treatments-xml/data/03/BD/68/03BD6841041DFFDFBD8BFAF62003F818.xml

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<mods:title id="9A934A8F6BDA8CCBCAFB4AAD125DC43D">On Psilorhynchus sucatio and P. nudithoracicus, with the description of a new species of Psilorhynchus from northeastern India (Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="51581008C1ECFEC25BBAA508DD258B3F">Ng, Heok Hee</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0E36E3B041DFFD4BD8BFAF626F8FAB9" bold="true" box="[151,716,1338,1364]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041DFFD4BD8BFAF626F8FAB9" ID-CoL="4PJJC" authority="Tilak &amp; Husain" authorityName="Tilak &amp; Husain" box="[151,716,1338,1364]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BD8BFAF62636FAB9" bold="true" box="[151,514,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
Tilak &amp; Husain
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<figureCitation id="132FC5D2041DFFD4BD8BFA91252FFA98" box="[151,283,1373,1397]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStart-3="FIGURE 18" captionStart-4="FIGURE 19" captionStart-5="FIGURE 20" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionStartId-3="26.[151,250,1960,1983]" captionStartId-4="27.[151,250,859,882]" captionStartId-5="27.[151,250,1329,1352]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetBox-3="[381,1201,195,1906]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1423,157,841]" captionTargetBox-5="[166,1420,991,1309]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId-3="figure@26.[381,1201,195,1907]" captionTargetId-4="figure@27.[151,1436,157,841]" captionTargetId-5="figure@27.[166,1420,991,1310]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionTargetPageId-3="26" captionTargetPageId-4="27" captionTargetPageId-5="27" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." captionText-3="FIGURE 18. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 244920, 48.6 mm SL; India: West Bengal, Panga River." captionText-4="FIGURE 19. Oromandibular structures of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 28815, 24.0 mm SL. A. Ventral surface of head, anterior to top. B. Close up of box in A, showing unculi on upper lip. C. Skin fold at right side of mouth. Abbreviations: LJ, lower jaw; LL, lower lip; Pap, globular papilla; RC, rostral cap; SF, skin fold; TB, tastebud; UL, upper lip." captionText-5="FIGURE 20. Live individual of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus. UMMZ 244913, ~ 40.0 mm SL; Bangladesh: Tista River at Jalpaiguri." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/302169/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/302173/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/302179/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Figs. 15–20</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041DFFD4BD8BFA69272BFA56" ID-CoL="4PJJC" authority="Tilak &amp; Husain, 1980: 35" authorityName="Tilak &amp; Husain" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,799,1445,1467]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sucatio" subSpecies="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BD8BFA692621FA56" box="[151,533,1445,1467]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A6041DFFD4BF07FA6926CFFA56" author="Tilak" box="[539,763,1445,1467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain, 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 35
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, figs. 1–3. 
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BD8BFA08254FFA37" box="[151,379,1476,1498]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Psilorhynchus gracilis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB5FF46041DFFD4BC9DFA0F2672FA34" author="Rainboth" box="[385,582,1475,1497]" page="69" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A6041DFFD4BC9DFA0F2614FA34" author="Rainboth" box="[385,544,1475,1497]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 69
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, figs. 2–3.
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BD8BF9CA25B7F9F2" bold="true" box="[151,387,1542,1567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Material examined:</emphasis>
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, including 
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and 32 
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<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041DFFD4BEEEF9C42057F9F3" box="[1010,1123,1542,1567]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BEEEF9C42057F9F3" box="[1010,1123,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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. 
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4B96FF9CA20E0F9F2" bold="true" box="[1139,1236,1542,1567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Ganges:</emphasis>
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43097, 5 (1 c&amp;s) 
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BC95F9E725CEF9AF" box="[393,506,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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, 20.0– 
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; 
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4B959F9E7208CF9AF" box="[1093,1208,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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, 
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94285, 5 
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of 
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<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BCF4F983266DF98B" box="[488,601,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
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, 5, 
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; 
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: Dinajpur, Mahananda River at Tetulia, in close vicinity of the Dak Bungalow, 
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. KU 29143, 11 (3 c&amp;s), 
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: Jhapa, Mechi River at Bhadrapur, 
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. KU 29461, 1, 35.0 mm 
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; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4B9F4F959211BF940" box="[1256,1327,1685,1709]" name="Nepal" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nepal</collectingCountry>
: Bardiya, Babai River at Chapang, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BCA1F9752661F93C" box="[445,597,1721,1745]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="28.356695">28°21'24.1&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BF7CF97526CDF93C" box="[608,761,1721,1745]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="81.7133">81°42'47.9&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. KU 29505, 1, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4BEB3F9752022F93C" box="[943,1046,1721,1745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="32.5">32.5 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4B93CF9752070F93C" box="[1056,1092,1721,1745]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4B94EF97520ADF93C" box="[1106,1177,1721,1745]" name="Nepal" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nepal</collectingCountry>
: Nawalparasi, Tribeni, Narayani River, just downstream from Tribeni Barrage, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BE0DF911279EF918" box="[785,938,1757,1781]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="27.443304">27°26'35.9&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BEAEF911207FF918" box="[946,1099,1757,1781]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="83.905">83°54'18.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. KU 28815, 7, 23.2–27.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BD8BF8CC248FF8F5" box="[151,187,1792,1816]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4BDD4F8CC253BF8F5" box="[200,271,1792,1816]" name="Nepal" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nepal</collectingCountry>
: Banke, Bhurigaon, Rapti River at Madhuwaa/Kanchanpur, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BED8F8CC207BF8F5" box="[964,1103,1792,1816]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="28.070002">28°4'12.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4B944F8CC20C5F8F5" box="[1112,1265,1792,1816]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="81.846695">81°50'48.1&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. KU 40285, 4, 15.2–38.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BC5FF8E82553F8D1" box="[323,359,1828,1852]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4BC68F8E8258FF8D1" box="[372,443,1828,1852]" name="Nepal" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nepal</collectingCountry>
: Jhapa, Kankai River at Raj–Marg highway, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BEA6F8E82067F8D1" box="[954,1107,1828,1852]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="26.658306">26°39'29.9&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4B947F8E820C1F8D1" box="[1115,1269,1828,1852]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="87.87">87°52'12.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. KU 40662, 3, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4BD8BF8842506F88D" box="[151,306,1864,1888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.575" metricValueMax="4.6899999999999995" metricValueMin="4.46" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="45.75" valueMax="46.9" valueMin="44.6">44.6–46.9mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BC20F8842555F88D" box="[316,353,1864,1888]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4BC71F8842581F88D" box="[365,437,1864,1888]" name="Nepal" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Nepal</collectingCountry>
: Narayani, Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River, Chitwan National Park, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4B81FF88421A8F88D" box="[1283,1436,1864,1888]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="27.572418">27°34'20.7&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BD8BF8A02504F869" box="[151,304,1900,1924]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="84.49638">84°29'47.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BC5EF8A125ADF869" box="[322,409,1901,1924]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205351, 15, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4BF5DF8A026DFF869" box="[577,747,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.465" metricValueMax="4.17" metricValueMin="2.76" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="34.65" valueMax="41.7" valueMin="27.6">27.6–41.7 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BFE4F8A02728F869" box="[760,796,1900,1924]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4BE33F8A02782F869" box="[815,950,1900,1924]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: Dinajpur, Keratoya River at Bhajanpur, downstream from Indian border, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BF0FF85C26AAF845" box="[531,670,1936,1960]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="26.466667">26°28'0.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4BFB4F85C2775F845" box="[680,833,1936,1960]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="88.48334">88°28'60.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BE52F85C27C8F845" bold="true" box="[846,1020,1936,1960]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Brahmaputra:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4B91AF85D2072F845" box="[1030,1094,1937,1960]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4m0z-xq14" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History - Zoological Collections" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">NRM</collectionCode>
