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<document id="87F9A9B0616D6E495B601A55980718E7" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4255.1.1SLASH10872" ID-CLB-Dataset="33184" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.556479" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4a65facc-ae9e-4379-a86f-0d8d34f58096" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="556479" ID-ZooBank="3EF97DA3-EF37-4D91-8689-2AB9151D1440" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1492764100625" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gibson, Gary A. P." docDate="2017" docId="03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4255.1.1SLASH10872.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4255 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Merostenus Walker" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFF8FFB3226CCF25FFEFFF9BFFBC4937" masterDocTitle="Synonymy of Reikosiella Yoshimoto under Merostenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), with a checklist of world species and a revision of those species with brachypterous females" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698439028211" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="30763515AEC03E0514912C65BFA2D148" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="3A9A42B104A8B62693C44381C4AEC831">Synonymy of Reikosiella Yoshimoto under Merostenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), with a checklist of world species and a revision of those species with brachypterous females</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="D3B077457971E130C8F01642E7557D00" type="personal">
<mods:role id="88254C674F0E8D6DD1F42A2BA908A34A">
<mods:roleTerm id="9A61FE7A8724D37E6508139A5FB5AEF1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="2253D37804C9DE9A74FC165D4680EC31">Gibson, Gary A. P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="601AD830CCFCED3A75C80030D007F6D4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="98E2FBCF96FCD5D729D00B465C0DB5DF" type="host">
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<mods:title id="7B28D300B41BD2FB34F26E0284DCB02A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="778AC1045C38464BDAEC104204E5D636">
<mods:date id="742297FE8F90DD9E523172445A495655">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7D1E6A0EE0FDD016E68A28F4AC9C5131" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D28F98839F0388013CA743F041BA25B5">4255</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7BE149817B7EF34B4B8277CC1E91619F" type="issue">
<mods:number id="8606792C7E4A9DCB780112AFA75D096D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="24F62DEDD56531998434FA97B496DBFB">65</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="7885A36108A32C6F635E53F162968157">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5F14A2301C9581433FA6F73A589875E6" type="CLB-Dataset">33184</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7B38AB6C5E9BA9D35EAFA0108BA4056E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.556479</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="98886D20B108AB291045238385CFC269" type="GBIF-Dataset">4a65facc-ae9e-4379-a86f-0d8d34f58096</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="97A25BBE408EDBFBACE7B146D98E18A7" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EEAFBAAEF93742F33A7F126E80167E13" type="Zenodo-Dep">556479</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="ABD099A89295B69AC9D8F9F074CD2AC5" type="ZooBank">3EF97DA3-EF37-4D91-8689-2AB9151D1440</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6049185" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128682216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6049185" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="C37265562269CF20FF78FF0CFE344985" box="[151,392,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FF0CFE344985" blockId="5.[151,392,151,178]" box="[151,392,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D09F81B12269CF20FF78FF0CFE344985" bold="true" box="[151,392,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FF0CFE344985" ID-CoL="5PF4" ID-ENA="752743" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[151,392,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FF0CFE344985" bold="true" box="[151,392,151,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FF0CFE994986" bold="true" box="[151,293,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Merostenus</emphasis>
Walker
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37265562269CF20FF78FF7BFDE34BE8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FF7BFE8F4824" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FF7BFE8F4824" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FF7BFE6A49C3" ID-CoL="5PF4" authority="Walker, 1837: 354" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,470,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FF7BFEB049C2" box="[151,268,224,245]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Merostenus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEFAFF45FE6A49C3" author="Walker" box="[277,470,222,244]" page="354" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEFAFF45FE1E49C3" author="Walker" box="[277,418,222,244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Walker, F. (1837) Monographia Chalciditum. Entomological Magazine, London, 4, 349 - 364, 439 - 461." type="journal article" year="1837">Walker, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 354
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–355. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD44FF7BFC6A49C3" ID-CoL="6RB8Y" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[683,982,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phedyma">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD44FF7BFC3949C3" box="[683,901,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Merostenus phedyma</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FC10FF45FAD249C3" ID-CoL="6GZTR" authority="Dalman, 1820" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[1023,1390,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FC10FF45FB6C49C2" box="[1023,1232,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eupelmus excavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FB37FF45FAD249C3" author="Dalman" box="[1240,1390,222,244]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dalman, J. W. (1820) Forsok till uppstallning af insect-familjen Pteromalini, i synnerhet med afseende pa de i Sverige funne arter. Kungliga Svenska Fetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41, 340 - 385." type="journal article" year="1820">Dalman, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), by monotypy.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FE86FE244858" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FE86FE244858" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FE86FE4C4805" authority="Westwood, 1839: 72" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,496,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Urocryptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FE86FEB64805" box="[151,266,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Urocryptus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEFBFE87FE4C4805" author="Westwood" box="[276,496,284,306]" page="72" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1839">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEFBFE87FE7A4805" author="Westwood" box="[276,454,284,306]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1839) Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Order VI. Trichoptera Kirby. Order VII. Hymenoptera Linn. (Piezata Fab.). In: Introduction to the modern classification of insects founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation; with observations on the economy and transformations of the different families. 2 (XIII). Appendix. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, pp. 49 - 80." type="book chapter" year="1839">Westwood, 1839</bibRefCitation>
: 72
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD77FE87FBF84805" ID-CoL="6GZTR" authority="Dalman, 1820: 382" authorityName="Dalman" authorityPageNumber="382" authorityYear="1820" box="[664,1092,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD77FE87FCD74805" box="[664,875,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eupelmus excavatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FC99FE87FBF84805" author="Dalman" box="[886,1092,284,306]" page="382" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1820">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FC99FE87FBB34805" author="Dalman" box="[886,1039,284,306]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dalman, J. W. (1820) Forsok till uppstallning af insect-familjen Pteromalini, i synnerhet med afseende pa de i Sverige funne arter. Kungliga Svenska Fetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 41, 340 - 385." type="journal article" year="1820">Dalman, 1820</bibRefCitation>
: 382
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–383, by monotypy and original designation. Preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FE12FEA0FCE64867" authority="Temminck, 1838: 31" authorityName="Temminck" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1838" box="[509,858,314,336]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Urocryptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FE12FEA0FDCC4867" box="[509,624,315,336]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Urocryptus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FD94FEA1FCE64867" author="Temminck" box="[635,858,314,336]" page="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1838">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FD94FEA1FC8C4867" author="Temminck" box="[635,816,314,336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Temminck, C. J. (1838) Over de geslachten Taphozous, Emballonura, Urocryptus en Diclidurus. Tijdschrift voor natuurlijke geschiednis en physiologie, Amsterdam, 5, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1838">Temminck, 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 31
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, discovered by
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FBE5FEA1FB444867" author="Dalla" box="[1034,1272,314,336]" page="85" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FBE5FEA1FB714867" author="Dalla" box="[1034,1229,314,336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1897) Zur Nomenclatur der Chalcididen-Genera. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 16, 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="1897">Dalla Torre, 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
. Synonymy by
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FF28FEC2FE284858" author="Ruschka" box="[199,404,345,367]" page="309" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FF28FEC2FEDD4858" author="Ruschka" box="[199,353,345,367]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Ruschka, F. (1921) Chalcididenstudien I. Ferhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 70, 234 - 315." type="journal article" year="1921">Ruschka, 1921</bibRefCitation>
: 309
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FEE3FA8648B9" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" box="[151,1338,376,398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FEE3FA8648B9" box="[151,1338,376,398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FEE3FE4D48B9" authority="Dalla Torre, 1897: 85" authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityPageNumber="85" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,497,376,398]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FEE3FEB348B9" box="[151,271,376,398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eupelminus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEFBFEE3FE4D48B9" author="Dalla" box="[276,497,376,398]" page="85" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEFBFEE3FE7748B9" author="Dalla" box="[276,459,376,398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1897) Zur Nomenclatur der Chalcididen-Genera. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 16, 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="1897">Dalla Torre, 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD09FEE2FC6D48B9" authority="Westwood." authorityName="Westwood." box="[742,977,376,398]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Urocryptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD09FEE2FCE448B9" box="[742,856,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Urocryptus</emphasis>
Westwood.
</taxonomicName>
Synonymy by
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FB85FEE3FA8A48B9" author="Ruschka" box="[1130,1334,376,398]" page="309" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FB85FEE3FABF48B9" author="Ruschka" box="[1130,1283,376,398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Ruschka, F. (1921) Chalcididenstudien I. Ferhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 70, 234 - 315." type="journal article" year="1921">Ruschka, 1921</bibRefCitation>
: 309
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FE0DFDD148FD" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FE0DFDD148FD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FE0DFE1C489B" authority="Girault, 1934: 1" authorityName="Girault" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,416,406,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Finlayia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FE0DFF51489B" box="[151,237,406,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Finlayia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FF19FE0DFE1C489B" author="Girault" box="[246,416,406,428]" page="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FF19FE0DFE38489B" author="Girault" box="[246,388,406,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Girault, A. A. (1934) New Capsidae and Hymenoptera, with note on an unmentionable. Private publication, Brisbane, 4 pp." type="book" year="1934">Girault, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: 1
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FDABFE0DFC8B489B" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[580,823,406,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Finlayia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FDABFE0DFD5F489B" box="[580,739,406,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Finlayia puella</emphasis>
Girault
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy. Preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FB68FE0DFA2B489B" authority="Giles, 1904: 365" authorityName="Giles" authorityPageNumber="365" authorityYear="1904" box="[1159,1431,406,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Finlayia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FB68FE0DFB61489B" box="[1159,1245,406,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Finlayia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FB09FE0DFA2B489B" author="Giles" box="[1254,1431,406,428]" page="365" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FB09FE0DFADE489B" author="Giles" box="[1254,1378,406,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Giles, G. M. (1904) Notes on some collections of mosquitoes, &amp; c., received from the Philippine Islands and Angola. The Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7 (23), 365 - 369." type="journal article" year="1904">Giles, 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 365
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, discovered by
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEB5FE2EFDA148FC" author="Boucek" box="[346,541,437,459]" page="558" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEB5FE2EFE5648FC" author="Boucek" box="[346,490,437,459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček, 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 558
</treatmentCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FDC8FE2EFDD148FD" bold="true" box="[551,621,437,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. syn.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FE4FFF4E4B3F" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FE4FFF4E4B3F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FE4FFE5348DD" ID-CoL="77L3" authority="Yoshimoto, 1969: 627" authorityName="Yoshimoto" authorityPageNumber="627" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,495,468,490]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FE4FFEB448DD" box="[151,264,468,490]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEE2FE4FFE5348DD" author="Yoshimoto" box="[269,495,468,490]" page="627" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEE2FE4FFE0248DD" author="Yoshimoto" box="[269,446,468,490]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. (1969) Description of a new genus of Eupelminae from Hawaii with remarks on its biology (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Pacific Insects, 11, 627 - 632." type="journal article" year="1969">Yoshimoto, 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 627
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–628. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD53FE4FFC4C48DD" ID-CoL="4RQMX" authority="Yoshimoto" authorityName="Yoshimoto" box="[700,1008,468,490]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melina">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD53FE4FFCC448DD" box="[700,888,468,490]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella melina</emphasis>
Yoshimoto
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy and original designation.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FA68FE4FFF4E4B3F" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. syn.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FD8AFDD94B72" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FD8AFDD94B72" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FD8AFE544B10" authority="Boucek, 1988: 558" authorityName="Boucek" authorityPageNumber="558" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,488,529,551]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FD8AFEBA4B10" box="[151,262,529,551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hirticauda</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEFBFD8AFE544B10" author="Boucek" box="[276,488,529,551]" page="558" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEFBFD8AFE114B10" author="Boucek" box="[276,429,529,551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček, 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 558
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD75FD8AFC784B10" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[666,964,529,551]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Cerambycobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pax">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD75FD8AFCD74B10" box="[666,875,529,551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cerambycobius pax</emphasis>
Girault
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation. Synonymy under
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF28FDABFE844B71" ID-CoL="77L3" box="[199,312,560,582]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF28FDABFE844B71" box="[199,312,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FEB2FDABFDAA4B71" author="Gibson" box="[349,534,560,582]" page="259" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FEB2FDABFE5F4B71" author="Gibson" box="[349,483,560,582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 259
</treatmentCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FDF0FDABFDD94B72" bold="true" box="[543,613,560,581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. syn.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FDD5FE324BB5" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FDD5FE324BB5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FDD5FDC44B53" authority="Gibson, 1995: 262" authorityName="Gibson" authorityPageNumber="262" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,632,590,612]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Capreocauda">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FDD5FEB44B53" box="[151,264,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEF6FDD5FE1E4B53" box="[281,418,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Capreocauda</emphasis>
)
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FE5CFDD5FDC44B53" author="Gibson" box="[435,632,590,612]" page="262" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FE5CFDD5FDFE4B53" author="Gibson" box="[435,578,590,612]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 262
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FCF6FDD5FB3C4B53" authority="Risbec" authorityName="Risbec" box="[793,1152,590,613]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Idoleupelmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsaratananae">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FCF6FDD5FB934B52" box="[793,1071,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Idoleupelmus tsaratananae</emphasis>
Risbec
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy and original designation.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEA7FDF6FE324BB5" bold="true" box="[328,398,621,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. syn.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FD17FE324BF7" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FD17FE324BF7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FD17FDF04B95" authority="Gibson, 1995: 263" authorityName="Gibson" authorityPageNumber="263" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,588,652,674]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Incohata">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FD17FEB44B95" box="[151,264,652,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEF5FD17FEC84B95" box="[282,372,652,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Incohata</emphasis>
)
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FE69FD17FDF04B95" author="Gibson" box="[390,588,652,674]" page="263" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FE69FD17FDAA4B95" author="Gibson" box="[390,534,652,674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 263
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FD1FFD17FBC14B95" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[752,1149,652,674]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttata" subGenus="Incohata">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FD1FFD17FB9B4B95" box="[752,1063,652,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella (Incohata) guttata</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy and original designation.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEA7FD30FE324BF7" bold="true" box="[328,398,683,704]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n. syn.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FD52FDE34BE8" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" box="[151,607,713,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FD52FDE34BE8" box="[151,607,713,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FD52FE2C4BE8" ID-CoL="77L3" box="[151,400,713,735]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FD52FEB44BE8" box="[151,264,713,735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEF9FD52FE3A4BE8" box="[278,390,713,735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FE73FD52FDE74BE8" author="Gibson" box="[412,603,713,735]" page="265" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FE73FD52FD954BE8" author="Gibson" box="[412,553,713,735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 265
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37265562269CF20FF78FD73FDE24BC9" box="[151,606,744,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FD73FDE24BC9" blockId="5.[151,1436,222,766]" box="[151,606,744,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811F32269CF20FF78FD73FDE24BC9" box="[151,606,744,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF78FD73FE334BC9" ID-CoL="77L3" authority="(Hirticauda)" baseAuthorityName="Hirticauda" box="[151,399,744,766]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FD73FEB44BC9" box="[151,264,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FEF9FD73FE394BC9" box="[278,389,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hirticauda</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC910CC2269CF20FE74FD73FDE64BC9" author="Gibson" box="[411,602,744,766]" page="263" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FE74FD73FD9B4BC9" author="Gibson" box="[411,551,744,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 263
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37265562269CF20FF78FCB1FEA64F6C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF78FCB1FEA64F6C" blockId="5.[151,1437,810,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF78FCB1FEAD4A74" bold="true" box="[151,273,810,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
FEMALE. Head with scrobal depression subcircular to broadly oval, the lateral margin often directed obliquely from torulus towards and sometimes to inner orbit, but lateral and dorsal margins not carinately margined. Mandibles tridentate. Antenna sometimes bicolored with scape, pedicel or one or more funiculars pale to white; with one anellus (fl1). Maxillary palpus normal, not unusually long. Pronotal collar divided medially or (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FF4FFC27FEB24AE4" box="[160,270,956,979]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FF4FFC27FEB24AE4" box="[160,270,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group) completely sclerotized. Structures of dorsellum and propodeum relative to apex of scutellum highly variable (characteristic of subgenus). Wings fully developed or strongly reduced; macropterous individuals without linea calva and with marginal vein comparatively long, distinctly longer than costal cell; brachypterous individuals, except for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FDA3FBBCFD704D08" box="[588,716,1062,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FDA3FBBCFD704D08" box="[588,716,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with fore wing extending at most to about level of posterior margin of Gt1 if held flat over body and hyaline to variably infuscate without transverse band or anterior and posterior hyaline spots with white setae. Middle leg without groove apically between mesotibial spur and tarsus and with or without apical pegs over base of mesotarsus (depending on subgenus) but pegs, when present, of similar color as tibia and sometimes difficult to discern; mesotarsus with pegs of similar color as tarsus and with single row of pegs along either side of basitarsus. Metatibia not conspicuously compressed. Prepectus with frontal surface small and not contrasting in color with surrounding cuticle. Acropleuron bare posterior to setose mesopectal region below prepectus; variable in structure posteriorly (characteristic of subgenus). Gaster with penultimate tergite exposed anterior to syntergum, not divided mediolongitudinally, and usually more or less transverse-rectangular rather than tapered posteriorly; syntergum, except rarely, with dorsal surface extensive anterior to posterior margin, but structure variable posteriorly, most often deeply emarginate (omega-like: Ω) but sometimes posterior margin more or less transverse in dorsal view; anal tube with variably melanized subanal plate ventral to anus and, except for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FE1AFA4CFDBA4CD9" box="[501,518,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FDF0FA4DFD3F4CD8" box="[543,643,1494,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FDF0FA4DFD3F4CD8" box="[543,643,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), almost always with distinct, though sometimes yellowish supra-anal plate dorsal to anus contiguous with posterior margin of syntergum. Ovipositor sheaths variable, though often long and filamentous when syntergum omega-like emarginate and short and rigid when syntergum not distinctly emarginate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37265562269CF20FF28F9FCFD7D4ED0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2269CF20FF28F9FCFD7D4ED0" blockId="5.[151,1437,810,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
MALE. Diagnosis as given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2269CF20FDD2F9FDFD594F48" author="Gibson" box="[573,741,1638,1663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2269CF20FCF1F9FDFC274F48" box="[798,923,1638,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2269CF20FCF1F9FDFC274F48" box="[798,923,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for following changes or additions: head—vertex sometimes with variably distinct sulcus or line between anterior margin of posterior ocellus and inner orbit; flagellum—funiculars obviously longer than wide with variably long and dense mps and comparatively long but variably dense setae, but at least mps not in multiple rows per funicular and without long, apically free, setalike portion, and setae at least about as long as width of funicular even if comparatively sparse and subapressed to funicular rather than more conspicuously projecting out from funicular; mesoscutum—variably sculptured, but usually meshlike coriaceous to coriaceous-imbricate (at least New World males); metapleuron—bare or partly setose; fore wing—disc dorsally entirely setose or sometimes bare behind parastigma and base of marginal vein to basal and mediocubital folds, but bare region not conspicuous because ventral surface setose, or very rarely with oblique bare band similar to linea calva separated by setae from venation and discal folds; metasoma—gaster entirely dark or partly paler basally to subbasally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726556226ACF23FF28FF0CFD9C48E7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226ACF23FF28FF0CFD9C48E7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF28FF0CFEDC4987" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</emphasis>
Based on examined specimens, all four recognized subgenera—
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB64FF02FB1E4987" box="[1163,1186,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB2BFF0CFAE74987" box="[1220,1371,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB2BFF0CFAE74987" box="[1220,1371,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FA92FF02FA284987" box="[1405,1428,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF4FFF27FEB849E2" box="[160,260,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF4FFF27FEB849E2" box="[160,260,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEF2FF26FE8849E3" box="[285,308,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FEA0FF26FE6D49E3" box="[335,465,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEA0FF26FE6D49E3" box="[335,465,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDFAFF26FD9049E3" box="[533,556,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FDA9FF27FD7E49E2" box="[582,706,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDA9FF27FD7E49E2" box="[582,706,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) occur in the New World, both Nearctic and Neotropical, even though species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE8BFF7AFEC749CF" box="[356,379,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE7CFF44FD9649CF" box="[403,554,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE7CFF44FD9649CF" box="[403,554,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD83FF7AFD3F49CF" box="[620,643,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FD74FF7AFCA149CF" box="[667,797,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD74FF7AFCA149CF" box="[667,797,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have yet to be recorded from these regions (see species checklist). Species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE7BFE9EFE17482B" box="[404,427,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE29FE9FFDE1482A" box="[454,605,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE29FE9FFDE1482A" box="[454,605,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) occur also in the Afrotropical, Australasian and
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FB72FE9FFB45482A" box="[1181,1273,260,285]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oriental</collectingRegion>
regions, but I have yet to see specimens from the Palaearctic. Species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCAFFEB2FCEB4877" box="[832,855,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC9EFEBCFC694877" box="[881,981,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FC9EFEBCFC694877" box="[881,981,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBF7FEB2FB934877" box="[1048,1071,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FBA6FEBCFB794877" box="[1097,1221,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBA6FEBCFB794877" box="[1097,1221,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) occur only in the New World, other than
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE4FFED6FD084852" box="[416,692,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE4FFED6FE034853" box="[416,447,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE3FFED7FDF04852" box="[464,588,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDB2FED7FD084852" box="[605,692,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which likely was introduced to
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FBC8FED7FBC44852" box="[1063,1144,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
from
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FB51FED7FB434852" box="[1214,1279,332,357]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">South</collectingRegion>
America (see species treatment). Though relatively few species are yet described, the New World fauna of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB14FEEAFAC148BF" box="[1275,1405,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB14FEEAFAC148BF" box="[1275,1405,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dominated by species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE54FE0EFE6E489B" box="[443,466,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE02FE0FFDD5489A" box="[493,617,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE02FE0FFDD5489A" box="[493,617,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD04FE0EFCBE489B" box="[747,770,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FCF2FE0EFC23489B" box="[797,927,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCF2FE0EFC23489B" box="[797,927,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is most diverse in the Old World where it occurs in all biogeographic realms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726556226ACF23FF28FE47FD1C4E8E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226ACF23FF28FE47FF634AFF" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF28FE47FE9B48C2" bold="true" box="[199,295,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Biology.</emphasis>
Of 51 described species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FD9EFE46FD4F48C3" box="[625,755,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD9EFE46FD4F48C3" box="[625,755,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only one for which hosts and biology are confidently known through multiple rearings is
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FDD7FD9AFCD14B2F" box="[568,877,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus" subGenus="Merostenus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDD7FD9AFDEB4B2F" box="[568,599,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD85FD9AFD504B2F" box="[618,748,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD10FD9AFCD14B2F" box="[767,877,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is an egg predator of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAA7FD9AFF5F4B0B" authority="Gemar" authorityName="Gemar" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Hypera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAA7FD9AFA204B2F" box="[1352,1436,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hypera</emphasis>
Gemar
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF18FDBFFEC44B0A" box="[247,376,548,573]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE67FDBFFD974B0A" box="[392,555,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
), including the alfalfa weevil and clover leaf weevil (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FB5CFDBFFA2C4B0A" author="Chamberlin" box="[1203,1424,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Chamberlin, T. R. (1924 b) Studies of the parasites of the alfalfa weevil in Europe. Journal of Economic Entomology, 17 (6), 623 - 632." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="b">Chamberlin 1924b</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae estivate in the stems of alfalfa prior to adults emerging (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FC90FDDCFBE64B57" author="Chamberlin" box="[895,1114,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Chamberlin, T. R. (1924 b) Studies of the parasites of the alfalfa weevil in Europe. Journal of Economic Entomology, 17 (6), 623 - 632." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="b">Chamberlin 1924b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FB9FFDD3FB474B57" author="Fusu" box="[1136,1275,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
cited galls of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF78FDF7FE004BB3" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" box="[151,444,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
as rearing records for three other species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FC5DFDF6FC754BB3" box="[946,969,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC0EFDF6FBDF4BB3" box="[993,1123,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FC0EFDF6FBDF4BB3" box="[993,1123,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from Europe—
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAF2FDF6FF484B9F" authority="Kalina" authorityName="Kalina" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolivari" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAF2FDF6FA884BB3" box="[1309,1332,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAACFDF7FA204BB2" box="[1347,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bolivari</emphasis>
(Kalina)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF13FD14FEDE4B9F" bold="true" box="[252,354,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57B4226ACF23FF13FD14FEDE4B9F" box="[252,354,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE9FFD0AFDCC4B9F" authority="Erdos" authorityName="Erdos" box="[368,624,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungaricus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE9FFD0AFE3B4B9F" box="[368,391,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE79FD14FDA84B9F" box="[406,532,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hungaricus</emphasis>
(Erdős)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD98FD14FD624B9F" bold="true" box="[631,734,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57B4226ACF23FD98FD14FD624B9F" box="[631,734,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FCF3FD0AFB9D4B9F" authority="Ruschka" authorityName="Ruschka" box="[796,1057,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostratus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCF3FD0AFC8F4B9F" box="[796,819,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCADFD0AFC1A4B9F" box="[834,934,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">rostratus</emphasis>
(Ruschka)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBC7FD14FB334B9F" bold="true" box="[1064,1167,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57B4226ACF23FBC7FD14FB334B9F" box="[1064,1167,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
However, he noted that none of these records prove cynipids as the actual hosts for the three species. Although individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAFDFD2EFA274BFB" box="[1298,1435,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostratus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAFDFD2EFA274BFB" box="[1298,1435,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. rostratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reared several times from cynipid galls,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FD3FFD4CFCCB4BC7" author="Boucek" box="[720,887,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Boucek, Z. (1977) A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica, 13 (Supplement), 1 - 145." type="journal article" year="1977">Bouček (1977)</bibRefCitation>
thought that eggs of Orthoptera deposited on the galls were likely the true hosts.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FDEAFD66FD334A23" author="Fusu" box="[517,655,764,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
also suggested that two other rearing records for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB25FD66FAE94A23" box="[1226,1365,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostratus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB25FD66FAE94A23" box="[1226,1365,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. rostratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could indicate it as a parasitoid of inquiline caterpillars in cynipid galls on oaks or some other
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB2BFC84FAF74A0F" box="[1220,1355,799,824]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
larvae associated with oak trees that pupate in hollow galls or under the bark. Single individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB44FCDEFA964A6A" box="[1195,1322,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolivari">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB44FCDEFA964A6A" box="[1195,1322,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. bolivari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also reared from cynipid galls in
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D226ACF23FE39FCF3FD9E4A48" box="[470,546,872,895]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">France</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D226ACF23FDB6FCFCFD204AB7" box="[601,668,871,896]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spain</collectingCountry>
, but subsequent attempts to rear more specimens in
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D226ACF23FB09FCFCFA9A4AB7" box="[1254,1318,871,896]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spain</collectingCountry>
failed and it was suggested the specimens may have emerged from hidden eggs or from some other host in empty galls (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FA8BFC17FF684AFF" author="Fusu" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226ACF23FF28FC4EFD7B4C4F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<materialsCitation id="3B003C80226ACF23FF28FC4EFC3B4C3A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457571793" collectionCode="CNC" country="Georgia" location="North America. Finally" municipality="Gibson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Arizona">
In describing
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE8EFC4EFCF04ADA" authority="Yoshimoto (1969)" authorityName="Yoshimoto" authorityYear="1969" box="[353,844,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE8EFC4EFEC44ADB" box="[353,376,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE60FC4FFDB74ADA" box="[399,523,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDF3FC4FFDCF4ADA" box="[540,627,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">melinus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FD6EFC4FFCF04ADA" author="Yoshimoto" box="[641,844,980,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. (1969) Description of a new genus of Eupelminae from Hawaii with remarks on its biology (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Pacific Insects, 11, 627 - 632." type="journal article" year="1969">Yoshimoto (1969)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
stated that this species was reared from the larvae or pupae of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FEF8FC6CFD094D27" authority="Walsingham" authorityName="Walsingham" box="[279,693,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Alucitidae" genus="Alucita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="objurgatella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEF8FC6CFDB84D27" box="[279,516,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alucita objurgatella</emphasis>
(Walsingham)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FD3FFC6CFCE04D27" box="[720,860,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC9CFC6CFC504D27" box="[883,1004,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Alucitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Alucitidae</taxonomicName>
), though this record also requires confirmation (see under species treatment). The
<collectionCode id="ED79AE18226ACF23FD5AFB87FD534D03" box="[693,751,1052,1076]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">CNC</collectionCode>
has four females representing two undescribed species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FA92FB86FA284D03" box="[1405,1428,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF4FFBA4FEA04D6F" box="[160,284,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF4FFBA4FEA04D6F" box="[160,284,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from USA reared from cynipid galls—two from a single rearing in
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FBF6FBA4FBCF4D6F" box="[1049,1139,1087,1112]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Arizona</collectingRegion>
from galls of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAFFFBDAFE824D4B" authority="Bassett" authorityName="Bassett" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coxii">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAFFFBDAFF714D4B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dryocosmus coxii</emphasis>
(Bassett)
</taxonomicName>
<collectedFrom id="38747520226ACF23FEA5FBFEFDD24D4B" box="[330,622,1125,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
on
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE9CFBFEFDD24D4B" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." box="[371,622,1125,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emoryi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE9CFBFEFD964D4B" box="[371,554,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Quercus emoryi</emphasis>
Torr.
