FC2582D50" box="[1223,1321,1111,1137]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, H.L.M Langouste),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C15E63E27C50D2DB8" box="[510,636,1151,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2004-10-11">
11.X.
<quantity id="4CB09B60E763FF8C16213E27C50D2DB8" box="[569,636,1151,1177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00428" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2004.28">2004</quantity>
</date>
, 28 m depth, coll. Y. Samyn, D. VandenSpiegel &amp; C. Massin,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C15763EFFC6A12DE0" box="[366,464,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">CNDRS</collectionCode>
2004.09 (
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C16543EFFC5C22DE0" box="[588,691,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
1); Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C17743EFFC4A72DE0" box="[876,982,1191,1217]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
(Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C10533EFFC3DC2DE0" box="[1099,1197,1191,1217]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, Itsandra),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C15103E97C6E12DC8" box="[264,400,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-11-20">
20.XI.
<quantity id="4CB09B60E763FF8C15493E97C6E12DC8" box="[337,400,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00323" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2003.23">2003</quantity>
</date>
, 23 m depth, coll. Y. Samyn &amp; D. VandenSpiegel,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C17FE3E97C34D2DC8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" box="[998,1084,1231,1257]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">RBINS</collectionCode>
IG 30376 (
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C10DC3E97C25A2DC8" box="[1220,1323,1231,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
2); Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15A23EAFC5552C30" box="[442,548,1271,1297]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
(Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C16813EAFC58A2C30" box="[665,763,1271,1297]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, Aérodrome),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C17B43EAFC3562C30" box="[940,1063,1271,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2005-05-16">
16.V.
<quantity id="4CB09B60E763FF8C17FF3EAFC3562C30" box="[999,1063,1271,1297]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00526" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2005.26">2005</quantity>
</date>
, 26 m depth, coll. Y. Samyn &amp; D. VandenSpiegel,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C16983F47C5AB2C18" box="[640,730,1311,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">NMHN</collectionCode>
EcHo 8081 (
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C17943F47C4822C18" box="[908,1011,1311,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
3); Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C10D83F47C25B2C18" box="[1216,1322,1311,1337]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
(Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15673F1FC6902C40" box="[383,481,1351,1377]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, Itsandra),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C169B3F1FC58F2C40" box="[643,766,1351,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2005-05-16">
16.V.
<quantity id="4CB09B60E763FF8C16A63F1FC58F2C40" box="[702,766,1351,1377]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00521" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2005.21">2005</quantity>
</date>
, 21 m depth, coll. Yves Samyn &amp; D. VandenSpiegel, NHM 2005.2405 (
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C16B43F37C4622CA8" box="[684,787,1391,1417]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
4);
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C17543F37C3492CA8" box="[844,1080,1391,1417]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Madang Province, Madang’s Reef, Wongat Island),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C168B3FCFC4612C90" box="[659,784,1431,1457]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1996-10-05">
05.X.
<quantity id="4CB09B60E763FF8C16C93FCFC4612C90" box="[721,784,1431,1457]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9962499999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1996.25">1996</quantity>
</date>
, 25 m depth, coll. C. Massin,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C10663FCFC3A62C90" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" box="[1150,1239,1431,1457]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">RBINS</collectionCode>
, IG 28 455/22.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15103C57C6EF2F09" blockId="5.[264,1323,1551,1897]" box="[264,414,1551,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15103C57C6EF2F09" box="[264,414,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C15103C57C64E2F09" box="[264,319,1551,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15203C6FC44E2F70" blockId="5.[264,1323,1551,1897]" box="[312,831,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
Union des
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15AE3C6FC5522F70" box="[438,547,1591,1617]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comores</collectingCountry>
, Grande
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C16943C6FC59F2F70" box="[652,750,1591,1617]" name="Comoros" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comore</collectingCountry>
, Ikoni.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15203C07C4B92FE8" blockId="5.[264,1323,1551,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C15203C07C6032F58" box="[312,370,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
material (2
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C161A3C07C51B2F58" box="[514,618,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C16843C07C4DD2F59" box="[668,940,1631,1656]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="serratidens">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C16843C07C4DD2F59" box="[668,940,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Actinopyga serratidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C17AD3C07C2562F58" authority="Panning, 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[949,1319,1631,1657]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="serratidens" variety="bannwarthi">
var.