46908, 3, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4B9D8F85C215EF845" box="[1220,1386,1936,1960]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.585" metricValueMax="4.56" metricValueMin="2.61" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="35.85" valueMax="45.6" valueMin="26.1">26.1–45.6 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4B868F85C21ACF845" box="[1396,1432,1936,1960]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041DFFD4BD8BF87F24E1F826" box="[151,213,1971,1995]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">India</collectingCountry>
: Assam, Sessa River close to Patiola Village, about 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4BE2DF87F274FF826" box="[817,891,1971,1995]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
SW of Dibrugarh, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4B941F87F20C1F826" box="[1117,1269,1971,1995]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="27.313055">27°18'47.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041DFFD4B9E3F87F21ACF826" box="[1279,1432,1971,1995]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="94.829445">94°49'46.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BD8BF81424DAF802" box="[151,238,2008,2031]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205342, 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F5041DFFD4BC4BF81B258DF802" box="[343,441,2007,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041DFFD4BCC2F814267BF802" box="[478,591,2007,2031]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4BCC2F814267BF802" box="[478,591,2007,2031]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041DFFD4BF41F81B26F5F802" box="[605,705,2007,2031]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="50.5">50.5 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BFDBF81B26DFF802" box="[711,747,2007,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041DFFD4BFEBF814277AF802" box="[759,846,2008,2031]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205343, 26 (10 examined), 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F5041DFFD4B997F81420C2F81D" box="[1163,1270,2008,2032]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041DFFD4B807F81421B8F802" box="[1307,1420,2007,2031]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041DFFD4B807F81421B8F802" box="[1307,1420,2007,2031]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BD8BFAD4250AFADD" box="[151,318,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.965" metricValueMax="4.99" metricValueMin="2.94" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="mm" value="39.65" valueMax="49.9" valueMin="29.4">29.4–49.9 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BC56FAD4255AFADD" box="[330,366,1304,1328]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BC62FAD42631FADD" box="[382,517,1304,1328]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: Rangpur, Jabuneswari River, downstream from Badarganj Ghat, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5B810FAD421A8FADD" box="[1292,1436,1304,1328]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="25.7">25°42’0.0”N</geoCoordinate>
89°5’ 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5BDCDFAF02539FAB9" box="[209,269,1340,1364]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="5555" value="0.0">0.0E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BC04FAF1255BFAB9" box="[280,367,1341,1364]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205345, 5 (3 c&amp;s) 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F5041CFFD5BF52FAF1268DFAB8" box="[590,697,1341,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BFFCFAF22765FAB8" box="[736,849,1341,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BFFCFAF22765FAB8" box="[736,849,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 34.5–40.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5B910FAF02004FAB9" box="[1036,1072,1340,1364]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5B921FAF020F0FAB9" box="[1085,1220,1340,1364]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: Rangpur, Ghaghat River, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BDF8FAAC2500FA95" box="[228,308,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="km" value="6.5">6.5 km</quantity>
E of Rangpur on Badargani Road, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5BFD1FAAC276CFA95" box="[717,856,1376,1400]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="25.75">25°45'0.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5BE7DFAAC27CEFA95" box="[865,1018,1376,1400]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="89.48334">89°28'60.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5B91BFAAD206AFA95" box="[1031,1118,1377,1400]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205340, 18, 10.4–19.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BD8BFA48248FFA71" box="[151,187,1412,1436]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BDDBFA48257AFA71" box="[199,334,1412,1436]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: Rangpur, Dharla River at Kurigram, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BFEAFA482709FA71" box="[758,829,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
upstream from ferry ghat, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5B971FA482132FA71" box="[1133,1286,1412,1436]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="25.8">25°47'60.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5B811FA4821ACFA71" box="[1293,1432,1412,1436]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="89.666664">89°40'0.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BD8BFA6524DAFA2D" box="[151,238,1449,1472]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">UMMZ</collectionCode>
244920, 2, 49.0–50.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BF07FA6B260BFA52" box="[539,575,1447,1471]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BF56FA6B26BCFA52" box="[586,648,1447,1471]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">India</collectingCountry>
: West Bengal, Panga River at Krishibagan, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5B972FA6B2133FA52" box="[1134,1287,1447,1471]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="26.472778">26°28'22.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5B811FA6B21ACFA52" box="[1293,1432,1447,1471]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="88.70222">88°42'8.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
. 
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BD8BFA002536FA09" bold="true" box="[151,258,1484,1508]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Meghna:</emphasis>
UF 
<date id="FFAAFF97041CFFD5BC23FA0725A1FA0E" box="[319,405,1483,1507]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" value="15-01-18">180115</date>
, 5, 20.0–40.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BF60FA072694FA0E" box="[636,672,1483,1507]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BFADFA07270CFA0E" box="[689,824,1483,1507]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: Dhaka. 
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BEB9FA0727CDFA09" bold="true" box="[933,1017,1483,1508]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Sangu:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5B919FA002068FA0E" box="[1029,1116,1484,1507]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">UMMZ</collectionCode>
205337, 2 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F5041CFFD5B9F7FA002162FA09" box="[1259,1366,1484,1508]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5B89BFA0024D8F9EA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5B89BFA0024D8F9EA" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BDE6FA2325A8F9EA" box="[250,412,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" metricValueMax="2.9699999999999998" metricValueMin="2.57" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="mm" value="27.7" valueMax="29.7" valueMin="25.7">25.7–29.7 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="ED054192041CFFD5BCBEFA2325F2F9EA" box="[418,454,1519,1543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BCCDFA23266CF9EA" box="[465,600,1519,1543]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BF7FFA2326D6F9EA" box="[611,738,1519,1543]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C7041CFFD5BFF0FA23275CF9EA" box="[748,872,1519,1543]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
Hill Tracts, Sangu River and small tributary creek ca. 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BDA2F9DF24C3F9C6" box="[190,247,1555,1579]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
upstream from Bandarban, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5BF2CF9DF268EF9C6" box="[560,698,1555,1579]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="22.216667">22°13'0.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE20BF90041CFFD5BFDEF9DF276EF9C6" box="[706,858,1555,1579]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" precision="1" value="92.200005">92°11'60.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6B89DF041CFFD5BD8BFB7B256AFB01" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" targetBox="[156,1436,191,1188]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BABD957041CFFD5BD8BFB7B256AFB01" blockId="23.[151,1436,1207,1260]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BD8BFB7B2514FB21" bold="true" box="[151,288,1207,1230]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BC34FB7B266CFB20" box="[296,600,1207,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BC34FB7B266CFB20" box="[296,600,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, UMMZ 205342, holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BE8FFB7427CAFB20" box="[915,1022,1207,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BE8FFB7427CAFB20" box="[915,1022,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC041CFFDABDDBF9FA21A9F98E" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BABD957041CFFDABDDBF9FA21A9F98E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1304,2008]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,1540,2029]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BDDBF9FA2575F9A2" bold="true" box="[199,321,1590,1615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BC57F9FA26A9F9A3" box="[331,669,1590,1614]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BC57F9FA26A9F9A3" box="[331,669,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from all congeners by its large and flap-like skin folds at the lateral corner of the mouth, which extend further posteriorly than the lower jaw cushion and are covered in large “head of cauliflower” papillae (vs. skin folds not reaching past posteriormost part of lower jaw cushion, non-papilliated or with small dome-like papillae). It is further distinguished from members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5B89BF96F250BF933" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5B89BF96F250BF933" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group by the following combination of characters: two dorsal saddles anterior to dorsal saddle positioned at dorsal-fin origin (vs. one); L+2 row present, composed of 5–10 obvious dark brown blotches (vs. L+2 composed of few indistinct blotches in 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BFDDF8C22708F8C8" box="[705,828,1805,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BFDDF8C22708F8C8" box="[705,828,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BEA7F8C22018F8C8" box="[955,1068,1805,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melissa">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BEA7F8C22018F8C8" box="[955,1068,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. melissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5B979F8C220FFF8C8" box="[1125,1227,1806,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenura">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5B979F8C220FFF8C8" box="[1125,1227,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. tenura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); most commonly 17+17 vertebrae (vs. 18+ 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BCAAF8FC25C4F8A5" box="[438,496,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="in" value="16.0">16 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BCE5F8FE265EF8A4" box="[505,618,1841,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melissa">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BCE5F8FE265EF8A4" box="[505,618,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. melissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BFB8F8FE271DF8A4" box="[676,809,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BFB8F8FE2716F8A4" box="[676,802,1841,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">P. robustus</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