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
(Fagaceae), and two from a single rearing in
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D226ACF23FB71FBFFFB444D4A" box="[1182,1272,1124,1149]" name="Georgia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Georgia</collectingCountry>
labelled with “Chestnut gall” (likely a gall
<collectedFrom id="38747520226ACF23FE02FB13FC284D97" box="[493,916,1159,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
on
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FDFDFB13FC284D97" authority="(Marsh) Borkh." authorityName="(Marsh) Borkh." box="[530,916,1159,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDFDFB13FD654D97" box="[530,729,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Castanea dentata</emphasis>
(Marsh) Borkh.
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC4AFB13FBAF4D97" box="[933,1043,1160,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
)). These are the only host records among numerous specimens of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDEAFB36FDA04DF3" box="[517,540,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FDD8FB37FD0F4DF2" box="[567,691,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDD8FB37FD0F4DF2" box="[567,691,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the
<collectionCode id="ED79AE18226ACF23FCFDFB37FCF04DF3" box="[786,844,1196,1220]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">CNC</collectionCode>
from throughout
<location id="8EB76006226ACF23FBF4FB37FA944DF2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62:8EB76006226ACF23FBF4FB37FA944DF2" box="[1051,1320,1196,1221]" country="Georgia" municipality="Gibson" name="North America. Finally" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Arizona">North America. Finally</location>
, based on label data,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FEF0FB54FE744DDF" author="Gibson" box="[287,456,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB3ACA7226ACF23FEF0FB54FECC4DDF" box="[287,368,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gibson</collectingMunicipality>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FDAEFB54FC2E4DDF" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" box="[577,914,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Grapholita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packardi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FDAEFB54FC924DDF" box="[577,814,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Grapholita packardi</emphasis>
(Zeller)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC48FB54FB894DDF" box="[935,1077,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FBAAFB54FB7D4DDF" box="[1093,1217,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
) as a host for an unidentified species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE4BFB6EFE074C3B" box="[420,443,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE3AFB6FFDD04C3A" box="[469,620,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE3AFB6FFDD04C3A" box="[469,620,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FD2FFB6FFC3B4C3A" box="[704,903,1268,1293]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
, Canada.
<materialsCitation id="3B003C80226ACF23FC15FB6EFE854C63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457571786" country="United States of America" location="Georgia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Georgia">
He also stated he saw one specimen labelled as “ex. gall” (
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FE60FA8CFE514C07" box="[399,493,1303,1328]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Georgia</collectingRegion>
, USA) and another as bred from
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FCB0FA8CFBFA4C07" box="[863,1094,1303,1328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vachellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farnesiana">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCB0FA8CFBFA4C07" box="[863,1094,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Vachellia farnesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Wight &amp; Arn. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAC7FA8CFA284C07" box="[1320,1428,1303,1328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FF70FAA7FF584C63" box="[159,228,1340,1364]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Texas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D226ACF23FF1BFAA7FE8D4C63" box="[244,305,1340,1364]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">USA</collectingCountry>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B003C80226ACF23FEA5FAA7FD7B4C4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457571775" collectionCode="CNC" country="United States of America" location="Douglas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="British Columbia">
The
<collectionCode id="ED79AE18226ACF23FE6DFAA7FE004C63" box="[386,444,1340,1364]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">CNC</collectionCode>
has another female labelled from
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F226ACF23FCB3FAA7FB9F4C62" box="[860,1059,1340,1365]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
as associated with
<location id="8EB76006226ACF23FAFDFAA7FAD34C62" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187CB2269CF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62:8EB76006226ACF23FAFDFAA7FAD34C62" box="[1298,1391,1340,1365]" country="United States of America" name="Douglas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="British Columbia">Douglas</location>
fir,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF78FAC4FD784C4F" authority="(Mirb.) Franco" authorityName="(Mirb.) Franco" box="[151,708,1375,1400]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF78FAC4FE294C4F" box="[151,405,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pseudotsuga menziesii</emphasis>
(Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226ACF23FF28FA1EFE274F8A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Far too few verified host records are known to confidently predict either the host range or biology of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF78FA32FEA54CF7" box="[151,281,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF78FA32FEA54CF7" box="[151,281,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although several records indicate an association of species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FC03FA32FBBF4CF7" box="[1004,1027,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FBF3FA32FB224CF7" box="[1052,1182,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBF3FA32FB224CF7" box="[1052,1182,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB59FA32FB714CF7" box="[1206,1229,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB0AFA3CFADD4CF7" box="[1253,1377,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB0AFA3CFADD4CF7" box="[1253,1377,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF78FA56FF124CD3" box="[151,174,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF29FA57FEE14CD2" box="[198,349,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF29FA57FEE14CD2" box="[198,349,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with cynipid galls, the very few reared specimens relative to the number of times cynipid galls have been reared over the years suggests these might be fortuitous associations and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FBB5FA74FB714F3F" box="[1114,1229,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
are not the actual hosts.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FF0EF98EFED74F1B" author="Fusu" box="[225,363,1556,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
further suggested that, based on detailed collection records, species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB4DF98EFB054F1B" box="[1186,1209,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FB3CF98EFAE94F1B" box="[1235,1365,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB3CF98EFAE94F1B" box="[1235,1365,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have arboreal lifestyles. Although this appears to apply to most
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FCA7F9A2FC764F67" box="[840,970,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FCA7F9A2FC764F67" box="[840,970,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species where biological information is known, it does not for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FE5CF9C6FDF14F43" box="[435,589,1629,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FE5CF9C6FDF14F43" box="[435,589,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has brachypterous females. Additional research is necessary to determine whether there are any host or other biological differences between species having macropterous or brachypterous females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226ACF23FF28F95CFD1C4E8E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF28F95CFEE04FD7" bold="true" box="[199,348,1735,1760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brachyptery</emphasis>
. Female brachyptery in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FD6EF952FCBF4FD7" box="[641,771,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FD6EF952FCBF4FD7" box="[641,771,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FC1FF952FAB04FD7" box="[1008,1292,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FC1FF952FBBB4FD7" box="[1008,1031,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBCCF95CFB234FD7" box="[1059,1183,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FB5AF95CFAB04FD7" box="[1205,1292,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEE1F976FE994E33" box="[270,293,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FED1F976FE7C4E33" box="[318,448,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FED1F976FE7C4E33" box="[318,448,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), mostly from the Afrotropical region. Polymorphism in wing length is known only for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FF78F88AFEA44E1F" box="[151,280,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FF78F88AFEA44E1F" box="[151,280,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, females being macropterous to variably strongly brachypterous (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C226ACF23FBF2F894FB5C4E1F" author="Yoshimoto" box="[1053,1248,1807,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. (1969) Description of a new genus of Eupelminae from Hawaii with remarks on its biology (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Pacific Insects, 11, 627 - 632." type="journal article" year="1969">Yoshimoto 1969</bibRefCitation>
). Brachypterous females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEF1F8AEFE894E7B" box="[286,309,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FEBDF8AEFE684E7B" box="[338,468,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FEBDF8AEFE684E7B" box="[338,468,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sometimes have the fore wings slightly infuscate, but only those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FAF5F8AEFA204E7A" box="[1306,1436,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FAF5F8AEFA204E7A" box="[1306,1436,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically have a hyaline cross-band with white setae behind the marginal vein apically, similar to macropterous females of the species. This latter color pattern is similar to that of many species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226ACF23FBB5F8E7FADE4EA2" authority="Motschulsky" authorityName="Motschulsky" box="[1114,1378,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Anastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226ACF23FBB5F8E7FB754EA4" box="[1114,1225,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anastatus</emphasis>
Motschulsky
</taxonomicName>
with either macropterous or brachypterous females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF176655226BCF22FF78F818FC644EC2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD226BCF22FF78F818FC644EC2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1923,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FF78F818FE834EAF" bold="true" box="[151,319,1923,1946]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 1–8.</emphasis>
Gastral apex ♀.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FDEFF818FDF84EAE" box="[512,580,1923,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1 &amp; 2</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FDB8F818FCDB4EAE" box="[599,871,1923,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FDB8F818FCDB4EAE" box="[599,871,1923,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phenaceupelmus chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2016-49):
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FC05F818FC4B4EAF" bold="true" box="[1002,1015,1923,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</emphasis>
, dorsal;
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FBB6F818FBDA4EAF" bold="true" box="[1113,1126,1923,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</emphasis>
, ventral.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FB3FF818FAA94EAE" box="[1232,1301,1923,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3 &amp; 4</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FAC8F81FFEBD4E8F" authority="(Incohata)" baseAuthorityName="Incohata" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FAC8F81FFA204EAE" box="[1319,1436,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Merostenus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FF70F839FF454E8F" box="[159,249,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Incohata</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. (2016-37):
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FE42F839FE064E80" bold="true" box="[429,442,1954,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</emphasis>
, dorsal;
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FDF3F839FD954E80" bold="true" box="[540,553,1954,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</emphasis>
, ventral.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FD7CF839FD054E8F" box="[659,697,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5–8</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FD24F838FCFC4E8F" box="[715,832,1955,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FD24F838FCFC4E8F" box="[715,832,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.:
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FC68F839FC284E80" bold="true" box="[903,916,1954,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FC49F838FC7E4E8F" box="[934,962,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FC3AF839FBE24E8F" box="[981,1118,1954,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FC3AF839FBE24E8F" box="[981,1118,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., dorsal (2016-44);
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FA8DF839FAD24E80" bold="true" box="[1378,1390,1954,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FA6FF838FA214E8F" box="[1408,1437,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FF70F859FEA84EE0" box="[159,276,1986,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FF70F859FEA84EE0" box="[159,276,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., dorsal (2016-54) [insert: posterior view];
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FD1DF85AFD424EE1" bold="true" box="[754,766,1985,2006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">7</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FCE4F859FC944EE0" box="[779,808,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FCDAF85BFC194EE1" box="[821,933,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FCDAF85BFC194EE1" box="[821,933,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., posterodorsal (2016-43);
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FB30F85BFB504EE2" bold="true" box="[1247,1260,1984,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FB16F859FAB24EE0" box="[1273,1294,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E226BCF22FACCF85BFA284EE1" box="[1315,1428,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF226BCF22FACCF85BFA284EE1" box="[1315,1428,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., dorsal (2016-36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1766552264CF2DFF78FA7BFF6D4F65" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2264CF2DFF78FA7BFF6D4F65" blockId="8.[151,1437,1504,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFF78FA7BFEFB4CC1" bold="true" box="[151,327,1504,1527]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 9–14.</emphasis>
Gastral apex ♀:
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFE1CFA7AFDBC4CC1" bold="true" box="[499,512,1505,1526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFDE3FA79FCB54CC0" authority="(Reikosiella)" baseAuthorityName="Reikosiella" box="[524,777,1505,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFDE3FA79FD3D4CC0" box="[524,641,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Merostenus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFD7FFA7AFCBC4CC0" box="[656,768,1505,1527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp., dorsal (2016-40).
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFC00FA7AFBB44CC1" bold="true" box="[1007,1032,1505,1526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">10</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFBFBFA79FB954CC0" box="[1044,1065,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFBD0FA79FB084CC0" box="[1087,1204,1506,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFBD0FA79FB084CC0" box="[1087,1204,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., dorsal (2016-39).
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFF78FA64FF114F23" bold="true" box="[151,173,1535,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFF51FA64FEED4F22" box="[190,337,1535,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFF51FA64FEED4F22" box="[190,337,1535,1557]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., dorsolateral (2016-51).
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFD93FA64FD294F23" bold="true" box="[636,661,1535,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">12</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFD4AF99AFD0D4F21" box="[677,689,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFD25FA64FC914F22" box="[714,813,1535,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFD25FA64FC914F22" box="[714,813,1535,1557]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., posterolateral (2016-46).
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFB9CFA64FB304F23" bold="true" box="[1139,1164,1535,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">13</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFB73FA64FA294F21" box="[1180,1429,1535,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townesi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFB73FA64FA294F21" box="[1180,1429,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ecnomocephala townesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal (2016-52).
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFEBDF985FED74F04" bold="true" box="[338,363,1566,1587]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">14</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFE95F985FE474F03" box="[378,507,1566,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFE95F985FE474F03" box="[378,507,1566,1588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., lateral (2016-47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C37265562264CF2AFF28F9E4FE8E49E2" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2264CF2CFF28F9E4FD224BB2" blockId="8.[151,1437,1663,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2031]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFF28F9E4FDE64FAF" bold="true" box="[199,602,1663,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Generic limits and relationships.</emphasis>
Couplet one of Gibson’s (1995) key to genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2264CF2DFB59F9E4FA804FAF" box="[1206,1340,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
divided females into two groups based on three features—structure of the syntergum, presence or absence of a mesotibial apical groove and, when present, relative position of the mesotibial apical pegs. Keyed through the first half of the couplet were females with an apically deeply emarginate syntergum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2264CF2DFC4CF970FE884E1F" author="Gibson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 39, state 2; figs 311– 313, 315–324</bibRefCitation>
) in combination with a mesotibia without a apical groove (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2264CF2DFC35F894FF464E7B" author="Gibson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 34, state 1; figs 331–342</bibRefCitation>
) and either without apical pegs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2264CF2DFD84F8A8FB2F4E7B" author="Gibson" box="[619,1171,1843,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 35, state 1; figs 337, 338</bibRefCitation>
) or, when present, with these positioned at least partly over the base of the tarsus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2264CF2DFCC2F8CCFF794EA3" author="Gibson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 35, state 2; figs 331–336, 339– 342</bibRefCitation>
). Keyed through the second half of couplet one were females with an apically truncate (character 39, state 1) or posteriorly rounded (character 39, state 3) syntergum and/
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2264CF2DFCD4F804FCEA4E8F" bold="true" box="[827,854,1951,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">or</emphasis>
a mesotibia with an apical groove (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2264CF2DFB10F804FD8D4EEB" author="Gibson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 34, state 2; figs 327–330</bibRefCitation>
) and with apical pegs restricted to a narrow region above the base of the mesotibial spur (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFEBBFF0CFC3A4987" author="Gibson" box="[340,902,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 35, state 3; figs 327–330</bibRefCitation>
). An apically truncate syntergum, absence of a mesotibial apical groove, and absence of mesotibial apical pegs were all hypothesized as the groundplan states of the respective characters for female
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFDDBFF44FD0249CF" box="[564,702,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
. Based on the different character-state combinations,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFAF0FF44FA2749CF" box="[1311,1435,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFAF0FF44FA2749CF" box="[1311,1435,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and five other genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFE77FE9FFD2F482A" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[408,659,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFE77FE9FFD86482A" box="[408,570,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australoodera</emphasis>
Girault
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFD4FFE9FFC0C482A" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[672,944,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFD4FFE9FFCE9482A" box="[672,853,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC53FE9FFB32482A" authority="Dalman" authorityName="Dalman" box="[956,1166,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC53FE9FFB97482A" box="[956,1067,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eupelmus</emphasis>
Dalman
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFB75FE9FFAD7482A" authority="Perty" authorityName="Perty" box="[1178,1387,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFB75FE9FFA95482A" box="[1178,1321,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
Perty
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFF78FEBCFECA4877" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[151,374,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFF78FEBCFEB84877" box="[151,260,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tineobius</emphasis>
Ashmead
</taxonomicName>
) were keyed through the first half of couplet one, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFBFBFEB2FB2A4877" box="[1044,1174,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFBFBFEB2FB2A4877" box="[1044,1174,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was keyed through the second half of the couplet along with all other eupelmine genera. This included
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFBB3FED6FADB4852" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[1116,1383,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Omeganastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFBB3FED6FAB64853" box="[1116,1290,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Omeganastatus</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFF78FEEAFED048BF" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" box="[151,364,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFF78FEEAFF4748BF" box="[151,251,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brasema</emphasis>
Cameron
</taxonomicName>
, even though females of the former genus and some females of the latter genus have a deeply emarginate syntergum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFE4FFE0FFD22489B" author="Gibson" box="[416,670,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 314</bibRefCitation>
), because their mesotibia has an apical groove and apical pegs over the base of the tibial spur. Females of the two genera also share what was hypothesized as the apomorphic structure of the mesotrochantinal plate, i.e. consisting of a narrow, flat to slightly convex plate terminated in tiny articulatory lobes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFF0FFE64FD064B2F" author="Gibson" box="[224,698,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 22, state 2; fig. 94</bibRefCitation>
). Because of the character-state combination, a deeply emarginate syntergum was hypothesized to have evolved in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFD2AFDBEFCCF4B0B" box="[709,883,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Omeganastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFD2AFDBEFCCF4B0B" box="[709,883,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Omeganastatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in a few species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFB7FFDBEFB484B0B" box="[1168,1268,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFB7FFDBEFB484B0B" box="[1168,1268,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
independently from those genera keyed through the first half of the couplet, likely in association with secondarily lengthened, filamentous ovipositor sheaths (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFE14FDF7FD2D4BB2" author="Gibson" box="[507,657,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2265CF2CFF28FD14FE204D3C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Although no evidence was presented that they represent a monophyletic group,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFBBCFD14FA204B9F" author="Gibson" box="[1107,1436,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, figs 515, 516)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated a group of 10 genera as constituting a mostly unresolved basal group within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFB4BFD28FA964BFB" box="[1188,1322,691,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
based on retention of the hypothesized symplesiomorphic structure of the mesotrochantinal plate, i.e. consisting of two partly to completely separated articulatory lobes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFD2FFD61FB254A24" author="Gibson" box="[704,1177,762,787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 22, state 1; fig. 93</bibRefCitation>
). Included in the group were the six genera listed above that were keyed through the first half of couplet one plus
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFB66FC84FAB74A01" box="[1161,1291,799,822]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFB66FC84FAB74A01" box="[1161,1291,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFAF6FC84FEBD4A6D" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Mesocomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFAF6FC84FA204A01" box="[1305,1436,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mesocomys</emphasis>
Cameron
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFEE1FCDAFD9B4A6D" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[270,551,833,858]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFEE1FCDAFE704A6D" box="[270,460,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFD8CFCD9FCE54A6D" authority="Boucek" authorityName="Boucek" box="[611,857,833,858]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Xenanastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFD8CFCD9FD464A6E" box="[611,762,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Xenanastatus</emphasis>
Bouček
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFC84FCDAFBE24A6D" author="Gibson" box="[875,1118,833,858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, table 1</bibRefCitation>
). Although structure of the mesotrochantinal plate is variable in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFDD4FCFFFD0B4A4A" box="[571,695,868,893]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFDD4FCFFFD0B4A4A" box="[571,695,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it was included because females of the hypothesized most basal subgenus,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFEE0FC12FE9C4A97" box="[271,288,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFED6FC13FE214A96" box="[313,413,904,929]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFED6FC13FE214A96" box="[313,413,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), possess the plesiomorphic structure, as do at least some species of the other three other subgenera that were classified in the genus. Furthermore, females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC5EFC30FB914AF3" box="[945,1069,939,964]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC5EFC30FB914AF3" box="[945,1069,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack a mesotibial apical groove (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFF71FC54FE154AD0" author="Gibson" box="[158,425,975,1000]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 342</bibRefCitation>
), which is shared with the other nine genera having a plesiomorphic structure of the mesotrochantinal plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2265CF2CFF28FB8DFDF34E20" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFF28FB8DFED74D18" author="Gibson" box="[199,363,1046,1071]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 149, 1 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 121149 fv" type="journal article" year="1989">Gibson (1989)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFDFDFB8DFD244D18" box="[530,664,1046,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic group based primarily on two features, extreme sexual dimorphism (character 1, state 2), which is a composite of several features, and, for females, reduction of the t2–tr2 (mesotergal-mesotrochantinal) muscle from a large tubular muscle originating from each axilla and axillar phragma (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFEE8FB1BFD564DAE" author="Gibson" box="[263,746,1152,1177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 149, 1 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 121149 fv" type="journal article" year="1989">Gibson 1989, character 17, state 1; fig. 131</bibRefCitation>
) to a slender, tendon-like muscle originating from the apex of the ventroapical angle of the lateral surface of the axilla (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFC84FB3FFA2C4D8B" author="Gibson" box="[875,1424,1188,1213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 149, 1 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 121149 fv" type="journal article" year="1989">Gibson 1989, character 17, state 6; fig. 132</bibRefCitation>
). Subsequently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFED2FB5CFD2C4DD7" author="Gibson" box="[317,656,1223,1248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, figs 515, 516)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized the monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFBDBFB5CFAF14DD7" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[1076,1357,1223,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFBDBFB5CFB4E4DD7" box="[1076,1266,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
as the basal-most lineage of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFE77FB70FDA14C33" box="[408,541,1259,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
based on several external features, including possession of the hypothesized plesiomorphic structures of the mesotrochantinal plate and syntergum for females. This basal relationship was later supported by the discovery that females as well as males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFCB4FAA8FB844C7D" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[859,1080,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFCB4FAA8FC604C7D" box="[859,988,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. chilensis</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
possess the symplesiomorphic structure of the t2-tr2 muscle for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFDE7FACEFCCF4C59" authority="Heraty et al. 2013" authorityName="Heraty et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[520,883,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Eupelmidae (Heraty
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFD1FFACDFC9D4C59" box="[752,801,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2013)
</taxonomicName>
. Gibson’s (1989) original hypothesis of reduction of the t2-tr2 muscle in females as a synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFCFDFAE3FC244CA6" box="[786,920,1400,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
was based on dissections of females of only three genera, one with the plesiomorphic mesotrochantinal plate structure (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC37FA07FBFA4C82" box="[984,1094,1436,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC37FA07FBFA4C82" box="[984,1094,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and two with the apomorphic structure (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFEE4FA5BFEC64CE0" box="[267,378,1472,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Anastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFEE4FA5BFEC64CE0" box="[267,378,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anastatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFE5BFA5AFDA44CEF" box="[436,536,1473,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFE5BFA5AFDA44CEF" box="[436,536,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Because of the discovery that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC64FA5AFBB74CEF" box="[907,1035,1471,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC64FA5AFBB74CEF" box="[907,1035,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females possess the plesiomorphic t2-tr2 structure, females of additional genera, as listed under ‘Material and methods’, were dissected for the present study. This included those of all the genera listed above as comprising a basal group possessing separate mesotrochantinal lobes plus four additional genera possessing the apomorphic mesotrochantinal lobe structure. All the newly dissected females were found to have similar tendon-like structures of t2-tr2 originating from the apex of the ventroapical angle of the lateral surface of the axilla. This more comprehensive character-state survey therefore more strongly supports
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFE5EF90FFDD34F9A" box="[433,623,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFE5EF90FFDD34F9A" box="[433,623,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the sister group of remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFBE9F90FFB334F9A" box="[1030,1167,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
. The basal position of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFF78F92CFEE94FE7" box="[151,341,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFF78F92CFEE94FE7" box="[151,341,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFE42F92CFD8F4FE7" box="[429,563,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
was important for the phylogenetic analysis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFBB8F92CFB474FE7" author="Gibson" box="[1111,1275,1719,1744]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
because most character-state polarities were based on the hypothesis that individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC39F947FBE84FC3" box="[982,1108,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC39F947FBE84FC3" box="[982,1108,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
retain the symplesiomorphic groundplan structures of the subfamily.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2265CF2FFF28F8B8FD104B57" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2031]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In addition to mesotrochantinal lobe structure, females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2265CF2CFC6FF8B8FC434E0C" box="[896,1023,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2265CF2CFC6FF8B8FC434E0C" box="[896,1023,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded as also having the hypothesized plesiomorphic structure of the syntergum, i.e. a dorsally flat to evenly convex, apically undifferentiated tergite having a more or less transverse posterior margin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2CFC31F8F1FF414E90" author="Gibson" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 39, state 1; figs 271–278</bibRefCitation>
). Two other syntergal structures were described as apomorphic states, the apically omega-like emarginate syntergum, and one in which the syntergum is tapered and constricted posteriorly into a narrow, posteriorly rounded or angulate margin and/or reflexed into a rim or posteriorly rounded flange (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2265CF2FFB89F84DFE314987" author="Gibson" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 39, state 3; figs 283–306</bibRefCitation>
). Both the emarginate and flanged syntergal structures were hypothesized to have evolved independently from a plesiomorphic structure similar to that possessed by
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFC30FF26FBE149E2" box="[991,1117,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFC30FF26FBE149E2" box="[991,1117,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFB82FF27FB0C49E3" box="[1133,1200,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The plesiomorphic syntergal structure was also recorded for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD86FF7AFD3E49CF" box="[617,642,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD7CFF44FD4B49CF" box="[659,759,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD7CFF44FD4B49CF" box="[659,759,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFCE0FF44FBF549CF" author="Gibson" box="[783,1097,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 309, 310</bibRefCitation>
), the hypothesized basal-most lineage of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEE3FE9FFE34482A" box="[268,392,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEE3FE9FFE34482A" box="[268,392,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its basal position within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD48FE9FFC98482A" box="[679,804,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD48FE9FFC98482A" box="[679,804,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was postulated primarily because of relative structure of the scutellum, dorsellum and propodeum (sdp-complex) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFCC5FEBCFA994877" author="Gibson" box="[810,1317,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 24, state 1; fig. 189</bibRefCitation>
), which is also very similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE20FED6FDF24852" box="[463,590,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE20FED6FDF24852" box="[463,590,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFDB0FED7FCE34853" author="Gibson" box="[607,863,332,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 187</bibRefCitation>
). Because of the combination of sdp-complex and syntergal structure for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE77FEEAFE0D48BF" box="[408,433,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE2DFEF4FD9A48BF" box="[450,550,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE2DFEF4FD9A48BF" box="[450,550,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) it was further suggested that the deeply emarginate synterga characteristic of almost all other
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE8AFE0FFE5D489A" box="[357,481,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE8AFE0FFE5D489A" box="[357,481,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFE17FE0FFC13489B" author="Gibson" box="[504,943,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, table 1; figs 311–313</bibRefCitation>
) evolved convergently to similar deeply emarginate synterga that characterize females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD2EFE2CFCDF48E7" box="[705,867,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD2EFE2CFCDF48E7" box="[705,867,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFC9CFE2CFBCC48E7" author="Gibson" box="[883,1136,439,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 318</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB6AFE2CFA8648E7" box="[1157,1338,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB6AFE2CFA8648E7" box="[1157,1338,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFAA6FE2CFEFE48C3" author="Gibson" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 319</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEB4FE47FE7548C2" box="[347,457,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEB4FE47FE7548C2" box="[347,457,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFE32FE47FC9F48C3" author="Gibson" box="[477,803,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 320–324</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFCD3FE47FC7748C2" box="[828,971,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCD3FE47FC7748C2" box="[828,971,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFC31FE47FB5A48C2" author="Gibson" box="[990,1254,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 316</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFAC0FE47FA2048C2" box="[1327,1436,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFAC0FE47FA2048C2" box="[1327,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFF71FE64FE1A4B2F" author="Gibson" box="[158,422,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 317</bibRefCitation>
). Females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFDA6FD9AFDE64B2F" box="[585,602,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD9AFE64FCB04B2F" box="[629,780,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD9AFE64FCB04B2F" box="[629,780,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCC7FD9AFC854B2F" box="[808,825,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFCBAFE64FC6C4B2F" box="[853,976,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCBAFE64FC6C4B2F" box="[853,976,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBF7FD9AFB954B2F" box="[1048,1065,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFBAAFE64FB7D4B2F" box="[1093,1217,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBAAFE64FB7D4B2F" box="[1093,1217,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were recorded as having different, variably derived structures of the sdp-complex, as were females of the above five genera except for some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEEFFDDCFE1E4B57" box="[256,418,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEEFFDDCFE1E4B57" box="[256,418,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFE5EFDDCFD274B57" author="Gibson" box="[433,667,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, table 1</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2266CF2FFF28FDF6FF424D19" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In addition to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE96FDF6FE474BB2" box="[377,507,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE96FDF6FE474BB2" box="[377,507,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFDAEFDF6FDEE4BB3" box="[577,594,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD9EFDF7FD694BB2" box="[625,725,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD9EFDF7FD694BB2" box="[625,725,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFC93FDF6FC424BB3" box="[892,1022,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFC93FDF6FC424BB3" box="[892,1022,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also recorded as having the plesiomorphic structure of the syntergum, except for one species here described as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFBDBFD0BFB6C4B90" box="[1076,1232,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBDBFD0BFB6C4B90" box="[1076,1232,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was stated as having the syntergum reflexed apically into a posteriorly rounded syntergal flange (
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFB90FD28FABA4BFC" box="[1151,1286,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 75, 81</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF78FD4CFEA64BD9" box="[151,282,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Mesocomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF78FD4CFEA64BD9" box="[151,282,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mesocomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFEC2FD4DFD894BD8" author="Gibson" box="[301,565,726,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 300</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD90FD4CFCAA4BD9" box="[639,790,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Xenanastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD90FD4CFCAA4BD9" box="[639,790,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Xenanastatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFCC6FD4DFB8D4BD8" author="Gibson" box="[809,1073,726,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 306</bibRefCitation>
) also have variably developed syntergal flanges, as do females of most genera with the apomorphic structure of the mesotrochantinal plate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFF71FC86FE2E4A01" author="Gibson" box="[158,402,797,822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, table 1</bibRefCitation>
). Structure of the sdp-complex was not coded for genera composed only of species with brachypterous females, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE12FCD9FDC34A6E" box="[509,639,834,857]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE12FCD9FDC34A6E" box="[509,639,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFD01FCDBFC2D4A6E" author="Gibson" box="[750,913,832,857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the sdp-complex tends to be highly modified for brachypterous females in genera with both macropterous and brachypterous females. However, the sdp-complex structure of females that would be assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFCADFC12FC784A97" box="[834,964,905,928]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCADFC12FC784A97" box="[834,964,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to that of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB01FC12FB434A97" box="[1262,1279,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFAF7FC1CFA2F4A97" box="[1304,1427,903,928]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFAF7FC1CFA2F4A97" box="[1304,1427,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) than the other subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE23FC30FDF54AF3" box="[460,585,939,964]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE23FC30FDF54AF3" box="[460,585,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the dorsellum abuts the apex of the scutellum so that in lateral view the scutellum is not protuberant, unlike females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD37FC54FD554AD1" box="[728,745,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFCEDFC55FCC24AD0" box="[770,894,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCEDFC55FCC24AD0" box="[770,894,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFC79FC55FB2D4AD0" author="Gibson" box="[918,1169,974,999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 176</bibRefCitation>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB3DFC54FB5F4AD1" box="[1234,1251,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB14FC55FA2E4AD0" box="[1275,1426,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB14FC55FA2E4AD0" box="[1275,1426,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFF71FC69FE244D3D" author="Gibson" box="[158,408,1010,1035]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 180</bibRefCitation>
), and the propodeum is variably modified from that of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBEEFC68FBAE4D3D" box="[1025,1042,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFBC5FC69FB324D3C" box="[1066,1166,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBC5FC69FB324D3C" box="[1066,1166,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFAECFC69FF4E4D19" author="Gibson" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 189</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2266CF2FFF28FBA1FED84EDC" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Very few genera other than
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFDEBFBA2FD7E4D65" box="[516,706,1081,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFDEBFBA2FD7E4D65" box="[516,706,1081,1106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD3DFBA1FD5F4D66" box="[722,739,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFD13FBA2FCDC4D65" box="[764,864,1081,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFD13FBA2FCDC4D65" box="[764,864,1081,1106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFC4DFBA1FB984D66" box="[930,1060,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFC4DFBA1FB984D66" box="[930,1060,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFB15FBA2FF504D42" author="Gibson" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, table 1)</bibRefCitation>
as possessing a plesiomorphic syntergal structure, primarily
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFC72FBC5FBD34D42" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" box="[925,1135,1117,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFC72FBC5FBBD4D42" box="[925,1025,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
Cameron
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB48FBC7FA244D42" authority="Masi" authorityName="Masi" box="[1191,1432,1116,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB48FBC7FAE94D42" box="[1191,1365,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Calymmochilus</emphasis>
Masi
</taxonomicName>
, though both states 1 (unmodified) and 3 (flanged) or structures difficult to assign unambiguously to either state were recorded for some genera. In reassessing the difference between an unmodified syntergum and one with a syntergal flange for this study, particularly the difference between the syntergal structures typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFAD7FB53FA204DE8" box="[1336,1436,1224,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFAD7FB53FA204DE8" box="[1336,1436,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFF71FB71FE174C34" author="Gibson" box="[158,427,1258,1283]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 272</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE17FB71FCBE4C34" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[504,770,1258,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Zaischnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE17FB71FD364C34" box="[504,650,1258,1283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zaischnopsis</emphasis>
Ashmead
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFCF8FB71FBD64C34" author="Gibson" box="[791,1130,1258,1283]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 305, 306</bibRefCitation>
), it was realized that the hypothesized symplesiomorphic structure should likely also include a row of elongate setae that originate slightly anterior to the posterior margin of the syntergum and extend conspicuously over the margin (e.g.
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFAFBFAAAFAE24C7D" box="[1300,1374,1329,1354]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFA9FFAA9FA334C7D" box="[1392,1423,1330,1354]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">19</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEF6FACDFE2F4C5A" box="[281,403,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEF6FACDFE2F4C5A" box="[281,403,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have such a row of setae (
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFD53FACFFD414C5A" box="[700,765,1364,1389]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), as do most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFBE6FACDFBD14C5A" box="[1033,1133,1366,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFBE6FACDFBD14C5A" box="[1033,1133,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFB93FACFFB714C5A" box="[1148,1229,1364,1389]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
), whereas females with a syntergal flange lack setae paralleling the margin, though often there are more conspicuously premarginal setae whose apices project, at most, just beyond the syntergal apex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFC67FA00FEBE4CEF" author="Gibson" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 284, 286, 290, 292, 296, 298, 305, 306</bibRefCitation>
). This setal difference indicates that syntergal flanges evolved through secondary expansion of the sublinear region of cuticle posterior to the line of submarginal setae characteristic of such taxa as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB0EFA7FFAE34CCC" box="[1249,1375,1506,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB0EFA7FFAE34CCC" box="[1249,1375,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFA81FA79FF1F4F28" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF0BF99CFEF44F29" box="[228,328,1543,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF0BF99CFEF44F29" box="[228,328,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFEB9F99DFE154F28" box="[342,425,1542,1567]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). The different setal patterns can be used as a supplemental feature to differentiate females of most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE96F9B1FE614F76" box="[377,477,1578,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE96F9B1FE614F76" box="[377,477,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFDF3F9B2FD124F75" box="[540,686,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Zaischnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFDF3F9B2FD124F75" box="[540,686,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zaischnopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFCD8F9B2FC624F75" author="Gibson" box="[823,990,1577,1602]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB52F9B2FAF34F75" box="[1213,1359,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Zaischnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB52F9B2FAF34F75" box="[1213,1359,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zaischnopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might render
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF08F9D5FEF74F52" box="[231,331,1614,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF08F9D5FEF74F52" box="[231,331,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFE00F9D6FD4C4F51" author="Gibson" box="[495,752,1613,1638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 517</bibRefCitation>
), and the syntergal structure/setal patterns of females of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF78F9EAFE224FBE" box="[151,414,1648,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF78F9EAFE224FBE" box="[151,414,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFE00F9EAFD694FBE" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[495,725,1648,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFE00F9EAFD914FBF" box="[495,557,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2266CF2FFDDCF9EBFD694FBE" author="Gibson" box="[563,725,1648,1673]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
could support such a hypothesis. Females of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB1AF9EBFA2E4FBE" box="[1269,1426,1648,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB1AF9EBFA2E4FBE" box="[1269,1426,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- group have the posterior margin of the syntergum slightly incurved rather than posteriorly rounded, and the apicalmost setae in a transverse row with their apices projecting somewhat beyond the posterior margin, but the setae are quite distinctly premarginal because there is a transverse, lighter-colored to translucent, flat or slightly reflexed cuticular region posterior to them (
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFDC7F965FDC34E20" box="[552,639,1790,1815]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
: insert). Either the syntergal structure/setal patterns of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB1AF965FA2E4E20" box="[1269,1426,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB1AF965FA2E4E20" box="[1269,1426,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- group and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEE1F8BAFE1C4E0D" box="[270,416,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Zaischnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEE1F8BAFE1C4E0D" box="[270,416,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zaischnopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females evolved independently or the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFCBCF8BAFC4C4E0D" box="[851,1008,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFCBCF8BAFC4C4E0D" box="[851,1008,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group represents a clade of species in which the cuticle posterior to the premarginal setae increased prior to the posterior margin becoming posteriorly rounded. If so,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFEABF8F3FE5D4EB6" box="[324,481,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFEABF8F3FE5D4EB6" box="[324,481,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species are indicated to be more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFB9DF8F3FAB84EB6" box="[1138,1284,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Zaischnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFB9DF8F3FAB84EB6" box="[1138,1284,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zaischnopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to other
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF78F816FF474E93" box="[151,251,1933,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF78F816FF474E93" box="[151,251,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and therefore are incorrectly classified. Syntergal setation is variable for museum specimens of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFA6BF816FA294E93" box="[1412,1429,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2266CF2FFF4FF834FEB84EFF" box="[160,260,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2266CF2FFF4FF834FEB84EFF" box="[160,260,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but some females have two long premarginal setae paramedially (
<figureCitation id="13532A582266CF2FFBC6F834FBCC4EFF" box="[1065,1136,1967,1992]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) or even more numerous premarginal setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1766552267CF2EFF78F9CBFE004E37" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2267CF2EFF78F9CBFE004E37" blockId="11.[151,1436,1616,1792]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFF78F9CBFEE94F51" bold="true" box="[151,341,1616,1639]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURES 15–21.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFEB2F9CAFE214F50" box="[349,413,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15–18</emphasis>
, gastral apex,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFDDAF9CAFD254F50" box="[565,665,1617,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFDDAF9CAFD254F50" box="[565,665,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. ♀:
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFD1AF9CAFCB24F51" bold="true" box="[757,782,1617,1638]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFCF3F9C9FC974F50" box="[796,811,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFCACF9CAFC764F50" box="[835,970,1617,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFCACF9CAFC764F50" box="[835,970,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp., dorsal (2016-45) [insert:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFAE6F9C9FEB64FB1" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memnonius" subGenus="Eupelmus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFAE6F9C9FAA44F50" box="[1289,1304,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFADFF9CAFA284F50" box="[1328,1428,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eupelmus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFF78F9EAFEB64FB1" box="[151,266,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">memnonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal];
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFE95F9F4FE2F4FB3" bold="true" box="[378,403,1647,1668]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">16</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFE47F9EAFC814FB2" authority="Dalman" authorityName="Dalman" box="[424,829,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropurpureus" subGenus="Eupelmus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFE47F9EAFE0B4FB1" box="[424,439,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFE3BF9F4FD844FB2" box="[468,568,1647,1669]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eupelmus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFDA0F9EAFD634FB1" box="[591,735,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">atropurpureus</emphasis>
Dalman
</taxonomicName>
(2016-55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view];
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFAB7F9F4FACD4FB3" bold="true" box="[1368,1393,1647,1668]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">17</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFA69F9EAFE764F93" authority="Forster" authorityName="Forster" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi" subGenus="Episolindelia">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFA69F9EAFA294FB1" box="[1414,1429,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFF70F915FE9A4F93" box="[159,294,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Episolindelia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFED9F915FEC74F93" box="[310,379,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hartigi</emphasis>
Förster
</taxonomicName>
(2016-56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view];
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFC54F915FC684F94" bold="true" box="[955,980,1678,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">18</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFC0DF914FC4D4F93" box="[994,1009,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFBE8F915FB324F93" box="[1031,1166,1678,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFBE8F915FB324F93" box="[1031,1166,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFB26F915FAB24F93" box="[1225,1294,1678,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFB26F915FAB24F93" box="[1225,1294,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (2016- 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view].
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFDF6F937FDE44FF5" box="[537,600,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19–21</emphasis>
, gastral apex ♀, dorsal:
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFCA2F936FCDA4FF5" bold="true" box="[845,870,1709,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">19</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFC9CF935FC714FF4" box="[883,973,1710,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFC9CF935FC714FF4" box="[883,973,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (2016-58) [insert:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFB41F935FA204FF5" box="[1198,1436,1708,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schizomorpha">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFB41F935FA204FF5" box="[1198,1436,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brasema schizomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2016-106)];
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFEF1F950FE8B4FD7" bold="true" box="[286,311,1739,1760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">20</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFEABF957FE224FD6" box="[324,414,1740,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFEABF957FE224FD6" box="[324,414,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (2016-59);
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFDD6F950FDEE4FD7" bold="true" box="[569,594,1739,1760]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">21</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFDB1F957FC3F4FD6" box="[606,899,1740,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Omeganastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrocercus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2267CF2EFDB1F957FC3F4FD6" box="[606,899,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Omeganastatus macrocercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2016-48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2267CF29FF28F8BCFA204ED2" blockId="11.[151,1436,1831,2033]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Although not analyzed as a character within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2267CF2EFD01F8BCFCCB4E77" box="[750,887,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2267CF2EFC66F8BCFB8F4E77" author="Gibson" box="[905,1075,1831,1856]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
also noted the presence of a melanized sclerite, which he called the anal sclerite (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2267CF2EFD11F8D0FBCA4E54" author="Gibson" box="[766,1142,1867,1892]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 320, 323: asc</bibRefCitation>
), in some females with a deeply emarginate syntergum. A similar melanized sclerite is usually also visible in ventral view under the apex of an unmodified syntergum or one with a syntergal flange, though sometimes it is concealed between the syntergum and ovipositor sheaths. In all instances this sclerite is separated from the posterior margin of the syntergum by membrane.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2267CF2EFEF4F843FDB84EC6" author="Gibson" box="[283,516,2008,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="p">Gibson (1995, p. 44)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that the former structure was a consequence of the syntergum being “shortened dorsally [because of development of a deep emargination], resulting in the primitively concealed anal sclerite being pulled from a ventral position to a posteriorly or dorsally directed position”. However, examination of the syntergal structure of females that would be classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FC83FF7BFB5D49C0" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[876,1249,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC83FF7BFB8F49C0" box="[876,1075,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FBD3FF45FB5D49C0" author="Gibson" box="[1084,1249,222,247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and subsequent re-examination of the structures of females of other genera with a deeply emarginate syntergum shows the observation of structure was inaccurate. The single known female of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FC4AFEBCFBFE4809" box="[933,1090,295,318]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC4AFEBCFBFE4809" box="[933,1090,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a melanized sclerite faced ventrally under the reflexed apex of the syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD38FED2FCE44856" box="[727,856,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 81, 82</figureCitation>
), and the dorsal surface of the syntergum is sparsely setose with similarly short setae, including along the extreme posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FBF2FEF7FB1E48B2" box="[1053,1186,364,389]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 75, 82</figureCitation>
). However, except for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FF78FE0AFEF4489E" box="[151,328,400,425]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FF78FE0AFEF4489E" box="[151,328,400,425]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at least some females of the other species here classified as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FB67FE0AFB4A489F" box="[1160,1270,401,424]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FB67FE0AFB4A489F" box="[1160,1270,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FA92FE0AFA28489F" box="[1405,1428,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FF4FFE2EFE9E48FB" box="[160,290,437,460]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FF4FFE2EFE9E48FB" box="[160,290,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (=
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FEBEFE2EFD0C48FB" authority="Gibson 1995" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[337,688,435,460]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FEBEFE2EFDAB48FB" box="[337,535,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FDF1FE28FD0C48FB" author="Gibson" box="[542,688,435,460]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), have two externally visible syntergal sclerites. There is a variably transverse sclerite faced dorsally or posteriorly behind and contiguous with the posterior margin of the syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FF70FE61FF444B24" box="[159,248,506,531]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FEEAFE60FEED4B24" box="[261,337,507,531]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">47, 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FEB1FE60FEC04B24" box="[350,380,507,531]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FE65FE61FE094B24" box="[394,437,506,531]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">105</figureCitation>
) and a ventral, suboval sclerite that is separated from the dorsal sclerite by membrane, which sometimes is extended posteriorly into an ‘anal tube’ (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FCA9FD86FC214B01" box="[838,925,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FC46FD86FC754B01" box="[937,969,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</figureCitation>
: ant). When an anal tube is evident, more typically in critical-point dried than air-dried females, the dorsal sclerite is seen to lie dorsal to and the ventral sclerite ventral to the terminal anus (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDD9FDFEFD324B4A" box="[566,654,613,638]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD74FDFEFD594B49" box="[667,741,613,638]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16–18</figureCitation>
: an). Consequently, the more dorsal sclerite is here called the ‘supra-anal plate’ (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FE83FD13FE784B96" box="[364,452,648,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FE3EFD12FDA74B96" box="[465,539,649,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">47, 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDC8FD12FDFA4B96" box="[551,582,649,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDBCFD13FDC34B96" box="[595,639,648,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">105</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD63FD12FD064B96" box="[652,698,649,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">122</figureCitation>
: spp) and the ventral sclerite the ‘subanal plate’ (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FB07FD13FAFC4B96" box="[1256,1344,648,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FAA2FD12FA244B96" box="[1357,1432,649,673]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">81, 82</figureCitation>
: sbp), to reflect the double structure and position of each relative to the anus (see further below). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FA92FD36FEB94BD0" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FA92FD36FEB94BD0" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are variable in development of the supra-anal plate. Some females have quite a distinct, dark supra-anal plate whereas others just a slightly yellowish, strongly transverse, inconspicuous supra-anal plate that abuts the posterior margin of the syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDD4FC8DFD2D4A18" box="[571,657,790,815]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
) or is more conspicuous behind the syntergum if the anal tube is extended (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FEE2FCA2FEDF4A65" box="[269,355,825,850]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
). Some females also appear to lack a supra-anal plate, but based on presence in many females this likely is because in air-dried females the anal tube typically is collapsed within the gaster and the supra-anal plate is then sometimes hidden under the apex of the syntergum. Known females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FB85FC19FAAA4AAE" box="[1130,1302,896,921]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FB85FC19FAAA4AAE" box="[1130,1302,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lack a visible supra-anal plate, but true absence requires confirmation through observation of freshly collected specimens because apparent absence in available specimens might result from the sclerite being hidden under the syntergum apically. Setation of the syntergum of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FDA8FC77FD094D34" box="[583,693,1004,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FDA8FC77FD094D34" box="[583,693,1004,1027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group females is variable, often being bare dorsally, but if setose then evenly setose without a line of longer premarginal setae that project distinctly beyond the posterior margin. Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FEF6FBA8FE2B4D7C" box="[281,407,1074,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FEF6FBA8FE2B4D7C" box="[281,407,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have the anal tube extended (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FCFAFBA9FCE54D7D" box="[789,857,1074,1099]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: ant) lack an evident supra-anal plate and in ventral view the subanal plate is very slender, being strongly melanized/sclerotized only mediolongitudinally (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FAFBFBCEFAE54D59" box="[1300,1369,1109,1134]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
: sbp). Within what was classified as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FE04FBE2FCE44DA5" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[491,856,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FE04FBE2FD104DA6" box="[491,684,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FD5BFBE2FCE44DA5" author="Gibson" box="[692,856,1145,1170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC0DFBE1FC4F4DA6" box="[994,1011,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FBE5FBE2FBD24DA5" box="[1034,1134,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FBE5FBE2FBD24DA5" box="[1034,1134,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) also lack a distinct supraanal plate, though sometimes the membrane above the anus is yellowish, being slightly sclerotized/melanized (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FA80FB07FF144DEF" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
: spp), in critical-point dried females having the anal tube extended posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FBB1FB24FB144DEF" box="[1118,1192,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
: ant). Females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FA6BFB5AFA294DEF" box="[1412,1429,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FF4FFB78FEB84DCB" box="[160,260,1251,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FF4FFB78FEB84DCB" box="[160,260,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) also have a variably strongly but more extensively sclerotized/melanized subanal plate below the anus than for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FF1BFA93FED24C28" box="[244,366,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FF1BFA93FED24C28" box="[244,366,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being more oval (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDACFA9DFD394C28" box="[579,645,1286,1311]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) similar to the subanal plate characteristic of females of the other three subgenera (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FEF7FAB1FEC04C74" box="[280,380,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
) and other female
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FDBEFAB1FD6A4C74" box="[593,726,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD09FAB1FCD44C74" box="[742,872,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 12–14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FC9BFAB1FC2F4C74" box="[884,915,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">16</figureCitation>
). A revision of the species of the subgenera is required in order to document character-state distribution accurately, but at least the vast majority of females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FA6BFAD4FA294C51" box="[1412,1429,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FF4FFAEAFE8B4CBD" box="[160,311,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FF4FFAEAFE8B4CBD" box="[160,311,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FEBDFAEAFE2B4CBD" box="[338,407,1393,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FE40FAE9FE7C4CBE" box="[431,448,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FE35FAEAFDE94CBD" box="[474,597,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FE35FAEAFDE94CBD" box="[474,597,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD80FAEAFD054CBD" box="[623,697,1393,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD28FAE9FD584CBD" box="[711,740,1394,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</figureCitation>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FCC9FAE9FC8B4CBE" box="[806,823,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FCBFFAEAFC704CBD" box="[848,972,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FCBFFAEAFC704CBD" box="[848,972,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FC08FAEAFBF14CBD" box="[999,1101,1393,1418]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FBB2FAE9FAF54CBD" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[1117,1353,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FBB2FAE9FB274CBE" box="[1117,1179,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FB4BFAEAFAF54CBD" author="Gibson" box="[1188,1353,1393,1418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have a distinctly melanized, variably large supra-anal plate adjacent to the syntergal emargination in addition to a variably melanized, suboval subanal plate ventrally. The presence of such a strongly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate that it appears as a separate sclerite along the posteromedial margin of the syntergum is undoubtedly a derived feature. Further, the vast majority of females of the three subgenera lack or have only a couple of long syntergal premarginal setae paramedially (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDEBF9B9FDD54F0C" box="[516,617,1570,1595]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD9AF9B8FD134F0C" box="[629,687,1571,1595]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9, 10</figureCitation>
), though rarely there is a complete row (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FB9AF9B9FB054F0C" box="[1141,1209,1570,1595]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). This indicates that syntergal premarginal setae were secondarily lost within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FCCBF9DDFC1C4F68" box="[804,928,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FCCBF9DDFC1C4F68" box="[804,928,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but more accurate knowledge of characterstate distribution is required to determine whether a complete row was the groundplan state for the genus and, if so, how many times loss to two paramedial or no premarginal setae occurred. Of the other basal genera with a distinctly emarginate syntergum, females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FD7CF92BFC894FFE" box="[659,821,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FD7CF92BFC894FFE" box="[659,821,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FCA9F92BFC254FFE" box="[838,921,1712,1737]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FC5EF92BFBDA4FFE" box="[945,1126,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC5EF92BFBDA4FFE" box="[945,1126,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FB99F92BFB754FFE" box="[1142,1225,1712,1737]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FAE2F92BFA204FFE" box="[1293,1436,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FAE2F92BFA204FFE" box="[1293,1436,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FF70F94FFF4D4FDB" box="[159,241,1748,1773]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) are similar to those of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FDEEF94EFDAE4FDB" box="[513,530,1749,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FDC5F94FFD324FDA" box="[554,654,1748,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FDC5F94FFD324FDA" box="[554,654,1748,1773]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in at least lacking a strongly melanized/sclerotized supra-anal plate, though when the anal tube is extended posteriorly the dorsal membrane anterior to the anus is often slightly melanized/sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FE76F880FDA54E04" box="[409,537,1819,1844]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 11, 14</figureCitation>
). There is also a similarly or more strongly melanized subanal plate (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FAF7F880FF0A4E60" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 11, 13, 14</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FEBBF8A5FE4A4E60" box="[340,502,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FEBBF8A5FE4A4E60" box="[340,502,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FDE8F8A5FDE74E60" box="[519,603,1854,1879]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FD86F8A5FD434E60" author="Gibson" box="[617,767,1854,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 318) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FC45F8A5FBE34E60" box="[938,1119,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC45F8A5FBE34E60" box="[938,1119,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FB9FF8A5FB784E60" box="[1136,1220,1854,1879]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FB3CF8A5FAD44E60" author="Gibson" box="[1235,1384,1854,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 319) have a very short, sublinear dorsal surface of the syntergum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FC93F8FAFAD94E4D" author="Gibson" box="[892,1381,1889,1914]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Gibson 1995, table 1, character 39, state 2b</bibRefCitation>
) and at most two long premarginal setae paramedially (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FD08F81EFC814EA9" box="[743,829,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2260CF29FC0DF81EFBCD4EA9" box="[994,1137,1925,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2260CF29FC0DF81EFBCD4EA9" box="[994,1137,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an extensive dorsal surface of the syntergum anterior to the emargination (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FCEFF833FB514EF6" author="Gibson" box="[768,1261,1960,1985]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Gibson 1995, table 1, character 39, state 2a</bibRefCitation>
) and numerous premarginal setae that project conspicuously beyond the syntergal emargination (
<figureCitation id="13532A582260CF29FBDFF857FB394ED2" box="[1072,1157,1996,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2260CF29FB7DF857FA9B4ED2" author="Gibson" box="[1170,1319,1996,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 316).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2261CF28FF78FF03FADC4F68" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Most examined museum females of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FDD2FF02FDEE4987" box="[573,594,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD8AFF0CFD6E4987" box="[613,722,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD8AFF0CFD6E4987" box="[613,722,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have the syntergal emargination partly to completely hidden under one or more preceding tergites, but the dorsal surface of the syntergum anterior to the emargination is sublinear (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FEE2FF45FEDD49C0" box="[269,353,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FE82FF45FDBC49C0" author="Gibson" box="[365,512,222,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 317). Syntergal premarginal setae were not observed for any female in which the slender dorsal surface was visible, but a subanal plate and variably melanized supra-anal plate are present. Females of some species have a comparatively lightly sclerotized, yellowish supra-anal plate similar to the preceding genera, but at least some have a more distinctly melanized supra-anal plate (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FB53FED2FAA84856" box="[1212,1300,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF78FEF7FDBC48B2" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,512,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF78FEF7FEE448B2" box="[151,344,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FEB1FEF7FDBC48B2" author="Gibson" box="[350,512,364,389]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
excluding
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD94FEF5FD3048B2" box="[635,652,366,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD4CFEF7FCBB48B2" box="[675,775,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD4CFEF7FCBB48B2" box="[675,775,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Finally, females of most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FB4BFEF7FAAE48B2" box="[1188,1298,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB4BFEF7FAAE48B2" box="[1188,1298,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a deep syntergal emargination partly to completely surrounding a single visible melanized plate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FB7FFE0BFF7948FB" author="Gibson" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 320– 324</bibRefCitation>
), but whether this is the supra-anal or subanal plate differs among species. The single, typically strongly sclerotized/melanized plate of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE18FE43FDB448D8" box="[503,520,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FDCCFE4CFD2D48C7" box="[547,657,471,496]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FDCCFE4CFD2D48C7" box="[547,657,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD38FE43FD5448D8" box="[727,744,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FCECFE43FC3248D8" box="[771,910,472,495]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Macroneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FCECFE43FC3248D8" box="[771,910,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macroneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FBE5FE4CFAF648D8" author="Gibson" box="[1034,1354,471,496]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 323, 324</bibRefCitation>
) is the subanal plate based on its position ventral to the anus (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FCF9FE61FCD04B24" box="[790,876,506,531]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
: insert) and often the presence of a more lightly melanized/sclerotized supra-anal plate dorsal to the anus when the anal tube is extended (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FB67FD86FB604B01" box="[1160,1244,541,566]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). The latter plate is normally concealed within the gaster when the anal tube is not extended. In the hypothesized basal grade of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF78FDFEFEB94B49" box="[151,261,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF78FDFEFEB94B49" box="[151,261,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FEFCFDFDFE984B4A" box="[275,292,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FED4FDFEFD944B49" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[315,552,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FED4FDFEFE6C4B49" box="[315,464,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
Girault
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FDD2FDFEFCCF4B4A" author="Gibson" box="[573,883,613,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 321, 322</bibRefCitation>
), females of what
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FBD0FDFEFB5D4B49" author="Gibson" box="[1087,1249,613,638]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
differentiated as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF27FD13FEEB4B96" box="[200,343,648,673]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australiensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF27FD13FEEB4B96" box="[200,343,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">australiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, those with the gaster obviously tapered posteriorly and with a terminal syntergal emargination, either have both a supra-anal and subanal plate externally visible within the emargination (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FAACFD37FA2B4BF2" box="[1347,1431,684,709]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FF78FD54FE964BDF" author="Gibson" box="[151,298,719,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 322: note transverse line that separates the two sclerites behind the syntergal premarginal setae) or just the supra-anal plate visible when the anal tube is not extended. The two plates, particularly the subanal plate, are often only lightly melanized/sclerotized so that presence or absence of an external subanal plate is often difficult to determine confidently, but when both are obvious the supra-anal plate is anterior to the subanal plate (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FF70FCC6FF4D4A41" box="[159,241,861,886]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) similar to some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FE56FCC6FD894A41" box="[441,565,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE56FCC6FD894A41" box="[441,565,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a similar apical structure of the syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FB88FCC6FB114A41" box="[1127,1197,861,886]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FB2CFCC6FADB4A41" author="Gibson" box="[1219,1383,861,886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
also differentiated the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FE8BFC1BFE0C4AAE" box="[356,432,896,921]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE8BFC1BFE0C4AAE" box="[356,432,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group within
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FDB7FC19FDD54AAE" box="[600,617,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD6BFC1BFCA54AAE" box="[644,793,896,921]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD6BFC1BFCA54AAE" box="[644,793,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Females of this group often have the gaster flattened apically, but at least the syntergal emargination is faced more dorsally and the syntergum extends posterior of the emargination to some extent. Such females also have only a single, typically more strongly sclerotized/melanized plate visible when the anal tube is not extended (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FD5BFC70FC634D34" author="Gibson" box="[692,991,1003,1028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 320: asc</bibRefCitation>
). However, this sclerite is seen to be the supra-anal plate if the anal tube is extended (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FD66FB95FCB74D10" box="[649,779,1038,1063]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 17, 18</figureCitation>
). Therefore, the sclerites labelled as “asc” (anal sclerite) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FF78FBA9FE664D7D" author="Gibson" box="[151,474,1074,1099]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, figs 320, 323)</bibRefCitation>
are not the same sclerite but the supra-anal sclerite in fig. 320 and the subanal sclerite in fig. 323. The difference in structure between the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD0AFBCEFC8D4D59" box="[741,817,1109,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD0AFBCEFC8D4D59" box="[741,817,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC4AFBCCFC0A4D59" box="[933,950,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FC20FBCEFBD84D59" box="[975,1124,1109,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC20FBCEFBD84D59" box="[975,1124,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and that of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB15FBCCFAB74D59" box="[1274,1291,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FACBFBCEFA2E4D59" box="[1316,1426,1109,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FACBFBCEFA2E4D59" box="[1316,1426,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF27FBE1FF654DA6" box="[200,217,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF1DFBE1FEC14DA6" box="[242,381,1146,1169]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Macroneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF1DFBE1FEC14DA6" box="[242,381,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macroneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is clearly evident only if the anal tube is extended.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FC35FBE2FBC24DA5" author="Gibson" box="[986,1150,1145,1170]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
stated that females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FA6BFBE1FE3E4D82" authority="Dalman" authorityName="Dalman" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memnonius">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FA6BFBE1FEAB4D82" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. memnonius</emphasis>
Dalman
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="54D3887F2261CF28FE27FB06FE444D82" box="[456,504,1181,1205]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD7FFB07FD424D82" box="[656,766,1180,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD7FFB07FD424D82" box="[656,766,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are structurally intermediate between those of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FA6BFB05FE6A4DEF" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australiensis" subGenus="Episolindelia">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FA6BFB05FA294D82" box="[1412,1429,1182,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF4FFB24FE894DEF" box="[160,309,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FEA8FB24FE6A4DEF" box="[327,470,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">australiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group and those of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD54FB5AFD704DEF" box="[699,716,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD0AFB24FCEF4DEF" box="[741,851,1215,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD0AFB24FCEF4DEF" box="[741,851,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and only questionably classified
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FB31FB5AFAC24DEF" box="[1246,1406,1217,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memnonius">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB31FB5AFAC24DEF" box="[1246,1406,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. memnonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF78FB7FFF144DCC" box="[151,168,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF50FB78FE914DCB" box="[191,301,1251,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF50FB78FE914DCB" box="[191,301,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on the presence of dark mesotarsal pegs that are slightly differentiated into two rows apically on the basitarsus. An image of the syntergum of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD53FA93FCE74C28" box="[700,859,1288,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memnonius">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD53FA93FCE74C28" box="[700,859,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. memnonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FC83FA9DFC7C4C28" box="[876,960,1286,1311]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
: insert) taken by Lucian Fusu (Al. I. Cuza University,
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F2261CF28FEF4FAB1FEFA4C74" box="[283,326,1322,1347]" country="Romania" name="Iasi" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Iasi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37F764D2261CF28FEBBFAB1FE074C74" box="[340,443,1322,1347]" name="Romania" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Romania</collectingCountry>
) shows that structure is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FC66FAB0FB564C74" box="[905,1258,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australiensis" subGenus="Episolindelia">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC66FAB0FC264C75" box="[905,922,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC5CFAB1FBF44C74" box="[947,1096,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FBB4FAB1FB564C74" box="[1115,1258,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">australiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group females, including the presence of externally visible supra-anal and subanal plates when the anal tube is not extended. This suggests that a terminal, more or less obliquely angled syntergal emargination with externally visible supra-anal and subanal plates are groundplan features for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD4CFA0FFCAD4C9A" box="[675,785,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD4CFA0FFCAD4C9A" box="[675,785,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Presence of just an externally visible supra-anal plate for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FF78FA22FE094CE6" box="[151,437,1464,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi" subGenus="Episolindelia">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF78FA22FF144CE7" box="[151,168,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF2EFA23FEEA4CE6" box="[193,342,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE86FA23FE094CE6" box="[361,437,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group females, and just a subanal plate for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC5EFA22FC7E4CE7" box="[945,962,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FC33FA23FBF64CE6" box="[988,1098,1464,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FC33FA23FBF64CE6" box="[988,1098,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB99FA22FB3B4CE7" box="[1142,1159,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FB4FFA22FA974CE7" box="[1184,1323,1465,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Macroneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB4FFA22FA974CE7" box="[1184,1323,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macroneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females, also indicates these two clades represent independent monophyletic lineages, with
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FBDEFA46FB734CC3" box="[1073,1231,1500,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memnonius">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FBDEFA46FBFE4CC3" box="[1073,1090,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FBA0FA46FB734CC3" box="[1103,1231,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">memnonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possibly the basal clade of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FF15F99BFEB74F20" box="[250,267,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FECBFA64FE2E4F2F" box="[292,402,1535,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FECBFA64FE2E4F2F" box="[292,402,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE53F99BFE714F20" box="[444,461,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FE09F99BFDCD4F20" box="[486,625,1536,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Macroneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE09F99BFDCD4F20" box="[486,625,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macroneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on symplesiomorphic syntergal anal plate structures but a more derived mesotarsal peg structure relative to
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD60F9BFFD1C4F0C" box="[655,672,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FD55F9B9FCF34F0C" box="[698,847,1570,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FD55F9B9FCF34F0C" box="[698,847,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females. In all instances within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FB3FF9B9FA834F0C" box="[1232,1343,1570,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB3FF9B9FA834F0C" box="[1232,1343,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is again a maximum of two syntergal premarginal setae paramedially (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FC7EF9DDFBAE4F68" box="[913,1042,1606,1631]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 15, 16</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FBF1F9DDFB0C4F68" author="Gibson" box="[1054,1200,1606,1631]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, figs 321, 322).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2261CF28FF28F9F2FF7F4EF6" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FEA5F9F2FE444FB5" box="[330,504,1641,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FEA5F9F2FE444FB5" box="[330,504,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calymmochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which were included in the basal group of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FC0BF9F2FBD64FB5" box="[996,1130,1641,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
based on mesotrochantinal plate structure, lack any evident supra-anal plate behind the transverse posterior margin of the syntergum, suggesting a plesiomorphic structure except for a reduced number of syntergal premarginal setae. Females of most species have the syntergum bare posterodorsally, though I have seen very few females with two long premarginal setae paramedially. Of those genera with the apomorphic structure of the mesotrochantinal plate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2261CF28FB3CF96CFEBF4E03" author="Gibson" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, figs 519, 520</bibRefCitation>
), all apparently also lack a sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate when the anal tube is extended, including females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FE65F8A4FC964E60" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" box="[394,810,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Omeganastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrocercus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FE65F8A4FD6C4E61" box="[394,720,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Omeganastatus macrocercus</emphasis>
Gibson
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FCD4F8A5FC334E60" box="[827,911,1854,1879]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) and those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FBD9F8A4FB264E61" box="[1078,1178,1855,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FBD9F8A4FB264E61" box="[1078,1178,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whether the posterior margin is distinctly emarginate (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FDECF8FAFDE94E4D" box="[515,597,1889,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) or not (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FD57F8FAFCB04E4D" box="[696,780,1889,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Females of at least the vast majority of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FB0FF8F8FAF84E4D" box="[1248,1348,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FB0FF8F8FAF84E4D" box="[1248,1348,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have a line of syntergal premarginal setae (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FD6EF81EFCB94EA9" box="[641,773,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 19, 20</figureCitation>
), but these are lacking from
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2261CF28FBA3F81DFB424EAA" box="[1100,1278,1926,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Omeganastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrocercus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2261CF28FBA3F81DFB424EAA" box="[1100,1278,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">O. macrocercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females (
<figureCitation id="13532A582261CF28FA81F81EFF0A4EF6" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2261CF2BFF28F857FDB24D27" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Based on the above character analysis, Gibson’s (1995) coding of the groundplan syntergal structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF78FF02FF474987" box="[151,251,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF78FF02FF474987" box="[151,251,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as symplesiomorphic is supported. Syntergal structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFC3BFF0CFB3E4987" box="[980,1154,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFC3BFF0CFB3E4987" box="[980,1154,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Calymmochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also similar to the hypothesized plesiomorphic structure except for a reduced number or lack of any premarginal setae, and their syntergal structure could have evolved simply through secondary loss of the premarginal setae. However, even though females of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFE12FE9EFC3C482A" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[509,896,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFE12FE9EFD76482B" box="[509,714,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFD38FE9FFC3C482A" author="Gibson" box="[727,896,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have very similar syntergal structures as for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF78FEBCFEFA4877" box="[151,326,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF78FEBCFEFA4877" box="[151,326,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Calymmochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females, their coding as plesiomorphic by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFCB4FEBCFBB94877" author="Gibson" box="[859,1029,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
is undoubtedly incorrect. This is evidenced by the presence of a comparatively strongly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate along the posterior margin of the syntergum in combination with the lack of a differentiated line of syntergal premarginal setae for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFA92FEEAFEB9489B" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFA92FEEAFEB9489B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFEFBFE0FFE2B489B" box="[276,407,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 47, 48</figureCitation>
). Of six other newly described species that would have been classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB3CFE0EFAE9489B" box="[1235,1365,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB3CFE0EFAE9489B" box="[1235,1365,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the combination of female brachyptery, completely sclerotized pronotum, and apically transverse syntergum, four have similar syntergal structures and setal patterns (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCC4FE47FC3948C3" box="[811,901,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC7AFE47FC0F48C3" box="[917,947,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC2DFE47FC5248C2" box="[962,1006,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">105</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC11FE47FB9548C3" box="[1022,1065,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">122</figureCitation>
) as for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB67FE46FAA348C3" box="[1160,1311,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB67FE46FAA348C3" box="[1160,1311,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Available females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFEFDFD9AFE114B2F" box="[274,429,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFEFDFD9AFE114B2F" box="[274,429,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFE53FE64FDB14B2F" box="[444,525,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFDA4FD9AFD484B2F" box="[587,756,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFDA4FD9AFD484B2F" box="[587,756,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCEDFE64FCEF4B2F" box="[770,851,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
) lack visible supra-anal sclerites, but absence for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFA92FD9AFEB14B0B" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFA92FD9AFEB14B0B" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is correlated with its flanged syntergum and confirmation of absence for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB69FDBEFA894B0A" box="[1158,1333,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB69FDBEFA894B0A" box="[1158,1333,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
requires additional, critical-point dried females. The presence of a distinct supra-anal plate in brachypterous females of most species here classified as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFDCCFDF6FD2D4BB3" box="[547,657,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFDCCFDF6FD2D4BB3" box="[547,657,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFCEBFDF6FC3A4BB3" box="[772,902,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCEBFDF6FC3A4BB3" box="[772,902,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicates that their superficially plesiomorphic syntergal structure actually is a derived structure that evolved though loss of a syntergal emargination in association with the ovipositor sheaths being secondarily shortened, but with retention of the supra-anal plate in most species, even though sometimes it is very small. A reduced syntergal emargination associated with comparatively short ovipositor sheaths but with retention of a distinct supra-anal plate along the posterior margin of the syntergum is exhibited by the fully winged females of at least one species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFBA8FCBAFBE24A0F" box="[1095,1118,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB99FCBAFB444A0F" box="[1142,1272,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB99FCBAFB444A0F" box="[1142,1272,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFAFEFC84FADF4A0F" box="[1297,1379,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF78FCDEFF124A6B" box="[151,174,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF29FCDFFEFE4A6A" box="[198,322,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF29FCDFFEFE4A6A" box="[198,322,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFEB3FCDFFE1C4A6B" box="[348,416,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). This indicates that reduction of a syntergal emargination is at least possible, if not likely, when the ovipositor sheaths are secondarily shortened in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFCF2FCFCFC254AB7" box="[797,921,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCF2FCFCFC254AB7" box="[797,921,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly, no species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB31FCF2FB534AB7" box="[1246,1263,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFAE7FCF2FA2F4AB7" box="[1288,1427,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Macroneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFAE7FCF2FA2F4AB7" box="[1288,1427,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Macroneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF58FC16FF744A93" box="[183,200,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF0DFC17FEEC4A92" box="[226,336,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF0DFC17FEEC4A92" box="[226,336,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with brachypterous females have secondarily lost an omega-like emargination even though the ovipositor sheaths are comparatively short and rigid. This may be for some functional reason correlated with an extremely short rather than more extensive dorsal surface of the syntergum characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB05FC4FFADB4ADA" box="[1258,1383,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB05FC4FFADB4ADA" box="[1258,1383,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF78FC62FDB74D27" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,523,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF78FC62FEE24D27" box="[151,350,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFE8BFC6CFDB74D27" author="Gibson" box="[356,523,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2262CF2AFF28FB87FE8E49E2" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The syntergal structure of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFE1FFB86FDBD4D03" box="[496,513,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFDF6FB87FDC14D02" box="[537,637,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFDF6FB87FDC14D02" box="[537,637,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is at least very similar to that postulated as the groundplan eupelmine structure (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFEE6FBDBFEA14D6F" box="[265,285,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">cf</emphasis>
.
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFEC4FBA4FE314D6F" box="[299,397,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 1, 3</figureCitation>
), though the subanal plate is comparatively large and suboval (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFBBFFBA4FB284D6F" box="[1104,1172,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), which is more similar to that of other
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFEADFBFFFE034D4A" box="[322,447,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFEADFBFFFE034D4A" box="[322,447,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and eupelmines rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD16FBFEFCCA4D4A" box="[761,886,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD16FBFEFCCA4D4A" box="[761,886,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC6AFBFFFC774D4B" box="[901,971,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). As a unique state, the very slender, only mediolongitudinally sclerotized subanal plate of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD37FB12FCE74D97" box="[728,859,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD37FB12FCE74D97" box="[728,859,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be an autapomorphy of that species or a uniquely retained symplesiomorphy within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD66FB37FCAF4DF2" box="[649,787,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
. If the latter, the more extensively sclerotized/melanized subanal plate represents another synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD0EFB54FCDB4DDF" box="[737,871,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
excluding
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFC09FB54FB1F4DDF" box="[998,1187,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFC09FB54FB1F4DDF" box="[998,1187,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Phenaceupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It also remains to be determined more confidently whether an apical line (e.g.
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCC4FB6FFCD34C3B" box="[811,879,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) rather than just 2 paramedial premarginal setae (e.g.
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFF3EFA8CFEAF4C07" box="[209,275,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) is the groundplan syntergal setal pattern for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCF5FA82FC974C07" box="[794,811,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFCABFA8CFC144C07" box="[836,936,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCABFA8CFC144C07" box="[836,936,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the genus. Critical-point dried females show that an anal tube can extend beyond the syntergum in
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCDCFAA6FCF84C63" box="[819,836,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFCB4FAA7FC034C62" box="[859,959,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCB4FAA7FC034C62" box="[859,959,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the membrane anterior to the anus is at least sometimes slightly sclerotized/melanized (yellowish) dorsally (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC3CFAC4FBA04C4F" box="[979,1052,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). However, this region is not as strongly sclerotized/melanized as for females of the other three subgenera, in which it typically appears as quite a distinct sclerite along the posteromedial margin of the syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC61FA3CFBB84CF7" box="[910,1028,1447,1472]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 5–10</figureCitation>
). A basal position for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFAEAFA32FAAA4CF7" box="[1285,1302,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFAC0FA3CFA2F4CF7" box="[1327,1427,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFAC0FA3CFA2F4CF7" box="[1327,1427,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) relative to the other three subgenera is thus supported not only by structure of the sdp-complex of females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFAA6FA57FE864F3F" author="Gibson" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 189</bibRefCitation>
), but also by syntergal structure, i.e. lacking a deep syntergal emargination in combination with at most having a very slightly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate, and possibly a row of long premarginal setae as groundplan features. The presence of a comparatively much more strongly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate in females of the other three subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD6CF9C7FCBC4F42" box="[643,768,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD6CF9C7FCBC4F42" box="[643,768,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCFFF9C7FC384F42" box="[784,900,1628,1653]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 5–10</figureCitation>
) and a variably strongly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate in other basal genera characterized by a deeply emarginate syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFB95F9E4FB474FAF" box="[1146,1275,1663,1688]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStart-1="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId-0="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox-0="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 11–18</figureCitation>
) suggests that the membrane dorsal to the anus is prone to secondary sclerotization/melanization for some functional reason when the anal tube is directed more posterodorsally to dorsally than posteriorly to posteroventrally. Most likely this is to lessen desiccation and/or for protection of the secondarily exposed anus. Based on syntergal structure of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFA6BF976FA294E33" box="[1412,1429,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF4FF894FEB84E1F" box="[160,260,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF4FF894FEB84E1F" box="[160,260,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), sclerotization/melanization of the supra-anal plate in the other three subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB55F894FA8B4E1F" box="[1210,1335,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB55F894FA8B4E1F" box="[1210,1335,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFAA9F894FF084E7B" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 5– 10</figureCitation>
) is indicated to have evolved independently of that of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFCA8F8AFFC554E7A" box="[839,1001,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFCA8F8AFFC554E7A" box="[839,1001,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC12F8AFFBEF4E7B" box="[1021,1107,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB81F8AFFA9F4E7A" box="[1134,1315,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB81F8AFFA9F4E7A" box="[1134,1315,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFAD9F8AFFA324E7B" box="[1334,1422,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF78F8CCFEB94E47" box="[151,261,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF78F8CCFEB94E47" box="[151,261,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFEFBF8CCFE294E47" box="[276,405,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 15–18</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFE45F8CCFD854E47" box="[426,569,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFE45F8CCFD854E47" box="[426,569,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFDA7F8CCFD264E47" box="[584,666,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD37F8CCFCF84E47" box="[728,836,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD37F8CCFCF84E47" box="[728,836,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCBAF8CCFC144E47" box="[853,936,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Further, it is only within
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB3CF8C2FB574E47" box="[1235,1259,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFB14F8CCFA2E4E47" box="[1275,1426,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFB14F8CCFA2E4E47" box="[1275,1426,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFF70F8E7FF5E4EA2" box="[159,226,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) +
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFEE3F8E6FE984EA3" box="[268,292,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFEDAF8E7FE0C4EA2" box="[309,432,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFEDAF8E7FE0C4EA2" box="[309,432,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFE25F8E7FDA84EA2" box="[458,532,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFDCEF8E7FD824EA3" box="[545,574,1916,1940]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10</figureCitation>
) +
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD89F8E6FDC24EA3" box="[614,638,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD60F8E7FCB74EA2" box="[655,779,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD60F8E7FCB74EA2" box="[655,779,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCCAF8E7FC374EA3" box="[805,907,1916,1941]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFC74F8E6FB3A4EA2" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[923,1158,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFC74F8E6FC654EA3" box="[923,985,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFC0EF8E7FB3A4EA2" author="Gibson" box="[993,1158,1916,1941]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, most species of what is here classified as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFE77F83AFDBA4E8F" box="[408,518,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFE77F83AFDBA4E8F" box="[408,518,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD90F83AFCBD4E8F" box="[639,769,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD90F83AFCBD4E8F" box="[639,769,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFCFBF83BFC214E8F" box="[788,925,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 47, 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC41F83BFC664E8E" box="[942,986,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">105</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC05F83BFBAB4E8F" box="[1002,1047,1952,1976]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">122</figureCitation>
), and at least some species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFA68F83AFA284E8F" box="[1415,1428,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFF4FF85FFEB14EEA" box="[160,269,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFF4FF85FFEB14EEA" box="[160,269,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFECAF85FFECA4EEB" box="[293,374,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) and the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFE32F85FFD954EEA" box="[477,553,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFE32F85FFD954EEA" box="[477,553,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD77F85EFD154EEB" box="[664,681,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2262CF2BFD2FF85FFCE94EEA" box="[704,853,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2262CF2BFD2FF85FFCE94EEA" box="[704,853,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A582262CF2BFC82F85FFC514EEB" box="[877,1005,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 17, 18</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2262CF2BFC16F85FFB374EEA" author="Gibson" box="[1017,1163,1988,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 320) that the supraanal plate is so strongly sclerotized/melanized that it appears as a distinct sclerite posterior to the syntergal emargination.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37265562263CF2AFF28FF44FA204EEA" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2263CF2AFF28FF44FDE54D27" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF28FF44FE8949CF" ID-CoL="4G85" box="[199,309,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF28FF44FE8949CF" box="[199,309,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFEB9FF44FE4449CF" ID-CoL="363W" box="[342,504,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEB9FF44FE4449CF" box="[342,504,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFDF7FF44FD3949CF" ID-CoL="7X3L" box="[536,645,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFDF7FF44FD3949CF" box="[536,645,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are indicated as a monophyletic group based on shared presence of a comparatively large and light-colored frontal prepectal surface (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFCB1FE9FFB60482B" author="Gibson" box="[862,1244,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, character 19, state 2</bibRefCitation>
), though females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF57FEB2FE874877" ID-CoL="5PPT" box="[184,315,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Mesocomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF57FEB2FE874877" box="[184,315,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mesocomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have a syntergal flange, have a similar frontal prepectal surface structure (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFB15FEBCFF5A4853" author="Gibson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson, 1995, table 1</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFEEBFED7FE044852" ID-CoL="49TP" box="[260,440,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEEBFED7FE044852" box="[260,440,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFE30FED7FDF14852" ID-CoL="4G85" box="[479,589,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE30FED7FDF14852" box="[479,589,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFD99FED7FCA44852" ID-CoL="363W" box="[630,792,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFD99FED7FCA44852" box="[630,792,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFCD0FED7FC104852" ID-CoL="7X3L" box="[831,940,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFCD0FED7FC104852" box="[831,940,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may also be indicated as a monophyletic lineage by common reduction of the dorsal surface of the syntergum to a slender band anterior to the emargination (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFF70FE0FFE9D489B" box="[159,289,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
). Reduction of the syntergal premarginal setae to at most two long setae paramedially may also be a synapomorphy for the four genera, though it remains to be proven whether a similar setal pattern in some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF78FE47FEAF48C2" ID-CoL="77L3" box="[151,275,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF78FE47FEAF48C2" box="[151,275,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
results from common ancestry or homoplasy. The reduction in number of syntergal premarginal setae to just two setae paramedially perhaps is prone to evolve for some functional reason in taxa with a deeply emarginate syntergum and sclerotized supra-anal plate, possibly used to sense the angle of the supra-anal plate when the anal tube is extended during defecation. However, as noted above, females of at least a couple of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF78FDF7FEFA4BB2" ID-CoL="3G5N" box="[151,326,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Calymmochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF78FDF7FEFA4BB2" box="[151,326,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Calymmochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a similar setal pattern even though they lack a supra-anal plate and not all females with a deeply emarginate syntergum and noticeably sclerotized supra-anal plate have two syntergal premarginal setae paramedially. The syntergal emargination of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFD60FD2FFCA24BFA" ID-CoL="6NNR" box="[655,798,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFD60FD2FFCA24BFA" box="[655,798,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost certainly independently derived from the other five basal genera with an emargination because not only is the dorsal surface of the syntergum extensive anterior to the emargination but there is a line of long premarginal setae that project over the emargination (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFB3EFD67FA9E4A23" box="[1233,1314,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) similar to those few
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFEE6FCBAFED14A0F" ID-CoL="62GQZ" box="[265,365,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEE6FCBAFED14A0F" box="[265,365,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brasema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a deeply emarginate syntergum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFCF9FC84FCD64A0F" box="[790,874,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). The functional advantage of a deeply emarginate syntergum remains uncertain. Females with the plesiomorphic syntergal structure (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFBA6FCDFFB0F4A6B" box="[1097,1203,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 1, 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFB2EFCDFFB624A6B" box="[1217,1246,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">19</figureCitation>
) or those with a syntergal flange apparently have the anus directed posteriorly to posteroventrally over the ovipositor sheaths for defecation, whereas those with a deeply emarginate syntergum have the anus directed posterodorsally to dorsally. This is taken to the most extreme condition in some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFD07FC2AFBBF4AFF" box="[744,1027,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartigi" subGenus="Episolindelia">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFD07FC2AFD454AFF" box="[744,761,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFCFEFC34FC1A4AFF" box="[785,934,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Episolindelia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFC58FC34FBBF4AFF" box="[951,1027,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">hartigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFB58FC34FAB74AFF" box="[1207,1291,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). One would think it would be a disadvantage to defecate dorsally over one’s self (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFC2FFC4FFBA94ADB" box="[960,1045,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[222,1365,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 21. 15 – 18, gastral apex, Eupelmus spp. ♀: 15, E. (Episolindelia) sp., dorsal (2016 - 45) [insert: E. (Eupelmus) memnonius, dorsal]; 16, E. (Eupelmus) atropurpureus Dalman (2016 - 55), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 17, E. (Episolindelia) hartigi Förster (2016 - 56), dorsolateral [insert: posterior view]; 18, E. (Episolindelia) sp., hartigi - group (2016 - 57), dorsolateral [insert: dorsal view]. 19 – 21, gastral apex ♀, dorsal: 19, Brasema sp. (2016 - 58) [insert: Brasema schizomorpha (2016 - 106)]; 20, Brasema sp. (2016 - 59); 21, Omeganastatus macrocercus (2016 - 48). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556482/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
), but it might be advantageous to lessen chances of fouling the ovipositor.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD2263CF2AFF28FB87FA204EEA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Other than what was interpreted as the plesiomorphic syntergal structure,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFBE3FB87FB0C4D02" author="Gibson" box="[1036,1200,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
retained
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFAF5FB86FA204D03" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[1306,1436,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFAF5FB86FA204D03" box="[1306,1436,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus primarily because females exhibit the following three features: brachyptery (character 29, state 2), pronotum completely sclerotized (character 14, state 2), and scutellum not extending to transscutal articulation such that the axillae are contiguous anteriorly but are separated by a variably distinct depression anterior to the scutellum (structure not analyzed as a character). However, all of these features are possessed also by females of some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFEB5FB54FD684DDF" ID-CoL="77L3" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[346,724,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEB5FB54FDA34DDF" box="[346,543,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFDC5FB54FD684DDF" author="Gibson" box="[554,724,1231,1256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Wing polymorphism in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFC17FB4AFAAE4DDF" box="[1016,1298,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFC17FB4AFBB34DDF" box="[1016,1039,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBC5FB54FB1A4DDF" box="[1066,1190,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFB54FB54FAAE4DDF" box="[1211,1298,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and female brachyptery in the two non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFE09FB6EFDE84C3B" ID-CoL="6GZTR" box="[486,596,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE09FB6EFDE84C3B" box="[486,596,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFCDDFB6EFCF54C3B" box="[818,841,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFC88FB6EFC554C3B" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[871,1001,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFC88FB6EFC554C3B" box="[871,1001,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFBE9FB6EFB124C3B" box="[1030,1198,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBE9FB6EFB124C3B" box="[1030,1198,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFB1FFB6EFA284C3A" box="[1264,1428,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFB1FFB6EFA284C3A" box="[1264,1428,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicate brachyptery evolved at least twice and, depending on the phylogenetic relationships of the latter two species with those of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFE3FFAA6FD824C63" ID-CoL="6GZTR" box="[464,574,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE3FFAA6FD824C63" box="[464,574,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group, possibly more times in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFBF6FAA6FB274C63" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[1049,1179,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBF6FAA6FB274C63" box="[1049,1179,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense. Furthermore, a somewhat differently sculptured and/or lighter-colored mediolongitudinal line anteriorly on the pronotum of most
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFE9EFA1EFDBB4CAB" ID-CoL="6GZTR" box="[369,519,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE9EFA1EFDBB4CAB" box="[369,519,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFD93FA1FFD6D4CAB" box="[636,721,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
) and a slight mediolongitudinal depression posteriorly on the pronotum of the unique
<typeStatus id="54D3887F2263CF2AFE42FA3CFDB34CF7" box="[429,527,1447,1472]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFDD6FA32FD6B4CF7" box="[569,727,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFDD6FA32FD6B4CF7" box="[569,727,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFD07FA3CFCF64CF7" box="[744,842,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