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C17F13C07C3012F59" box="[1001,1136,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">bannwarthi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C10603C07C2562F58" author="Panning" box="[1144,1319,1631,1657]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E763FF8C15103CDFC6382F80" box="[264,329,1671,1697]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">ZMH</collectionCode>
E5902 (Zoologishes Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität Hamburg);
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15103CF7C63F2FE8" box="[264,334,1711,1737]" name="Egypt" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(Suez), 1913, depth unknown, coll. Dr E. Bannwarth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E763FF8C15203C8FC5DD2E48" blockId="5.[264,1323,1551,1897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
Non
<typeStatus id="54F38827E763FF8C15663C8FC6C02FD0" box="[382,433,1751,1777]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
material (
<specimenCount id="9D4EFD0CE763FF8C165A3C8FC5A52FD0" box="[578,724,1751,1777]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C17023C8FC25B2FD0" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[794,1322,1751,1777]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C17023C8FC4B82FD1" box="[794,969,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">A. mauritiana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C17FC3C8FC2532FD0" author="Quoy" box="[996,1314,1751,1777]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Zoologie: Zoophytes. In: Voyage de la corvette de l' ' Astrolabe'. Execute par ordre du roi pendant les annees 1826 - 1829 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Paris, 390 pp, 26 pls." type="book chapter" year="1833">Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E763FF8C15FB3CA7C4232E38" authority="Panning, 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[483,850,1791,1817]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E763FF8C15FB3CA7C5E32E39" box="[483,658,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C16B93CA7C4232E38" author="Panning" box="[673,850,1791,1817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E763FF8C17953CA7C3FB2E38" author="Cherbonnier" box="[909,1162,1791,1817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Echinodermes: Holothurides. Faune de Madagscar 70, 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1988">Cherbonnier (1988))</bibRefCitation>
:
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C10853CA7C25A2E38" box="[1181,1323,1791,1817]" name="Madagascar" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C15083D7FC63E2E60" box="[272,335,1831,1857]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Nosy</collectingCountry>
Be, Andilana),
<date id="FFF61045E763FF8C16083D7FC5DC2E60" box="[528,685,1831,1857]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1959-08-20">20.VIII.1959</date>
, coll. G. Cherbonnier, EcHh 5082 (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E763FF8C16533D17C5D12E48" box="[587,672,1871,1897]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">France</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37660DE760FF8F15103CE7C2552E16" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E760FF8F15103CE7C2552E16" blockId="6.[264,1324,1727,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E760FF8F15103CE7C6F72FF6" bold="true" box="[264,390,1727,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E760FF8F15803C98C5082FF6" box="[408,633,1728,1751]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E760FF8F15803C98C5082FF6" box="[408,633,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE760FF8F169A3C98C5A92FF6" box="[642,728,1728,1751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF37660DE761FF8E15103E80C6972C0E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172023/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[333,1239,316,1219]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E761FF8E15103E80C6972C0E" blockId="7.[264,1323,1240,1327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E761FF8E15103E80C6FB2DD1" bold="true" box="[264,394,1240,1264]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E761FF8E158A3E81C5012DD1" box="[402,624,1241,1264]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E761FF8E158A3E81C5012DD1" box="[402,624,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE761FF8E16603E80C5BA2DCE" box="[632,715,1240,1263]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Papua New Guinea) A, Rods from ventral tube feet. B, Rods from longitudinal muscle. C, Rods from cloacal retractor muscles. D, Rods from cloacal wall. E, Rods from gonad.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E761FF8E15203F38C37C2C83" blockId="7.[264,1323,1376,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Non
<typeStatus id="54F38827E761FF8E156F3F38C6D82C5B" box="[375,425,1376,1402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
material (
<specimenCount id="9D4EFD0CE761FF8E16343F38C5B52C5B" box="[556,708,1376,1402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
) of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E761FF8E16E73F39C3432C5B" authority="Panning, 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[767,1074,1376,1402]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E761FF8E16E73F39C4002C5B" box="[767,881,1377,1402]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">A. crassa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E761FF8E17673F38C3432C5B" author="Panning" box="[895,1074,1376,1402]" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E761FF8E105A3F38C3CE2C5B" box="[1090,1215,1376,1402]" name="Seychelles" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E761FF8E10CD3F38C26F2C5B" box="[1237,1310,1376,1402]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Mahé</collectingCountry>
),
<date id="FFF61045E761FF8E15103FD0C6FE2C83" box="[264,399,1416,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="1969-09-07">07.IX.1969</date>
, coll. Mission zoologique
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E761FF8E16DD3FD0C4122C83" box="[709,867,1416,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">MRAC­ULB</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE40E761FF8E17763FD0C4B52C83" box="[878,964,1416,1442]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ee3x-fpgk" name="Royal Museum for Central Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">RMCA</collectionCode>
1186.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE761FF8115103F81C4522F2F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E761FF8E15103F81C6E32CD3" blockId="7.[264,1323,1497,1882]" box="[264,402,1497,1522]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E761FF8E15103F81C6E32CD3" box="[264,402,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E761FF8115203C58C34A2B57" blockId="7.[264,1323,1497,1882]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1324,284,1550]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Very large species; living specimens up to
<quantity id="4CB09B60E761FF8E17373C58C4E02F3B" box="[815,913,1536,1562]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CB09B60E761FF8E101F3C58C3192F3B" box="[1031,1128,1536,1562]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
wide mid­body; preserved specimens from
<quantity id="4CB09B60E761FF8E16523C70C4722F63" box="[586,771,1576,1602]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.525" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.25" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="252.5" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="225.0">225 to 280 mm</quantity>
long and from
<quantity id="4CB09B60E761FF8E17D83C70C3182F63" box="[960,1129,1576,1602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="97.5" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="85.0">85 to 110 mm</quantity>
wide mid­body. Body loaf­shaped with slight ventral flattening (more or less cylindrical with some distal tapering). Colour in life bluish with patches of white devoid of tube feet at anterior and posterior ends and, discontinuously, along sides (Plate 1). Colour in
<typeStatus id="54F38827E761FF8E107C3CF8C3E72F9B" box="[1124,1174,1696,1722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
material in alcohol largely preserved, but faded to dull brown in specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E761FF8E10243C90C2572FC3" box="[1084,1318,1736,1762]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. White patches remain clearly visible on all specimens. Body wall smooth, up to
<quantity id="4CB09B60E761FF8E10CC3CA8C2582E2B" box="[1236,1321,1776,1802]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 15–18 large, peltate, uniformly bluish­grey tentacles, in turn surrounded by a stout collar of bluish papillae, fused at their base. Anus terminal, guarded by five prominent, calcareous, teeth, each bearing numerous tubercles. Ventral tube feet stout, distributed unevenly,
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76EFF8116D23B1CC47C287C" box="[714,781,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">albeit</emphasis>
somewhat concentrated in ambulacral areas. Dorsal “papillae” large, conical at base, near cylindrical at top; bluish at base, slightly lighter at top; scattered over ambulacral and interambulacral areas, though absent in white zones. Cuvierian organ absent. Single, club­shaped Polian vesicle, about one seventh of length of preserved animals. Stone canal and associated madreporite not observed in all the specimens studied. Gonad observed only in the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76EFF8110233854C2592B07" box="[1083,1320,524,550]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Calcareous ring huge, radial pieces about twice as large as interradial pieces (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF811087386CC2712B6F" box="[1183,1280,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 1</figureCitation>
A). Details of surface of calcareous ring obscured by thick layer of tissue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76EFF81152038DCC4522F2F" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76EFF81152038DCC6E82BBC" box="[312,409,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Ossicles</emphasis>
: Tentacles with rods only; base of tentacles with few, straight to slightly curved, smooth rods,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF81161238F4C5F42BE7" box="[522,645,684,710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="70.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="50.0">50–90 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8116CB38F4C4472BE7" box="[723,822,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 1</figureCitation>
B); tip of tentacles with similar but larger rods, up to
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF811594388CC6992BCF" box="[396,488,724,750]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF81162A388CC5E52BCF" box="[562,660,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 1</figureCitation>
C, D), occasionally distally branching (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF81107C388CC3A02BCF" box="[1124,1233,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
C, 3A). Ventral body wall with rosettes of various forms, some elongated with endings swollen, others wider and more spiny,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF81166D397CC5832A1F" box="[629,754,804,830]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="40.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="15.0">15–65 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF81175C397CC4C52A1F" box="[836,948,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
E, 3B). Dorsal body wall with small rosettes that have their endings swollen,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF81174F3914C4A72A47" box="[855,982,844,870]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="40.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="20.0">20–60 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8110363914C3D12A47" box="[1070,1184,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
F, 3C) and elongated rod­like spiny rosettes, 255–
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8116C0392CC4442AAF" box="[728,821,884,910]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF81179C392CC4802AAF" box="[900,1009,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
G, 3D). The proportion of rosettes with swollen endings versus spiny rod­like rosettes as well as the size of the rosettes are highly variable within a single specimen, depending on site of bivium sampled. The same phenomenon occurs in specimens coming from different geographic localities:
<typeStatus id="54F38827E76EFF81159C3E4CC69B2D0F" box="[388,490,1044,1070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76EFF8116203E4CC5D52D0F" box="[568,676,1044,1070]" name="Comoros" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Comoros</collectingCountry>
Islands with more spiny ossicles in dorsal body wall than the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76EFF81163D3E64C47D2D77" box="[549,780,1084,1110]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Base of dorsal papillae with rosettes and rodlike rosettes,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8115BC3E3CC56C2D5F" box="[420,541,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="45.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="25.0">25–65 m</quantity>
long, as well as dichotomously branched spiny rods,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF81108C3E3CC25A2D5F" box="[1172,1323,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="130.0" valueMax="160.0" valueMin="100.0">100–160 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8115543ED4C6CB2D87" box="[332,442,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
J, 3E). Tip of dorsal papillae with spiny rods of various form; from simple to complex branching,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8116043EECC5D42DEF" box="[540,677,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="50.0">50–200 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8116EB3EECC4102DEF" box="[755,865,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[301,1279,320,1708]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[284,1309,311,1721]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea). A, Calcareous ring,: r = radial piece, ir = interradial piece. B, Rods from base of tentacles. C, D Rods from tip of tentacle. E, Rosettes from ventral body wall. F, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. G, Elongated rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. H, Rosettes from tip of dorsal papillae. J, Rods from base of dorsal papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172022/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 1</figureCitation>
H, 4A). Ventral tube feet with smooth rods,
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long, spiny rods,
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long, and stout spiny rods,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8110893E84C25A2DD7" box="[1169,1323,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="120.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="100.0">100–140 m</quantity>
long, with perforated extremities (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8116853F5CC47F2C3F" box="[669,782,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[333,1239,316,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1276,294,1236]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea) A, Rods from ventral tube feet. B, Rods from longitudinal muscle. C, Rods from cloacal retractor muscles. D, Rods from cloacal wall. E, Rods from gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172023/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 2</figureCitation>
A, 4B); terminal disc, up to
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8110473F5CC3A32C3F" box="[1119,1234,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="1.0">1,000 m</quantity>
across, composed of several pieces; centrally several perforated plates with large holes (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8110C13F74C6662C4F" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[264,357,1777,1798]" captionTargetBox="[316,1279,326,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[316,1279,326,1769]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Comoros, holotype) A, Rods from tip of dorsal papillae. B, Rods from ventral tube feet. C, Central plate from fragmented terminal disc. D, In toto view of fragmented terminal disc. E, Spiny rods from cloacal wall. F, Rods from cloacal retractor muscle. G, Rods from longitudinal muscle. Scale A &amp; F = 50 m; Scale B, E, G = 10 m; Scale C = 100 m; Scale D = 200 m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172025/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 4</figureCitation>
C) surrounded by 10–12 perforated plates with smallest holes at periphery (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8110843F0CC2722C4F" box="[1180,1283,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[264,357,1777,1798]" captionTargetBox="[316,1279,326,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[316,1279,326,1769]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Comoros, holotype) A, Rods from tip of dorsal papillae. B, Rods from ventral tube feet. C, Central plate from fragmented terminal disc. D, In toto view of fragmented terminal disc. E, Spiny rods from cloacal wall. F, Rods from cloacal retractor muscle. G, Rods from longitudinal muscle. Scale A &amp; F = 50 m; Scale B, E, G = 10 m; Scale C = 100 m; Scale D = 200 m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172025/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 4</figureCitation>
D). Cloaca with spiky rods, similar in shape as those from dorsal papillae,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8110793F24C39C2CB7" box="[1121,1261,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50–100 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8115083FFCC6F82C9F" box="[272,393,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[333,1239,316,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1276,294,1236]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea) A, Rods from ventral tube feet. B, Rods from longitudinal muscle. C, Rods from cloacal retractor muscles. D, Rods from cloacal wall. E, Rods from gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172023/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 2</figureCitation>
D, 4E). Longitudinal and cloacal retractor muscles with simple, smooth, occasionally branched rods,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8116783F94C5AC2CC7" box="[608,733,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="45.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="35.0">35–55 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8117363F94C4D22CC7" box="[814,931,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[333,1239,316,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1276,294,1236]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea) A, Rods from ventral tube feet. B, Rods from longitudinal muscle. C, Rods from cloacal retractor muscles. D, Rods from cloacal wall. E, Rods from gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172023/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figures 2</figureCitation>
B, C, 4F, G). Gonad with spiny, branched rods,
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8115A33FACC5232F2F" box="[443,594,1524,1550]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="205.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="160.0">160–250 m</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76EFF8116843FACC4732F2F" box="[668,770,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[333,1239,316,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[314,1276,294,1236]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea) A, Rods from ventral tube feet. B, Rods from longitudinal muscle. C, Rods from cloacal retractor muscles. D, Rods from cloacal wall. E, Rods from gonad." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172023/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figure 2</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE76EFF8215103C1CC55B2ABE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76EFF8115103C1CC6F42F7C" blockId="8.[264,1169,1604,1670]" box="[264,389,1604,1629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76EFF8115103C1CC6F42F7C" box="[264,389,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76EFF8115203C34C3E02FA7" blockId="8.[264,1169,1604,1670]" box="[312,1169,1644,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
The name
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76EFF8115AB3C34C5182FA7" authority="Latin" authorityName="Latin" box="[435,617,1644,1670]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76EFF8115AB3C34C5532FA4" box="[435,546,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">caerulea,</emphasis>
Latin
</taxonomicName>
, refers to the unique blue colour of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76EFF8115103CE4C6192FF4" blockId="8.[264,1321,1724,1870]" box="[264,360,1724,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76EFF8115103CE4C6192FF4" box="[264,360,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Ecology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76EFF8115203CBCC3602E6F" blockId="8.[264,1321,1724,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
This species is characteristic of somewhat deeper tropical waters; it has been observed from
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76EFF8115523D54C6A12E07" box="[330,464,1804,1830]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="28.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="12.0">
12 to
<specimenCount id="9D4EFD0CE76EFF8115883D54C6A12E07" box="[400,464,1804,1830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="generic">45 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. The species is predominantly a detritus/deposit feeder on coral patches on the outer slope of coral reefs; it forages actively during the day.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37660DE76FFF8015103CA5C45E2E75" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172024/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[316,1279,329,1770]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76FFF8015103CA5C45E2E75" blockId="9.[264,1322,1789,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76FFF8015103CA5C6FB2E34" bold="true" box="[264,394,1789,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76FFF80158A3CA5C51E2E35" box="[402,623,1789,1812]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76FFF80158A3CA5C51E2E35" box="[402,623,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE76FFF80166F3CA5C5BB2E35" box="[631,714,1789,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Comoros, holotype) A, Rods from tentacle. B, Rosettes from ventral body wall. C, Rosettes from dorsal body wall. D, Spiny, rod­like rosettes from dorsal body wall. E, Rosettes from base of dorsal papillae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF37660DE76CFF8315103CA9C3592E47" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172025/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[316,1279,326,1768]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76CFF8315103CA9C3592E47" blockId="10.[264,1326,1777,1894]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76CFF8315103CA9C60C2E27" bold="true" box="[264,381,1777,1798]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76CFF83159C3CA9C53D2E27" box="[388,588,1777,1798]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76CFF83159C3CA9C53D2E27" box="[388,588,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE76CFF83164C3CA9C5EE2E27" box="[596,671,1777,1798]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Comoros, holotype) A, Rods from tip of dorsal papillae. B, Rods from ventral tube feet. C, Central plate from fragmented terminal disc. D,
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76CFF8317CA3D49C3602E07" box="[978,1041,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">In toto</emphasis>
view of fragmented terminal disc. E, Spiny rods from cloacal wall. F, Rods from cloacal retractor muscle. G, Rods from longitudinal muscle. Scale A&amp; F = 50 m; Scale B,E,G = 10 m; Scale C = 100 m; Scale D = 200 m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76DFF821510391FC55B2ABE" blockId="11.[264,1323,839,927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF821510391FC60F2A7E" bold="true" box="[264,382,839,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">PLATE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8215903910C5162A7E" box="[392,615,840,863]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215903910C5162A7E" box="[392,615,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE76DFF8216693910C5B62A7E" box="[625,711,840,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
as photographed
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8217933910C4A12A7E" box="[907,976,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">in situ</emphasis>
in
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8217EF3910C3292A7E" box="[1015,1112,840,863]" name="Comoros" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Comoros</collectingCountry>
(A), Sulawesi (B), Bali (C) and
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8215853930C6AF2A5E" box="[413,478,872,895]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Papua</collectingCountry>
New
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF82163C3930C5002A5E" box="[548,625,872,895]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Guinee</collectingCountry>
(D). (Picture A by D. VandenSpiegel; B by D. Lane; C by R. Myers and D by P. Colins).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE76DFF8215103990C3082DDB" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76DFF8215103990C5552AC0" blockId="11.[264,1324,968,1274]" box="[264,548,968,993]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215103990C5552AC0" box="[264,548,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76DFF82152039A8C3082DDB" blockId="11.[264,1324,968,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
Tropical Indo­Pacific; confirmed sightings have been made in
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF82100939A8C3082D2B" box="[1041,1145,1008,1034]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8210AE39A8C6AD2D13" author="Erhardt" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Erhardt, H. &amp; Moosleitner, H. (1995) Meerwasser Atlas Bd 3 Wirbellose Tiere, Mergus Verlag, Melle, 738 - 1328." type="book chapter" year="1995">Erhardt &amp; Moosleitner 1995</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8216153E40C50D2D10" box="[525,636,1048,1073]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8216153E40C50D2D10" box="[525,636,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8216DC3E40C4392D13" box="[708,840,1048,1074]" name="Philippines" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8217923E40C3C72D13" author="Erhardt" box="[906,1206,1048,1074]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Erhardt, H. &amp; Baensch, H. A. (1998) Meerwasser Atlas Bd. 4 Wirbellose, Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1 - 1214." type="book chapter" year="1998">Erhardt &amp; Baensch 1998</bibRefCitation>
, as
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8210FF3E40C2712D10" box="[1255,1280,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A.</emphasis>
(?)
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8215103E18C6FE2D78" box="[264,399,1088,1113]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215103E18C6FE2D78" box="[264,399,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8215B53E18C56E2D7B" box="[429,543,1088,1114]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
[Bali (Myers pers. comm.) and Sulawesi (Lane pers. comm.)],
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8215103E30C6832DA3" box="[264,498,1128,1154]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
[Kavieng (Colin pers. comm), Hansa Bay (Colin pers. comm.) and Madang (present paper)],
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF82165A3EC8C58B2D8B" box="[578,762,1168,1194]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8217263EC8C3F12D8B" author="Feral" box="[830,1152,1168,1194]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Feral, J. - P. &amp; Cherbonnier (1986) Les holothurides. In: Guille, A. n Laboute P. &amp; Menou, J. - L. (eds) Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Faune Tropicale, 25, 57 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Féral &amp; Cherbonnier 1986</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8210A93EC8C2512D88" box="[1201,1312,1168,1193]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8210A93EC8C2512D88" box="[1201,1312,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the Archipelago of the
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF82165D3EE0C5C12DF3" box="[581,688,1208,1234]" name="Comoros" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Comoros</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="54F38827E76DFF8216A73EE0C5822DF3" box="[703,755,1208,1234]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality).
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76DFF8217723EE0C4BA2DF3" box="[874,971,1208,1234]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[264,367,891,915]" captionTargetBox="[297,1283,325,858]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[288,1313,306,885]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Actinopyga caerulea sp. nov. Known geographic distribution with uncertain records flagged with a question mark." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172026/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Figure 5</figureCitation>
shows the known distribution of this species, including locations requiring confirmation of identification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE76DFF8215103F68C6F82C68" box="[264,393,1328,1353]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76DFF8215103F68C6F82C68" blockId="11.[264,1323,1328,1834]" box="[264,393,1328,1353]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215103F68C6F82C68" box="[264,393,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE76DFF8415203F00C4ED28F7" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76DFF8215203F00C4402E08" blockId="11.[264,1323,1328,1834]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8215203F00C55D2C50" box="[312,556,1368,1393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215203F00C55D2C50" box="[312,556,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE76DFF82162A3F00C5F12C53" box="[562,640,1368,1394]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp.nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
belongs to what
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8217513F00C48F2C53" author="Panning" box="[841,1022,1368,1394]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning (1944)</bibRefCitation>
has termed the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8210DA3F00C25B2C50" box="[1218,1322,1368,1393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Muelleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8210DA3F00C25B2C50" box="[1218,1322,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">echinites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. It shares with
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF82161C3FD8C5DC2CB8" box="[516,685,1408,1433]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF82161C3FD8C5DC2CB8" box="[516,685,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the presence of spiny rosettes (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8210503FD8C39F2CBB" author="Panning" box="[1096,1262,1408,1434]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning 1944</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 22, p. 54). However, rosettes from
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8216A43FF0C4182CE0" box="[700,873,1448,1473]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8216A43FF0C4182CE0" box="[700,873,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are less spiny and have many more lateral extensions than those from
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8216B53F88C44E2CC8" box="[685,831,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8216B53F88C44A2CC8" box="[685,827,1488,1513]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">A. caerulea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Another striking difference between the two species lies in the colouration: the two
<typeStatus id="54F38827E76DFF8217013FA0C40E2F33" box="[793,895,1528,1554]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8217B43FA0C3272F30" box="[940,1110,1528,1553]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8217B43FA0C3272F30" box="[940,1110,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uniform dark chocolate brown dorsally (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76DFF8216523C78C5C02F1B" box="[586,689,1568,1594]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,998,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[342,1250,998,1801]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. One of the two syntypes of A. bannwarthi Panning, 1944 as deposited in the ZMH (ZMH E. 5902) (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172027/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A) and light brown to yellow ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13732A00E76DFF8210863C78C2792F1B" box="[1182,1288,1568,1594]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,998,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[342,1250,998,1801]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. One of the two syntypes of A. bannwarthi Panning, 1944 as deposited in the ZMH (ZMH E. 5902) (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172027/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Figure 6</figureCitation>
B), with no white patches devoid of tube feet on the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the body. The two species differ also in terms of distribution:
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8217773C28C4862FA8" box="[879,1015,1648,1673]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8217773C28C4862FA8" box="[879,1015,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not yet been found in the Red Sea, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8216133CC0C5C22F90" box="[523,691,1688,1713]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8216133CC0C5C22F90" box="[523,691,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems restricted to it.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8217DB3CC0C3E72F93" author="Sloan" box="[963,1174,1688,1714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Sloan, N. A., Clark, A. M., &amp; Taylor, J. D. (1979) the echinoderms of Aldabra and their habitats. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 37, 81 - 128." type="book chapter" year="1979">
Sloan
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8210153CC0C3392F90" box="[1037,1096,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
(1979
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8210DB3CC0C3AD2F90" box="[1219,1244,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A.</emphasis>
sp. cf.
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8215103C98C6C12FF8" box="[264,432,1728,1753]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215103C98C6C12FF8" box="[264,432,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF8215D23C98C5C22FFB" author="Cherbonnier" box="[458,691,1728,1754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Echinodermes: Holothurides. Faune de Madagscar 70, 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1988">Cherbonnier (1988)</bibRefCitation>
and Rowe &amp; Gates’ (1995) records of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF82109A3C98C25A2FF8" box="[1154,1323,1728,1753]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF82109A3C98C25A2FF8" box="[1154,1323,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
need verification. Certainly one of the
<collectingCountry id="F35F7615E76DFF8216F33CB0C42C2E23" box="[747,861,1768,1794]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
specimens identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76DFF82108E3CB0C6272E0B" author="Cherbonnier" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Echinodermes: Holothurides. Faune de Madagscar 70, 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1988">Cherbonnier (1988)</bibRefCitation>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8215603D48C56A2E08" box="[376,539,1808,1833]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8215603D48C56A2E08" box="[376,539,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">A. mauritiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76DFF8216993D48C4402E08" box="[641,817,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76DFF8216993D48C45C2E08" box="[641,813,1808,1833]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">A. bannwarthi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37660DE76AFF8515103923C5362A92" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172026/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[297,1283,325,858]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76AFF8515103923C5362A92" blockId="12.[264,1322,891,947]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76AFF8515103923C6FA2AB2" bold="true" box="[264,395,891,915]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76AFF85158D3924C5072AB2" box="[405,630,892,915]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76AFF85158D3924C5072AB2" box="[405,630,892,915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Actinopyga caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20F57ECE76AFF8516663924C5A52AB2" box="[638,724,892,915]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Known geographic distribution with uncertain records flagged with a question mark.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF37660DE76AFF8515103D46C46D2E79" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172027/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[343,1243,998,1800]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76AFF8515103D46C46D2E79" blockId="12.[264,1322,1822,1880]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76AFF8515103D46C6FD2E17" bold="true" box="[264,396,1822,1846]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
One of the two syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76AFF8516D53D46C37F2E14" authority="Panning, 1944" authorityName="Panning" authorityYear="1944" box="[717,1038,1822,1845]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bannwarthi">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76AFF8516D53D46C4182E14" box="[717,873,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">A. bannwarthi</emphasis>
Panning, 1944
</taxonomicName>
as deposited in the ZMH (ZMH E. 5902) (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76BFF8415203B44C4ED28F7" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
With comparative voucher material now at hand, we conclude that we are not dealing with
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8415523B1CC55A287C" box="[330,555,324,349]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8415523B1CC55A287C" box="[330,555,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Actinopyga crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF84166E3B1CC4A9287F" author="Erhardt" box="[630,984,324,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Erhardt, H. &amp; Moosleitner, H. (1995) Meerwasser Atlas Bd 3 Wirbellose Tiere, Mergus Verlag, Melle, 738 - 1328." type="book chapter" year="1995">Erhardt &amp; Moosleitner 1995</bibRefCitation>
). The latter species differs markedly from
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8415DE3B34C52028A4" box="[454,593,364,389]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8415DE3B34C52028A4" box="[454,593,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of stout, slightly curved rods in the ventral body wall and in the presence of elongated narrow rod­like rosettes with lateral extensions in the dorsal body wall (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF8416543BE4C58128F7" author="Panning" box="[588,752,444,470]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" refString="Panning, A. (1944) Die Trepangfisherei. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologichen Museum und Institut 49, 2 - 76." type="journal article" year="1944">Panning 1944</bibRefCitation>
, fig 19, p. 51).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352650EE76BFF8415203BBCC41A2D5F" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76BFF8415203BBCC5EC2BCF" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
The more recently described
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF84168F3BBCC46E28DC" box="[663,799,484,509]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="flammea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF84168F3BBCC46E28DC" box="[663,799,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. flammea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appears to belong to Panning’s (1944) ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF84150A3854C60B2B04" box="[274,378,524,549]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Muelleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF84150A3854C60B2B04" box="[274,378,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">echinites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group’, an observation we share with
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF84177C3854C3242B07" author="Cherbonnier" box="[868,1109,524,550]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1979) Description d' Actinopyga flammea nov. sp., et donnees nouvelles sur deux especes connues d'Holothuries Aspidochirotes (Echinodermes). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris Quatrieme serie, 1, section A (1), 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1979">Cherbonnier (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. Nevertheless,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8411093854C61F2B6C" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8411093854C61F2B6C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can again be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF841754386CC4A52B6C" box="[844,980,564,589]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="flammea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF841754386CC4A52B6C" box="[844,980,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. flammea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in life, because
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8410BA386CC25A2B6C" box="[1186,1323,564,589]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8410BA386CC25A2B6C" box="[1186,1323,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a conspicuous bluish and white colouration, and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF84176C3804C48B2B54" box="[884,1018,604,629]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="flammea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF84176C3804C48B2B54" box="[884,1018,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. flammea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a uniformly brick red body wall and prominent, greyish, tubercular “papillae”. Further,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF84105A38DCC3A12BBC" box="[1090,1232,644,669]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF84105A38DCC3A12BBC" box="[1090,1232,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs markedly from
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8415DF38F4C5202BE4" box="[455,593,684,709]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="flammea">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8415DF38F4C5202BE4" box="[455,593,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">A. flammea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in not having closed rosettes in the ventral body wall (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF841510388CC6AE2BCF" author="Cherbonnier" box="[264,479,724,750]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1979) Description d' Actinopyga flammea nov. sp., et donnees nouvelles sur deux especes connues d'Holothuries Aspidochirotes (Echinodermes). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris Quatrieme serie, 1, section A (1), 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1979">Cherbonnier 1979</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2F,G, p. 5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF73685E76BFF84152038A4C41A2D5F" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,1150]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
Our observation of a compound endplate in the ventral tube feet is not new. This character has already been noted for several species in
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8417E1397CC2522A1C" box="[1017,1315,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8417E1397CC3F02A1C" box="[1017,1153,804,829]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Actinopyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Actinopyga</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF841081397CC2522A1C" box="[1177,1315,804,829]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Bohadschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Bohadschia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8415103914C5842A47" authority="Semper, 1868" authorityName="Semper" authorityYear="1868" box="[264,757,844,870]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Pearsonothuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="graeffei">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF8415103914C5582A44" box="[264,553,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Pearsonothuria graeffei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF8416273914C59D2A47" author="Semper" box="[575,748,844,870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" refString="Semper, C. (1868) Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate, Leipzig, x + 288 pp, 40 pls." type="book" year="1868">Semper, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, as well as in certain
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF84100F3914C3CF2A47" box="[1047,1214,844,870]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Stichopodidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF8410CC3914C6372AAF" author="Massin" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Massin, C. (1996) Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Part 4. The Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) collected at Ambon during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition. Zoologische Verhandelingen 307, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Massin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF84154B392CC6E02AAF" author="Massin" box="[339,401,884,910]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Massin, C. (1999) Reef-dwelling Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Spermonde Archipelago (South-West Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoologische Verhandelingen 329, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
; unpublished data) and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF8416B5392CC43F2AAF" box="[685,846,884,910]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Synallactidae</taxonomicName>
, notably species of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF841022392CC5742A97" authority="Ludwig, 1894 (Massin, 1992)" authorityName="Ludwig, 1894 (Massin" authorityYear="1992" class="Holothuroidea" family="Synallactidae" genus="Synallactes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF841022392CC3B12AAC" box="[1082,1216,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Synallactes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF8410D0392CC6322A97" author="Ludwig" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Ludwig, H. (1894) Reports on a exploration of the west coast of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands in charge of Alexander Agassiz by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; during 1891. XII. The Holothurioidea. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College XVII (3), 1 - 183, 19 pls." type="journal article" year="1894">Ludwig, 1894</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B74E76BFF84154D39C4C68D2A97" author="Massin" box="[341,508,924,950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="67" refString="Massin, C. (1992) Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edwards Islands: new and little-known species. Zoologica Scripta 21, 311 - 324." type="journal article" year="1992">Massin, 1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. More detailed systematic study of such “fragmentation” in all the genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D06E76BFF841591399CC5372AFF" box="[393,582,964,990]" class="Holothuroidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Aspidochirotida</taxonomicName>
will help to determine whether this phenomenon is due to common descent or not. For now, we can note that an endplate of a large diameter (
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76BFF8410E639B4C6412D0F" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
across) does not
<emphasis id="B93CEA97E76BFF84161D3E4CC5082D0C" box="[517,633,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">ipso facto</emphasis>
imply that the endplate will be compound. Indeed, some aspidochirotid species have a simple, single endplate of over
<quantity id="4CB09B60E76BFF8417C33E64C3482D77" box="[987,1081,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
across, while others possess a compound endplate that is
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across.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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