18+ 
<quantity id="4CEC74B2041CFFD5BE42F8FC27ADF8A5" box="[862,921,1840,1864]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BEBDF8FE2037F8A4" box="[929,1027,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. t e n u r a</emphasis>
). It is further distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5B89BF8FE24DFF880" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melissa">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5B89BF8FE24DFF880" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. melissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having irregular dark brown or black markings on the dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin marked with a dark brown or black band along distal edge), from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D4041CFFD5BF8AF8B52724F87D" box="[662,784,1912,1936]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9600545041CFFD5BF8AF8B52724F87D" box="[662,784,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having dorsal saddles posterior to the dorsal fin poorly developed (vs. dorsal saddles posterior to the dorsal fin well-developed), and by having the anteriormost lateral blotch equal in size or smaller than more posterior blotches (vs. anteriormost lateral blotch larger than more posterior blotches), and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40413FFDABC62F9C925D1F9F1" box="[382,485,1541,1564]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenura">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABC62F9C925D1F9F1" box="[382,485,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">P. tenura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a lower number of principal caudal-fin rays (9–10+9 vs. 9+8), a shorter caudal peduncle (caudal peduncle length 9–13% SL vs. 14–16% SL), the presence (vs. absence) of a short mandibular canal along the anguloarticular, and the presence (vs. absence) of L rows above and below the lateral line scale row.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0413FFDABD8BFC2020BDFBEF" box="[151,1161,1004,1027]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" targetBox="[151,1436,189,979]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570413FFDABD8BFC2020BDFBEF" blockId="24.[151,1161,1004,1027]" box="[151,1161,1004,1027]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABD8BFC20252BFBEC" bold="true" box="[151,287,1004,1027]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40413FFDABC39FC202661FBEF" box="[293,597,1004,1026]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABC39FC202661FBEF" box="[293,597,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0413FFDABD8BFA6E2639FA3A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" targetBox="[151,1436,1078,1418]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570413FFDABD8BFA6E2639FA3A" blockId="24.[151,1436,1442,1495]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABD8BFA6E2515FA55" bold="true" box="[151,289,1442,1465]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40413FFDABC35FA6F266DFA54" box="[297,601,1443,1465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABC35FA6F266DFA54" box="[297,601,1443,1465]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC0413FFDEBDDBF9A324F7FD1F" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570413FFDABDDBF9A3259BF8FB" blockId="24.[151,1437,1540,2029]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B96005450413FFDABDDBF9A3256DF965" bold="true" box="[199,345,1647,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Description.</emphasis>
General body shape as in 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20413FFDABF8AF9A3270AF96A" box="[662,830,1647,1671]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Figures 15–17</figureCitation>
. Morphometric data are listed in Table 1 and select meristic characters in Tables 2 and 3. Body elongate, dorsal profile arched, rising moderately to dorsal-fin origin, sloping gently towards caudal peduncle. Body depth greatest at dorsal-fin origin, narrowest at base of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile moderately straight from lower jaw to anal-fin origin, weakly concave from anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570413FFDBBDDBF8EE24C2FE47" blockId="24.[151,1437,1540,2029]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
Head and eye large, pupil round. Mouth inferior. Snout moderate, less than half of head length. Snout rounded anteriorly, its ventral surface bordered by a deep longitudinal groove on each side. Rostral cap and upper lip fused, separated by a shallow groove; posterolateralmost part of rostral cap continuous around corner of mouth, contacting with skin fold at posterolateral corner of mouth; posterior margin of rostral cap covered in low, cobblelike papillae (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20413FFDABC2DF87D25B0F824" box="[305,388,1969,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="27.[151,250,859,882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,157,841]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,157,841]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 19. Oromandibular structures of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 28815, 24.0 mm SL. A. Ventral surface of head, anterior to top. B. Close up of box in A, showing unculi on upper lip. C. Skin fold at right side of mouth. Abbreviations: LJ, lower jaw; LL, lower lip; Pap, globular papilla; RC, rostral cap; SF, skin fold; TB, tastebud; UL, upper lip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302173/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Lower lip portion of lower-jaw cushion broadly rectangular, anterior edge weakly rounded; superficial layer of lower-jaw cushion covered in large, pillar-like globular papillae, separated by deep grooves; smaller globular papillae, continuous with large pillar-like globular papillae on superficial layer of lower-jaw cushion, present on skin surface along ventral midline posterior to lower-jaw cushion, becoming increasingly sparse towards isthmus. Upper lip covered with low triangular unculi, ranging in height from ~5–15 μm; lower jaw unculi not examined. Skin fold around posterolateral corner of mouth large and flap-like, continuous anteriorly with posterolateralmost part of upper lip and rostral cap; outer edge of skin fold heavily papilliated with large cauliflower-like papillae; unculi and tubercles absent from surface of skin fold (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20412FFDBB93DFE862041FE8F" box="[1057,1141,330,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="27.[151,250,859,882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,157,841]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,157,841]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 19. Oromandibular structures of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 28815, 24.0 mm SL. A. Ventral surface of head, anterior to top. B. Close up of box in A, showing unculi on upper lip. C. Skin fold at right side of mouth. Abbreviations: LJ, lower jaw; LL, lower lip; Pap, globular papilla; RC, rostral cap; SF, skin fold; TB, tastebud; UL, upper lip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302173/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Posterior edge of rostral cap, lower lip, skin fold, and globular papillae all densely covered with tastebuds. Gill membranes joined to isthmus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBFE7A26AEFCE2" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Pre-epiphyseal and post-epiphyseal fontanelle long and rectangular, separated by a narrow strut of frontal, dorsal to the epiphyseal bar. Five infraorbitals (IO1–5). IO1–3 plate like, IO1 largest of the series. IO4–5 narrow tube-like bones, composed of sensory canal ossification only. Cephalic sensory system well developed. Openings in anguloarticular portion of preopercular mandibular canal 2. Openings in preopercular portion of preopercularmandibular canal 6. Openings in nasal portion of supraorbital canal 2 or 3. Parietal portion of supraorbital canal open. Openings in parietal portion of temporal canal 2. Fifth ceratobranchial with a single row of four needle-like teeth. Hyoid bar with three branchiostegal rays of similar length and shape. Basihyal short, spatula shaped. Anterior swimbladder chamber surrounded by a thick peritoneal tunic, partially enclosed in a bony capsule formed anteriorly by lateral process of 2nd vertebral centrum and laterally by outer arm of os suspensorium. Posterior swimbladder chamber greatly reduced in size.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBFCD72040FB9A" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
Dorsal-fin rays 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBC60FCD7259CFCDE" box="[380,424,795,819]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">iii.9</date>
(49) or 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBF17FCD72672FCDE" box="[523,582,795,819]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2010-03">iii.10</date>
(2). Anal-fin rays 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBE3DFCD72771FCDE" box="[801,837,795,819]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">ii.6</date>
(44). Principal caudal-fin rays 9+9 (1), 10+8 (1) or 10+9 (39), dorsal procurrent rays 6 (2), 7 (3) or 8 (2), ventral procurrent rays 4 (1), 5 (4) or 6 (2). Pectoral fin rays 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBD8BFCAF24E4FC96" box="[151,208,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2010-04">iv.10</date>
(6), 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBC11FCAF2572FC96" box="[269,326,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2011-04">iv.11</date>
(11), 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBC8EFCAF25FFFC96" box="[402,459,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2012-04">iv.12</date>
(4), 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBF14FCAF260EFC96" box="[520,570,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2010-05">v.10</date>
(6), 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBF6BFCAF269CFC96" box="[631,680,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2011-05">v.11</date>
(16) or 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBBE13FCAF2775FC96" box="[783,833,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="2012-05">v.12</date>
(3), pelvic fin rays 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBB92DFCAF2062FC96" box="[1073,1110,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">ii.7</date>
(48) or 
<date id="FFAAFF970412FFDBB9A1FCAF20D6FC96" box="[1213,1250,867,891]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">ii.8</date>
(1). Paired fins horizontally placed, pectoral fins larger than pelvic fins. Pectoral fin not reaching vertical through dorsal-fin origin, reaching two to four scale rows anterior to pelvic-fin origin when adpressed. Pelvic-fin origin posterior to dorsalfin origin, insertion opposite second or third branched dorsal-fin ray. Well-developed unculiferous paired-fin pads present along ventral surface of four–five anteriormost pectoral-fin rays and two anteriormost pelvic-fin rays. Dorsal fin high, triangular in shape with weakly pointed tip; posterior margin weakly concave. Anal fin small, triangular in shape with weakly pointed tip; posterior margin weakly concave; not reaching caudal-fin base when adpressed. Caudal fin moderately forked, tips of upper and lower lobes weakly rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBFB4F2069FAC6" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Scales cycloid, large, with 6–8 well-developed radii over posterior field of scale body. 32 (6), 33 (26) or 34 (7) scales along lateral line, plus 1 (10) or 2 (22) on base of caudal fin. 3.5/1/2 transverse scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin, 10 around caudal peduncle, 10 (16), 11 (27) or 12 (1) predorsal scales, 8 (1), 9 (33), or 10 (10) scales between anus and anal-fin origin. Ventral surface between paired fins without scales. Total number of vertebrae 34, consisting of 17+17 (6) or 18+16 (1) abdominal and caudal vertebrae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBFAFB265BF982" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Small conical tubercles with hard keratinized tip distributed over lateral, dorsal and ventral surfaces of head, including snout and anteroventral region of rostral cap. Tubercles present on posteroventral region of rostral cap dagger-like, larger than those on other surfaces of head. Head tuberculation more strongly developed in males. Tight elongate cluster of tubercles present on lateral surface of head below orbit in males only. Scales situated posterior to occiput along dorsal midline and dorsolateral body surface with three or four small elongate tubercles, forming small keels orientated along antero-posterior body axis, in males only. Anteriormost rays of pectoral fin with small conical tubercles, multiple rows thick, present along dorsal surface; tubercles largest along anteriormost ray, gradually decreasing in size on more posterior rays. Remaining fins without tubercles in males. All females examined lack tubercles on body and fins.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBF9B62153F8AA" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="B96005450412FFDBBDDBF9B6257BF97E" bold="true" box="[199,335,1658,1683]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Coloration.</emphasis>
In alcohol body background color light cream (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20412FFDBBE6DF9B727C4F97E" box="[881,1008,1659,1683]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Fig. 15–17</figureCitation>
). Occiput dark brown. Dorsal surface between occiput and dorsal fin with three indistinct dark brown saddles, first situated anterior to midpoint between occiput and dorsal-fin origin, second situated at midpoint between first and third, third situated at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal saddles posterior to dorsal-fin origin indistinct, numbering four or five; position variable except for first, situated below middle of dorsal fin, and last, situated at base of caudal fin. Dorsal saddles without contact to lateral blotches or lateral stripe, extending ventrally one (first four) or two (last four or five) scale rows on body side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570412FFDBBDDBF89F21A9F83A" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Flank with 7 to 10 (typically 8) dark brown lateral blotches arranged in a longitudinal row. Size and position of lateral blotches along flank highly variable, excluding first, situated posterodorsal to opercular opening, and last, situated at caudal-fin base. Lateral stripe poorly developed. Scales situated over dorsal surface of body bordered posteriorly with dark brown pigment, forming distinct reticulate pattern over dorsal surface, strongest anterodorsally.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0411FFD8BD8BF86420DAF853" box="[151,1262,1960,1983]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302169/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" targetBox="[381,1201,195,1906]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570411FFD8BD8BF86420DAF853" blockId="26.[151,1262,1960,1983]" box="[151,1262,1960,1983]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">
<emphasis id="B96005450411FFD8BD8BF864252BF850" bold="true" box="[151,287,1960,1983]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40411FFD8BC39F8642661F853" box="[293,597,1960,1982]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450411FFD8BC39F8642661F853" box="[293,597,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, UMMZ 244920, 48.6 mm SL; India: West Bengal, Panga River.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0410FFD9BD8BFC9720E5FC43" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302173/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" targetBox="[151,1423,157,841]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570410FFD9BD8BFC9720E5FC43" blockId="27.[151,1436,859,942]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BD8BFC97252BFC9D" bold="true" box="[151,287,859,882]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
Oromandibular structures of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9BF57FC97274FFC9C" box="[587,891,859,881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BF57FC97274FFC9C" box="[587,891,859,881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, KU 28815, 24.0 mm SL. A. Ventral surface of head, anterior to top. B. Close up of box in A, showing unculi on upper lip. C. Skin fold at right side of mouth. Abbreviations: LJ, lower jaw; LL, lower lip; Pap, globular papilla; RC, rostral cap; SF, skin fold; TB, tastebud; UL, upper lip.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0410FFD9BD8BFAFD2536FA8A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302179/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" targetBox="[166,1420,991,1309]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570410FFD9BD8BFAFD2536FA8A" blockId="27.[151,1436,1329,1383]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BD8BFAFD2516FAAA" bold="true" box="[151,290,1329,1352]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
Live individual of 
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BCEDFAFE271EFAA5" box="[497,810,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9BCEDFAFE2712FAA5" box="[497,806,1330,1352]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
UMMZ 244913, ~40.0 mm SL; Bangladesh: Tista River at Jalpaiguri.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6B89DF0410FFD9BD8BF86D26D4F819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302181/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" targetBox="[190,1388,1438,1924]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570410FFD9BD8BF86D26D4F819" blockId="27.[151,1437,1953,2036]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BD8BF86D2515F85B" bold="true" box="[151,289,1953,1976]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9BCD4F86D26CDF85A" box="[456,761,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BCD4F86D26CDF85A" box="[456,761,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9BE30F86E279FF85A" box="[812,939,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BE30F86E279FF85A" box="[812,939,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">P. hamiltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Grey symbols indicate localities obtained from the literature. Open grey and open black triangle represent the type localities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9BEDCF80D2040F83B" box="[960,1140,1984,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9BEDCF80D2040F83B" box="[960,1140,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B96005450410FFD9B9B9F80D2121F83B" box="[1189,1301,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40410FFD9B9B9F80D2125F83B" box="[1189,1297,1984,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">P. gracilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
respectively. Symbols may represent more than one collection locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDEBD8BFF5B2141FE41" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
Scales in lateral line scale row (L1) with dark blotch posteriorly, punctuated centrally by unpigmented lateral line canal (giving appearance of double dash line along lateral line scale row). L+1, L+2 and L-1 rows present in individuals over 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20417FFDEBC4BFF1325ABFF1A" box="[343,415,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
SL, length of rows increasing substantially with size. In large adult specimens (&gt; 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20417FFDEB856FF1321A8FF1A" box="[1354,1436,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
SL), L+1 row may extend along entire lateral side of body; L+2 shorter than L+1, restricted to middle of body, composed of 5–10 blotches; L-1 row intermediate in length between L+1 and L+2, rarely extending posterior to anal-fin origin. Unscaled base of pectoral fin and scales adjacent to pelvic-fin origin peppered with small dark brown melanophores, forming indistinct pectoral-base and pre-pelvic spots, respectively. Lateral surface of snout, region rimming ventral margin of orbit and skin over opercle densely scattered with dark brown melanophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDEBDDBFE7B24F7FD1F" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
Ventral surface largely devoid of pigment except for melanophores along anterior edge of rostral cap, small patch of brown melanophores situated beneath scales at anal-fin origin and a short line of melanophores posterior to anus, running along ventral midline from anus to 5th scale in scale row running between anus and anal-fin origin. Dorsal surface of anterior pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays marked with small melanophores, number and intensity increasing substantially with size. Dorsal fin with irregular apical dark brown blotch, formed by melanophores centered around fork of first branched ray. Anal fin hyaline. Caudal fin pigmentation highly variable. Majority of specimens with dark brown blotch over base of central caudal-fin rays and two dark brown marking on upper and lower lobes. In several specimens markings along lower lobe and blotch at base of caudal fin are confluent (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEB872FD7B2482FD1F" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC0417FFDEBDDBFD322160FC27" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDEBDDBFD322160FC27" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBDDBFD322634FCFA" bold="true" box="[199,512,766,791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBF13FD332752FCFA" box="[527,870,767,791]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBF13FD332752FCFA" box="[527,870,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Ganges River drainage in 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBD8BFCEE2528FCD7" box="[151,284,802,826]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBC3BFCEE2555FCD7" box="[295,353,802,826]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
(West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh) and 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBE12FCEE2760FCD7" box="[782,852,802,826]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, the Brahmaputra River drainage in 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEB9F6FCEE2159FCD7" box="[1258,1389,802,826]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBD8BFC8B24E5FCB2" box="[151,209,839,863]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
(Assam and West Bengal), and the Meghna and Sungu River drainages in 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEB93BFC8B209EFCB2" box="[1063,1194,839,863]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEB9FFFC8B2129FCB2" box="[1251,1309,839,863]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB830FC8B24E6FC6F" author="Rainboth" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBDFDFCA625BFFC6F" author="Rahman" box="[225,395,874,898]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rahman, A. K. A. (2005). Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh. Second Edition. Zoological Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, xviii + 394 pp." type="book" year="2005">Rahman, 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBC86FCA62659FC6F" author="Edds" box="[410,621,874,899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Edds, D. R. &amp; Ng, H. H. (2007) Additions to the ichthyofauna of Nepal, with a redescription of Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18, 125 - 132." type="journal article" year="2007">Edds &amp; Ng, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEBF67FCA626E5FC6F" box="[635,721,874,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[190,1388,1438,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,1419,1939]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 21. Distribution of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus and P. hamiltoni. Grey symbols indicate localities obtained from the literature. Open grey and open black triangle represent the type localities of P. nudithoracicus and P. gracilis, respectively. Symbols may represent more than one collection locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302181/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBFF4FCA627C6FC6F" author="Tilak" box="[744,1010,874,898]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain (1980)</bibRefCitation>
describe the 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F50417FFDEB98DFCA720F5FC6E" box="[1169,1217,875,899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">type</typeStatus>
locality (Bamrauli Canal; Pilibhit District, Uttar Pradesh) as a slow moving stream with a sandy bed. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB99FFC432175FC4A" author="Rainboth" box="[1155,1345,911,935]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth (1983)</bibRefCitation>
reports collecting 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBC10FC7825E4FC26" box="[268,464,947,971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBC10FC7825E4FC26" box="[268,464,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
over small pebbles, in shallow running water, over a “primarily sand” substrate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC0417FFDEBDDBFC1B20ECF952" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDEBDDBFC1B2598FB2A" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBDDBFC1B250FFC02" bold="true" box="[199,315,983,1007]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species has been exclusively referred to as 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBE80FC1420E2FC02" authority="Rainboth, 1983" authorityName="Rainboth" authorityYear="1983" box="[924,1238,983,1007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBE80FC142027FC02" box="[924,1043,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB93EFC1B20E2FC02" author="Rainboth" box="[1058,1238,983,1007]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB837FC1B257FFBFF" author="Talwar" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Talwar, P. K. &amp; Jhingran, A. G. (1991) Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2 vols., xvii + 1158 pp." type="book" year="1991">Talwar &amp; Jhingram, 1991</bibRefCitation>
; Menon, 1999; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBF19FC362700FBFF" author="Conway" box="[517,820,1018,1042]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Conway, K. W. &amp; Kottelat, M. (2007) A new species of Psilorhynchus (Teleostei: Psilorhynchidae) from the Ataran River drainage, Myanmar, with comments on the generic name Psilorhynchoides. Zootaxa, 1663, 47 - 57." type="journal article" year="2007">Conway &amp; Kottelat, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBE5EFC362027FBFF" author="Edds" box="[834,1043,1018,1043]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Edds, D. R. &amp; Ng, H. H. (2007) Additions to the ichthyofauna of Nepal, with a redescription of Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18, 125 - 132." type="journal article" year="2007">Edds &amp; Ng, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; Conway, 2011). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB9FCFC3621A8FBFF" author="Rainboth" box="[1248,1436,1018,1042]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth (1983)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBC15FBEC254EFBDA" box="[265,378,1055,1079]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBC15FBEC254EFBDA" box="[265,378,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens obtained from 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBE17FBD327A5FBDA" box="[779,913,1055,1079]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, making explicit comparisons with 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB803FBEC21A1FBDA" box="[1311,1429,1055,1079]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB803FBEC21A1FBDA" box="[1311,1429,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBD8BFB88263BFBB6" box="[151,527,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBD8BFB882571FBB6" box="[151,325,1091,1115]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="homaloptera">P. homaloptera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBC4DFB88263BFBB6" box="[337,527,1091,1115]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudecheneis">P. pseudecheneis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBF5AFB882680FBB6" box="[582,692,1092,1115]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucatio">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBF5AFB882680FBB6" box="[582,692,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. sucatio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e., the four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBED1FB8F2059FBB6" box="[973,1133,1091,1115]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBED1FB8F2059FBB6" box="[973,1133,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Psilorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recognized as valid at that time). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBDFEFBAB25A8FB92" author="Rainboth" box="[226,412,1127,1151]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth (1983)</bibRefCitation>
also commented on other nominal forms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBEBCFBAB2074FB92" box="[928,1088,1127,1151]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBEBCFBAB2074FB92" box="[928,1088,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Psilorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB9DFFBA42539FB4E" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
P. s. d a m o d a r a i, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB89BFBA42539FB4E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">P. variegatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBC5EFB4025FCFB4E" box="[322,456,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. h. ro w l e yi</emphasis>
, but made no mention of 
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBFFBFB4027FDFB4E" box="[743,969,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBFFBFB4027F1FB4E" box="[743,965,1163,1187]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sucatio" subSpecies="nudithoracicus">P. s. nudithoracicus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
suggesting that he was not aware of Tilak &amp; Husain’s earlier work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDEBDDBFB1E20ECF952" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
Though we have not had the opportunity to examine the 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F50417FFDEBE98FB1F2780FB06" box="[900,948,1235,1259]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB94CFB18210DFB06" box="[1104,1337,1235,1259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sucatio" subSpecies="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB94CFB18210DFB06" box="[1104,1337,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. s. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, critical examination of Tilak &amp; Husain’s (1980) description, combined with observations we have made on numerous specimens referred to as 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBCADFAD02617FADE" box="[433,547,1307,1331]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBCADFAD02617FADE" box="[433,547,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBF76FAD62684FADF" box="[618,688,1306,1330]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBFA0FAD626C1FADF" box="[700,757,1306,1330]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBE32FAD62785FADF" box="[814,945,1306,1330]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(including 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F50417FFDEB92FFAD72057FADE" box="[1075,1123,1307,1331]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">type</typeStatus>
material), failed to identify any differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBCACFA8C2616FABA" box="[432,546,1343,1367]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBCACFA8C2616FABA" box="[432,546,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBF47FA8C270EFABA" box="[603,826,1343,1367]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sucatio" subSpecies="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBF47FA8C270EFABA" box="[603,826,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. s. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Specifically, the characters listed as diagnostic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB89BFA8C24D9FA96" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB89BFA8C24D9FA96" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBC07FAAE25E2FA97" author="Rainboth" box="[283,470,1378,1402]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth (1983)</bibRefCitation>
do not suffice to distinguish this species from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBEEAFAA82088FA96" box="[1014,1212,1379,1403]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBEEAFAA82088FA96" box="[1014,1212,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both species have overlapping lateral line scale counts (34–36 listed by Tilak &amp; Husain for 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB905FA442136FA72" box="[1049,1282,1415,1439]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sucatio" subSpecies="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB905FA442136FA72" box="[1049,1282,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. s. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[presumably including those scales on base of caudal fin] vs. 33–36 [35–37 including scales on base of caudal fin] listed by Rainboth for 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBC27FA1C2580FA0A" box="[315,436,1487,1511]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBC27FA1C2580FA0A" box="[315,436,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and identical numbers of unbranched pectoral-fin rays (4–5), lack scales on the midventral region between paired fins (see 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEBF65FA3E268EF9E7" box="[633,698,1522,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1055,1078]" captionTargetBox="[253,1329,191,1023]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1357,183,1031]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schematic representation of the cephalic sensory system of Psilorhynchus. Only canal bearing bones are illustrated (with exception of supraorbital). See text for explanation. Abbreviations: Ang, anguloarticular; Fr, frontal; IO 1 - 5, infraorbital 1 - 5; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pop, preopercle; Pter, pterotic; So, supraorbital; Soc, supraoccipital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284177/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20417FFDEBFB0FA3E268EF9E7" box="[684,698,1522,1546]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" unit="in" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBFC1FA3E27E6F9E7" author="Tilak" box="[733,978,1522,1546]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEBEC1FA3E201AF9E7" box="[989,1070,1522,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1792,1815]" captionTargetBox="[260,1333,183,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[254,1337,175,1776]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ventral surface between paired fins of Psilorhynchus sucatio and members of the P. balitora, P. homaloptera and P. nudithoracicus species groups. A. Psilorhynchus sucatio, KU 40664, 64.4 mm SL. B. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205351, 45.1 mm SL. C. Psilorhynchus melissa, UMMZ 248829, holotype, 47.6 mm SL. D. Psilorhynchus robustus, CMK 17491, paratype, 49.3 mm SL. E. Psilorhynchus balitora, KU 40443, 41.9 mm SL. F. Psilorhynchus breviminor, ZRC 43452, paratype, 39.0 mm SL. G. Psilorhynchus brachyrhynchus, NRM 40922, paratype, 45.5 mm SL. H. Psilorhynchus nepalensis, KU 40663, 47.4 mm SL. I. Psilorhynchus pavimentatus, UMMZ 248831, holotype, 48.7 mm SL. J. Psilorhynchus rahmani, ZRC 51437, paratype, 34.0 mm SL. K. Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 77.7 mm SL. L. Psilorhynchus homaloptera, IHB 74 VII 2094, 1, 93.9 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284187/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B), and exhibit two distinct spots along the dorsal midline between the occiput and dorsal-fin origin (see 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEBEDFF9DB2031F9C2" box="[963,1029,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1273,1296]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,187,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,179,1249]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphometric characters (A) and pigmentation terminology (B) utilized herein. 1, Standard length (SL); 2, predorsal length; 3, dorsal-fin height; 4, head length (HL); 5, caudal peduncle length; 6, snout length; 7, eye diameter; 8, body depth at dorsal-fin origin; 9, caudal peduncle width; 10, head depth through orbit; 11, pelvic-fin length; 12, caudal peduncle depth; 13, prepectoral length; 14, pectoral-fin length; 15, anus to anal-fin origin; 16, anal-fin length; 17, prepelvic length; 18, preanus length; 19, preanal length; 20, mouth width; 21, interorbital distance; 22, head width through orbit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284176/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20417FFDEBEEBF9DB2031F9C2" box="[1015,1029,1559,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB937F9DB2112F9C2" author="Tilak" box="[1067,1318,1559,1583]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20417FFDEB82FF9DB2482F9BF" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Figs. 15– 17</figureCitation>
). We conclude, based on the evidence in hand, that both names apply to the same species. Accordingly, we treat 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBD8BF9AC2525F99A" box="[151,273,1631,1655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBD8BF9AC2525F99A" box="[151,273,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior subjective synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBFCBF9AC2790F99A" box="[727,932,1631,1655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBFCBF9AC2790F99A" box="[727,932,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Examination of the 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F50417FFDEB9A8F9AC20D0F995" box="[1204,1252,1632,1656]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB89BF9AC2572F976" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB89BF9AC2576F976" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">P. nudithoracicus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
deposited in the collections of the Northern Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEB859F94E214AF977" box="[1349,1406,1666,1690]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
in Dehra 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBDFEF9642526F952" box="[226,274,1704,1727]" name="Iceland" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Dun</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBC3DF96B262DF952" author="Tilak" box="[289,537,1703,1727]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain, 1980</bibRefCitation>
), will be an important next step to further test our conclusions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC0417FFDFBDDBF90727E6FE23" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570417FFDFBDDBF90727E6FE23" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,151,2038]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEBDDBF907262CF90E" ID-CoL="4PJJC" box="[199,536,1739,1763]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEBDDBF907262CF90E" box="[199,536,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as understood herein, is a widespread species, occurring throughout much of the Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages in northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBE0CF922277EF8EB" box="[784,842,1774,1798]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
and northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEB902F9222094F8EB" box="[1054,1184,1774,1798]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEB9ADF9222150F8EB" author="Rainboth" box="[1201,1380,1774,1798]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
), the Ganges drainage throughout southern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBF58F8DE26B3F8C7" box="[580,647,1810,1834]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBF8AF8DE2754F8C7" author="Edds" box="[662,864,1810,1835]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Edds, D. R. &amp; Ng, H. H. (2007) Additions to the ichthyofauna of Nepal, with a redescription of Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18, 125 - 132." type="journal article" year="2007">Edds &amp; Ng, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBE77F8DF2062F8C7" author="Shrestha" box="[875,1110,1810,1834]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Shrestha, T. K. (2008) Ichthyology of Nepal: A Study of Fishes of the Himalayan Waters. Himalayan Ecosphere, Kathmandu, 388 pp." type="book" year="2008">T. K. Shrestha, 2008</bibRefCitation>
), and the Meghna and Sangu drainages in eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBC61F8FA2634F8A3" box="[381,512,1846,1870]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBF13F8FA26F6F8A3" author="Rainboth" box="[527,706,1846,1870]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Most of our observations on this species are based on Gangetic material from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBCBCF89625D7F89F" box="[416,483,1882,1906]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Nepal</collectingCountry>
and northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBFA8F8962703F89F" box="[692,823,1882,1906]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
and we have examined relatively few specimens from the Brahmaputra drainage of northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBF98F8B1268AF878" box="[644,702,1917,1941]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">India</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCount id="9D1212DE0417FFDEBFCDF8B12757F878" box="[721,867,1917,1941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
; 2 from West Bengal and 3 from Assam) or the Meghna (5) and Sangu (2) drainages of eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70417FFDEBFA5F86D270BF854" box="[697,831,1953,1977]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
. Surprisingly, Menon (1999) makes no mention of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB89BF86E24D9F830" ID-CoL="4PJHY" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB89BF86E24D9F830" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60417FFDEBC5DF80925DAF830" author="Rainboth" box="[321,494,1989,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
) in his checklist of Indian freshwater fishes and the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40417FFDEB9C5F80A21A8F830" ID-CoL="4PJJC" box="[1241,1436,1989,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450417FFDEB9C5F80A21A8F830" box="[1241,1436,1989,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="229">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
throughout northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFBCAAFF5B25DBFF42" box="[438,495,151,175]" name="India" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">India</collectingCountry>
is currently unclear and notably patchy (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFBEFCFF5B200EFF42" box="[992,1082,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[190,1388,1438,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,1419,1939]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 21. Distribution of Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus and P. hamiltoni. Grey symbols indicate localities obtained from the literature. Open grey and open black triangle represent the type localities of P. nudithoracicus and P. gracilis, respectively. Symbols may represent more than one collection locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302181/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). In addition to Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCD0FF7126A4FF39" ID-CoL="4PJJC" box="[460,656,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCD0FF7126A4FF39" box="[460,656,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from Manipur and Mizoram, by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFB9CBFF7724D5FF1A" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. &amp; Sarkar, U. K. (2007) Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, xxviii + 264 pp." type="book">
Vishwanath 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB87FFF7121A8FF39" box="[1379,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBC07FF2C25D8FF1A" author="Kar" box="[283,492,223,247]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Kar, D. &amp; Sen, N. (2007) Systematic list and distribution of fishes in Mizoram, Tripura and Barak drainage of northeastern India. Zoos' Print Journal, 22, 2599 - 2607." type="journal article" year="2007">Kar &amp; Sen (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively, based on material collected from the Barak River drainage. We have excluded the Manipur record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF1FFEC826F3FEF6" ID-CoL="4PJJC" box="[515,711,259,283]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF1FFEC826F3FEF6" box="[515,711,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from our distribution map because 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFB946FECF2145FEF6" box="[1114,1393,259,283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. &amp; Sarkar, U. K. (2007) Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, xxviii + 264 pp." type="book">
Vishwanath 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB9FAFEC8212BFEF6" box="[1254,1311,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
did not provide precise locality information, but include the record provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBEF4FEE42087FED2" author="Kar" box="[1000,1203,295,319]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Kar, D. &amp; Sen, N. (2007) Systematic list and distribution of fishes in Mizoram, Tripura and Barak drainage of northeastern India. Zoos' Print Journal, 22, 2599 - 2607." type="journal article" year="2007">Kar &amp; Sen (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, based on specimens collected from the Tuirial River. We have also recently examined photographs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB97FFE80211FFE8E" ID-CoL="4PJJC" box="[1123,1323,331,355]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB97FFE80211FFE8E" box="[1123,1323,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Langkaih River, a tributary of the Tlawng River, in Mizoram. We have been unable to locate any records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB89BFEBC250BFE47" ID-CoL="4PJJC" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB89BFEBC250BFE47" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Indian states of Bihar, Meghalaya, or Tripura in the literature but suggest that it is likely to occur in these states, given its presence in neighboring states or countries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E8ADC0416FFDFBDDBFE162003F818" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BABD9570416FFDFBDDBFE162054FCD9" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,2038]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBDDBFE1625F0FE1F" author="Tilak" box="[199,452,474,498]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Tilak, R. &amp; Husain, A. (1980) Description of a new psilorhynchid, Psilorhynchus sucatio nudithoracicus (Psilorhynchidae: Cypriniformes) from Uttar Pradesh with notes on zoogeography. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Tilak &amp; Husain (1980)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF7AFE17271DFE1F" box="[614,809,474,498]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF7AFE17271DFE1F" box="[614,809,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBE70FE1727E3FE1F" box="[876,983,475,498]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucatio">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE70FE1727E3FE1F" box="[876,983,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. sucatio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part), based on features of caudal-fin coloration, specifically a distinctive elongate black marking along the lower lobe of the caudal fin. We have observed such a marking only in relatively few individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBE52FDEE2026FDD4" box="[846,1042,545,569]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE52FDEE2026FDD4" box="[846,1042,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFB9A2FDED2135FDD4" box="[1214,1281,545,569]" name="Nepal" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFB80CFDED2157FDD4" box="[1296,1379,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1442,1465]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,1078,1418]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, KU 40662, 46.3 mm SL; Nepal: Chitwan, tributary of the Rapti River. Pectoral and pelvic fin from right side absent." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302166/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
), but note that a similar marking is present in the specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBE08FD8A27ECFDB0" box="[788,984,581,605]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE08FD8A27ECFDB0" box="[788,984,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figured in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFB948FD892157FDB0" author="Vishwanath" box="[1108,1379,581,605]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. &amp; Sarkar, U. K. (2007) Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, xxviii + 264 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Vishwanath 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB9FCFD8A212CFDB0" box="[1248,1304,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
(2007
</bibRefCitation>
; 91), the locality of which is unspecified. In the majority of specimens examined, the caudal fin is decorated with five dark brown/black blotches, with one located at the center of the caudal-fin base, and two on each lobe (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFB80EFD412150FD48" box="[1298,1380,653,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFB86CFD4121BBFD48" box="[1392,1423,653,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">16</figureCitation>
). There is also some variation in the extent of the L-1 row, which is restricted to the center of the body in the majority of material examined (including the 
<typeStatus id="54AF67F50416FFDFBF29FD1826A3FD01" box="[565,663,724,748]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBFA2FD1A271BFD00" box="[702,815,725,749]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBFA2FD1A271BFD00" box="[702,815,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFBE5CFD1827A4FD01" box="[832,912,724,748]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[156,1436,191,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[156,1441,191,1189]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, UMMZ 205342, holotype of P. gracilis, 50.5 mm SL; Bangladesh, Jabuneswari River at Badarganj." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302159/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) but extends almost along the entire length of the body in the larger specimens that we have examined from eastern Assam (
<collectionCode id="ED0541920416FFDFB90DFD342067FCFD" box="[1041,1107,760,784]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4m0z-xq14" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History - Zoological Collections" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">NRM</collectionCode>
46908; 
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFB9ACFD342130FCFD" box="[1200,1284,760,784]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1004,1027]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,189,979]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 16. Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus, NRM 46908, 43.2 mm SL; India: Assam, Sessa River." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/302162/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). This is also the case in the individual of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCC8FCD126A3FCD9" box="[468,663,796,820]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCC8FCD126A3FCD9" box="[468,663,796,820]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBE05FCD0201CFCD9" author="Vishwanath" box="[793,1064,796,820]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. &amp; Sarkar, U. K. (2007) Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, xxviii + 264 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Vishwanath 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBEB8FCD127E9FCD9" box="[932,989,796,820]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
(2007
</bibRefCitation>
; 91).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570416FFDFBDDBFC8C25EFFB77" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,2038]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">
Despite variation in coloration, we were unable to identify any consistent meristic differences between populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC5AFCA92639FC91" box="[326,525,868,892]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC5AFCA92639FC91" box="[326,525,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from any of the four drainages for which we had the opportunity to examine material. In the size corrected principal components analysis of the morphometric data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB9CFFC4521A8FC72" box="[1235,1436,903,928]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB9CFFC4521A8FC72" box="[1235,1436,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including specimens from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and Sangu drainages), PC1 and PC2 accounted for 35% and 11% of the cumulative variation, respectively. For PC1 all measurements exhibited positive loadings, with particularly strong loading for caudal peduncle width (0.77). PC2 exhibited strong positive loading for mouth width (0.63), caudal peduncle length (0.55), and anal-fin length (0.37), and strong negative loading for snout length (-0.15) and caudal peduncle width (-0.14). In the scatterplot of PC1 vs. PC2 (
<figureCitation id="132FC5D20416FFDFBEEFFBF62070FBBF" box="[1011,1092,1082,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="30.[151,250,936,959]" captionTargetBox="[270,1324,198,885]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[241,1346,179,907]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 22. PCA scatter of the size corrected morphometric data for 49 specimens of P. nudithoracicus, including 26, 16, 5 and 2 individuals from the Ganges (filled square), Brahmaputra (open circle), Meghna (open triangle) and Sangu (cross) drainages, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284197/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) there is no obvious clustering of individuals by drainage, suggesting that there is little variation in the morphometric characters investigated between or within drainages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BABD9570416FFDFBDDBFB6A2003F818" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,2038]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">
Throughout its range, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCDBFB6B26B9FB53" box="[455,653,1190,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCDBFB6B26B9FB53" box="[455,653,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in sympatry with several other members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB9E9FB6A21A1FB53" box="[1269,1429,1190,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB9E9FB6A21A1FB53" box="[1269,1429,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Psilorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC15FB0625B5FB0C" box="[265,385,1225,1249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC15FB0625B5FB0C" box="[265,385,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC8DFB06262DFB0C" box="[401,537,1225,1249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC8DFB06262DFB0C" box="[401,537,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. hamiltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF36FB062689FB0C" box="[554,701,1225,1249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF36FB062689FB0C" box="[554,701,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBFEBFB062752FB0C" box="[759,870,1226,1249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucatio">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBFEBFB062752FB0C" box="[759,870,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. sucatio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Given its presence in the Barak River system of Manipur and Mizoram (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBCBBFB21265AFAE8" author="Kar" box="[423,622,1261,1285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Kar, D. &amp; Sen, N. (2007) Systematic list and distribution of fishes in Mizoram, Tripura and Barak drainage of northeastern India. Zoos' Print Journal, 22, 2599 - 2607." type="journal article" year="2007">Kar &amp; Sen, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBF66FB2127BDFAE8" author="Vishwanath" box="[634,905,1261,1285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Vishwanath, W., Lakra, W. S. &amp; Sarkar, U. K. (2007) Fishes of North East India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, xxviii + 264 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Vishwanath 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE1AFB222774FAE8" box="[774,832,1261,1285]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
) and the 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFBEE8FB212044FAE8" box="[1012,1136,1261,1285]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
Hill Tracts of 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFB805FB2121A8FAE8" box="[1305,1436,1261,1285]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBD82FADD2566FAC4" author="Rainboth" box="[158,338,1297,1321]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Rainboth, W. J. (1983) Psilorhynchus gracilis, a new cyprinoid fish from the Gangetic lowlands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 43, 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1983">Rainboth, 1983</bibRefCitation>
), it may also be sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBFD7FADE27B8FAC4" box="[715,908,1297,1321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplicephalus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBFD7FADE27B8FAC4" box="[715,908,1297,1321]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. amplicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known to date only from the Barak River in Assam (
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBDEEFAF92621FAA0" author="Arunachalam" box="[242,533,1333,1357]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Arunachalam, M., Muralidharan, M. &amp; Sivakumar, P. (2007) Psilorhynchus amplicephalus, a new species from Balishwar river of Assam, India. Current Science, 92, 1352 - 1354." type="journal article" year="2007">
Arunachalam 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC8EFAFA25FFFAA0" box="[402,459,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF45FAFA26EEFAA0" box="[601,730,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF45FAFA26E2FAA0" box="[601,726,1333,1357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rahmani">P. rahmani</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
known to date only from the Karnaphuli River drainage in the 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFBD8BFA942527FA9D" box="[151,275,1368,1392]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
Hill Tracts of southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F30399C70416FFDFBF41FA9426D4FA9D" box="[605,736,1368,1392]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF85A4A60416FFDFBFEEFA942001FA9D" author="Conway" box="[754,1077,1368,1392]" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" refString="Conway, K. W. &amp; Mayden, R. L. (2008 b) Two new species of Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae) with the redescription of P. balitora. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 19, 215 - 232." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">Conway &amp; Mayden, 2008b</bibRefCitation>
). We have outlined differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBDE1FAB22558FA78" box="[253,364,1406,1429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucatio">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBDE1FAB22558FA78" box="[253,364,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. sucatio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCBBFAB22659FA78" box="[423,621,1405,1429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCBBFAB22659FA78" box="[423,621,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under the remarks section of the former and focus here on differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBDE0FA6D25F5FA55" box="[252,449,1440,1464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBDE0FA6D25F5FA55" box="[252,449,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and remaining syntopic (and putatively syntopic) species, all of which are members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBDDDFA092502FA31" box="[193,310,1476,1500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBDDDFA092502FA31" box="[193,310,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (see below). 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF6DFA0827F4FA31" box="[625,960,1476,1500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF6DFA0827F4FA31" box="[625,960,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from all members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBDDFFA25250FF9ED" box="[195,315,1512,1536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBDDFFA25250FF9ED" box="[195,315,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group by having two dorsal saddles (vs. one) anterior to the dorsal saddle situated at the dorsal-fin origin, from all members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF98F9C126C8F9C9" box="[644,764,1548,1572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF98F9C126C8F9C9" box="[644,764,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group reported West of the Indo-Burma mountain range (viz. 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC09F9FC25E7F9AA" box="[277,467,1583,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplicephalus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC09F9FC25E7F9AA" box="[277,467,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. amplicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCFDF9FC2662F9AA" box="[481,598,1583,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCFDF9FC2662F9AA" box="[481,598,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF78F9FC26DEF9AA" box="[612,746,1583,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF78F9FC26DEF9AA" box="[612,746,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. hamiltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBFE4F9FC27BEF9AA" box="[760,906,1583,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBFE4F9FC27BEF9AA" box="[760,906,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBEA3F9FC200EF9AA" box="[959,1082,1583,1607]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rahmani">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBEA3F9FC200EF9AA" box="[959,1082,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. rahmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on the modal number of scales in the lateral line scale row (32–34, most commonly 33 vs. 30–32, most commonly 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFB996F99F20F7F986" box="[1162,1219,1619,1643]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.874" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="31.0">31 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB9D6F9982174F986" box="[1226,1344,1619,1643]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB9D6F9982174F986" box="[1226,1344,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 31–33, most commonly 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFBC49F9BB25BBF962" box="[341,399,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="32.0">32 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC8AF9B4261DF962" box="[406,553,1655,1679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nepalensis">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC8AF9B4261DF962" box="[406,553,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nepalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 29–32, most commonly 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFBE57F9BB27B1F962" box="[843,901,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE90F9B42025F962" box="[908,1041,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBE90F9B4203FF962" box="[908,1035,1655,1679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rahmani">P. rahmani</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFB905F9BB2049F962" box="[1049,1149,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.763" metricValueMax="8.89" metricValueMin="8.636" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="34.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="34.0">34–35 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB998F9B42138F962" box="[1156,1292,1655,1679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB998F9B42138F962" box="[1156,1292,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. hamiltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFB800F9BB21B4F962" box="[1308,1408,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.017" metricValueMax="9.144" metricValueMin="8.89" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="35.5" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="35.0">35–36 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB89BF9B4250EF95E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplicephalus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB89BF9B4250EF95E" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. amplicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and from all members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF86F9502724F95E" box="[666,784,1691,1715]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF86F9502724F95E" box="[666,784,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group reported west of the Indo-Burma mountain range, except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC43F90C25EFF93B" box="[351,475,1726,1751]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rahmani">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC43F90C25EFF93B" box="[351,475,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. rahmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by its higher number of caudal-fin rays (most commonly 10+9 vs. most commonly 9+ 
<quantity id="4CEC74B20416FFDFBDAAF92E24D0F917" box="[182,228,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBDF3F92F2586F917" box="[239,434,1762,1786]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplicephalus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBDF3F92F2586F917" box="[239,434,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. amplicephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBCD8F92F260AF917" box="[452,574,1762,1786]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBCD8F92F260AF917" box="[452,574,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF4DF92F26E8F917" box="[593,732,1762,1786]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF4DF92F26E8F917" box="[593,732,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. hamiltoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The presence of a large post-epiphyseal fontanelle further distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBC28F8CB25C9F8F3" box="[308,509,1798,1822]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBC28F8CB25C9F8F3" box="[308,509,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF56F8CB26F0F8F3" box="[586,708,1798,1822]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF56F8CB26F0F8F3" box="[586,708,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBE18F8CB27B7F8F3" box="[772,899,1798,1822]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rahmani">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBE18F8CB27B7F8F3" box="[772,899,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. rahmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the absence of scales on the midventral surface between paired fins is perhaps the most useful character for separating 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB908F8E720ECF8AF" box="[1044,1240,1834,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB908F8E720ECF8AF" box="[1044,1240,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB802F8E721A1F8AF" box="[1310,1429,1834,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB802F8E721A1F8AF" box="[1310,1429,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. When observations on skeletal material can be made, several osteological features serve to further distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFB89BF883250BF864" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudithoracicus">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFB89BF883250BF864" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. nudithoracicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C14A2D40416FFDFBF42F8BE26EFF864" box="[606,731,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Psilorhynchidae" genus="Psilorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balitora">
<emphasis id="B96005450416FFDFBF42F8BE26EFF864" box="[606,731,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="230">P. balitora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, including: the presence (vs. absence) of a mandibular sensory canal (located on the anguloarticular); a higher number of pores in the preopercular sensory canal (6 vs. 4–5); and the shape of the anteriormost brachiostegal ray (similar in length and shape to more posterior basibranchial rays vs. greatly reduced, composed of articular head only, or absent).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>