175 lines
18 KiB
XML
175 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="ABEB8B62659A4628D7919FA0CF739113" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E0894814C7B8763FD3D01BB6FC85CEB4">
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<mods:title id="1243C9694128C077A1006785605716A4">Bradypodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="420A5E3E91642C8B6F4AAA3CD400E3D5" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FC3EDB03D88991CAEDD249880B7B0B7A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5A52AE1576FE243A40F5E941F5C481A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="068E0A39AD1787C93F52258FE162AA03">2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="D63726AD4B22E3D885EB1A927A4C9BCE" type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0F44D4C167CD109D7306621A3B4E20C4">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2267ABF6691854AE28BA408FA127CC01">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="270AF520E10C7A80CE0F1FE202CAFE93">
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<mods:title id="210AE0CFD1A50B95882840C9AD82F9DC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C187E32B15FFC06615F835F588BD3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6621618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195765975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6621618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187E32B15FFC06615F835F588BD3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187E32B15FFC06615F835F588BD3F" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="D09F81992B15FFC06615F835FF04B99A" box="[115,146,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<figureCitation id="13532A702B15FFC06615F835FF04B99A" box="[115,146,1972,2022]" captionStart="Plate 6" captionStartId="1.[780,845,1886,1915]" captionTargetBox="[15,2744,12,1816]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Plate 6 Species Accounts" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6621626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6621626/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC066C5F835FD0FB99A" box="[163,665,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC066C5F835FD0FB99A" blockId="2.[112,1090,1972,2103]" box="[163,665,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="D09F81992B15FFC066C5F835FD0FB99A" box="[163,665,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<vernacularName id="056B46DB2B15FFC066C5F835FD0FB99A" box="[163,665,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Pygmy Three-toed Sloth</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC064ABF835FBD7B99A" box="[717,1089,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC064ABF835FBD7B99A" blockId="2.[112,1090,1972,2103]" box="[717,1089,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="D09F81992B15FFC064ABF835FBD7B99A" box="[717,1089,1972,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC064ABF835FBD7B99A" ID-CoL="5X42Z" authorityName="Anderson & Handley" authorityYear="2001" box="[717,1089,1972,2022]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC064ABF835FBD7B99A" box="[717,1089,1972,2022]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Bradypus pygmaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06614F879FE78B648" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06614F879FC4DB671" blockId="2.[112,1090,1972,2103]" box="[114,987,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="D09F81992B15FFC06614F879FC4DB671" box="[114,987,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06614F879FF2BB671" bold="true" box="[114,189,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056B46DB2B15FFC066A1F879FECDB671" box="[199,347,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Paresseux nain</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06717F879FE5DB671" bold="true" box="[369,459,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056B46DB2B15FFC067B2F879FDCEB671" box="[468,600,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Zwergfaultier</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC0640BF879FD5EB671" bold="true" box="[621,712,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056B46DB2B15FFC064B4F879FC4DB671" box="[722,987,2040,2061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Perezoso tridactilo pigmeo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06617F79EFE78B648" blockId="2.[112,1090,1972,2103]" box="[113,494,2079,2100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<heading id="D09F81992B15FFC06617F79EFE78B648" box="[113,494,2079,2100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06617F79EFEFEB648" bold="true" box="[113,360,2079,2100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056B46DB2B15FFC06714F79EFE78B648" box="[370,494,2079,2100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Pygmy Sloth</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC064B3F7E5FBA0B6D5" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC064B3F7E5FBA0B6D5" blockId="2.[725,1320,2148,2572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC064B3F7E5FCE6B6FD" bold="true" box="[725,880,2148,2177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC065E0F7E5FBA4B6D5" ID-CoL="5X42Z" authorityName="Anderson & Handley" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">Bradypus pygmaeus R. P. An- derson & Handley, 2001</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06222F711FCA2B684" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06222F711FCA2B684" blockId="2.[725,1320,2148,2572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<materialsCitation id="3B003CA82B15FFC06222F711FCA2B684" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3804030303" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">“Panama: Bocas del Toro: Isla Escudo de Veraguas, West Point.”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC064B0F687FC3CB798" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC064B0F687FC3CB798" blockId="2.[725,1320,2148,2572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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Taxonomic status unclear; it was described as a species based on morphometric analyses, notably a smaller body size, but results of recent molecular studies are conflicting and could be a pygmy form of