) indicates a completely sclerotized pronotum in the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF78FA56FEB94CD3" ID-CoL="6GZTR" box="[151,261,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF78FA56FEB94CD3" box="[151,261,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group evolved through secondary sclerotization from one or more ancestors that had the pronotum divided medially. Except for one species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFCFFFA6AFC1B4F3F" ID-CoL="88K6" box="[784,935,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Xenanastatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFCFFFA6AFC1B4F3F" box="[784,935,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xenanastatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, females of no other eupelmine genera are known to have a completely sclerotized pronotum other than some fully winged species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFB4EF98EFB0E4F1B" box="[1185,1202,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFB24F98FFADE4F1A" box="[1227,1378,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFB24F98FFADE4F1A" box="[1227,1378,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF78F9A2FCE54F67" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,857,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF78F9A2FF144F67" box="[151,168,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF2AF9ACFEFD4F67" box="[197,321,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEB6F9A2FE2B4F67" box="[345,407,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFE4BF9ACFCE54F67" author="Gibson" box="[420,857,1591,1616]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, table 1, character 14)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, including both macropterous and brachypterous females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFEF2F9C6FE234F42" box="[285,415,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEF2F9C6FE884F43" box="[285,308,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEA7F9C7FE234F42" box="[328,415,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFE5CF9C7FDE04F43" box="[435,604,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 125, 130</figureCitation>
). This demonstrates that secondary pronotal sclerotization, like female brachyptery, evolved at least twice in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFDD3F91AFD024FAF" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[572,702,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFDD3F91AFD024FAF" box="[572,702,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense. I have not seen any macropterous females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF78F93EFDFE4F8A" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,578,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu" subGenus="Hirticauda">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF78F93EFF144F8B" box="[151,168,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF2CF93FFE824F8A" box="[195,318,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hirticauda</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFEBDF93EFE2C4F8B" box="[338,400,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2263CF2AFE73F93FFDFE4F8A" author="Gibson" box="[412,578,1700,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with a completely sclerotized pronotum. If
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFBA5F93EFB704F8B" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[1098,1228,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBA5F93EFB704F8B" box="[1098,1228,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents only a modified subgroup of the latter subgenus then a completely sclerotized pronotum evolved independently in all recognized subgenera except
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE00F976FDBA4E33" box="[495,518,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFDCDF977FD3A4E32" box="[546,646,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFDCDF977FD3A4E32" box="[546,646,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Finally, females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFC68F976FB1F4E32" box="[903,1187,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFC68F976FC224E33" box="[903,926,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFC55F977FB8A4E32" box="[954,1078,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBA3F977FB1F4E32" box="[1100,1187,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of the two
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFA87F976FEB94E1F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">nonexcavatus</emphasis>
group species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE20F88AFE5A4E1F" box="[463,486,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFE10F88AFD3C4E1F" ID-CoL="5PF4" box="[511,640,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFE10F88AFD3C4E1F" box="[511,640,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) all have scutellar-axillar structures in which the axillae are separated by a variably large and distinct depression anterior to the base of the scutellum (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFBCEF8AFFBC64E7A" box="[1057,1146,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFB69F8AFFB6C4E7A" box="[1158,1232,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">61, 63</figureCitation>
), though certainly this is very small and inconspicuous for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFDB5F8C2FD6A4E47" box="[602,726,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFDB5F8C2FD6A4E47" box="[602,726,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFD0AF8CCFC3E4E47" box="[741,898,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 130, 131</figureCitation>
). In addition, females of all species classified in the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFF28F8E6FE894EA3" ID-CoL="6GZTR" box="[199,309,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFF28F8E6FE894EA3" box="[199,309,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group have a modified mesoscutal structure in which the anterior margin is variably upcurved anterior to the lateral lobes (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFD8BF83BFD7C4E8F" box="[612,704,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 33</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFD3DF83BFD4C4E8F" box="[722,752,1952,1976]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFCEDF83BFC9C4E8E" box="[770,800,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">86</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFCDDF83BFCEC4E8F" box="[818,848,1952,1976]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">93</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFC8EF83BFC334E8F" box="[865,911,1952,1976]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">100</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFBD8F83AFB054E8E" box="[1079,1209,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBD8F83AFB054E8E" box="[1079,1209,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFB21F83BFA8F4E8F" box="[1230,1331,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFA92F83AFEAC4EEA" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFA92F83AFEAC4EEA" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFECAF85FFEC04EEA" box="[293,380,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
) do not have such a modified mesoscutum, but females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2263CF2AFBBFF85EFB4B4EEB" box="[1104,1271,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2263CF2AFBBFF85EFB4B4EEB" box="[1104,1271,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do (
<figureCitation id="13532A582263CF2AFADAF85FFA334EEA" box="[1333,1423,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726556227CCF31FF78FF0CFAE14C62" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227CCF35FF78FF0CFC054877" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Consequently, none of the features possessed by females of species that would be classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB3BFF02FE8749E2" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB3BFF02FA204987" box="[1236,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FF78FF27FE8749E2" author="Gibson" box="[151,315,188,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are unique to the group, but are shared also with some species that would be classified in one or more subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FE9FFF44FD6149CF" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[368,733,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FE9FFF44FD8E49CF" box="[368,562,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FDD5FF44FD6149CF" author="Gibson" box="[570,733,223,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Further, as given in the diagnosis for
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB7EFF7AFB1449CF" box="[1169,1192,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB2FFF7AFAFE49CF" box="[1216,1346,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB2FFF7AFAFE49CF" box="[1216,1346,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) below, females that would be classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDC3FE9EFD12482B" box="[556,686,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDC3FE9EFD12482B" box="[556,686,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD07FE9EFD45482B" box="[744,761,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCFCFE9FFC32482A" box="[787,910,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCFCFE9FFC32482A" box="[787,910,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) share presence of mesotibial apical pegs and other putatively derived structures of the sdp-complex and acropleuron.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227CCF35FF28FED7FB244A0F" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Of the seven species here classified as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FD55FED6FC944853" box="[698,808,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD55FED6FC944853" box="[698,808,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FC71FED6FB9C4853" box="[926,1056,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FC71FED6FB9C4853" box="[926,1056,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB36FED6FAD34853" box="[1241,1391,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB36FED6FAD34853" box="[1241,1391,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are definitely associated with females through multiple rearing events. However, the males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB65FEEAFA9A48BF" box="[1162,1318,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB65FEEAFA9A48BF" box="[1162,1318,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of the non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FF25FE0EFE84489B" box="[202,312,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FF25FE0EFE84489B" box="[202,312,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FE1CFE0EFD24489A" box="[499,664,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FE1CFE0EFD24489A" box="[499,664,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are newly described based on association with females through collecting. Fusu (2008) determined that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDB3FE22FD4C48E7" box="[604,752,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDB3FE22FD4C48E7" box="[604,752,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a karyotype similar to what
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FB8DFE23FB5748E7" author="Fusu" box="[1122,1259,440,464]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
classified as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FA6BFE22FE3848C3" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata" subGenus="Hirticauda">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FA6BFE22FA2948E7" box="[1412,1429,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FF4FFE47FEA748C2" box="[160,283,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hirticauda</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FEC4FE46FE3848C3" box="[299,388,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">rostrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and different from that of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCCBFE47FC2E48C2" box="[804,914,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCCBFE47FC2E48C2" box="[804,914,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This at least supports a possible phylogenetic association of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FED4FD9AFE6C4B2F" box="[315,464,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FED4FD9AFE6C4B2F" box="[315,464,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDE6FE64FD394B2F" box="[521,645,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDE6FE64FD394B2F" box="[521,645,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though not that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCA7FD9AFC764B2F" box="[840,970,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCA7FD9AFC764B2F" box="[840,970,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
renders
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FBC2FE64FB164B2F" box="[1069,1194,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FBC2FE64FB164B2F" box="[1069,1194,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FAA4FE64FF5D4B0A" author="Gibson" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
further stated that males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDADFDBEFD674B0B" box="[578,731,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDADFDBEFD674B0B" box="[578,731,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a small pit or circular depression within the scrobal depression at the apex of the interantennal prominence (character 47, state 3) similar to many males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FAF0FDDCFD974BB2" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FAF0FDDCFF694BB3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FF32FDF7FD974BB2" author="Gibson" box="[221,555,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, figs 406–408)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FDD8FDF6FCF74BB3" author="Fusu" box="[567,843,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013, figs 43, 44)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated a distinct facial pit for one
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FAE9FDF6FA274BB3" box="[1286,1435,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FAE9FDF6FA274BB3" box="[1286,1435,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male, though the pit is at best obscure in many individuals (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FC6EFD14FC674B9F" box="[897,987,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
). Even though apparently variable in development, presence of an evident pit for at least some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCF9FD2EFC154BFB" box="[790,937,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCF9FD2EFC154BFB" box="[790,937,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males further supports at least a sister-group relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FE65FD42FDB04BC7" box="[394,524,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FE65FD42FDB04BC7" box="[394,524,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDA8FD4CFC004BC7" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[583,956,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDA8FD4CFCB64BC7" box="[583,778,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FCFBFD4CFC004BC7" author="Gibson" box="[788,956,727,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The lack of an evident pit from males of both
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FF3CFD66FEC84A22" box="[211,372,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FF3CFD66FEC84A22" box="[211,372,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FE69FD67FE674A22" box="[390,475,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDF0FD66FD034A22" box="[543,703,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDF0FD66FD034A22" box="[543,703,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FD3FFD67FCCE4A23" box="[720,882,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 108, 109</figureCitation>
) demonstrates presence or absence of a distinct scrobal depression pit is variable for both
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FD82FC84FD564A0F" box="[621,746,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD82FC84FD564A0F" box="[621,746,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCCFFCBAFB284A0F" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[800,1172,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCCFFCBAFC5B4A0F" box="[800,999,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Merostenus sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FC01FC84FB284A0F" author="Gibson" box="[1006,1172,799,824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227CCF35FF28FCDEFAAE4CF7" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FF28FCDEFE1B4A6B" author="Fusu" box="[199,423,836,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013, fig. 44)</bibRefCitation>
differentiated males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FD5DFCDEFCFA4A6B" box="[690,838,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD5DFCDEFCFA4A6B" box="[690,838,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from regional males of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FBBAFCDEFBDA4A6B" box="[1109,1126,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB91FCDFFB454A6A" box="[1150,1273,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB91FCDFFB454A6A" box="[1150,1273,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by Gt1 being contrastingly dark yellow to pale brownish relative to the remainder of the gaster and the fore wings being slightly, uniformly infuscate. The male of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDF1FC16FD014A92" box="[542,701,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDF1FC16FD014A92" box="[542,701,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has slightly infuscate fore wings (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FB68FC17FB544A93" box="[1159,1256,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
) and the gaster partly pale at least ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FE1BFC34FDE74AFF" box="[500,603,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
). However, smaller males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FC57FC2AFBF34AFF" box="[952,1103,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FC57FC2AFBF34AFF" box="[952,1103,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not have the fore wings noticeably infuscate (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FE62FC4FFE5F4ADA" box="[397,483,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
). More comprehensive character-state analysis is required to assess accurately, but fore wing and gastral color patterns likely are more of species than generic features.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FBB2FC6CFE8C4D02" author="Gibson" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">
Gibson (1995, couplet
<quantity id="4C909B38227CCF35FA8DFC6CFA204D27" box="[1378,1436,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="54.0">54 in</quantity>
key to males)
</bibRefCitation>
questionably differentiated
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FD82FB86FCBE4D03" box="[621,770,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD82FB86FCBE4D03" box="[621,770,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FC1AFB87FBCE4D02" box="[1013,1138,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FC1AFB87FBCE4D02" box="[1013,1138,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the metapleuron extending only about two-thirds or less the distance to the base of the propodeum, and the mesepimeron having the posterodorsal margin raised as slender flange lateral to the base of the propodeum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FBD8FBFFFA2D4D4A" author="Gibson" box="[1079,1425,1124,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">
Gibson 1995,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB38FBFFFB574D4B" box="[1239,1259,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">cf</emphasis>
. figs 434, 436
</bibRefCitation>
). Perhaps a more objective comparison is that in males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FCC7FB12FC014D97" box="[808,957,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FCC7FB12FC014D97" box="[808,957,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the metapleuron extends dorsally only to about the level of the anterior margin of the spiracle (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FCE2FB37FCD54DF2" box="[781,873,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 50</figureCitation>
: insert, 55). The males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FB4EFB36FAFD4DF2" box="[1185,1345,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FB4EFB36FAFD4DF2" box="[1185,1345,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FA92FB36FEAC4DDF" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FA92FB36FEAC4DDF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the metapleuron extending more dorsally, obviously anterior to the level of the propodeal spiracle (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FF70FB6FFF4A4C3B" box="[159,246,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 71</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227CCF35FEECFB6FFE924C3B" box="[259,302,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">111</figureCitation>
), though both have the posterodorsal margin of the acropleuron developed as a slender flange that is separated from and raised slightly over the anterodorsal margin of the metapleuron. Character-state analysis of this feature across
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FED2FAA7FE7F4C62" box="[317,451,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
is necessary to assess its phylogenetic significance, but at least some male
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FAC2FAA7FA274C62" box="[1325,1435,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FAC2FAA7FA274C62" box="[1325,1435,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have the posterodorsal margin of the acropleuron separated from the anterodorsal margin of the metapleuron. Consequently, this structure is likely symplesiomorphic at the level of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FC26FA1FFA814CAA" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[969,1341,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FC26FA1FFB324CAB" box="[969,1166,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FB77FA1FFA814CAA" author="Gibson" box="[1176,1341,1412,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the metapleural structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FE46FA32FD804CF7" box="[425,572,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FE46FA32FD804CF7" box="[425,572,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably represents a secondarily more derived, species feature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227CCF35FF28FA57FA204EEA" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The males of very few species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FDD1FA57FC144CD2" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[574,936,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FDD1FA57FD434CD3" box="[574,767,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FCE9FA57FC144CD2" author="Gibson" box="[774,936,1484,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are known through association with females so that limits of variation remain uncertain.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FD91FA74FC9C4F3F" author="Gibson" box="[638,800,1519,1544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed and keyed four groups of males in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FAF0FA74FA274F3F" box="[1311,1435,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FAF0FA74FA274F3F" box="[1311,1435,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on flagellar structure and setation. Subsequent study indicates that “flagellar type 3” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FB73F98FFA284F1B" author="Gibson" box="[1180,1428,1556,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 370</bibRefCitation>
) and “flagellar type 4” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FE71F9ACFD264F67" author="Gibson" box="[414,666,1591,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 371</bibRefCitation>
) do not belong to males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FC35F9ACFAF04F67" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[986,1356,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FC35F9ACFB214F67" box="[986,1181,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FB49F9ACFAF04F67" author="Gibson" box="[1190,1356,1591,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but to males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FF11F9C7FE5C4F42" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[254,480,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ooderella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FF11F9C7FED34F42" box="[254,367,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ooderella</emphasis>
Ashmead
</taxonomicName>
(these results to be published separately). However, “flagellar type 1” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FAECF9C7FA244F42" author="Gibson" box="[1283,1432,1628,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
, figs 367, 368;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FED6F91BFE0E4FAF" author="Fusu" box="[313,434,1664,1688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu 2013</bibRefCitation>
, figs 22, 27, 30) and “flagellar type 2” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FC9DF9E4FBD64FAF" author="Gibson" box="[882,1130,1663,1688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 369</bibRefCitation>
) are possessed by males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FF78F93FFDBA4F8A" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,518,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FF78F93FFEE54F8B" box="[151,345,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FE8FF93FFDBA4F8A" author="Gibson" box="[352,518,1700,1725]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The flagellum of the latter two types are characterized as being variably long but comparatively gracile-filiform with funiculars that are obviously longer than wide and with comparatively long setae at least about as long as the width of a funicular and with variably long mps that, if appearing dense, are quite long and at most in widely overlapping rather than short and in multiple rows per funicular. Type 3 and type 4 flagella differ by having very short and inconspicuous setae; further, the mps are dense and either comparatively short and in multiple rows per funicular (type 3) or each has a long, slender, apically free portion such that the mps superficially look like setae projecting apically at an acute angle relative to the funicle (type 4).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FB0DF8E6FEAE4E8F" author="Fusu" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013, figs 22, 27, 30)</bibRefCitation>
also noted that at least Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FD4FF83BFCA14E8E" box="[672,797,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FD4FF83BFCA14E8E" box="[672,797,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males have the funiculars separated by short pedicels as compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227CCF35FEC1F85FFE204EEA" box="[302,412,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227CCF35FEC1F85FFE204EEA" box="[302,412,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males in which the funiculars abut (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227CCF35FC94F85FFB3F4EEA" author="Gibson" box="[891,1155,1988,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. &amp; Fusu, L. (2016) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 4081 (1), 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="2016">Gibson and Fusu 2016</bibRefCitation>
, figs 9f,
<quantity id="4C909B38227CCF35FB03F85FFAA54EEB" box="[1260,1305,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="g" value="12.0">12g</quantity>
, 14d, 23h).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227DCF34FF78FF0CFC7E4AB7" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Although not all New World males considered to belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FCA3FF02FC724987" box="[844,974,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FCA3FF02FC724987" box="[844,974,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense have the funiculars separated by evident pedicels, those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FDB1FF26FD4349E2" box="[606,767,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FDB1FF26FD4349E2" box="[606,767,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FCFEFF27FCDB49E2" box="[785,871,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC91FF26FBA849E3" box="[894,1044,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC91FF26FBA849E3" box="[894,1044,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FBC9FF27FBC649E2" box="[1062,1146,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB51FF26FAE049E2" box="[1214,1372,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB51FF26FAE049E2" box="[1214,1372,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FA81FF27FF7D49CF" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
) do, which also supports at least a sister-group relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC26FF7AFBF749CF" box="[969,1099,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC26FF7AFBF749CF" box="[969,1099,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB6DFF44FF59482A" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB6DFF44FAFF49CF" box="[1154,1347,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FAA4FF44FF59482A" author="Gibson" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Males of the latter two
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE18FE9EFDD9482B" box="[503,613,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE18FE9EFDD9482B" box="[503,613,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species have the funiculars conspicuously longer than most males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF5AFEBCFD7E4877" authority="Gibson" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[181,706,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF5AFEBCFECB4877" box="[181,375,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FE91FEBCFD7E4877" author="Gibson" box="[382,706,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995, figs 368, 369)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FD08FEB3FC484877" author="Fusu" box="[743,1012,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013, figs 22, 30)</bibRefCitation>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FBF5FEB2FB044877" box="[1050,1208,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FBF5FEB2FB044877" box="[1050,1208,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FB27FEBCFAA04877" box="[1224,1308,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
). However, some Afrotropical males associated through collection records with females that would be classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FA6BFED6FD9D48BF" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu" subGenus="Hirticauda">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FA6BFED6FA294853" box="[1412,1429,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF4FFEF4FEA748BF" box="[160,283,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hirticauda</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FEDFFEEAFED248BF" box="[304,366,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FE95FEF4FD9D48BF" author="Gibson" box="[378,545,367,392]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have similarly long and setose funiculars as those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB4AFEEAFA8148BF" box="[1189,1341,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB4AFEEAFA8148BF" box="[1189,1341,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FA92FEEAFEB2489A" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FA92FEEAFEB2489A" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. If the sex associations are correct they indicate funicular length is variable for males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FAF0FE0FFE3948E7" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FAF0FE0FFF6948E7" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FF32FE2CFE3948E7" author="Gibson" box="[221,389,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FE7FFE2CFD8848E7" author="Gibson" box="[400,564,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that the plesiomorphic male flagellar structure for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FAF9FE2CFA2048E7" box="[1302,1436,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
(character 50, state 1) was a subclavate flagellum composed of comparatively short funiculars with outstanding setae and relatively sparse mps similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FCE2FD9AFC2C4B2F" box="[781,912,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phenaceupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FCE2FD9AFC2C4B2F" box="[781,912,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FC12FE64FAAF4B2F" author="Gibson" box="[1021,1299,511,536]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 349</bibRefCitation>
). Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF78FDBFFE854B0A" box="[151,313,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF78FDBFFE854B0A" box="[151,313,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FEA2FDBFFDBE4B0A" box="[333,514,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FEA2FDBFFDBE4B0A" box="[333,514,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FDABFDBFFD0D4B0A" box="[580,689,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FDABFDBFFD0D4B0A" box="[580,689,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the flagellum variably more distinctly clavate. Although flagellar structure is highly variable in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FDA2FDDCFD074B57" box="[589,699,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FDA2FDDCFD074B57" box="[589,699,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FD24FDDCFCE34B57" author="Gibson" box="[715,863,583,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2011) The species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman and Eupelmus (Episolindelia) Girault (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) in North America north of Mexico. Zootaxa, 2951, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2011">Gibson 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FC83FDDCFBD24B57" author="Gibson" box="[876,1134,583,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. &amp; Fusu, L. (2016) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 4081 (1), 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="2016">Gibson and Fusu 2016</bibRefCitation>
), a clavate flagellum is the most likely groundplan structure based on typical species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FCA4FDF6FCE04BB3" box="[843,860,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC9AFDF7FBB64BB2" box="[885,1034,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC9AFDF7FBB64BB2" box="[885,1034,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FBCBFDF7FA9F4BB2" author="Gibson" box="[1060,1315,620,645]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 351</bibRefCitation>
). Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF78FD14FE9A4B9F" box="[151,294,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Phlebopenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF78FD14FE9A4B9F" box="[151,294,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Phlebopenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a compact-filiform to lobate flagellum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FCC2FD14FB974B9F" author="Gibson" box="[813,1067,655,680]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995, fig. 343</bibRefCitation>
). Consequently, a comparatively long and gracile-filiform flagellum with outstanding setae and comparatively sparse though variably long mps further supports a hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FDFAFD42FD2B4BC7" box="[533,663,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FDFAFD42FD2B4BC7" box="[533,663,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD59FD4CFB9E4BC7" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[694,1058,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD59FD4CFCC44BC7" box="[694,888,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FC90FD4CFB9E4BC7" author="Gibson" box="[895,1058,727,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
constitute a monophyletic group, though not necessarily that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE27FD66FDF64A23" box="[456,586,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE27FD66FDF64A23" box="[456,586,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
renders
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD46FD67FC994A22" box="[681,805,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD46FD67FC994A22" box="[681,805,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic. Further character-state analysis is required to determine whether or not funicular pedicels are a groundplan feature of the male antenna of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB37FC84FE834A6A" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB37FC84FA274A0F" box="[1240,1435,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FF78FCDFFE834A6A" author="Gibson" box="[151,319,836,861]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly those of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FDABFCDEFDE94A6B" box="[580,597,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD9EFCDFFD694A6A" box="[625,725,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD9EFCDFFD694A6A" box="[625,725,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). If not, presence of funicular pedicels would more strongly support the hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE24FCF2FDF14AB7" box="[459,589,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE24FCF2FDF14AB7" box="[459,589,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
renders
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD42FCFCFC964AB7" box="[685,810,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD42FCFCFC964AB7" box="[685,810,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227DCF34FF28FC17FB384C40" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FF28FC17FED74A92" author="Gibson" box="[199,363,908,933]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the fore wings of male
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD14FC17FCC44A92" box="[763,888,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD14FC17FCC44A92" box="[763,888,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are “often” distinctively long with the marginal vein “usually” at least 0.7× the width of the wing and the disc “usually” entirely setose though sometimes with an indistinct bare region below the parastigma and base of the marginal vein. This latter statement is inaccurate because many
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FEA5FC6CFE7B4D27" box="[330,455,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FEA5FC6CFE7B4D27" box="[330,455,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males, particularly ones with a distinctively elongate-narrow fore wing and long marginal vein, have the disc variably extensively bare dorsally behind the base of the marginal vein and parastigma to the basal and mediocubital folds. This bare region is less distinct than the more conspicuous
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB13FBA4FADB4D6F" box="[1276,1383,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="speculum">speculum</taxonomicName>
that characterizes male
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE81FBFFFE604D4A" box="[366,476,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE81FBFFFE604D4A" box="[366,476,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see figures in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FD63FBFFFCA04D4B" author="Gibson" box="[652,796,1124,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2011) The species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman and Eupelmus (Episolindelia) Girault (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) in North America north of Mexico. Zootaxa, 2951, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="2011">Gibson 2011</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FCBCFBFFFBEF4D4A" author="Gibson" box="[851,1107,1124,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. &amp; Fusu, L. (2016) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 4081 (1), 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="2016">Gibson and Fusu 2016</bibRefCitation>
) because unlike in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FAC2FBFFFA274D4A" box="[1325,1435,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FAC2FBFFFA274D4A" box="[1325,1435,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is partly obscured by setae on the ventral surface. However, the dorsally bare setal pattern could represent an intermediate state in a transformation series resulting in the development of both a dorsally and ventrally bare region. If so, a possible sister-group relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FCA0FB4AFC6D4DDF" box="[847,977,1233,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FCA0FB4AFC6D4DDF" box="[847,977,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FAE1FB54FAC04DDF" box="[1294,1404,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FAE1FB54FAC04DDF" box="[1294,1404,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indicated. However, most males now identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD27FB6FFC854C3A" box="[712,825,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ooderella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD27FB6FFC854C3A" box="[712,825,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ooderella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have a dorsally bare region behind the parastigma and base of the marginal vein that is more or less obscured by setae on the ventral surface (results to be published separately). Further, males are not associated with females for any
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC75FAA6FC0D4C63" box="[922,945,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC24FAA7FB934C62" box="[971,1071,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC24FAA7FB934C62" box="[971,1071,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) species so that the groundplan fore wing structure, setal pattern, and venation all remain unsubstantiated for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC14FAFAFBC14C4F" box="[1019,1149,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC14FAFAFBC14C4F" box="[1019,1149,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227DCF37FF28FA1EFAEC4BB2" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FF28FA1EFEE84CAB" author="Fusu" box="[199,340,1412,1436]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the males of five species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FCD1FA1EFCF34CAB" box="[830,847,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC84FA1FFC5A4CAA" box="[875,998,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC84FA1FFC5A4CAA" box="[875,998,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the Palaearctic,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FB36FA1EFACC4CAA" box="[1241,1392,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungarica">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB36FA1EFACC4CAA" box="[1241,1392,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. hungarica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FA6BFA1EFE8D4C88" authority="Fusu" authorityName="Fusu" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FA6BFA1EFF4E4CF7" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. koreana</emphasis>
Fusu
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FED3FA32FE0F4CF7" box="[316,435,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FED3FA32FE0F4CF7" box="[316,435,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. rostrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE2EFA32FD174C88" authority="Fusu" authorityName="Fusu" box="[449,683,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tripotinorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE2EFA32FDD34CF7" box="[449,623,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. tripotinorum</emphasis>
Fusu
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD0EFA32FC5B4CF7" authority="Fusu. All" authorityName="Fusu. All" box="[737,999,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vanharteni">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD0EFA32FCC44CF7" box="[737,888,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. vanharteni</emphasis>
Fusu. All
</taxonomicName>
have entirely setose fore wings or with at most a small, indistinct area of sparse setae behind the parastigma (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FC4EFA57FBA14CD3" author="Fusu" box="[929,1053,1484,1508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Fore wing length varies between about 2.2–2.5× wing width, and length of the marginal vein between about 0.63–0.76× wing width. Fore wings of the newly described non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE5FF98EFDA24F1B" box="[432,542,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE5FF98EFDA24F1B" box="[432,542,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD2AF98EFCDF4F1A" box="[709,867,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD2AF98EFCDF4F1A" box="[709,867,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar in being less than 2.5× as long as wide, and with the marginal vein only about 0.6× the width of the wing, but they uniquely have an oblique bare band behind the parastigma and base of the marginal vein that is separated by setae from the venation and basal and mediocubital folds (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FE99F9E4FE774FAF" box="[374,459,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
). This bare band thus resembles a linea calva, which characterizes most fully winged
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FA6BF91AFA294FAF" box="[1412,1429,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF4FF93FFEB24F8A" box="[160,270,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF4FF93FFEB24F8A" box="[160,270,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females. The fore wings of male
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD4DF93EFC8B4F8B" box="[674,823,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD4DF93EFC8B4F8B" box="[674,823,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FCA5F93FFC214F8A" box="[842,925,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC0EF93EFB3C4F8A" box="[993,1152,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC0EF93EFB3C4F8A" box="[993,1152,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227DCF34FB7EF93FFB484F8B" box="[1169,1268,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
), the only two
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF78F952FEB94FD7" box="[151,261,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF78F952FEB94FD7" box="[151,261,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species for which males are known, are entirely setose though conspicuously elongate-slender with a comparatively long marginal vein (fore wing length at least about 2.9× width and marginal vein at least about 0.9× wing width). Based merely on these observations, male fore wing structure and venation might be considered as putative synapomorphies for the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD36F8AEFCFB4E7B" box="[729,839,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD36F8AEFCFB4E7B" box="[729,839,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. However, many, if not most New World
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FF78F8CCFEAF4E47" box="[151,275,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FF78F8CCFEAF4E47" box="[151,275,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE8AF8C2FDEC4E47" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[357,592,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE8AF8C2FE1F4E47" box="[357,419,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FE43F8CCFDEC4E47" author="Gibson" box="[428,592,1879,1904]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have elongate-slender fore wings with comparatively long marginal veins more similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE55F8E6FDED4EA3" box="[442,593,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE55F8E6FDED4EA3" box="[442,593,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD61F8E6FC914EA2" box="[654,813,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD61F8E6FC914EA2" box="[654,813,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although unassociated with females, such males are almost certainly those of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FE5AF83AFCE64E8E" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[437,858,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE5AF83AFE7A4E8F" box="[437,454,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FE30F83BFDE74E8E" box="[479,603,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD83F83AFD164E8F" box="[620,682,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FD5CF83BFCE64E8E" author="Gibson" box="[691,858,1952,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Further, at least some males from the Afrotropical and
<collectingRegion id="49ACF83F227DCF34FF29F85FFE9E4EEA" box="[198,290,1988,2013]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oriental</collectingRegion>
regions, which probably are males of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD20F85EFD5C4EEB" box="[719,736,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FD17F85FFCCF4EEA" box="[760,883,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FD17F85FFCCF4EEA" box="[760,883,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227DCF34FC4EF85EFAE74EEA" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[929,1371,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu" subGenus="Capreocauda">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC4EF85EFC0E4EEB" box="[929,946,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FC25F85FFBDD4EEA" box="[970,1121,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capreocauda</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227DCF34FB9EF85EFB134EEB" box="[1137,1199,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227DCF34FB59F85FFAE74EEA" author="Gibson" box="[1206,1371,1988,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, have similarly long wings and marginal veins. Consequently, if comparatively short and broad fore wings with a comparatively short marginal vein represent groundplan features of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC45FF26FB9049E3" box="[938,1068,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC45FF26FB9049E3" box="[938,1068,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present sense, and if the different subgenera are monophyletic clades, then elongation of the fore wing and marginal vein appear to have evolved convergently in at least
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDEDFE9EFDA5482B" box="[514,537,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDDFFE9FFD10482A" box="[560,684,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDDFFE9FFD10482A" box="[560,684,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD03FE9EFCBF482B" box="[748,771,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCF4FE9EFC21482B" box="[795,925,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCF4FE9EFC21482B" box="[795,925,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FBFFFE9EFB24482B" author="Fusu" box="[1040,1176,260,284]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Fusu, L. (2013) A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2013">Fusu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
described the gaster of males of three of five species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDE0FEB2FD9C4877" box="[527,544,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDD6FEBCFD084877" box="[569,692,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDD6FEBCFD084877" box="[569,692,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the Palaearctic as being compressed basally, similar to the condition of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FEC5FED6FE744852" box="[298,456,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEC5FED6FEFD4853" box="[298,321,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEBEFED7FE744852" box="[337,456,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FE36FED7FD804852" box="[473,572,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 106 – 114" captionStartId="47.[151,264,1836,1859]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[226,1360,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURES 106 – 114. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., allotype ♂: 106, dorsal habitus; 107, lateral habitus; 108, head, frontolateral; 109, head, dorsal; 110, antennae; 111, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum, lateral; 112, mesosoma, dorsal; 113, wings; 114, propodeum and petiole." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556493/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
), but not
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD43FED6FCFE4853" box="[684,834,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD43FED6FD7F4853" box="[684,707,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD3BFED6FCFE4853" box="[724,834,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC84FED6FBB04852" box="[875,1036,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC84FED6FBB04852" box="[875,1036,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have a transversely oval to somewhat flattened gaster (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FE3BFEF4FD9248BF" box="[468,558,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 49</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FDD2FEF4FDE148BF" box="[573,605,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 66 – 73" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1709,1732]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[226,1360,193,1688]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 66 – 73. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♂: 66, dorsal habitus (2016 - 68). 67, lateral habitus (allotype). 68, head, frontal (2016 - 73). 69, gena and antenna, lateral (allotype). 70, mesosoma, dorsal (2016 - 68). 71, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 73). 72, fore wing (2016 - 68). 73, metanotum to petiole (2016 - 68)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556488/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">66</figureCitation>
). The presence of the same state in multiple males of the same species demonstrates the difference is not simply an artefact of preservation but is taxonomically significant. However, presence of the two different male gastral structures for species with fully winged females as well as within the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF78FE46FEB948C3" box="[151,261,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF78FE46FEB948C3" box="[151,261,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group indicates multiple origins or losses of a basally compressed gaster. Males have yet to be associated with females for any species here classified in
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD4EFD9AFD044B2F" box="[673,696,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD20FE64FC8F4B2F" box="[719,819,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD20FE64FC8F4B2F" box="[719,819,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC8DFD9AFCC54B2F" box="[866,889,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC7FFE64FB9B4B2F" box="[912,1063,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC7FFE64FB9B4B2F" box="[912,1063,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Capreocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It remains to be shown through association of the sexes of many more species than at present whether the four subgenera recognized in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FAF5FDBEFA204B0B" box="[1306,1436,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FAF5FDBEFA204B0B" box="[1306,1436,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated by male as well as female features. At present, presence or absence of an evident pit within the scrobal depression, flagellar structure, fore wing features, and gastral structure all appear to be homoplastic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227ECF37FF28FD14FD3E4DD0" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Based on the above character analysis for females and males, several congruent states at least support
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF78FD2EFEA54BFB" box="[151,281,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF78FD2EFEA54BFB" box="[151,281,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FED9FD2FFD1E4BFA" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[310,674,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FED9FD2FFE444BFB" box="[310,504,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FE10FD2FFD1E4BFA" author="Gibson" box="[511,674,692,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic group. The presence of a comparatively strongly sclerotized/melanized supra-anal plate for females of most species that would be classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FB5FFD42FA8E4BC7" box="[1200,1330,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FB5FFD42FA8E4BC7" box="[1200,1330,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FAAFFD4CFA2B4BC7" box="[1344,1431,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FF78FD67FF0A4A23" box="[151,182,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FF2DFD67FF5C4A23" box="[194,224,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">89</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FF01FD67FEA64A22" box="[238,282,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">105</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FEC8FD67FEEE4A23" box="[295,338,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">122</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE7BFD67FDAD4A22" box="[404,529,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE7BFD67FDAD4A22" box="[404,529,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FDCFFD67FD294A22" box="[544,661,764,789]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9 – 14" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1504,1527]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[222,1365,193,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" captionText-1="FIGURES 9 – 14. Gastral apex ♀: 9, Merostenus (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 40). 10, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 39). 11, Australoodera sp., dorsolateral (2016 - 51). 12, T. (Tineobius) sp., posterolateral (2016 - 46). 13, Ecnomocephala townesi, dorsal (2016 - 52). 14, Phlebopenes sp., lateral (2016 - 47). [an = anus, ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/556481/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 5–10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FD4DFD67FD7D4A23" box="[674,705,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FD22FD67FD574A22" box="[717,747,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">65</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FD16FD67FC984A23" box="[761,804,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">133</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCDBFD66FBA34A22" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[820,1055,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCDBFD66FCCE4A23" box="[820,882,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FC94FD67FBA34A22" author="Gibson" box="[891,1055,764,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
excluding the hypothesized most basal group,
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FED9FCBAFEFB4A0F" box="[310,327,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE89FC84FE764A0F" box="[358,458,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE89FC84FE764A0F" box="[358,458,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227ECF37FE05FC84FD884A0F" box="[490,564,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[226,1360,193,1904]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Gastral apex ♀. 1 &amp; 2, Phenaceupelmus chilensis (2016 - 49): 1, dorsal; 2, ventral. 3 &amp; 4, Merostenus (Incohata) sp. (2016 - 37): 3, dorsal; 4, ventral. 5 – 8, Merostenus spp.: 5, M. (Capreocauda) sp., dorsal (2016 - 44); 6, M. (Merostenus) sp., dorsal (2016 - 54) [insert: posterior view]; 7, M. (Reikosiella) sp., posterodorsal (2016 - 43); 8, M. (Reikosiella) sp., dorsal (2016 - 36). [ant = anal tube, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556480/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), additionally supports a hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBC1FCBAFB0C4A0F" box="[1070,1200,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBC1FCBAFB0C4A0F" box="[1070,1200,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
renders
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FAF0FC84FA274A0F" box="[1311,1435,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FAF0FC84FA274A0F" box="[1311,1435,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
paraphyletic. Presence of mesotibial apical pegs and similar structures of the sdp-complex and acropleuron also indicate
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF18FCF2FEC54AB7" box="[247,377,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF18FCF2FEC54AB7" box="[247,377,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
renders
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE36FCF2FE564AB7" box="[473,490,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">R</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDEDFCFCFDC14AB7" box="[514,637,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDEDFCFCFDC14AB7" box="[514,637,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hirticauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) paraphyletic. I conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC3BFCF2FBEA4AB7" box="[980,1110,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC3BFCF2FBEA4AB7" box="[980,1110,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nothing more than a small group of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE67FC17FCBF4A92" authority="Gibson (1995)" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[392,771,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE67FC17FDF34A93" box="[392,591,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FDB4FC17FCBF4A92" author="Gibson" box="[603,771,908,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
whose females share a suite of conspicuously modified features, which may have evolved convergently more than once (see further below). These include the loss of a deep syntergal emargination as a consequence of the ovipositor sheaths being secondarily shortened, but in most species with retention of an evident supra-anal plate along the posterior margin of the syntergum as evidence of an ancestral deeply emarginate syntergum. It also includes secondary reduction of the wings (brachyptery) and medial sclerotization of the pronotum. I therefore newly synonymize
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC9AFBA4FB7E4D6F" authority="Yoshimoto, 1969" authorityName="Yoshimoto" authorityYear="1969" box="[885,1218,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC9AFBA4FC4E4D6F" box="[885,1010,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FC12FBA4FB7E4D6F" author="Yoshimoto" box="[1021,1218,1087,1112]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. (1969) Description of a new genus of Eupelminae from Hawaii with remarks on its biology (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Pacific Insects, 11, 627 - 632." type="journal article" year="1969">Yoshimoto, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FAF5FBDAFE8C4D4B" authority="Walker, 1837" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1837" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FAF5FBDAFA204D6F" box="[1306,1436,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FF78FBFFFE8C4D4B" author="Walker" box="[151,304,1124,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Walker, F. (1837) Monographia Chalciditum. Entomological Magazine, London, 4, 349 - 364, 439 - 461." type="journal article" year="1837">Walker, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, treat
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE9BFBFFFE4D4D4A" box="[372,497,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE9BFBFFFE4D4D4A" box="[372,497,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDEDFBFFFCA74D4B" authority="Boucek 1988" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" box="[514,795,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Hirticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDEDFBFFFDC14D4A" box="[514,637,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hirticauda</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FD6BFBFFFCA74D4B" author="Boucek" box="[644,795,1124,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. C. A. B. International, Wallingford, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) as a junior synonym of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBD9FBFEFBF14D4B" box="[1078,1101,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FB8AFBFEFB5B4D4B" box="[1125,1255,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FB8AFBFEFB5B4D4B" box="[1125,1255,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and recognize
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF78FB12FF124D97" box="[151,174,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF2AFB1CFE4B4D97" authority="Gibson 1995" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[197,503,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Capreocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF2AFB1CFEE04D97" box="[197,348,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Capreocauda</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FE8BFB1CFE4B4D97" author="Gibson" box="[356,503,1159,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
),
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDE4FB12FD9E4D97" box="[523,546,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDD6FB1CFC894D97" authority="Gibson 1995" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1995" box="[569,821,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDD6FB1CFD214D97" box="[569,669,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Incohata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FD4BFB1CFC894D97" author="Gibson" box="[676,821,1159,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC9CFB12FC364D97" box="[883,906,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC4DFB1CFBA24D97" box="[930,1054,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Reikosiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC4DFB1CFBA24D97" box="[930,1054,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Reikosiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as subgenera within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FAFCFB12FA294D97" box="[1299,1429,1161,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FAFCFB12FA294D97" box="[1299,1429,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I also treat as the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FEB0FB36FE714DF3" box="[351,461,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEB0FB36FE714DF3" box="[351,461,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group within
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD27FB36FD5B4DF3" box="[712,743,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD18FB36FCC44DF3" box="[759,888,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD18FB36FCC44DF3" box="[759,888,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) those species whose females are brachypterous and have a uniformly sclerotized pronotum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227ECF37FF28FB6FFCEF4FD7" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE68FB6EFDB54C3B" box="[391,521,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE68FB6EFDB54C3B" box="[391,521,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the other genera considered as basal within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBD0FB6FFB794C3A" box="[1087,1221,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FB1EFB6FFA2B4C3A" author="Gibson" box="[1265,1431,1268,1293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, particularly those with a deeply emarginate syntergum, remain to be clarified. Such putatively apomorphic features as a reduced dorsal surface of the syntergum anterior to the emargination and a comparatively large, pale anterior prepectal surface support a possible
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDA5FAC4FD424C4F" box="[586,766,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Ecnomocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDA5FAC4FD424C4F" box="[586,766,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecnomocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCDEFAC4FC1C4C4F" box="[817,928,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCDEFAC4FC1C4C4F" box="[817,928,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC26FAC4FBD74C4F" box="[969,1131,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC26FAC4FBD74C4F" box="[969,1131,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FB7BFAC4FABD4C4F" box="[1172,1281,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FB7BFAC4FABD4C4F" box="[1172,1281,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sister-group relationship. However, both females and males of some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC2EFA1EFBFF4CAB" box="[961,1091,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC2EFA1EFBFF4CAB" box="[961,1091,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share similarities with some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF78FA3CFEB94CF7" box="[151,261,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF78FA3CFEB94CF7" box="[151,261,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly species of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDF9FA32FD9B4CF7" box="[534,551,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FDD0FA3CFD684CF7" box="[575,724,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Episolindelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FDD0FA3CFD684CF7" box="[575,724,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Episolindelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which is hypothesized to represent a grade of the more basal species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FEE1FA57FEC04CD2" box="[270,380,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEE1FA57FEC04CD2" box="[270,380,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FE63FA57FD9D4CD2" author="Gibson" box="[396,545,1484,1509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FDC1FA57FC9C4CD2" author="Gibson" box="[558,800,1484,1509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. &amp; Fusu, L. (2016) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 4081 (1), 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="2016">Gibson &amp; Fusu 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Further, some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBA2FA56FB734CD3" box="[1101,1231,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBA2FA56FB734CD3" box="[1101,1231,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit putatively plesiomorphic and others apomorphic structures of the sdp-complex, mesotrochantinal plate, and syntergal structure. The similarities between some
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD88F98EFD554F1B" box="[615,745,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD88F98EFD554F1B" box="[615,745,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCCEF98FFC334F1A" box="[801,911,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCCEF98FFC334F1A" box="[801,911,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might all represent symplesiomorphies and, if so, could support
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE88F9A2FE554F67" box="[359,489,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE88F9A2FE554F67" box="[359,489,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the sister-group of at least
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCA3F9ACFC064F67" box="[844,954,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCA3F9ACFC064F67" box="[844,954,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC31F9ACFB3C4F67" box="[990,1152,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Australoodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC31F9ACFB3C4F67" box="[990,1152,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australoodera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FB4BF9ACFAAD4F67" box="[1188,1297,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Tineobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FB4BF9ACFAAD4F67" box="[1188,1297,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tineobius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other than perhaps a comparatively elongate-slender fore wing and long marginal vein in females, substantial support for monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FEA4F91AFE714FAF" box="[331,461,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEA4F91AFE714FAF" box="[331,461,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is lacking. Additional phylogenetic analysis supported by molecular evidence is required to document that the four subgenera recognized in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCABF93EFC7A4F8B" box="[836,966,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCABF93EFC7A4F8B" box="[836,966,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
constitute a monophyletic lineage and to confidently resolve relationships with other eupelmine genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227ECF36FF28F977FC234B57" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF28F977FC024E32" bold="true" box="[199,958,1772,1797]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Monophyly and relationships of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD7AF977FCBB4E34" box="[661,775,1772,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD7AF977FCBB4E34" bold="true" box="[661,775,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group.
</emphasis>
The
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBEBF976FBCE4E33" box="[1028,1138,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBEBF976FBCE4E33" box="[1028,1138,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group within
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FA92F976FA284E33" box="[1405,1428,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF4FF88AFE9E4E1F" box="[160,290,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF4FF88AFE9E4E1F" box="[160,290,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is here established for seven species (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FD32F88AFCDF4E1F" box="[733,867,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distigma">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FD32F88AFCDF4E1F" box="[733,867,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. distigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FC9CF88AFBBB4E1F" box="[883,1031,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FC9CF88AFBBB4E1F" box="[883,1031,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBF9F88AFB0F4E1F" box="[1046,1203,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBF9F88AFB0F4E1F" box="[1046,1203,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FB2DF88AFAD24E1F" box="[1218,1390,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micropterus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FB2DF88AFAD24E1F" box="[1218,1390,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. micropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FA92F88AFEA74E7A" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FA92F88AFEA74E7A" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FEC6F8AEFE794E7A" box="[297,453,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FEC6F8AEFE794E7A" box="[297,453,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE13F8AEFD374E7A" box="[508,651,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="speculum">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE13F8AEFD374E7A" box="[508,651,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. speculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that under the concepts of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227ECF37FC2BF8AFFBDA4E7A" author="Gibson" box="[964,1126,1844,1869]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
would have been classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FF57F8C2FE864E47" box="[184,314,1881,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FF57F8C2FE864E47" box="[184,314,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on a combination of four features (female brachyptery, completely sclerotized pronotum, medially separated axillae anterior to the scutellum, and superficially unmodified syntergum in all but
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FA92F8E6FEB14E8F" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FA92F8E6FEB14E8F" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Monophyly of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FE14F83AFDD54E8F" box="[507,617,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FE14F83AFDD54E8F" box="[507,617,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group is not supported by any uniquely shared features, and because of their uniquely flanged syntergum possible relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FCDEF85EFC714EEB" box="[817,973,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FCDEF85EFC714EEB" box="[817,973,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the other
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227ECF37FBB0F85EFB714EEB" box="[1119,1229,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227ECF37FBB0F85EFB714EEB" box="[1119,1229,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species are particularly intriguing. Females of two non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FD90FF02FD514987" box="[639,749,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD90FF02FD514987" box="[639,749,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species within
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FC0EFF02FC444987" box="[993,1016,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FBE0FF02FB2D4987" box="[1039,1169,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBE0FF02FB2D4987" box="[1039,1169,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB48FF02FAF54987" box="[1191,1353,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB48FF02FAF54987" box="[1191,1353,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92FF02FEAC49E2" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92FF02FEAC49E2" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are brachypterous, which could support one or both as sister taxa of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB89FF26FB6849E3" box="[1126,1236,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB89FF26FB6849E3" box="[1126,1236,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. However, brachyptery evolved at least twice in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FDD3FF7AFD0249CF" box="[572,702,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FDD3FF7AFD0249CF" box="[572,702,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it also evolved in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FC00FF7AFABF49CF" box="[1007,1283,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus" subGenus="Reikosiella">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FC00FF7AFBBA49CF" box="[1007,1030,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBF1FF44FB2649CF" box="[1054,1178,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Reikosiella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB43FF44FABF49CF" box="[1196,1283,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Brachyptery may therefore have also evolved more than once in
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD08FE9EFD42482B" box="[743,766,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FCF8FE9EFC25482B" box="[791,921,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FCF8FE9EFC25482B" box="[791,921,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As noted above, possible monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92FE9EFEA84877" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92FE9EFEA84877" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FEDDFEB2FE1C4877" box="[306,416,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FEDDFEB2FE1C4877" box="[306,416,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species is supported by one shared feature—the anterior margin of the mesoscutum being variably distinctly upcurved behind the pronotum in front of the lateral lobes (excluding possibly
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92FED6FEB148BF" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92FED6FEB148BF" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see description). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FDB2FEEAFD4048BF" box="[605,764,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FDB2FEEAFD4048BF" box="[605,764,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FCDCFEEAFC0C48BF" box="[819,944,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FCDCFEEAFC0C48BF" box="[819,944,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the other two non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB62FEEAFB4748BF" box="[1165,1275,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB62FEEAFB4748BF" box="[1165,1275,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species with brachypterous females do not have an anteriorly modified mesoscutum. Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB68FE0EFA96489B" box="[1159,1322,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB68FE0EFA96489B" box="[1159,1322,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have the syntergum only slightly incurved (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FDACFE2CFD2848E7" box="[579,660,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
) relative to the more distinctly incurved synterga of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB0DFE22FAE348E7" box="[1250,1375,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB0DFE22FAE348E7" box="[1250,1375,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FA81FE2CFF7E48C3" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 133</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FEECFE46FE1F48C2" box="[259,419,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FEECFE46FE1F48C2" box="[259,419,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FE5CFE47FDBB48C2" box="[435,519,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
), which might represent an intermediate state in evolution of the non-emarginate synterga of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FEF2FD9AFE374B2F" box="[285,395,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FEF2FD9AFE374B2F" box="[285,395,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group females. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FD2BFD9AFCD44B2F" box="[708,872,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD2BFD9AFCD44B2F" box="[708,872,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indicated as the most likely sister group of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FF78FDBEFEB94B0B" box="[151,261,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FF78FDBEFEB94B0B" box="[151,261,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group based on shared female brachyptery, an anteriorly upcurved mesoscutum, and a reduced syntergal emargination in association with strongly reduced ovipositor sheaths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227FCF36FF28FDF7FEC84C3B" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Within the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FEABFDF6FE0E4BB3" box="[324,434,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FEABFDF6FE0E4BB3" box="[324,434,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, four of five Afrotropical species (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FC6CFDF6FBB54BB2" box="[899,1033,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distigma">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FC6CFDF6FBB54BB2" box="[899,1033,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. distigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FBF8FDF6FB7E4BB3" box="[1047,1218,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micropterus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBF8FDF6FB7E4BB3" box="[1047,1218,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. micropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB3FFDF6FAD04BB2" box="[1232,1388,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB3FFDF6FAD04BB2" box="[1232,1388,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FF78FD0AFE914B9F" box="[151,301,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="speculum">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FF78FD0AFE914B9F" box="[151,301,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. speculum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are supported as a monophyletic clade. Females of these four species share a coriaceous to coriaceous-imbricate scutellar-axillar complex that consists of a uniformly convex and oval scutellum and elongate-slender axillae separated by a deep depression anterior to the scutellum (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FB8CFD4CFB034BC7" box="[1123,1215,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 36</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FB3FFD43FB524BC7" box="[1232,1262,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">87</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FB10FD43FA904BC7" box="[1279,1324,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">103</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FAD3FD43FAD44BC7" box="[1340,1384,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">119</figureCitation>
), an elongate propodeum with the foramen shallowly incurved and with the panels variably distinctly concave on either side of a low median carina (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FE35FC84FD8C4A0F" box="[474,560,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 36</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FDD3FCBBFDE64A0F" box="[572,602,800,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">87</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FD89FCBBFD2E4A0F" box="[614,658,800,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">103</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FD71FCBBFD764A0F" box="[670,714,800,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">119</figureCitation>
), and a mostly setose and similarly structured metapleuron (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FA85FC84FF094A6A" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FF2DFCDFFF5C4A6B" box="[194,224,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">88</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FF02FCDFFEA54A6B" box="[237,281,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">102</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FEC8FCDFFEE94A6B" box="[295,341,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">120</figureCitation>
). All of these shared features likely are synapomorphic for the four Afrotropical species, though their shared scutellar-axillar structure shares some features with non-
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FC45FCF2FBA44AB7" box="[938,1048,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FC45FCF2FBA44AB7" box="[938,1048,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species. An evenly convex and uniformly oval scutellum is shared with
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FD63FC16FCB54A92" box="[652,777,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD63FC16FCB54A92" box="[652,777,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FCF7FC17FCC44A93" box="[792,888,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FC58FC16FBE64A93" box="[951,1114,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FC58FC16FBE64A93" box="[951,1114,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FB86FC17FB004A93" box="[1129,1212,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
), whereas elongateslender axillae that are separated by a comparatively large and deep depression is shared with
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB50FC2AFAE24AFF" box="[1215,1374,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB50FC2AFAE24AFF" box="[1215,1374,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FA81FC34FF0A4ADA" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
). A convex, more or less oval scutellum is likely plesiomorphic but a large depression separating the axillae is undoubtedly apomorphic. In addition to their axillar structure, the scutellar structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB86FC62FABB4D27" box="[1129,1287,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB86FC62FABB4D27" box="[1129,1287,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely also derived, being comparatively broad and convex posteriorly but tapered anteriorly with inclined sides so as to form a dorsolongitudinal angulation (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FDEAFBA4FD304D6F" box="[517,652,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 61, 63</figureCitation>
). This structure is similar to that of the
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB8FFBDAFB724D6F" box="[1120,1230,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB8FFBDAFB724D6F" box="[1120,1230,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92FBDAFEB94D4B" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92FBDAFEB94D4B" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FEF5FBFFFECF4D4B" box="[282,371,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FE63FBFEFD914D4B" box="[396,557,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FE63FBFEFD914D4B" box="[396,557,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FDADFBFFFD254D4B" box="[578,665,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FD0CFBFEFC2E4D4A" box="[739,914,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD0CFBFEFC2E4D4A" box="[739,914,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FC48FBFFFC414D4B" box="[935,1021,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
) except that in the latter three the scutellum is at least partly carinately margined dorsolongitudinally. Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FBE4FB12FB084D97" box="[1035,1204,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBE4FB12FB084D97" box="[1035,1204,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have the axillae longitudinally carinate on either side of an anteriorly carinate scutellum (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FC2BFB37FBAB4DF3" box="[964,1047,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
), whereas females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FAE6FB36FA274DF3" box="[1289,1435,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FAE6FB36FA274DF3" box="[1289,1435,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have large, entirely longitudinally striate-strigose axillae anterior to a much less distinctly anteriorly carinate scutellum (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FEFCFB6FFEDB4C3B" box="[275,359,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736DD227FCF31FF28FA8CFAE14C62" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,1365]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Females of the four Afrotropical species and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FD08FA82FCD54C07" box="[743,873,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FD08FA82FCD54C07" box="[743,873,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not only share a likely plesiomorphic scutellar structure, but also a setose though differently structured metapleuron. In the four Afrotropical species the metapleuron is virtually entirely setose except the dorsal half to two-thirds of the anterior margin is at least linearly bare and slightly curved anteriorly or reflexed into a slender flange along the posterodorsal margin of the acropleuron. The setose anteroventral margin is also variably distinctly angled posteroventrally above the base of the mesocoxa, and the ventral margin above the metacoxa is only slightly reflexed such that a distinct ventral region is not differentiated between the meso- and metacoxae (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FCBBFA74FC174F3F" box="[852,939,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1757,1780]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,194,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[226,1360,193,1736]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. M. (Merostenus) distigma n. sp. 31, head, frontolateral (2016 - 53). 32 – 38, holotype: 32, dorsal habitus; 33, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to mesoscutal pits]; 34, lateral habitus; 35; mesosoma, lateral; 36, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 37, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 38, gastral apex, dorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556484/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FC58FA6BFC694F3F" box="[951,981,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 89" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1474,1497]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,181,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[228,1362,181,1460]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 89. M. (Merostenus) micropterus n. sp., holotype ♀: 83, head, frontolateral; 84, dorsal habitus; 85, lateral habitus; 86, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setal pores dorsally and setae laterally on mesoscutum]; 87, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 88; mesosoma, lateral; 89, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supraanal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556490/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">88</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FC0FFA6BFBB04F3F" box="[992,1036,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 98 – 105" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[226,1360,301,1835]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 98 – 105. M. (Merostenus) reticulatus n. sp., holotype ♀: 98, head, frontolateral; 99, dorsal habitus [insert: apex of mesotibia and basitarsus]; 100, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrow points to mediolongitudinal depression on pronotum]; 101, lateral habitus; 102, mesosoma, lateral; 103, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 104, gaster, dorsal; 105, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556492/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">102</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FBF7FA6BFBFA4F3F" box="[1048,1094,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 123" captionStartId="49.[151,264,1901,1924]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[226,1360,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 123. M. (Merostenus) speculum n. sp., holotype ♀: 115, head, frontal; 116, dorsal habitus; 117, lateral habitus; 118, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral [arrows point to setae]; 119, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 120; mesosoma, lateral; 121, gaster, dorsal; 122, gastral apex, dorsal; 123, apex of mesotibia and tarsus. [spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556494/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">120</figureCitation>
). Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB34FA6AFAEB4F3F" box="[1243,1367,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB34FA6AFB4E4F3F" box="[1243,1266,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FAEFFA74FAEB4F3F" box="[1280,1367,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ by having the metapleuron bare dorsally, flat, and with the anterior margin slightly sinuate so that medially it forms an anteriorly curved region that fits within the emarginate posterodorsal margin of the acropleuron (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FAFAF9ACFAC54F67" box="[1301,1401,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURES 124 – 133" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[223,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[222,1365,264,1861]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 124 – 133. M. (Reikosiella) melinus (Yoshimoto) ♀: 124, head, frontolateral (2016 - 108); 125 &amp; 126, habitus: 125, dorsal (2016 - 109); 126, lateral (2016 - 108). 127 – 129, fore wing: 127, macropterous (2016 - 110); 128, brachypterous (2016 - 111); 129, brachypterous (2016 - 108). 130, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral (2016 - 108). 131, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum, dorsolateral (2016 - 109). 132, mesosoma, lateral (2016 - 108). 133, syntergum, posterodorsal (2016 - 108). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556495/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
); a slender, bare, ventral region is present between the acropleuron and base of the metacoxa.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C227FCF36FB1DF9C7FA204F42" author="Gibson" box="[1266,1436,1628,1653]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that a setose metapleuron is plesiomorphic within
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FC88F9E4FC4D4FAF" box="[871,1009,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
. Although a revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FAEFF91AFA3E4FAF" box="[1280,1410,1665,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FAEFF91AFA3E4FAF" box="[1280,1410,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is required to determine exact character-state distribution, females of the other species treated here and the vast majority of other species in the genus have a bare metapleuron, including those of
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBC3F952FBFF4FD7" box="[1068,1091,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FBB5F95CFB024FD7" box="[1114,1214,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FBB5F95CFB024FD7" box="[1114,1214,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Consequently, the setose metapleuron in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FE71F976FDA24E32" box="[414,542,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FE71F976FDA24E32" box="[414,542,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the four Afrotropical species likely represent independent origins in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92F976FF524E1F" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melinus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92F976FF524E1F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. melinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the common ancestor of the Afrotropical species, though females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB71F88AFA844E1F" box="[1182,1336,1809,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB71F88AFA844E1F" box="[1182,1336,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FA92F88AFEA74E7A" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FA92F88AFEA74E7A" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might also have a partly setose, albeit highly modified metapleuron. Most examined museum females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FF56F8C2FEEC4E47" box="[185,336,1881,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FF56F8C2FEEC4E47" box="[185,336,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have one (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FE39F8CCFD924E47" box="[470,558,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
: arrow) or two setae on a ventrally faced region differentiated between the acropleuron, recurved ventral margin of the metapleuron, and base of the metacoxa. Males also typically have one or two setae in a similar position, but within the anteroventral angle of the metapleuron itself (
<figureCitation id="13532A58227FCF36FB07F83BFAFC4E8E" box="[1256,1344,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1484,1507]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[226,1360,193,1463]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 55. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♂. 49, dorsal habitus (2016 - 61). 50, lateral habitus (2016 - 62) [insert: metapleuron and propodeum (2016 - 76)]. 51 – 54, 2016 - 61: 51, head, frontal; 52, antenna; 53, fore wing; 54, propodeum and petiole. 55, posterior of mesosoma, dorsolateral (2016 - 62). [sp = propodeal spiracle]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556486/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
: insert). Females of M.
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FEADF85FFE7A4EEA" box="[322,454,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FEADF85FFE7A4EEA" box="[322,454,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a similarly differentiated ventral region as females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E227FCF36FB89F85EFB464EEB" box="[1126,1274,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF227FCF36FB89F85EFB464EEB" box="[1126,1274,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but it is much more extensively setose (
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FE5EFF0CFDBA4987" box="[433,518,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
). Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FD6DFF02FC974987" box="[642,811,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FD6DFF02FC974987" box="[642,811,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unknown, but they too may have an anteroventrally setose metapleuron based on both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FD94FF26FCB249E3" box="[635,782,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FD94FF26FCB249E3" box="[635,782,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FCAAFF26FC5E49E2" box="[837,994,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FCAAFF26FC5E49E2" box="[837,994,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having similar setal patterns. If so, this might indicate that the ventral region bearing the setae in female
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FC42FF7AFBFA49CF" box="[941,1094,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FC42FF7AFBFA49CF" box="[941,1094,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FB68FF7AFA8A49CF" box="[1159,1334,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FB68FF7AFA8A49CF" box="[1159,1334,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually represents a secondarily demarcated part of the metapleuron. Females of the other described brachypterous species have quite differently structured metapleura. In
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FD57FEB2FCE44877" box="[696,856,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FD57FEB2FCE44877" box="[696,856,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FC87FEBCFC074877" box="[872,955,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
) the anterior margin is abruptly sinuate at about mid-height so that the metapleuron is sublinear dorsally but much wider over about the ventral half where it is slightly reflexed as a comparatively inconspicuous slender flange. In an uncontorted state this slender flange extends over a depressed region of the acropleuron along its posterodorsal margin, whereas the ventral margin is more distinctly reflexed into a slender flange over the base of the mesocoxa so as to differentiate a small, bare, ventral region between the acropleuron and basal margin of the metacoxa. Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FB8CFE46FAB948C3" box="[1123,1285,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FB8CFE46FAB948C3" box="[1123,1285,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FAFAFE47FAD548C2" box="[1301,1385,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 30" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1745,1768]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,183,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[226,1360,183,1729]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 30. M. (Merostenus) congoensis n. sp., holotype ♀: 22, dorsal habitus; 23, head, frontolateral; 24, antenna without clava; 25, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 26, pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral; 27, apex of mesotibia and tarsus; 28, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 29, gaster, dorsolateral; 30, gastral apex, posterodorsal. [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556483/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FA92FE46FEB94B2F" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FA92FE46FEB94B2F" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FEF5FE64FECE4B2F" box="[282,370,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 48" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1889,1912]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1360,193,1868]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 48. M. (Merostenus) excavatus (Dalman) ♀. 39 – 43, 2015 - 17: 39, head, frontolateral; 40, dorsal habitus; 41, mesosoma, dorsolateral; 42, lateral habitus; 43, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings. 44, acropleuron and metapleuron (2015 - 17) [arrow points to seta]. 45, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 60). 46 &amp; 47, 2015 - 17: 46, gaster, dorsolateral; 47, gastral apex, posterodorsal. 48, gastral apex, lateral (2016 - 60). [sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556485/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FE54FD9AFDD64B2F" box="[443,618,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FE54FD9AFDD64B2F" box="[443,618,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FD90FE64FD6A4B2F" box="[639,726,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 90 – 97" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1562,1585]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1540]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[226,1360,193,1541]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 90 – 97. M. (Merostenus) platyscapus n. sp. ♀. 90 – 93, holotype: 90, lateral habitus; 91, head, frontolateral; 92, antenna; 93, pronotum to scutellar-axillar complex, dorsolateral. 94 – 96, 2016 - 70: 94, scutellar-axillar complex to propodeum plus wings; 95, mesosoma, lateral; 96, gaster, dorsal. 97, apex of mesotibia and basal four tarsomeres (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556491/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
) also have the anterior margin of the metapleuron variably extensively reflexed into a slender flange abutting the posterior margin of the acropleuron, with the entire anterior margin reflexed in
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FE84FDD2FDB14B57" box="[363,525,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FE84FDD2FDB14B57" box="[363,525,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FDADFDD2FD574B57" box="[578,747,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyscapus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FDADFDD2FD574B57" box="[578,747,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. platyscapus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but only about the ventral third reflexed for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FB0BFDD2FACB4B57" box="[1252,1399,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FB0BFDD2FACB4B57" box="[1252,1399,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In all three species the ventral margin is reflexed above the metacoxa so that a ventral region is differentiated between the acropleuron and metacoxal base. This latter region is not clearly visible in the
<typeStatus id="54D3887F2278CF31FB88FD14FB754B9F" box="[1127,1225,655,680]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FB19FD0AFA204B9F" box="[1270,1436,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congoensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FB19FD0AFA204B9F" box="[1270,1436,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. congoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of glue, but it appears to be bare or at most as sparsely setose as for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FC02FD2EFB3C4BFB" box="[1005,1152,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FC02FD2EFB3C4BFB" box="[1005,1152,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of its contorted state, exact structure of the metapleuron is also not clearly visible for the
<typeStatus id="54D3887F2278CF31FC29FD4CFB944BC7" box="[966,1064,727,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FBA3FD42FB5B4BC7" box="[1100,1255,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FBA3FD42FB5B4BC7" box="[1100,1255,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. mexicanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is at least bare. As a result of contortion (
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FDFBFD67FDD74A23" box="[532,619,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
) the propodeum and metapleuron are angled upwards relative to the posterior margin of the acropleuron (
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FDD6FC84FD374A0F" box="[569,651,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
) such that the anterior margin of the metapleuron is horizontal rather than vertical behind the acropleuron. The left side is covered in glue, but the right side has dark spots below the horizontal anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FE30FCFCFD854AB7" box="[479,569,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 82" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1887,1910]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[226,1360,193,1867]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 82. M. (Merostenus) mexicanus n. sp., holotype ♀: 74, lateral habitus; 75, dorsal habitus; 76, head, frontal; 77, antenna [insert: fore wing]; 78, mesoscutum to propodeum (mesonotum flexed); 79, scutellar-axillar complex; 80, acropleuron; 81, gastral apex, lateral; 82, gastral apex, posterior. [mv = marginal vein, sbp = subanal plate, smv = submarginal vein]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556489/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
), which might indicate a setose ventral region, though this needs to be confirmed by additional specimens. In a female of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FD08FC16FCC14A93" box="[743,893,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FD08FC16FCC14A93" box="[743,893,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the metapleuron is slightly separated from the acropleuron, the anterior part is seen to form a concave ‘pocket’ into which the posterior margin of the acropleuron normally fits.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2278CF31FE24FC4FFDCD4ADB" author="Gibson" box="[459,625,980,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 149, 1 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 121149 fv" type="journal article" year="1989">Gibson (1989)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized that some sort of mesothoracic locking mechanism was necessary for the modified jumping structure of female eupelmines so that the acropleural (pl2-t2c) muscles can fully contract and stretch the resilin pad within each acropleuron prior to the stored energy being suddenly released to arch the mesonotum and pull up on the t2-tr2 muscles for jumping.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B2C2278CF31FC2FFBA4FBD84D6F" author="Gibson" box="[960,1124,1087,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 5, i - v + 1 - 421." type="journal article" year="1995">Gibson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
subsequently hypothesized that this locking mechanism was formed by the conjunction between the anterior margin of the metapleuron and the variably incised posterior margin of the acropleuron. Because of the variation exhibited in metapleural structure within just the few species of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FE1EFB36FDCE4DF3" box="[497,626,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FE1EFB36FDCE4DF3" box="[497,626,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Merostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
treated here, a revision of the genus is required to determine the most likely groundplan structure for the genus. However, based on
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FCA8FB4AFCE24DDF" box="[839,862,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FC9AFB54FC654DDF" box="[885,985,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Incohata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FC9AFB54FC654DDF" box="[885,985,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Incohata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) females, the groundplan structure most likely was similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FE3AFB6EFDC84C3A" box="[469,628,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Merostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistylus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FE3AFB6EFDC84C3A" box="[469,628,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">M. longistylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A582278CF31FD6BFB6FFD654C3A" box="[644,729,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 65" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1870,1893]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[226,1360,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 65. M. (Merostenus) longistylus n. sp. ♀: 56 &amp; 57, 2016 - 65: 56, dorsal habitus; 57, head, frontolateral. 58 &amp; 59, holotype: 58, lateral habitus; 59, antenna. 60 – 62, 2016 - 64: 60, pronotum and mesoscutum, dorsolateral; 61, scutellar-axillar complex to base of gaster plus wings; 62; mesosoma, lateral. 63, mesoscutum to base of gaster plus wings (2016 - 72). 64, apex of mesotibia and tarsus (2016 - 67). 65, gastral apex, dorsal (2016 - 66). [Gt 6 = sixth gastral tergite, sbp = subanal plate, spp = supra-anal plate]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556487/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
). Regardless, except for the four Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C684D5E2278CF31FB0CFB6EFAED4C3B" box="[1251,1361,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavatus">
<emphasis id="B91CEACF2278CF31FB0CFB6EFAED4C3B" box="[1251,1361,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">excavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species discussed above, the other treated species do not share multiple, congruent, putatively derived features that would strongly support sister-group relationships. Molecular methods should help resolve such relationships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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