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC062FDF61DFD68B798" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">B. variegatus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC064B0F66AFF7FB420" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF17667D2B15FFC064B0F66AFF7FB420" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6621616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6621616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6621616/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" targetBox="[111,702,2155,2570]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC064B0F66AFF7FB420" blockId="2.[725,1320,2148,2572]" lastBlockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC064B0F66AFC10B470" bold="true" box="[726,902,2539,2572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Restricted to the Escudo de Veraguas I, 18 km offshore from the Valiente Peninsula, on the Caribbean coast of Panama.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06614F5E4FF56B513" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06614F5E4FF56B513" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06614F5E4FEE7B4FE" bold="true" box="[114,369,2661,2690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 485-530 mm, tail 45-60 mm, ear 10 mm, hindfoot 94-110 mm; weight 2:5.3-5 kg. The Pygmy Three-toed Sloth is similar in color to the Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth (
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC06405F531FC82B4AD" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1825" box="[611,788,2736,2769]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">B. variegatus</taxonomicName>
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); it is gray with long, coarse hair, covered with algae causing hair to appear green. The Pygmy Three-toed Sloth has dark orbital stripe over lighter colored and browner face. Males have dorsal speculum of shorter cream to orange hair. Forelimbs and hindlimbs have three large and distinct claws.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06615F4F4FDD3B227" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06615F4F4FDD3B227" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06615F4F4FF74B5EA" bold="true" box="[115,226,2933,2966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Habitat.</emphasis>
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[sland mangrove forests. Pygmy Three-toed Sloths are believed to be primarily associated with red mangroves (
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC06451F41DFD5CB5C1" box="[567,714,2972,3005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
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mangle,
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC06527F41DFBB0B5C1" box="[833,1062,2972,3005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhizophoraceae</taxonomicName>
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) that occur along the margins of Isla Escudo de Veraguas. A few sloths have been observed in interior, upland forests of the island. More systematic efforts are needed to survey interior forests to determine the degree to which Pygmy Three-toed Sloths are associated with mangrove and other tree species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06615F3E0FC52B2D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06615F3E0FC52B2D6" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06615F3E0FEEEB2FE" bold="true" box="[115,376,3169,3202]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Pygmy Three-toed Sloth has been observed eating leaves from mangroves and other species (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC06439F30CFC9FB2D6" box="[607,777,3213,3242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Cecropia spp.</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D762B15FFC0657DF30CFC21B2D6" box="[795,951,3213,3242]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06612F331FE7EB2AD" box="[116,488,3248,3281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06612F331FE7EB2AD" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" box="[116,488,3248,3281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06612F331FF6CB2AD" bold="true" box="[116,250,3248,3281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Breeding.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06614F356FD67B35C" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06614F356FD67B35C" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06614F356FEF5B284" bold="true" box="[114,355,3287,3320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Pygmy Three-toed Sloths are largely arboreal, but terrestrial and even swiming locomotion has been recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC06612F2ABF9E7BC2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC06612F2ABF9E7BC2B" blockId="2.[113,1321,2587,3477]" lastBlockId="2.[1385,2595,289,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC06612F2ABFCDFB33B" bold="true" box="[116,841,3370,3399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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One study of Pygmy Three-toed Sloths systematically searched all mangrove stands (10-7 ha in total on the island) and located 79 individuals for a density of 7-4 ind/ha. The island is 430 ha, butit is unknown to what extent upland forests are used by Pygmy Three-toed Sloths. A study recently compared sleep characteristics between Pygmy Three-toed Sloths and Brown-throated Three-toed Sloths and found that while both species slept for the same amount of time (9-10 hours/day), the Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth preferred to sleep at night; Pygmy Three-toed Sloths showed no preference. It was suggested that the difference could be the result of different predation risk, with island Pygmy Three-toed Sloths being exposed to less risk than mainland Brown-throated Three-toed Sloths.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC0630CFDDDF946BD67" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC0630CFDDDF946BD67" blockId="2.[1385,2595,289,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC0630CFDDDF95ABC01" bold="true" box="[1386,1740,604,637]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Given the extremely limited distribution of the Pygmy Three-toed Sloth on a single, small island and uncertainty around the overall population size, exact distribution, and threats of habitat loss from visitors to the island, the viability of the population is unclear.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C372657E2B15FFC0630DFCABF588BD3F" box="[1387,2590,810,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD736F52B15FFC0630DFCABF588BD3F" blockId="2.[1385,2595,289,840]" box="[1387,2590,810,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE72B15FFC0630DFCABF992BD3F" bold="true" box="[1387,1540,810,835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="131">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anderson & Handley (2001), Hayssen (2008), Kaviar et al. (2012), Voirin (2015), Voirin et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |