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<mods:title id="3E91A4D369A17BBEFE976DB69987B845">A comparative study of populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi (Hydrozoa, Tubulariidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D5CC627FCF9BE181E23B5AE272AD4D18">Imazu, Maurício Antunes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="446DDCD41B48AC11D29616A3F340CEFD">Marques, Antonio Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FE37D357FE41" ID-CoL="38QWY" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,580,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
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<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FE37D07AFE5E" bold="true" box="[151,361,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD6EFE37D32FFE41" author="Agassiz" box="[377,572,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV, Part III. Little Brown &amp; Company, Trubner &amp; Company, Boston, London, 398 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
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(
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC93725DC89FE5CD03BFE64" box="[158,296,476,501]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetBox-1="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,517,1859]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,517,1860]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Histological sections documented under light microscopy. A: transversal section at the base of oral tentacles, where they are still adnate to hypostome. B: transversal section of the oral tentacles showing their circular shape. C: oblique section of the aboral tentacles showing the squared section of the cells constituting that. D: transversal section at distal region of hydrocaulus showing its division into two longitudinal chambers. Legends on figures: HO, hypostome; OT, oral tentacle; AT, aboral tentacle; S, septum; C, chamber; P, perisarc." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/227868/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Figures 3–5</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DD23FE5CD0BDFE65" box="[308,430,476,501]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStart-3="TABLE 4" captionStart-4="TABLE 5" captionStart-5="TABLE 6" captionStart-6="TABLE 7" captionStart-7="TABLE 8" captionStartId-0="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,239,1088,1111]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-4="10.[151,239,1336,1359]" captionStartId-5="11.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-6="13.[151,239,317,340]" captionStartId-7="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetBox-4="[159,1411,1450,1647]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,370,561]" captionTargetBox-6="[159,1390,399,535]" captionTargetBox-7="[159,1422,298,527]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionTargetPageId-6="13" captionTargetPageId-7="14" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." captionText-2="TABLE 3. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of Ectopleura per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses" captionText-3="TABLE 4. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum – maximum values. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. For information of the localities see table 1." captionText-4="TABLE 5. Summary of literature data of cnidomes described for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi &quot; (shaded rows). The nematocysts of E. crocea by Schuchert 2010 (p. 360) have the same dimensions of those by Schuchert (1996) and Millard (1975). Measurements in micrometers, min – max. (*): only length reported." captionText-5="TABLE 6. Measurements of nematocysts, in micrometers, by locality. Minimum value – maximum value (average value ± Standard deviation). Number of measurements for each cell of the table is 100, except for those marked with *. (* 1 n = 26, * 2 n = 2, * 3 n = 40, * 4 n = 20.)" captionText-6="TABLE 7. Summary of the genetic polymorphism observed for COI and ITS 1 + 5.8 S from the 22 samples of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean in a total of five sampled localities." captionText-7="TABLE 8. Pairwise comparisons of localities for the CO 1 marker (10,000 permutations) of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean showing no significant genetic differences between them (p&gt; 0,05). Above the diagonal are the genetic distances expressed as corrected average of pairwise differences; below are the pairwise fixation indexes. Probability values are given in parentheses." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" httpUri-4="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" httpUri-5="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" httpUri-6="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" httpUri-7="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" tableUuid-1="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" tableUuid-4="DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" tableUuid-5="DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" tableUuid-6="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" tableUuid-7="DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E">Tables 1–8</tableCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FDA4D02BFDAB" box="[151,312,548,570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Parypha crocea</emphasis>
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: 249
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, pls 23-2a.
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<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FDC2D0C2FDC9" box="[151,465,578,600]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DDC0FDC2D382FDC9" author="Allman" box="[471,657,578,600]" page="418" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1871">
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: 418
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, figs. 83–84; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF0EFDC2D2DCFDC9" author="Hargitt" box="[793,975,578,600]" page="494" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF0EFDC2D28FFDC9" author="Hargitt" box="[793,924,578,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1927) Some hydroids of South China. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 67, 491 - 520." type="journal article" year="1927">Hargitt 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 494
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DFCEFDC2D59EFDC9" author="Yamada" box="[985,1165,578,600]" page="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DFCEFDC2D574FDC9" author="Yamada" box="[985,1127,578,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1959">Yamada 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D880FDC2D45EFDC9" author="Schmidt" box="[1175,1357,578,600]" page="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D880FDC2D434FDC9" author="Schmidt" box="[1175,1319,578,600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Schmidt, H. E. (1971) Some new records of hydroids from the Gulf of Aqaba with zoogeographical remarks on the Red Sea area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 13, 27 - 51." type="journal article" year="1971">Schmidt 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 32
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 2B; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DCD0FDE1D06DFDE6" author="Hirohito" box="[199,382,609,631]" page="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DCD0FDE1D04AFDE6" author="Hirohito" box="[199,345,609,631]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 18
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, fig. 4, pl.1, fig. B.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FD00D3C0FD42" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FD00D054FD07" ID-CoL="59K2B" box="[151,327,640,662]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FD00D054FD07" box="[151,327,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia crocea</emphasis>
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD41FD01D0ECFD07" author="Torrey" box="[342,511,640,662]" page="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD41FD01D0C4FD07" author="Torrey" box="[342,471,640,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Torrey, H. B. (1902) The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America with special reference to the species in the collection of the University of California. University of California Publications, Zoology, 1, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1902">Torrey 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3, figs. 22–23; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DEDBFD01D26FFD07" author="Rees" box="[716,892,640,662]" page="1223" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DEDBFD01D228FD07" author="Rees" box="[716,827,640,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Rees, W. J. (1963) Tubularia crocea L. Agassiz in British waters. Nature, 197, 1223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 1971223 a 0" type="journal article" year="1963">Rees 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 1223
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF9EFD00D5B0FD07" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[905,1187,640,662]" page="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF9EFD00D56FFD07" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[905,1148,640,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 28
</treatmentCitation>
, text-fig. 30–34; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D940FD00D030FD25" author="Calder" page="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D940FD00D1EEFD25" author="Calder" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of Southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 24
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1C; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD6FFD1ED218FD25" author="Genzano" box="[376,779,670,692]" page="69" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD6FFD1ED3F6FD25" author="Genzano" box="[376,741,670,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Genzano G. N., Cuartas, E. I. &amp; Excoffon, A. C. (1991) Porifera y Cnidaria de la Campana OB 05 / 88, en el Atlantico Sur. Thalassas, 9, 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1991">Genzano, Cuartas &amp; Excoffon 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 69
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5C; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF77FD1ED504FD25" author="Blanco" box="[864,1047,670,692]" page="182" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF77FD1ED2F7FD25" author="Blanco" box="[864,996,670,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los hydroida de la Republica Argentina, suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata, seccion Zoologia, 14, 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994">Blanco 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 182
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D836FD1ED477FD25" author="Genzano" box="[1057,1380,670,692]" page="306" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D836FD1ED421FD25" author="Genzano" box="[1057,1330,670,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Genzano, G. N. &amp; Zamponi, M. O. (2003) Hydroid assemblages from Mar del Plata, Argentina, at depths between 0 and 500 m. Distribution and biological substrata. Oceanologica Acta, 25, 303 - 313." type="journal article" year="2003">Genzano &amp; Zamponi 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 306
</treatmentCitation>
, 307, 309, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DCEEFD3DD075FD42" box="[249,358,701,723]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,1088,1111]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of Ectopleura per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses" httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E">Tables 2-3</tableCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD66FD3DD3DCFD42" author="Demicheli" box="[369,719,701,723]" page="530" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD66FD3DD38EFD42" author="Demicheli" box="[369,669,701,723]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Demicheli, M. &amp; Scarabino, F. (2006) Invertebrados bentonicos de La Paloma (Rocha, Uruguay). In: Menafra, R., Rodriguez- Gallego, L., Scarabino, F. &amp; Conde, D. (Eds.), Bases para la conservacion y el manejo de la costa uruguaya. Vida Silvestre, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp. 523 - 534." type="book chapter" year="2006">Demicheli &amp; Scarabino 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 530
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FD5CD59FFD63" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" box="[151,1164,732,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FD5CD59FFD63" box="[151,1164,732,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FD5CD0C5FD63" ID-CoL="96cc18c4-a2ff-4a6c-910e-5322d73e3470" authority="Bale 1884: 42" authorityName="Bale" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,470,732,754]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FD5CD02CFD63" box="[151,319,732,754]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia ralphi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD52FD5CD0C5FD63" author="Bale" box="[325,470,732,754]" page="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD52FD5CD0A3FD63" author="Bale" box="[325,432,732,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Bale, W. M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Thomas Richards, Government Printer, Sydney, 237 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale 1884</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DDF6FD5DD39DFD63" author="Watson" box="[481,654,732,754]" page="60" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DDF6FD5DD37BFD63" author="Watson" box="[481,616,732,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 60
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 25–37; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF1AFD5DD2A9FD63" author="Watson" box="[781,954,732,754]" page="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF1AFD5DD285FD63" author="Watson" box="[781,918,732,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. &amp; Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113." type="book chapter" year="1982">Watson 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4.6.b, Plate 7.5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FD7AD3CFFC81" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" box="[151,732,762,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FD7AD3CFFC81" box="[151,732,762,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FD7AD05DFC81" ID-CoL="59K2H" box="[151,334,762,784]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FD7AD05DFC81" box="[151,334,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
von 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD96FD7AD371FC81" author="Lendenfeld" box="[385,610,762,784]" page="597" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1885">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD96FD7AD323FC81" author="Lendenfeld" box="[385,560,762,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="von Lendenfeld, R. (1885) The Australian Hydromedusae. Part V. The Hydromedusinae, Hydrocorallinae and Trachymedusae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 581 - 634." type="journal article" year="1885">Lendenfeld 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 597
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 51–52.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FC99D3E1FCBE" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" box="[151,754,793,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FC99D3E1FCBE" box="[151,754,793,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FC99D323FCBE" authority="Stechow 1907: 194" authorityName="Stechow" authorityPageNumber="194" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,560,793,815]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sagamina">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FC99D077FCBE" box="[151,356,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia sagamina</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD7DFC99D323FCBE" author="Stechow" box="[362,560,793,815]" page="194" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD7DFC99D0EEFCBE" author="Stechow" box="[362,509,793,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Stechow, E. (1907) Neue japanische Athecata und Plumulariidae aus der Sammlung Dr. Doflein. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32, 192 - 200." type="journal article" year="1907">Stechow 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 194
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DE2DFC99D3FDFCBE" author="Yamada" box="[570,750,793,815]" page="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DE2DFC99D3DBFCBE" author="Yamada" box="[570,712,793,815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1959">Yamada 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FCB8D339FCDF" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" box="[151,554,824,846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FCB8D339FCDF" box="[151,554,824,846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FCB8D335FCDF" ID-CoL="59JZT" authority="Stechow 1925: 196" authorityName="Stechow" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,550,824,846]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FCB8D049FCDF" box="[151,346,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia australis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD77FCB8D335FCDF" author="Stechow" box="[352,550,824,846]" page="196" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD77FCB8D0E0FCDF" author="Stechow" box="[352,499,824,846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden von West und Sudwestaustralien nach den Sammlungen von Prof. Dr. Michaelsen und Prof. Dr. Hartmeyer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 50, 191 - 269." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 196
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FCD6D005FC1A" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FCD6D005FC1A" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FCD6D311FCFD" ID-CoL="59K3T" authority="Ewer 1953: 351" authorityName="Ewer" authorityPageNumber="351" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,514,854,877]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FCD6D041FCFC" box="[151,338,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Tubularia warreni</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD4CFCD7D311FCFD" author="Ewer" box="[347,514,854,876]" page="351" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD4CFCD7D0DDFCFD" author="Ewer" box="[347,462,854,876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 351
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, text-fig. 1–4; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DE89FCD6D24EFCFD" author="Millard" box="[670,861,854,876]" page="299" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DE89FCD6D23BFCFD" author="Millard" box="[670,808,854,876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1959) Hydrozoa from the coast of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part II: Gymnoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 297 - 313." type="journal article" year="1959">Millard 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 299
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF7EFCD6D53BFCFD" author="Millard" box="[873,1064,854,876]" page="435" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF7EFCD6D2E7FCFD" author="Millard" box="[873,1012,854,876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1966) The Hydrozoa of the South and West Coast of South Africa. Part III. The Gimnoblastea and small families of Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 48, 427 - 487." type="journal article" year="1966">Millard 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 435
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D823FCD6D5F5FCFD" author="Millard" box="[1076,1254,854,876]" page="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D823FCD6D5ACFCFD" author="Millard" box="[1076,1215,854,876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 35
</treatmentCitation>
, frontispiece, fig. 15A–G.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FC14D3A2FC59" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FC14D3A2FC59" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FC14D04CFC3B" ID-CoL="38QXV" box="[151,351,916,938]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FC14D04CFC3B" box="[151,351,916,938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Ectopleura warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD79FC14D3B5FC3B" author="Migotto" box="[366,678,916,938]" page="101" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD79FC14D361FC3B" author="Migotto" box="[366,626,916,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 101
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DEEEFC14D2A2FC3B" author="Migotto" box="[761,945,916,938]" page="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DEEEFC14D29AFC3B" author="Migotto" box="[761,905,916,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DFA9FC14D5CAFC3B" author="Grohmann" box="[958,1241,916,938]" page="230" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DFA9FC14D5B7FC3B" author="Grohmann" box="[958,1188,916,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Souza, M. M. &amp; Nogueira, C. C. (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a large industrial area in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 227 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1997">Grohmann et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 230
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725D8F2FC14D421FC3B" box="[1253,1330,916,938]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D956FC15D09DFC59" author="Rosso" page="417" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D956FC15D04FFC59" author="Rosso" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Rosso, S. &amp; Marques, A. C. (1997) Patterns of intertidal hydrozoan distribution along the coast of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 415 - 422." type="book chapter" year="1997">Rosso &amp; Marques 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 417
</treatmentCitation>
, 420, 421, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DDEAFC32D35AFC59" box="[509,585,946,968]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC93725DE42FC32D3BFFC59" box="[597,684,946,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Figure 4</figureCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FC51D58DFB97" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FC51D58DFB97" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FC51D040FC76" ID-CoL="38QWY" box="[151,339,977,999]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FC51D040FC76" box="[151,339,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD75FC52D339FC76" author="Petersen" box="[354,554,977,999]" page="174" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD75FC52D0E4FC76" author="Petersen" box="[354,503,977,999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 174
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 27; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DE9EFC51D273FC76" author="Schuchert" box="[649,864,977,999]" page="107" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DE9EFC51D23FFC76" author="Schuchert" box="[649,812,977,999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 107
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 64a–g; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DFFAFC51D5ABFC76" author="Schuchert" box="[1005,1208,977,999]" page="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DFFAFC51D581FC76" author="Schuchert" box="[1005,1170,977,999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 43
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D8D2FC51D1FCFB97" author="Bouillon" page="104" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D8D2FC51D48BFC76" author="Bouillon" box="[1221,1432,977,999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. &amp; Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 5 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2004.68 s 25" type="journal article" year="2004">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725D931FC52D448FC76" box="[1318,1371,977,999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 55E–F; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD64FC70D375FB97" author="Genzano" box="[371,614,1008,1030]" page="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD64FC70D352FB97" author="Genzano" box="[371,577,1008,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Genzano, G. N., Giberto, D., Schejter, L., Bremec, C. &amp; Meretta, P. (2009) Hydroids assemblages in SW Atlantic (34 º - 42 º S): richness and settlement substrata. Marine Ecology, 30 (1), 33 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00247. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Genzano et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
, 40, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DE81FC70D211FB97" box="[662,770,1008,1030]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,1088,1111]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of Ectopleura per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses" httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E">Tables 2-3</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC93725DF1AFC70D259FB97" box="[781,842,1008,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF42FC70D53BFB97" author="Schuchert" box="[853,1064,1008,1030]" page="357" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF42FC70D2E4FB97" author="Schuchert" box="[853,1015,1008,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 357
</treatmentCitation>
-362, fig. 6.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FB8ED00BFBD2" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FB8ED00BFBD2" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FB8ED05EFBB5" ID-CoL="38QXQ" box="[151,333,1038,1060]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FB8ED05EFBB5" box="[151,333,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Ectopleura ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DD4BFB8FD337FBB5" author="Petersen" box="[348,548,1038,1060]" page="175" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DD4BFB8FD0E2FBB5" author="Petersen" box="[348,497,1038,1060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 175
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DE27FB8ED21BFBB5" author="Schuchert" box="[560,776,1038,1060]" page="109" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DE27FB8ED3C0FBB5" author="Schuchert" box="[560,723,1038,1060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 109
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF03FB8ED58FFBB5" author="Migotto" box="[788,1180,1038,1060]" page="289" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF03FB8ED57BFBB5" author="Migotto" box="[788,1128,1038,1060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C. &amp; Flynn, M. N. (2001) Seasonal recruitment of hydroids (Cnidaria) on experimental panels in the Sao Sebastiao channel, southeastern Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science, 68, 287 - 298." type="journal article" year="2001">Migotto, Marques &amp; Flynn 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 289
</treatmentCitation>
, 290, 293-297, figs. 5-6, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DCD0FBADD000FBD2" box="[199,275,1069,1091]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FBCDD099FB2F" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB02CC70FFC93725DC80FBCDD099FB2F" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FBCDD023FBF3" ID-CoL="dd2e945f-2a3e-4da0-9f98-f7e95b57cddd" box="[151,304,1100,1122]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Pinauay" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FBCDD023FBF3" box="[151,304,1100,1122]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Pinauay ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Marques &amp; Migotto 2001: 475, 478, 480, figs. 2B, 3, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DF75FBCCD2BDFBF3" box="[866,942,1100,1122]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DFACFBCCD1F0FB11" author="Migotto" page="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DFACFBCCD48BFBF3" author="Migotto" box="[955,1432,1100,1122]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2, 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032002000100010" type="journal article" year="2002">Migotto, Marques, Morandini &amp; Silveira 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
; Marques &amp; Migotto 1994: 173, 174, Tables 15.1, 15.2; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DF39FBEAD518FB11" author="Grohmann" box="[814,1035,1130,1152]" page="103" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF39FBEAD2CBFB11" author="Grohmann" box="[814,984,1130,1152]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Grohmann, P. A. (2006) Importancia dos acompanhamentos de longa duracao no estudo da biodiversidade: exemplo da fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria) da Baia do Espirito Santo. Floresta &amp; Ambiente, 13 (2), 97 - 112." type="journal article" year="2006">Grohmann 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 103
</treatmentCitation>
, 104, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725D85BFBEAD5AAFB11" box="[1100,1209,1130,1152]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" tableUuid-1="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E">Tables 1-2</tableCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D8D1FBEAD06AFB0E" author="Oliveira" page="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D8D1FBEAD04DFB0E" author="Oliveira" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Oliveira, O. M. P., Marques, A. C. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2006) Chave de identificacao dos hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) epifiticos do canal de Sao Sebastiao (SE, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 6 (2), 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032006000200025" type="journal article" year="2006">Oliveira, Marques &amp; Migotto, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
, 10, fig. 5, 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC93725DDEFFB09D354FB0E" box="[504,583,1161,1183]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725DE40FB09D282FB0E" author="Oliveira" box="[599,913,1161,1183]" page="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DE40FB09D27BFB0E" author="Oliveira" box="[599,872,1161,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Oliveira, O. M. P. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2007) Epiphytic hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata and Leptothecata) of the world. Check List, 3 (1), 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="2007">Oliveira &amp; Marques 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 31
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725DF88FB09D559FB0E" author="Grohmann" box="[927,1098,1161,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Grohmann, P. A. (2007) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) da Baia de Guanabara, RJ - Ilhas do Governador e Paqueta. Proceedings of the XII Colacmar, 2007. Colacmar, Florianopolis, page not numbered." type="proceedings paper" year="2007">Grohmann 2007</bibRefCitation>
: page not numbered; 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB3CD4FFFC93725D927FB09D095FB2F" author="Silveira" page="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC93725D927FB09D07EFB2F" author="Silveira" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" refString="Silveira, F. L. &amp; Morandini, A. C. (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1 a), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016" type="journal article" year="2011">Silveira &amp; Morandini 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FB48D369FB4D" blockId="3.[151,1437,548,1245]" box="[151,634,1222,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FB48D025FB4C" ID-CoL="3d2cf6ac-0e4e-4c82-8b0a-40410f779e0a" box="[151,310,1224,1245]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Pinauay" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FB48D025FB4C" box="[151,310,1224,1245]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Pinauay crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Marques &amp; Migotto 2001:480.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308B8D5FFC93722DC80FA89D27AFF44" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93725DC80FA89D46CF836" blockId="3.[151,1436,1289,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FA89D06FFAB3" bold="true" box="[151,380,1289,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Examined material</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DD9EFA89D0C8FAB3" bold="true" box="[393,475,1289,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC93725DD9EFA89D0C5FAB3" box="[393,470,1289,1314]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Brazil</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
State of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Cavaleiros Beach, 
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<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D86EFA8AD5CCFAB3" box="[1145,1247,1290,1314]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-41.783333">41°47’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725D8FCFA89D467FAB3" box="[1259,1396,1289,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2008-08-15">15.viii.2008</date>
, on rock, 95% ethanol, coll. A.C. Morandini (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DE61FAB0D3C6FAD9" box="[630,725,1328,1352]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1633); State of São Paulo: 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC93725D803FAB0D58CFAD8" box="[1044,1183,1328,1353]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">São Vicente</collectingCountry>
, Vacas Beach, 23o58S 46o23W, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DCEAFAD6D064FAFE" box="[253,375,1366,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1991-09-05">05.ix.1991</date>
, intertidal fringe, on rock, under 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DEFCFAD6D2B4FAFE" box="[747,935,1366,1391]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" genus="Phragmatopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DEFCFAD6D2B4FAFE" box="[747,935,1366,1391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Phragmatopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stripe, at the same level of 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725D8C9FAD6D47CFAFE" box="[1246,1391,1366,1391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725D8C9FAD6D478FAFE" box="[1246,1387,1366,1391]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Eudendrium</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
4% formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DDE5FAFED342FA07" box="[498,593,1406,1430]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
414); Itanhaém, Saudade Beach, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DFC2FAFED53AFA07" box="[981,1065,1402,1430]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-24.166666">24o10'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D825FAFDD582FA07" box="[1074,1169,1402,1430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-46.75">46o45'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725D888FAFDD43AFA07" box="[1183,1321,1405,1430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1991-08-26">26.viii.1991</date>
, intertidal fringe, on rock, under 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DD8BFA21D34BFA2B" box="[412,600,1441,1466]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" genus="Phragmatopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DD8BFA21D34BFA2B" box="[412,600,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Phragmatopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stripe, 4% formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D82BFA22D588FA2B" box="[1084,1179,1442,1466]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
406); Peruíbe, Centro Beach, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DCFCFA49D053FA70" box="[235,320,1477,1505]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-24.316668">24o19'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DD50FA48D0B5FA70" box="[327,422,1477,1505]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-46.966667">46o58'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DDA5FA48D32FFA70" box="[434,572,1480,1505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1992-08-12">12.viii.1992</date>
, intertidal fringe, on rock, sheltered place, forming an abundant stripe below 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DC80FA6FD040F999" box="[151,339,1519,1544]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellariidae" genus="Phragmatopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DC80FA6FD040F999" box="[151,339,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Phragmatopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 18o C, 28‰, 4% formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DF6FFA6FD2C4F996" box="[888,983,1519,1543]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
433); Peruíbe, Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DCE1F994D041F9BD" box="[246,338,1556,1580]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-24.566668">24°34’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DD4BF994D0D0F9BD" box="[348,451,1556,1580]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-47.233334">47°14’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DDC6F993D358F9BD" box="[465,587,1555,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2008-09-15">15.ix.2008</date>
, on rock, 95% ethanol, coll. J.M.M. Nogueira (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D866F994D5C3F9BD" box="[1137,1232,1556,1580]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1636); Cananéia, Argolão Rocky Shore near São João Hill, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DE78F9BAD3D7F9C3" box="[623,708,1590,1619]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-25.0">25o00'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DEDCF9BAD239F9C2" box="[715,810,1590,1619]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-47.95">47o57'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DF22F9BAD2ACF9C2" box="[821,959,1594,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1992-08-25">25.viii.1992</date>
, intertidal fringe, on rock, 19o C, 28‰, 4% formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DDECF9E1D349F9E8" box="[507,602,1633,1657]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
444); State of Paraná: Mel Island, Encantadas Rock, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D8CEF9E0D43EF9E8" box="[1241,1325,1629,1657]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-25.566668">25o34'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D92FF9E1D484F9E8" box="[1336,1431,1629,1657]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-48.3">48o18'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DC80F904D033F90C" box="[151,288,1668,1693]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1988-08-06">06.viii.1988</date>
, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DEC4F905D221F90C" box="[723,818,1669,1693]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1750); Paranaguá, Yacht Club Paranaguá, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D957F904D48FF90C" box="[1344,1436,1668,1693]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-25.5">25°30’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DC80F929D1EDF950" box="[151,254,1705,1729]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-48.483334">48°29’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DD1CF929D06EF950" box="[267,381,1705,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2007-10-10">10.x.2007</date>
, on artificial substrate, 95% ethanol, coll. M.A. Haddad, (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D807F929D57CF950" box="[1040,1135,1705,1729]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1637); Guaratuba, bottom trawling net, 
<quantity id="4CEA46BBFFC93725DD3AF950D074F979" box="[301,359,1743,1768]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
of shore, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DDCEF94FD33EF979" box="[473,557,1740,1768]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-25.866667">25o52'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DE23F950D387F979" box="[564,660,1740,1768]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-48.55">48o33'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DEB7F94FD231F979" box="[672,802,1743,1768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2003-12-01">01.xii.2003</date>
, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D8BAF950D41FF979" box="[1197,1292,1744,1768]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1751); State of Santa Catarina: Itapoá, Itapema beach, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DE66F976D3D6F89E" box="[625,709,1779,1807]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-26.083334">26o05'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DEDAF977D238F89E" box="[717,811,1779,1807]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-48.6">48o36'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DF2FF976D2A1F89E" box="[824,946,1782,1807]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2004-06-04">04.vi.2004</date>
, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D92BF977D48FF89E" box="[1340,1436,1783,1807]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1752); Penha, on a culture of mussels, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DE48F89DD3A0F8A7" box="[607,691,1818,1846]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-26.75">26o45'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DEAAF89ED20FF8A7" box="[701,796,1818,1846]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-48.633335">48o38'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DF3CF89DD2B7F8A7" box="[811,932,1821,1846]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2005-06-17">17.vi.2005</date>
, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D92AF89ED48FF8A7" box="[1341,1436,1822,1846]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1753); Bombas, Bombas Beach, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725DE1FF8C4D372F8CD" box="[520,609,1856,1884]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-27.116667">27o07’S</geoCoordinate>
48o30W, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DEDAF8C4D25CF8CC" box="[717,847,1860,1885]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2006-12-03">03.xii.2006</date>
, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Imazu (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D8D2F8C4D437F8CD" box="[1221,1316,1860,1884]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1754) and 95% ethanol, coll. E. Ale, (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DDDBF8EBD338F812" box="[460,555,1899,1923]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1638). 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC93725DE93F8EBD3EEF815" box="[644,765,1899,1924]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DE93F8EBD3EEF815" bold="true" box="[644,765,1899,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Argentina</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
: Mar del Plata, Punta Cantera, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D874F8EBD5ABF812" box="[1123,1208,1895,1923]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-38.066666">38o04'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC93725D8A8F8EBD40DF812" box="[1215,1310,1895,1924]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" precision="925" value="-57.533333">57o32'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725D93CF8EBD484F815" box="[1323,1431,1899,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="2002-01-26">26.i.2002</date>
, intertidal fringe, 4% formalin, coll. G. Genzano (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725DEA0F80FD205F836" box="[695,790,1935,1959]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1755), 95% ethanol, coll. G. Genzano (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFC93725D8C7F80FD43CF836" box="[1232,1327,1935,1959]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1639).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC93722DCD0F833D27AFF44" blockId="3.[151,1436,1289,2031]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DCD0F833D09DF85D" bold="true" box="[199,398,1971,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFC93725DCD0F833D011F85D" box="[199,258,1971,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Type</typeStatus>
specimens:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC93725DD80F833D372F85D" box="[407,609,1971,1996]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC93725DD80F833D372F85D" box="[407,609,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Ectopleura ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFC93725DE64F834D3B0F85D" box="[627,675,1972,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">type</typeStatus>
specimen lost, a 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFC93725DF67F834D2DAF85D" box="[880,969,1972,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
was proposed based on specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC93725DC80F856D012F87E" box="[151,257,2006,2031]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="424">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Victoria, Port Phillip, Yarra River Entrance Beacon, 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFC93725DFB6F856D50AF87E" box="[929,1049,2006,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" value="1977-04-03">03.iv.1977</date>
, 1– 
<quantity id="4CEA46BBFFC93725D85FF857D563F87E" box="[1096,1136,2007,2031]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="424" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
, on mussel and ascidia, formaldehyde (
<collectionCode id="ED03739BFFCE3722DD54FF18D095FF21" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[323,390,152,176]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">NMV</collectionCode>
G3227) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCE3722DDE2FF18D383FF21" author="Watson" box="[501,656,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCE3722DEB3FF17D266FF21" box="[676,885,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="425" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCE3722DEB3FF17D266FF21" box="[676,885,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found no reference concerning the material described by L. Agassiz, from the port of Boston. It may be lost.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308B8D5FFCE3722DCD0FF5FD229FC85" pageId="4" pageNumber="425" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCE3722DCD0FF5FD0DEFDAC" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCE3722DCD0FF5FD042FF69" bold="true" box="[199,337,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies dioecious, up to 
<quantity id="4CEA46BBFFCE3722DEBFFF5FD3EDFF66" box="[680,766,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="425" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
high. Hydrorhiza and hydrocaulus with well-developed perisarc. Unbranched erect hydrocauli arising from stolonial hydrorhiza. Hydrocaulus’ coenosarc split into two longitudinal chambers with basal diameter 200–420 µm, apical 340–1000 µm; distal region of hydrocaulus with globular expansion supporting terminal hydranth. Hydranth with one whorl of aboral and one whorl of oral tentacles; oral tentacles adnate to hypostome up to the mouth region, circular in transversal section; aboral tentacles quadrangular in transversal section. Unbranched blastostyles of gonosomes arising immediately above aboral whorl of tentacles; main axis of each blastostyle supporting gonophores. Female gonophore cryptomedusoid, oval, with eight distal laterally compressed crests surrounding terminal aperture, terminal region of spadix projecting to outside. Male gonophore cryptomedusoid, spherical to oval, without distal crests. Early released actinulae with 8– 11 aboral capitate tentacles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCE3722DCD0FDC7D229FC85" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">
Aboral tentacles with four 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFCE3722DDE2FDC8D323FDF1" box="[501,560,584,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">types</typeStatus>
of nematocysts: O-basitrichous isorhizas, rare and not measured (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722D901FDC7D465FDF1" box="[1302,1398,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A); basitrichous isorhizas, common, 6.45–12.19 X 2.84–6.04 µm (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722DF7CFDECD2DDFD15" box="[875,974,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
B); desmonemes, abundant, spherical to oval, 3.50–6.81 X 2.41–5.13 µm (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722DE01FD0FD364FD39" box="[534,631,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
C); small stenoteles, abundant, 5.02–7.82 X 3.66–8.09 µm (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722D90DFD0FD468FD39" box="[1306,1403,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
E). Oral tentacles with three 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFCE3722DDDFFD35D310FD5C" box="[456,515,693,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">types</typeStatus>
of nematocysts: O-basitrichous isorhiza, rare and not measured (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722D906FD34D465FD5D" box="[1297,1398,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A); basitrichous isorhizas, rare, 7.06–14.73 X 2.87–7.1 µm; large stenoteles, abundant, 7.36–12.5 X 6.07–11.38 µm and small stenoteles 4.93–7.93 
<date id="FFACCD9EFFCE3722DDE1FD7DD334FC85" box="[502,551,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">X 3.</date>
2–7.13 µm (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCE3722DEA1FD7CD205FC85" box="[694,790,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">Figure 3</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFCE3722DC80F8D3D22AF819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="425" targetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCE3722DC80F8D3D22AF819" blockId="4.[151,1436,1875,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCE3722DC80F8D3D01EF8F9" bold="true" box="[151,269,1875,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="425">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFCF3723DC80FBC3D598FB24" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" targetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCF3723DC80FBC3D598FB24" blockId="5.[151,1436,1091,1205]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DC80FBC3D01DFBC9" bold="true" box="[151,270,1091,1113]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Morphological traits of gonophores (A–D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C308B8D5FFCF3723DCD0FB5CD005FA60" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCF3723DCD0FB5CD005FA60" blockId="5.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DCD0FB5CD20FFB64" bold="true" box="[199,796,1244,1269]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Distribution in the South Western Atlantic Ocean</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFCF3723DF3BFB5CD266FB64" box="[812,885,1244,1269]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: States of Espírito Santo (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D88DFB5CD48BFB64" author="Grohmann" box="[1178,1432,1244,1269]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Souza, M. M. &amp; Nogueira, C. C. (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a large industrial area in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 227 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1997">
Grohmann 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D90BFB5ED446FB64" box="[1308,1365,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DC80FA80D040FA88" author="Grohmann" box="[151,339,1280,1305]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Grohmann, P. A. (2006) Importancia dos acompanhamentos de longa duracao no estudo da biodiversidade: exemplo da fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria) da Baia do Espirito Santo. Floresta &amp; Ambiente, 13 (2), 97 - 112." type="journal article" year="2006">Grohmann 2006</bibRefCitation>
), São Paulo (Migotto &amp; da 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE87FA80D238FA88" author="Silveira" box="[656,811,1280,1305]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF2FFA80D2C6FA88" author="Migotto" box="[824,981,1280,1305]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DFF5FA81D5E0FA88" author="Rosso" box="[994,1267,1281,1305]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Rosso, S. &amp; Marques, A. C. (1997) Patterns of intertidal hydrozoan distribution along the coast of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 415 - 422." type="book chapter" year="1997">Rosso &amp; Marques 1997</bibRefCitation>
, Migotto 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D975FA82D48FFA88" box="[1378,1436,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2001, 2002, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD3DFAA5D344FAAC" author="Marques" box="[298,599,1316,1341]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Marques, A. C. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2004) Hidrozoarios (Cnidaria) marinhos bentonicos da Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins. In: Marques, O. A. V. &amp; Duleba, W. (Eds.), Ambiente, Flora e Fauna da Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins. Holos, Ribeirao Preto, pp. 170 - 176." type="book chapter" year="2004">Marques &amp; Migotto 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE71FAA4D24BFAAC" author="Oliveira" box="[614,856,1316,1341]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Oliveira, O. M. P., Marques, A. C. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2006) Chave de identificacao dos hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) epifiticos do canal de Sao Sebastiao (SE, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 6 (2), 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032006000200025" type="journal article" year="2006">
Oliveira 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DEC1FAA6D201FAAC" box="[726,786,1316,1341]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF71FAA4D586FAAC" author="Oliveira" box="[870,1173,1316,1341]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Oliveira, O. M. P. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2007) Epiphytic hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata and Leptothecata) of the world. Check List, 3 (1), 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="2007">Oliveira &amp; Marques 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D8B3FAA4D1C1FAF0" author="Silveira" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Silveira, F. L. &amp; Morandini, A. C. (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1 a), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016" type="journal article" year="2011">Silveira &amp; Morandini 2011</bibRefCitation>
), Paraná (Haddad, 1992), Santa Catarina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DEA4FAC8D28AFAF0" author="Miranda" box="[691,921,1352,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Miranda, T. P., Haddad, M. A., Shimabukuro, V., Dubiaski-Silva, J. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2011) Fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) da regiao de Bombinhas, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (3), 331 - 353. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000300027" type="journal article" year="2011">
Miranda 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DF0AFACAD244FAF0" box="[797,855,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and Rio Grande do Sul (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D8D6FAC8D1C3FA14" author="Migotto" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
) (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD37FAECD31CFA14" author="Migotto" box="[288,527,1388,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2, 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032002000100010" type="journal article" year="2002">
Migotto 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DD9FFAEED0D4FA14" box="[392,455,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE36FAEDD209FA14" author="Marques" box="[545,794,1388,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2003) Synopsis of knowledge on Cnidaria Medusozoa from Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 3, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032003000200007" type="journal article" year="2003">
Marques 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DE86FAEED3DCFA14" box="[657,719,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFCF3723DF24FAEDD286FA14" box="[819,917,1389,1413]" name="Uruguay" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DFBDFAECD41FFA14" author="Demicheli" box="[938,1292,1388,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Demicheli, M. &amp; Scarabino, F. (2006) Invertebrados bentonicos de La Paloma (Rocha, Uruguay). In: Menafra, R., Rodriguez- Gallego, L., Scarabino, F. &amp; Conde, D. (Eds.), Bases para la conservacion y el manejo de la costa uruguaya. Vida Silvestre, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp. 523 - 534." type="book chapter" year="2006">Demicheli &amp; Scarabino 2006</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFCF3723D932FAECD48AFA14" box="[1317,1433,1388,1413]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Argentina</collectingCountry>
: Provinces of Buenos Aires (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DDC5FA10D376FA38" author="Blanco" box="[466,613,1424,1449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los hydroida de la Republica Argentina, suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata, seccion Zoologia, 14, 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994">Blanco 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE66FA11D246FA38" author="Genzano" box="[625,853,1424,1449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Genzano G. N., Cuartas, E. I. &amp; Excoffon, A. C. (1991) Porifera y Cnidaria de la Campana OB 05 / 88, en el Atlantico Sur. Thalassas, 9, 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1991">
Genzano 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DECBFA12D21EFA38" box="[732,781,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al</emphasis>
. 1991
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF75FA11D28EFA38" author="Genzano" box="[866,925,1425,1449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Genzano, G. N., Giberto, D., Schejter, L., Bremec, C. &amp; Meretta, P. (2009) Hydroids assemblages in SW Atlantic (34 º - 42 º S): richness and settlement substrata. Marine Ecology, 30 (1), 33 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00247. x" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DFBFFA11D55DFA38" author="Genzano" box="[936,1102,1425,1449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Genzano, G. N. (1994) La comunidad hidroide del intermareal de Mar del Plata (Argentina). I. Estacionalidad, abundancia y periodos reproductivos. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 35, 289 - 303." type="journal article" year="1994">Genzano 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 1998, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D888FA11D1C1FA5C" author="Genzano" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Genzano, G. N. &amp; Rodriguez, G. M. (1998) Association between hydroid species and their substrates from the intertidal zone of Mar del Plata (Argentine). Miscellania Zoologica, 21, 21 - 29." type="journal article" year="1998">Genzano &amp; Rodriguez 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Río Negro and Chubut (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DDE4FA34D395FA5C" author="Blanco" box="[499,646,1460,1485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los hydroida de la Republica Argentina, suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata, seccion Zoologia, 14, 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994">Blanco 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE87FA35D260FA5C" author="Genzano" box="[656,883,1460,1485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Genzano G. N., Cuartas, E. I. &amp; Excoffon, A. C. (1991) Porifera y Cnidaria de la Campana OB 05 / 88, en el Atlantico Sur. Thalassas, 9, 63 - 78." type="journal article" year="1991">Genzano et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
), Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (Oliveira et al. submitted).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308B8D5FFCF3728DCD0FA7CD5CBF9CD" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="435" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCF3723DCD0FA7CD0FAF97C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DCD0FA7CD027F984" bold="true" box="[199,308,1532,1557]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Remarks</emphasis>
. General morphology. The species 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723DEC6FA7ED22DF984" box="[721,830,1534,1557]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DEC6FA7ED22DF984" box="[721,830,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723DF6BFA7ED2F1F984" box="[892,994,1532,1557]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DF6BFA7ED2F1F984" box="[892,994,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically similar and have been considered sister-taxa (Marques &amp; Migotto, 2001) or synonyms (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DFC2F9A0D5DBF9A8" author="Bouillon" box="[981,1224,1568,1593]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D853F9A2D592F9A8" box="[1092,1153,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D8CFF9A0D482F9A8" author="Schuchert" box="[1240,1425,1568,1593]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Historically, subtle differences have been cited to differentiate the species (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFCF3723DFF3F9C4D52AF9CC" box="[996,1081,1604,1629]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). For instance, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D8FDF9C5D48FF9CC" author="Petersen" box="[1258,1436,1605,1629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
differentiated the two species by describing 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723DE8EF9EAD214F910" box="[665,775,1642,1665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DE8EF9EAD214F910" box="[665,775,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having more aboral and oral tentacles than 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723D939F9EAD487F910" box="[1326,1428,1640,1665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D939F9EAD487F910" box="[1326,1428,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this relationship appears to vary (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFCF3723DE8AF90CD3E6F934" box="[669,757,1676,1701]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Indeed, characters related to the tentacles are generally variable (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFCF3723DD15F930D097F958" box="[258,388,1712,1737]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" tableUuid-1="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DDEFF930D385F958" author="Agassiz" box="[504,662,1712,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV, Part III. Little Brown &amp; Company, Trubner &amp; Company, Boston, London, 398 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz 1862</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DEB3F930D224F958" author="Hargitt" box="[676,823,1712,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1927) Some hydroids of South China. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 67, 491 - 520." type="journal article" year="1927">Hargitt 1927</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF52F931D2D5F958" author="Ewer" box="[837,966,1712,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DFC3F930D570F958" author="Calder" box="[980,1123,1712,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of Southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D866F930D407F958" author="Schmidt" box="[1137,1300,1712,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Schmidt, H. E. (1971) Some new records of hydroids from the Gulf of Aqaba with zoogeographical remarks on the Red Sea area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 13, 27 - 51." type="journal article" year="1971">Schmidt 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D935F930D023F97C" author="Migotto" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD2CF954D0CEF97C" author="Hirohito" box="[315,477,1748,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCF3723DCD0F978D40FF830" blockId="5.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">
The SWAO specimens all have hydroucauli that broaden distally (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFCF3723DFF2F978D551F880" box="[997,1090,1784,1809]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,1088,1111]" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of Ectopleura per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">Table 3</tableCitation>
), as described for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723D93CF97AD48EF880" box="[1323,1437,1786,1809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D93CF97AD48EF880" box="[1323,1437,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DC89F89CD057F8A4" author="Hirohito" box="[158,324,1820,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD45F89CD31BF8A4" author="Schuchert" box="[338,520,1820,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
), although specimens with the same diameter throughout the hydrocaulus were reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD35F8C1D0C4F8C8" author="Petersen" box="[290,471,1857,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. Each polyp is gonochoristic, although settlement of actinulae on already developed hydrocauli (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DD36F8E5D0DBF8EC" author="Rungger" box="[289,456,1892,1917]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Rungger, D. (1969) Autotomy in Tubularia crocea and its ecological and physiological significance. Pubblicazioni Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 37, 95 - 139." type="journal article" year="1969">Rungger 1969</bibRefCitation>
) may promote pseudo-hermaphroditism, a strategy also reported for other hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DC89F808D08DF830" author="Brinkmann-Voss" box="[158,414,1928,1953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinkmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
, Sommer 1990, Marques 2001, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF13F808D2A5F830" author="Schuchert" box="[772,950,1928,1953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
, Nawrocki &amp; Cartwright 2012).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCF3720DCD0F82DD38DFE41" blockId="5.[151,1437,1244,2025]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="427" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">
There are inconsistencies in the description of the blastostyles, either characterized as unbranched (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D937F82DD48FF857" author="Ewer" box="[1312,1436,1965,1990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DCDBF850D077F878" author="Millard" box="[204,356,2000,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1966) The Hydrozoa of the South and West Coast of South Africa. Part III. The Gimnoblastea and small families of Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 48, 427 - 487." type="journal article" year="1966">Millard 1966</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723DD8BF852D316F878" box="[412,517,2000,2025]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723DD8BF852D316F878" box="[412,517,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DE0EF850D23BF878" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[537,808,2000,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723DF2FF850D2CCF878" author="Hirohito" box="[824,991,2000,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCF3723D834F851D5D5F878" author="Petersen" box="[1059,1222,2001,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCF3723D917F852D47CF878" box="[1280,1391,2002,2025]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="426" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCF3723D917F852D47CF878" box="[1280,1391,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="426">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or branched (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DD07FF17D098FF21" author="Bale" box="[272,395,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Bale, W. M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Thomas Richards, Government Printer, Sydney, 237 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale 1884</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DD8CFF17D326FF21" author="Millard" box="[411,565,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DE53FF18D3CDFF21" author="Watson" box="[580,734,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DEFAFF17D503FF21" author="Migotto" box="[749,1040,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720D844FF18D5E6FF21" author="Petersen" box="[1107,1269,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCC3720D93BFF19D480FF21" box="[1324,1427,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCC3720D93BFF19D480FF21" box="[1324,1427,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DC80FF3CD055FF44" author="Schuchert" box="[151,326,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCC3720DD63FF3DD0CCFF45" box="[372,479,189,212]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCC3720DD63FF3DD0CCFF45" box="[372,479,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFCC3720DDE1FF3CD35DFF45" box="[502,590,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum – maximum values. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. For information of the localities see table 1." pageId="6" pageNumber="427">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Descriptions of the 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFCC3720DF28FF3DD28BFF44" box="[831,920,189,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCC3720DFAAFF3DD533FF44" box="[957,1056,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCC3720DFAAFF3DD533FF44" box="[957,1056,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Melbourne (
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFCC3720D8F9FF3CD44BFF44" box="[1262,1368,188,213]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">Australia</collectingCountry>
) have different ways to describe the blastostyles, characterized either as “[...] only occasionally branched” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720D93DFF5FD0A0FE8C" author="Schuchert" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996: 109; our underline</bibRefCitation>
) or as “mature blastostyles branched [...]” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DFB0FE84D578FE8C" author="Watson" box="[935,1131,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980: 61</bibRefCitation>
), or (“usually unbranched, but some branching can occur”, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DE19FEA7D3D0FED1" author="Schuchert" box="[526,707,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
, p. 359). Specimens from SWAO have unbranched blastostyles (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFCC3720DC89FECCD013FEF5" box="[158,256,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A–B), similar to those described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DE8FFECCD22DFEF5" author="Allman" box="[664,830,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Ray Society, London, 450 pp." type="book" year="1871">Allman (1871)</bibRefCitation>
and contrasting with the long bunches of gonophores described for other localities (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DDF5FEEFD37CFE19" author="Calder" box="[482,623,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of Southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DE6CFEEFD203FE19" author="Millard" box="[635,784,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DF0CFEF0D2BDFE19" author="Watson" box="[795,942,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. &amp; Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113." type="book chapter" year="1982">Watson 1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720DFADFEF0D548FE19" author="Petersen" box="[954,1115,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFCC3720D879FEEFD400FE19" author="Millard" box="[1134,1299,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1959) Hydrozoa from the coast of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part II: Gymnoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 297 - 313." type="journal article" year="1959">Millard (1959)</bibRefCitation>
commented on the difficulty of differentiating primary and secondary pedicels, which may explain the challenges of characterizing the ramification of blastostyles.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFCC3720DC80F8DAD388F87B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227868/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="427" targetBox="[151,1436,517,1859]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCC3720DC80F8DAD388F87B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1882,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCC3720DC80F8DAD003F8FE" bold="true" box="[151,272,1882,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="427">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Histological sections documented under light microscopy. A: transversal section at the base of oral tentacles, where they are still adnate to hypostome. B: transversal section of the oral tentacles showing their circular shape. C: oblique section of the aboral tentacles showing the squared section of the cells constituting that. D: transversal section at distal region of hydrocaulus showing its division into two longitudinal chambers. Legends on figures: HO, hypostome; OT, oral tentacle; AT, aboral tentacle; S, septum; C, chamber; P, perisarc.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" box="[151,1436,152,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" targetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,239]" box="[151,1436,152,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DC80FF18D015FF3E" bold="true" box="[151,262,152,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">TABLE 1</emphasis>
. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DFCEFF18D550FF3E" box="[985,1091,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DFCEFF18D550FF3E" box="[985,1091,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (white rows) and “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721D93AFF18D483FF3E" box="[1325,1424,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721D93AFF18D483FF3E" box="[1325,1424,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCD3721DC80FF38D48FFF5E" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,239]" box="[151,1436,184,207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
(shaded rows), expressed as minimum–maximum values. Length and diameter are given in millimeters. T = 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721D902FF38D46DFF5E" box="[1301,1406,184,207]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721D902FF38D46DFF5E" box="[1301,1406,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Tubularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCD3721DC80FF58D039FF7E" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,239]" box="[151,298,216,239]" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCBBFF58D031FF7E" box="[172,290,216,239]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCBBFF58D031FF7E" box="[172,290,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFCD3721DC88FE89D5D6F875" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<table id="F91219FEFFCDC8D9DC80FE89D48FF875" box="[151,1436,265,2020]" gridcols="5" gridrows="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FE89D48FFECD" box="[151,1436,265,348]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FE89D0D0FECD" box="[151,451,265,348]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Author (Original reference to species)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FE89D3BEFECD" box="[468,685,265,348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Hydrocaulus length diameter</th>
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FE89D26DFECD" box="[706,894,265,348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Aboral tentacles number length</th>
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FE89D573FECD" box="[918,1120,265,348]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Oral tentacles number length</th>
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FE89D48FFECD" box="[1143,1436,265,348]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Locality</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FEEED48FFE32" box="[151,1436,366,419]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FEEED0D0FE32" box="[151,451,366,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Agassiz (1862) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FE0CD057FE32" box="[167,324,396,419]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FE0CD057FE32" box="[167,324,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Paripha crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FEEED3BEFE32" box="[468,685,366,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">63.5–88.9</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FEEED26DFE32" box="[706,894,366,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FEEED573FE32" box="[918,1120,366,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FEEED48FFE32" box="[1143,1436,366,419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Boston harbor, USA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FE34D48FFE79" box="[151,1436,436,488]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FE34D0D0FE79" box="[151,451,436,488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Allman (1871) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FE53D083FE79" box="[167,400,466,488]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FE53D083FE79" box="[167,400,466,488]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FE34D3BEFE79" box="[468,685,436,488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">101</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FE34D26DFE79" box="[706,894,436,488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FE34D573FE79" box="[918,1120,436,488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FE34D48FFE79" box="[1143,1436,436,488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Gulf of Spezia, Italy</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FE7AD48FFDBF" box="[151,1436,506,558]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FE7AD0D0FDBF" box="[151,451,506,558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Bale (1884) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FD99D1EFFDBF" box="[167,252,536,558]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FD99D1EFFDBF" box="[167,252,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FE7AD3BEFDBF" box="[468,685,506,558]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">76–101</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FE7AD48FFDBF" box="[1143,1436,506,558]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Hobsons Bay, Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FDBFD48FFDE5" box="[151,1436,575,628]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FDBFD0D0FDE5" box="[151,451,575,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Allen (1900) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FDDED057FDE5" box="[167,324,606,628]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FDDED057FDE5" box="[167,324,606,628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Paripha crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FDBFD3BEFDE5" box="[468,685,575,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">63.5–76.2</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FDBFD26DFDE5" box="[706,894,575,628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FDBFD48FFDE5" box="[1143,1436,575,628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Woods Holl, USA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FD05D48FFD2B" box="[151,1436,645,698]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FD05D0D0FD2B" box="[151,451,645,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Torrey (1902) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FD25D017FD2B" box="[167,260,677,698]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FD25D017FD2B" box="[167,260,677,698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FD05D3BEFD2B" box="[468,685,645,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">inconstant</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FD05D26DFD2B" box="[706,894,645,698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">24 top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FD05D573FD2B" box="[918,1120,645,698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">15–18</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FD05D48FFD2B" box="[1143,1436,645,698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">San Francisco and San Diego Bays, USA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FD4BD48FFC91" box="[151,1436,715,768]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FD4BD0D0FC91" box="[151,451,715,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Stechow (1907) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FD6BD030FC91" box="[167,291,747,768]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sagamina">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FD6BD030FC91" box="[167,291,747,768]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. sagamina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FD4BD3BEFC91" box="[468,685,715,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">150</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FD4BD26DFC91" box="[706,894,715,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50 9.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FD4BD573FC91" box="[918,1120,715,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FD4BD48FFC91" box="[1143,1436,715,768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Misaki, Japan</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FC91D48FFCD7" box="[151,1436,785,838]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FC91D0D0FCD7" box="[151,451,785,838]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Stechow (1925) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FCB1D00AFCD7" box="[167,281,816,838]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FCB1D00AFCD7" box="[167,281,816,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FC91D3BEFCD7" box="[468,685,785,838]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50–80</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FC91D26DFCD7" box="[706,894,785,838]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FC91D573FCD7" box="[918,1120,785,838]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–18</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FC91D48FFCD7" box="[1143,1436,785,838]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Fremantle, Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FCD7D48FFC1D" box="[151,1436,855,908]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FCD7D0D0FC1D" box="[151,451,855,908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Hargitt (1927) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FCF7D083FC1A" box="[167,400,885,908]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FCF7D083FC1A" box="[167,400,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FCD7D3BEFC1D" box="[468,685,855,908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">35–50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FCD7D26DFC1D" box="[706,894,855,908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FCD7D573FC1D" box="[918,1120,855,908]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FCD7D48FFC1D" box="[1143,1436,855,908]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">South China</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FC1DD48FFC22" box="[151,1436,925,947]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FC1DD0D0FC22" box="[151,451,925,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Ewer (1953) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD3AFC1ED080FC22" box="[301,403,926,947]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD3AFC1ED080FC22" box="[301,403,926,947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FC1DD3BEFC22" box="[468,685,925,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">100 top 0.22–0.8</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FC1DD26DFC22" box="[706,894,925,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">24–30 4 top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FC1DD573FC22" box="[918,1120,925,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">22–27 0.8 top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FC1DD48FFC22" box="[1143,1436,925,947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Natal, South Africa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FC44D48FFC4B" box="[151,1436,964,986]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FC44D0D0FC4B" box="[151,451,964,986]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Millard (1959) (
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD54FC45D0A0FC4B" box="[323,435,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD54FC45D0BFFC4B" box="[323,428,965,986]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">T. warreni</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FC44D3BEFC4B" box="[468,685,964,986]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FC44D26DFC4B" box="[706,894,964,986]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">18–29</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FC44D573FC4B" box="[918,1120,964,986]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">15–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FC44D48FFC4B" box="[1143,1436,964,986]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Natal and East coast, Africa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FC6BD48FFBB1" box="[151,1436,1003,1056]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FC6BD0D0FBB1" box="[151,451,1003,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Yamada (1959) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FB8BD083FBB1" box="[167,400,1034,1056]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FB8BD083FBB1" box="[167,400,1034,1056]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FC6BD3BEFBB1" box="[468,685,1003,1056]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">30</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FC6BD26DFBB1" box="[706,894,1003,1056]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FC6BD573FBB1" box="[918,1120,1003,1056]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">10</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FC6BD48FFBB1" box="[1143,1436,1003,1056]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Sagami Bay and Seto, Japan; Amoy, South China</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FBB1D48FFBF7" box="[151,1436,1073,1126]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FBB1D0D0FBF7" box="[151,451,1073,1126]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Yamada (1959) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD5EFBB2D011FBF7" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sagamina">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD5EFBB2D011FBF7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. sagamina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FBB1D3BEFBF7" box="[468,685,1073,1126]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">150</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FBB1D26DFBF7" box="[706,894,1073,1126]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FBB1D573FBF7" box="[918,1120,1073,1126]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FBB1D48FFBF7" box="[1143,1436,1073,1126]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Sagami Bay and Seto, Japan; Amoy, South China</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FBF7D48FFB1C" box="[151,1436,1143,1165]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FBF7D0D0FB1C" box="[151,451,1143,1165]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Rees (1963) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD3EFBF8D096FB1C" box="[297,389,1144,1165]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD3EFBF8D096FB1C" box="[297,389,1144,1165]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FBF7D3BEFB1C" box="[468,685,1143,1165]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FBF7D48FFB1C" box="[1143,1436,1143,1165]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">England</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FB1ED48FFB25" box="[151,1436,1182,1204]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FB1ED0D0FB25" box="[151,451,1182,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Millard (1966) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD54FB1FD0B8FB25" box="[323,427,1183,1204]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD54FB1FD0B8FB25" box="[323,427,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FB1ED3BEFB25" box="[468,685,1182,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">17.5 1.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FB1ED48FFB25" box="[1143,1436,1182,1204]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">East cost of South Africa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FB45D48FFB6B" box="[151,1436,1221,1274]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FB45D0D0FB6B" box="[151,451,1221,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Brinckmann-Voss (1970) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FB65D017FB6B" box="[167,260,1253,1274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FB65D017FB6B" box="[167,260,1253,1274]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FB45D26DFB6B" box="[706,894,1221,1274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">28 top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FB45D573FB6B" box="[918,1120,1221,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">17–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FB45D48FFB6B" box="[1143,1436,1221,1274]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Italy, England and France</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FA8BD48FFAD1" box="[151,1436,1291,1344]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FA8BD0D0FAD1" box="[151,451,1291,1344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Calder (1971) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD2CFA8CD08BFAB0" box="[315,408,1292,1313]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD2CFA8CD08BFAB0" box="[315,408,1292,1313]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FA8BD3BEFAD1" box="[468,685,1291,1344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">100</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FA8BD26DFAD1" box="[706,894,1291,1344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FA8BD573FAD1" box="[918,1120,1291,1344]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FA8BD48FFAD1" box="[1143,1436,1291,1344]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Florida and north of Gulf of Mexico</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FAD1D48FFA17" box="[151,1436,1361,1414]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FAD1D0D0FA17" box="[151,451,1361,1414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Schmidt (1971) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0FAF1D083FA17" box="[167,400,1392,1414]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0FAF1D083FA17" box="[167,400,1392,1414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FAD1D3BEFA17" box="[468,685,1361,1414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FAD1D26DFA17" box="[706,894,1361,1414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FAD1D573FA17" box="[918,1120,1361,1414]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FAD1D48FFA17" box="[1143,1436,1361,1414]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Gulf Aqaba, Red Sea</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FA17D48FFA5A" box="[151,1436,1431,1483]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FA17D0D0FA5A" box="[151,451,1431,1483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Millard (1975) (
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD5DFA18D0A9FA3C" box="[330,442,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD5DFA18D0A0FA3C" box="[330,435,1432,1453]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">T. warreni</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FA17D3BEFA5A" box="[468,685,1431,1483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50–100</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FA17D26DFA5A" box="[706,894,1431,1483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">31 top 5 or more</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FA17D573FA5A" box="[918,1120,1431,1483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">27 top 1 or more</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FA17D48FFA5A" box="[1143,1436,1431,1483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Durban Harbor, South Africa</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80FA5DD48FFA62" box="[151,1436,1501,1523]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80FA5DD0D0FA62" box="[151,451,1501,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Watson (1980) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD54FA5ED084FA62" box="[323,407,1501,1523]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD54FA5ED084FA62" box="[323,407,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3FA5DD3BEFA62" box="[468,685,1501,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">120 top 0.3–0.5</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5FA5DD26DFA62" box="[706,894,1501,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–27 4–5</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81FA5DD573FA62" box="[918,1120,1501,1523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">15–25 2–3</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860FA5DD48FFA62" box="[1143,1436,1501,1523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Victoria, Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F984D48FF98B" box="[151,1436,1540,1562]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F984D0D0F98B" box="[151,451,1540,1562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Watson (1982) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD54F985D084F98B" box="[323,407,1540,1562]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD54F985D084F98B" box="[323,407,1540,1562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F984D3BEF98B" box="[468,685,1540,1562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">120</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F984D26DF98B" box="[706,894,1540,1562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–27</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F984D573F98B" box="[918,1120,1540,1562]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">15–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F984D48FF98B" box="[1143,1436,1540,1562]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Fremantle, Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F9ABD48FF9F1" box="[151,1436,1579,1632]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F9ABD0D0F9F1" box="[151,451,1579,1632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Migotto &amp; da Silveira (1987) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCE6F9CBD04FF9F1" box="[241,348,1611,1632]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCE6F9CBD04FF9F1" box="[241,348,1611,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F9ABD3BEF9F1" box="[468,685,1579,1632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">70 top 0.18–0.6</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F9ABD26DF9F1" box="[706,894,1579,1632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">12–27 0.4–6.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F9ABD573F9F1" box="[918,1120,1579,1632]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">11–30 0.4–1.9</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F9ABD48FF9F1" box="[1143,1436,1579,1632]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Southeastern and Southern coast, Brazil</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F9F1D48FF937" box="[151,1436,1649,1702]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F9F1D0D0F937" box="[151,451,1649,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Hirohito (1988) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0F911D083F937" box="[167,400,1680,1702]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0F911D083F937" box="[167,400,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F9F1D3BEF937" box="[468,685,1649,1702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">40–50</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F9F1D26DF937" box="[706,894,1649,1702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–31</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F9F1D573F937" box="[918,1120,1649,1702]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">14–43</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F9F1D48FF937" box="[1143,1436,1649,1702]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Japan</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F937D48FF95C" box="[151,1436,1719,1741]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F937D0D0F95C" box="[151,451,1719,1741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Petersen (1990) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD43F938D0A7F95C" box="[340,436,1720,1741]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD43F938D0A7F95C" box="[340,436,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F937D3BEF95C" box="[468,685,1719,1741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">70</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F937D26DF95C" box="[706,894,1719,1741]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">22–30</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F937D573F95C" box="[918,1120,1719,1741]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">18–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F937D48FF95C" box="[1143,1436,1719,1741]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">East and West coast, USA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F95ED48FF965" box="[151,1436,1758,1780]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F95ED0D0F965" box="[151,451,1758,1780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Petersen (1990) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD5AF95FD0B4F965" box="[333,423,1758,1780]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD5AF95FD0B4F965" box="[333,423,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F95ED26DF965" box="[706,894,1758,1780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">16–27</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F95ED573F965" box="[918,1120,1758,1780]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">15–25</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F95ED48FF965" box="[1143,1436,1758,1780]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">InkermanCreek,Australia</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F885D48FF88A" box="[151,1436,1797,1819]" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F885D0D0F88A" box="[151,451,1797,1819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Schuchert (1996) (
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD4BF886D0D0F88A" box="[348,451,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD4BF886D0AFF88A" box="[348,444,1798,1819]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">E. crocea</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F885D3BEF88A" box="[468,685,1797,1819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">50 0.2–0.6</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F885D26DF88A" box="[706,894,1797,1819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">22 top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F885D573F88A" box="[918,1120,1797,1819]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F885D48FF88A" box="[1143,1436,1797,1819]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">New Zealand</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F8ACD48FF8F0" box="[151,1436,1836,1889]" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F8ACD0D0F8F0" box="[151,451,1836,1889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCE9F8AED022F8D3" box="[254,305,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">et al.</emphasis>
(2004) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DCB0F8CCD014F8F0" box="[167,263,1868,1889]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DCB0F8CCD014F8F0" box="[167,263,1868,1889]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F8ACD3BEF8F0" box="[468,685,1836,1889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">70</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F8ACD26DF8F0" box="[706,894,1836,1889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">22–30</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F8ACD573F8F0" box="[918,1120,1836,1889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">18–24</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F8ACD48FF8F0" box="[1143,1436,1836,1889]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Mediterranean</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFCDC8D9DC80F8F2D48FF875" box="[151,1436,1906,2020]" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
<th id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DC80F8F2D0D0F875" box="[151,451,1906,2020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">
Schuchert (1996) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFCD3721DD4BF8F3D0A8F819" box="[348,443,1907,1928]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="428" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFCD3721DD4BF8F3D0A8F819" box="[348,443,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DDC3F8F2D3BEF875" box="[468,685,1906,2020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">30–80, 0.6–0.8, maxi 120 but up 2</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DED5F8F2D26DF875" box="[706,894,1906,2020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">22–28 (max. 38)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9DF81F8F2D573F875" box="[918,1120,1906,2020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">ca. 18 (max. 26)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFCDC8D9D860F8F2D48FF875" box="[1143,1436,1906,2020]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="428">Australia, South Africa, USA (Atlantic), Mediterranean (Italy, France)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="8" pageNumber="429" targetBox="[159,1405,390,1019]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372EDC80FF18D01AFF3E" bold="true" box="[151,265,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">TABLE 2</emphasis>
. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC2372ED836FF18D5FFFF3E" box="[1057,1260,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="429" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372ED836FF18D5FFFF3E" box="[1057,1260,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum–maximum measurements in millimeters, average±standard deviation in parentheses (*n=1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDD7EFE8AD2E1FEB1" blockId="8.[159,1298,266,371]" box="[361,1010,266,288]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372EDD7EFE8AD2E1FEB1" box="[361,1010,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Hydranth Tentacles</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC88FEB4D59BFEDB" blockId="8.[159,1298,266,371]" box="[159,1160,308,330]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Locality length diameter aboral oral</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC88FEDDD5A2FB59" blockId="8.[159,1298,266,371]" lastBlockId="8.[159,1366,1202,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
(n) number length number length 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372EDD4BFB32D5A2FB59" box="[348,1201,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Hydrocaulus Gonophores</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC88FE06D44EFC6A" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<table id="F91219FEFFC2C8D9DC88FE06D46EFC6A" box="[159,1405,390,1019]" gridcols="6" gridrows="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FE06D46EFE2A" box="[159,1405,390,443]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FE06D306FE2A" box="[159,533,390,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">São Vicente (10) 900–1600 (1288±204)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FE06D3FFFE2A" box="[579,748,390,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">600–960 (745±126.43)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFE06D24BFE2A" box="[793,856,390,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">15–20</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFE06D526FE2A" box="[907,1077,390,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1300–2160 (1714±335.47)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FE06D5B3FE2A" box="[1121,1184,390,443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">15–19</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FE06D46EFE2A" box="[1235,1405,390,443]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500–800 (656±97.89)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FE4ED46EFD92" box="[159,1405,462,515]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FE4ED306FD92" box="[159,533,462,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Itanhaém 1360–1800 (10) (1552±184.08)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FE4ED3FFFD92" box="[579,748,462,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">660–1200 (870±167.4)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFE4ED24BFD92" box="[793,856,462,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">17–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFE4ED526FD92" box="[907,1077,462,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1900–2700 (2180±264.83)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FE4ED5B3FD92" box="[1121,1184,462,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">16–21</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FE4ED46EFD92" box="[1235,1405,462,515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">400–700 (612±102.07)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FD96D46EFDDA" box="[159,1405,534,587]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FD96D306FDDA" box="[159,533,534,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Peruíbe 1440–2260 (10) (1842±279.44)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FD96D3FFFDDA" box="[579,748,534,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">800–1400 (1012±190.48)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFD96D24BFDDA" box="[793,856,534,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">16–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFD96D526FDDA" box="[907,1077,534,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">2100–3200 (2494±326.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FD96D5B3FDDA" box="[1121,1184,534,587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">16–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FD96D46EFDDA" box="[1235,1405,534,587]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">580–1100 (848±187.19)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FDDED46EFD02" box="[159,1405,606,659]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FDDED306FD02" box="[159,533,606,659]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Ilha do Mel 1500 (1)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FDDED3FFFD02" box="[579,748,606,659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">800</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFDDED24BFD02" box="[793,856,606,659]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFDDED526FD02" box="[907,1077,606,659]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1700</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FDDED5B3FD02" box="[1121,1184,606,659]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">18</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FDDED46EFD02" box="[1235,1405,606,659]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FD26D46EFD4A" box="[159,1405,678,731]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FD26D306FD4A" box="[159,533,678,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Guaratuba 1000–1200 (7) (1133.33±115.47)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FD26D3FFFD4A" box="[579,748,678,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">700–1000 (866,67±152.75)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFD26D24BFD4A" box="[793,856,678,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">21–23</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFD26D526FD4A" box="[907,1077,678,731]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1400*</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FD26D5B3FD4A" box="[1121,1184,678,731]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">15–23</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FD26D46EFD4A" box="[1235,1405,678,731]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500*</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FD6ED46EFCB2" box="[159,1405,750,803]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FD6ED306FCB2" box="[159,533,750,803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Itapoá 1660–2700 (10) (2048±328.93)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FD6ED3FFFCB2" box="[579,748,750,803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">900–1300 (1064±138.5)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFD6ED24BFCB2" box="[793,856,750,803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">18–23</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFD6ED526FCB2" box="[907,1077,750,803]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1700–3400 (2494±537.41)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FD6ED5B3FCB2" box="[1121,1184,750,803]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">15–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FD6ED46EFCB2" box="[1235,1405,750,803]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">800–1200 (957±105.63)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FCB6D46EFCFA" box="[159,1405,822,875]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FCB6D306FCFA" box="[159,533,822,875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Penha 1100–2000 (10) (1620±311.98)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FCB6D3FFFCFA" box="[579,748,822,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">800–1200 (1000±141.42)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFCB6D24BFCFA" box="[793,856,822,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">19–23</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFCB6D526FCFA" box="[907,1077,822,875]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1800–2800 (2107.5±329.32)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FCB6D5B3FCFA" box="[1121,1184,822,875]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">16–18</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FCB6D46EFCFA" box="[1235,1405,822,875]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500–800 (644.29±105.18)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FCFED46EFC22" box="[159,1405,894,947]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FCFED306FC22" box="[159,533,894,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Bombas 980–1550 (10) (1243±200.22)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FCFED3FFFC22" box="[579,748,894,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">460–800 (636±119.18)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFCFED24BFC22" box="[793,856,894,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">14–18</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFCFED526FC22" box="[907,1077,894,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">1400–2000 (1688±172.87)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FCFED5B3FC22" box="[1121,1184,894,947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">15–20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FCFED46EFC22" box="[1235,1405,894,947]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">340–540 (452±56.73)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FC46D46EFC6A" box="[159,1405,966,1019]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FC46D306FC6A" box="[159,533,966,1019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Mar del Plata 1400–2900 (10) (2208±492.09)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DE54FC46D3FFFC6A" box="[579,748,966,1019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">900–1500 (1199±178.29)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF0EFC46D24BFC6A" box="[793,856,966,1019]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">20–26</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF9CFC46D526FC6A" box="[907,1077,966,1019]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">2520–4200 (3217±547.93)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D876FC46D5B3FC6A" box="[1121,1184,966,1019]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">17–19</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8C4FC46D46EFC6A" box="[1235,1405,966,1019]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">700–1000 (825±116.07)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FBC0D348FB06" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC80FBC0D348FB06" blockId="8.[151,1436,1088,1175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372EDC80FBC0D019FBC6" bold="true" box="[151,266,1088,1111]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">TABLE 3</emphasis>
. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC2372ED865FBC0D5FBFBC6" box="[1138,1256,1088,1111]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="429" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC2372ED865FBC0D5FBFBC6" box="[1138,1256,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum–maximum measurements in millimeters, average±standard deviation in parentheses
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC88FB5CD2B2FA8A" blockId="8.[159,1366,1202,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Locality length diameter length diameter (n) proximal medial distal</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372FDC88FAAED20AFEAF" blockId="8.[159,1366,1202,1379]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,318]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC2372EDC88FAAED00BFAD5" box="[159,280,1326,1348]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">São Vicente</collectingCountry>
14–35 240–300 300–400 340–540 260–500 180–300 (10) (20.7±6.17) (280±23.09) (350±28.67) (436±65.18) (368±68.77) (228±39.1) Author Female Male Blastostyles Actinulae (Original reference to species) gonophore gonophore
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC2372EDC88FAF6D470F815" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<table id="F91219FEFFC2C8D9DC88FAF6D491F815" box="[159,1410,1398,1924]" gridcols="6" gridrows="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FAF6D491FA3A" box="[159,1410,1398,1451]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FAF6D0D8FA3A" box="[159,459,1398,1451]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Itanhaém (10) 22–36 (29.1±4.65)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9FAF6D398FA3A" box="[494,651,1398,1451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">220–400 (304±52.32)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBFAF6D25AFA3A" box="[684,841,1398,1451]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">420–520 (452±30.11)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EFAF6D514FA3A" box="[873,1031,1398,1451]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">440–620 (528±68.77)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830FAF6D5D7FA3A" box="[1063,1220,1398,1451]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">360–660 (482±88.67)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2FAF6D491FA3A" box="[1253,1410,1398,1451]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–520 (362±85.09)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88FA3ED491FA62" box="[159,1410,1470,1523]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88FA3ED0D8FA62" box="[159,459,1470,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Peruíbe 13–35 (10) (21.3±6.02)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9FA3ED398FA62" box="[494,651,1470,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–340 (284±30.98)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBFA3ED25AFA62" box="[684,841,1470,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–440 (372±53.5)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EFA3ED514FA62" box="[873,1031,1470,1523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500–800 (604±95.59)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830FA3ED5D7FA62" box="[1063,1220,1470,1523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">440–660 (524±79.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2FA3ED491FA62" box="[1253,1410,1470,1523]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">280–500 (388±76.71)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F986D491F98D" box="[159,1410,1542,1564]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F986D0D8F98D" box="[159,459,1542,1564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Ilha do Mel (1) 30</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F986D398F98D" box="[494,651,1542,1564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">320</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF986D25AF98D" box="[684,841,1542,1564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">440</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF986D514F98D" box="[873,1031,1542,1564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">520</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F986D5D7F98D" box="[1063,1220,1542,1564]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">260</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F986D491F98D" box="[1253,1410,1542,1564]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">200</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F9B0D491F9F5" box="[159,1410,1584,1636]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F9B0D0D8F9F5" box="[159,459,1584,1636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Guaratuba (7) 10–18 (14.17±3.13)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F9B0D398F9F5" box="[494,651,1584,1636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">220–400 (306.67±70.05)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF9B0D25AF9F5" box="[684,841,1584,1636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">280–480 (383.33±68.61)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF9B0D514F9F5" box="[873,1031,1584,1636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">400–620 (513.33±97.71)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F9B0D5D7F9F5" box="[1063,1220,1584,1636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–400 (545.71±41.17)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F9B0D491F9F5" box="[1253,1410,1584,1636]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–340 (277.14±33.52)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F9F8D491F93D" box="[159,1410,1656,1708]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F9F8D0D8F93D" box="[159,459,1656,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Itapoá 25–38 (10) (32±4.27)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F9F8D398F93D" box="[494,651,1656,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">200–340 (270±44.47)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF9F8D25AF93D" box="[684,841,1656,1708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">320–400 (350±30.18)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF9F8D514F93D" box="[873,1031,1656,1708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">600–1000 (716±121.76)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F9F8D5D7F93D" box="[1063,1220,1656,1708]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">440–760 (598±119.05)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F9F8D491F93D" box="[1253,1410,1656,1708]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–460 (368±48.26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F940D491F965" box="[159,1410,1728,1780]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F940D0D8F965" box="[159,459,1728,1780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Penha 20–30 (10) (25.6±3.24)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F940D398F965" box="[494,651,1728,1780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">260–300 (284±15.78)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF940D25AF965" box="[684,841,1728,1780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">340–460 (394±35.34)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF940D514F965" box="[873,1031,1728,1780]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">500–720 (650±63.42)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F940D5D7F965" box="[1063,1220,1728,1780]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–520 (432±75.54)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F940D491F965" box="[1253,1410,1728,1780]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–380 (306±40.06)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F888D491F8AD" box="[159,1410,1800,1852]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F888D0D8F8AD" box="[159,459,1800,1852]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Bombas 17–44 (10) (29.5±9.91)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F888D398F8AD" box="[494,651,1800,1852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–420 (298±49.4)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF888D25AF8AD" box="[684,841,1800,1852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">280–560 (358±79.13)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF888D514F8AD" box="[873,1031,1800,1852]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">340–460 (418±41.58)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F888D5D7F8AD" box="[1063,1220,1800,1852]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">320–500 (432±59.03)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F888D491F8AD" box="[1253,1410,1800,1852]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">240–380 (298±45.66)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC2C8D9DC88F8D0D491F815" box="[159,1410,1872,1924]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">
<th id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DC88F8D0D0D8F815" box="[159,459,1872,1924]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">Mar del Plata 11–22 (10) (16.7±3.53)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DDF9F8D0D398F815" box="[494,651,1872,1924]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–400 (340±31.27)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DEBBF8D0D25AF815" box="[684,841,1872,1924]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">400–500 (442±35.84)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9DF7EF8D0D514F815" box="[873,1031,1872,1924]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">580–900 (710±107.6)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D830F8D0D5D7F815" box="[1063,1220,1872,1924]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">480–900 (632±144.28)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC2C8D9D8F2F8D0D491F815" box="[1253,1410,1872,1924]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="429">300–540 (424±78.77)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC3372FDC80FF18D3FEFF7E" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC80FF18D3FEFF7E" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,318]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDC80FF18D010FF3E" bold="true" box="[151,259,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">TABLE 4</emphasis>
. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB4FF38D01AFF5E" box="[163,265,184,207]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB4FF38D01AFF5E" box="[163,265,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (white rows) and “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDDFFFF38D35BFF5E" box="[488,584,184,207]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDDFFFF38D35BFF5E" box="[488,584,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum–maximum values. T = 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FD8EBFF38D476FF5E" box="[1276,1381,184,207]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FD8EBFF38D476FF5E" box="[1276,1381,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">Tubularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E = 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDC80FF58D01EFF7E" box="[151,269,216,239]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDC80FF58D01EFF7E" box="[151,269,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For information of the localities see table 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFEE6D549FEED" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,1114,358,380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFEE6D026FEED" author="Agassiz" box="[155,309,358,380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV, Part III. Little Brown &amp; Company, Trubner &amp; Company, Boston, London, 398 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz (1862)</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD53FEE6D084FEED" box="[324,407,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">Paripha</emphasis>
6–10 crests no crests simples or branched
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFE06D1F4FE0B" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,231,389,411]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDC8CFE06D1CCFE0A" box="[155,223,390,411]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDC8CFE06D1CCFE0A" box="[155,223,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFE2CD40CFE53" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,1311,428,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFE2CD022FE53" author="Allman" box="[155,305,428,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Ray Society, London, 450 pp." type="book" year="1871">Allman (1871)</bibRefCitation>
8 apical processes 4 small tubercles no oral tentacles
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFE4AD087FE71" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,404,458,480]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3FE4BD09FFE71" box="[164,396,458,480]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3FE4BD09FFE71" box="[164,396,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFE72D2F8FD99" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,1003,498,520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFE72D000FD99" author="Bale" box="[155,275,498,520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Bale, W. M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Thomas Richards, Government Printer, Sydney, 237 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale (1884)</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD35FE73D064FD99" box="[290,375,498,520]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD35FE73D064FD99" box="[290,375,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 4tubercles branched
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFD99D2F8FDBE" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,1003,537,559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFD99D00EFDBE" author="Allen" box="[155,285,537,559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Allen, C. M. (1900) A contribution to the development of Paripha crocea. Biological Bulletin, 1 (6), 291 - 315." type="journal article" year="1900">Allen (1900)</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD3BFD99D0DAFDBE" box="[300,457,537,559]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD3BFD99D0DAFDBE" box="[300,457,537,559]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">Paripha crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 6–8 crests no crests branched
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFDC1D26AFDC7" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,889,576,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFDC1D03BFDC7" author="Torrey" box="[155,296,576,598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Torrey, H. B. (1902) The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America with special reference to the species in the collection of the University of California. University of California Publications, Zoology, 1, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1902">Torrey (1902)</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD20FDC1D087FDC7" box="[311,404,577,598]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD20FDC1D087FDC7" box="[311,404,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 8 crests top spherical, smooth or
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDEBAFDDED251FDE5" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[685,834,606,628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">with processes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFD06D5FDFD0D" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,1262,646,668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFD06D028FD0D" author="Stechow" box="[155,315,646,668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Stechow, E. (1907) Neue japanische Athecata und Plumulariidae aus der Sammlung Dr. Doflein. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32, 192 - 200." type="journal article" year="1907">Stechow (1907)</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD58FD07D0DAFD0D" box="[335,457,647,668]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sagamina">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD58FD07D0DAFD0D" box="[335,457,647,668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. sagamina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 8 tubercles 6 tentacless
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFD2DD5C1FD73" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFD2DD028FD52" author="Stechow" box="[155,315,685,707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden von West und Sudwestaustralien nach den Sammlungen von Prof. Dr. Michaelsen und Prof. Dr. Hartmeyer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 50, 191 - 269." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow (1925)</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD5CFD2ED0A8FD52" box="[331,443,685,707]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD5CFD2ED0A8FD52" box="[331,443,685,707]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 4 small tubercles 8 aboral, 5 oral tentacles
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFD73D03FFC98" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,300,755,777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC3372FDC8CFD73D03FFC98" author="Hargitt" box="[155,300,755,777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1927) Some hydroids of South China. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 67, 491 - 520." type="journal article" year="1927">Hargitt (1927)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFC92D087FCB9" blockId="9.[155,1311,358,808]" box="[155,404,786,808]" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3FC93D09FFCB9" box="[164,396,786,808]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3FC93D09FFCB9" box="[164,396,786,808]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC3372FDC8CFCBAD404F84D" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<table id="F91219FEFFC3C8D9DC8CFCB9D481F84D" box="[155,1426,825,2012]" gridcols="5" gridrows="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFCB9D481FCDE" box="[155,1426,825,847]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFCB9D0DAFCDE" box="[155,457,825,847]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Ewer (1953) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD3EFCBAD09CFCDE" box="[297,399,826,847]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD3EFCBAD09CFCDE" box="[297,399,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FCB9D391FCDE" box="[482,642,825,847]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFCB9D26AFCDE" box="[685,889,825,847]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no crests</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FCB9D549FCDE" box="[910,1114,825,847]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">usually no branched</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFCB9D481FCDE" box="[1145,1426,825,847]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 aboral tentacles</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFCE0D481FC22" box="[155,1426,864,947]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFCE0D0DAFC22" box="[155,457,864,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Millard (1959) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD57FCE1D0BBFCE7" box="[320,424,865,886]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD57FCE1D0BBFCE7" box="[320,424,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FCE0D549FC22" box="[910,1114,864,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">primaryand secondary pedicels hard to differentiate</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFCE0D481FC22" box="[1145,1426,864,947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6 oral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFC44D481FC68" box="[155,1426,964,1017]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFC44D0DAFC68" box="[155,457,964,1017]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Yamada (1959) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD51FC46D078FC68" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD51FC46D078FC68" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FC44D391FC68" box="[482,642,964,1017]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">5–6 irregular processes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFB8AD481FBB1" box="[155,1426,1034,1056]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFB8AD0DAFBB1" box="[155,457,1034,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Yamada (1959) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD51FB8BD0D2FBB1" box="[326,449,1035,1056]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sagamina">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD51FB8BD0D2FBB1" box="[326,449,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. sagamina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFBB2D481FBD9" box="[155,1426,1074,1096]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFBB2D0DAFBD9" box="[155,457,1074,1096]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Rees (1963) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD32FBB3D091FBD9" box="[293,386,1075,1096]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD32FBB3D091FBD9" box="[293,386,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FBB2D391FBD9" box="[482,642,1074,1096]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–8 processes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFBD9D481FBFE" box="[155,1426,1113,1135]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFBD9D0DAFBFE" box="[155,457,1113,1135]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Millard (1966) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD57FBDAD0BBFBFE" box="[320,424,1114,1135]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD57FBDAD0BBFBFE" box="[320,424,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FBD9D549FBFE" box="[910,1114,1113,1135]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">nobranched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFB00D481FB24" box="[155,1426,1152,1205]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFB00D0DAFB24" box="[155,457,1152,1205]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Brinckmann-Voss (1970) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3FB20D013FB24" box="[164,256,1184,1205]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3FB20D013FB24" box="[164,256,1184,1205]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FB00D391FB24" box="[482,642,1152,1205]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–8 processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFB00D26AFB24" box="[685,889,1152,1205]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFB00D481FB24" box="[1145,1426,1152,1205]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">only aboral tentacles 4–7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFB46D481FB6B" box="[155,1426,1222,1274]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFB46D0DAFB6B" box="[155,457,1222,1274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Calder (1971) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD20FB47D087FB4D" box="[311,404,1223,1244]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD20FB47D087FB4D" box="[311,404,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FB46D391FB6B" box="[482,642,1222,1274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–10 processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFB46D26AFB6B" box="[685,889,1222,1274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">oval or spherical, no crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FB46D549FB6B" box="[910,1114,1222,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">longs</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFA8CD481FAD1" box="[155,1426,1292,1344]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFA8CD0DAFAD1" box="[155,457,1292,1344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Schmidt (1971) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3FAABD09FFAD1" box="[164,396,1322,1344]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3FAABD09FFAD1" box="[164,396,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FA8CD391FAD1" box="[482,642,1292,1344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFA8CD26AFAD1" box="[685,889,1292,1344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">4 tubercles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFAD2D481FA17" box="[155,1426,1362,1414]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFAD2D0DAFA17" box="[155,457,1362,1414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Millard (1975) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD57FAD3D0BBFAF9" box="[320,424,1363,1384]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD57FAD3D0BBFAF9" box="[320,424,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FAD2D391FA17" box="[482,642,1362,1414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFAD2D26AFA17" box="[685,889,1362,1414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">smooth or with 4–5 rudiments</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FAD2D549FA17" box="[910,1114,1362,1414]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">few lateral branches 6 oral tentacles top</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFAD2D481FA17" box="[1145,1426,1362,1414]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">5–12 aboral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFA17D481FA5D" box="[155,1426,1431,1484]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFA17D0DAFA5D" box="[155,457,1431,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Watson (1980) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD28FA19D087FA3C" box="[319,404,1431,1454]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD28FA19D087FA3C" box="[319,404,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FA17D391FA5D" box="[482,642,1431,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFA17D26AFA5D" box="[685,889,1431,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FA17D549FA5D" box="[910,1114,1431,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">branched</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFA17D481FA5D" box="[1145,1426,1431,1484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">oral tentacles rudiments 5– 8; 8 aboral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CFA5DD481FA62" box="[155,1426,1501,1523]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CFA5DD0DAFA62" box="[155,457,1501,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Watson (1982) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD28FA5ED087FA62" box="[319,404,1501,1523]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD28FA5ED087FA62" box="[319,404,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5FA5DD391FA62" box="[482,642,1501,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAFA5DD26AFA62" box="[685,889,1501,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99FA5DD549FA62" box="[910,1114,1501,1523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">big bunches</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EFA5DD481FA62" box="[1145,1426,1501,1523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF984D481F9A8" box="[155,1426,1540,1593]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF984D0DAF9A8" box="[155,457,1540,1593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Migotto &amp; da Silveira (1987) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3F9A4D01CF9A8" box="[164,271,1572,1593]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3F9A4D01CF9A8" box="[164,271,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F984D391F9A8" box="[482,642,1540,1593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">4–8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF984D26AF9A8" box="[685,889,1540,1593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F984D549F9A8" box="[910,1114,1540,1593]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">branched</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF984D481F9A8" box="[1145,1426,1540,1593]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–12 capitate aboral tentacles, oral rudiments</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF9CAD481F9EE" box="[155,1426,1610,1663]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF9CAD0DAF9EE" box="[155,457,1610,1663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Hirohito (1988) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3F9EAD09FF9EE" box="[164,396,1641,1663]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mesembryanthemum">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3F9EAD09FF9EE" box="[164,396,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">T. mesembryanthemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F9CAD391F9EE" box="[482,642,1610,1663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–8 processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF9CAD26AF9EE" box="[685,889,1610,1663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">smooth or with 4 small processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F9CAD549F9EE" box="[910,1114,1610,1663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no branched</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF910D481F954" box="[155,1426,1680,1733]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF910D0DAF954" box="[155,457,1680,1733]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Petersen (1990) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD5DF912D0B9F936" box="[330,426,1682,1703]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD5DF912D0B9F936" box="[330,426,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F910D391F954" box="[482,642,1680,1733]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF910D26AF954" box="[685,889,1680,1733]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">smooth or rare apical processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F910D549F954" box="[910,1114,1680,1733]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">usually no branched</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF910D481F954" box="[1145,1426,1680,1733]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no oral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF956D481F97D" box="[155,1426,1750,1772]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF956D0DAF97D" box="[155,457,1750,1772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Petersen (1990) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD5DF957D0B7F97D" box="[330,420,1750,1772]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD5DF957D0B7F97D" box="[330,420,1750,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F956D549F97D" box="[910,1114,1750,1772]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">branched and longs</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF956D481F97D" box="[1145,1426,1750,1772]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">5–8 oral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF97DD481F882" box="[155,1426,1789,1811]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF97DD0DAF882" box="[155,457,1789,1811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Schuchert (1996) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD4EF97ED0AAF882" box="[345,441,1790,1811]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD4EF97ED0AAF882" box="[345,441,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F97DD391F882" box="[482,642,1789,1811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6–8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF97DD26AF882" box="[685,889,1789,1811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no apical crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F97DD549F882" box="[910,1114,1789,1811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">branched</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF97DD481F882" box="[1145,1426,1789,1811]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 aboral capitate tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF8A4D481F8C8" box="[155,1426,1828,1881]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF8A4D0DAF8C8" box="[155,457,1828,1881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCEDF8A6D03EF8AB" box="[250,301,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">et al.</emphasis>
(2004) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDCB3F8C4D017F8C8" box="[164,260,1860,1881]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDCB3F8C4D017F8C8" box="[164,260,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F8A4D391F8C8" box="[482,642,1828,1881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">8 crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF8A4D26AF8C8" box="[685,889,1828,1881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">4 rudimentary tentacles</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF8A4D481F8C8" box="[1145,1426,1828,1881]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">no oral tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC3C8D9DC8CF8EAD481F84D" box="[155,1426,1898,2012]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
<th id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DC8CF8EAD0DAF84D" box="[155,457,1898,2012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">
Schuchert (1996) (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC3372FDD4EF8EBD0AAF811" box="[345,441,1899,1920]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="430" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC3372FDD4EF8EBD0AAF811" box="[345,441,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DDF5F8EAD391F84D" box="[482,642,1898,2012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">6-8 (rarely 10) processes</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DEBAF8EAD26AF84D" box="[685,889,1898,2012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">without crests</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9DF99F8EAD549F84D" box="[910,1114,1898,2012]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">usually unbranched, but some branching can occur</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC3C8D9D86EF8EAD481F84D" box="[1145,1426,1898,2012]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="430">4 oral tentacles in 1 out of 8 actinula, no oral tentacles in 7 other larva, and 8–10 aboral tentacles</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDCD0FF17D1CCFEF5" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
The morphology of the female gonophores (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CDEA5FF17D201FF21" box="[690,786,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 4</figureCitation>
C) is a diagnostic feature for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD843FF19D5ADFF21" box="[1108,1214,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD843FF19D5ADFF21" box="[1108,1214,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD8DBFF18D1C1FF44" author="Rees" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B (Biology), 69, 34 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080455 x 00010122" type="journal article" year="1965">Rees &amp; Thursfield 1965</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDCCBFF3CD069FF45" author="Schmidt" box="[220,378,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schmidt, H. E. (1971) Some new records of hydroids from the Gulf of Aqaba with zoogeographical remarks on the Red Sea area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 13, 27 - 51." type="journal article" year="1971">Schmidt 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDD92FF3DD335FF45" author="Petersen" box="[389,550,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDE27FF3CD3F2FF45" author="Schuchert" box="[560,737,188,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001">Schuchert 2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDEFBFF3CD23AFF45" author="Schuchert" box="[748,809,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, some variation may be observed, mainly because of the development of the gonophores, or due to their contraction (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDFCCFF60D57AFF69" author="Torrey" box="[987,1129,224,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Torrey, H. B. (1902) The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America with special reference to the species in the collection of the University of California. University of California Publications, Zoology, 1, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1902">Torrey 1902</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD864FF5FD435FF69" author="Schuchert" box="[1139,1318,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
). It is hard to identify tubulariids without gonophores (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDE69FE84D204FE8D" author="Watson" box="[638,791,260,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. &amp; Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113." type="book chapter" year="1982">Watson 1982</bibRefCitation>
), and this may be the cause of misidentifications between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDC80FEA9D016FED1" box="[151,261,297,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDC80FEA9D016FED1" box="[151,261,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDD57FEA7D226FED1" authority="Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786" authorityName="Ellis &amp; Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[320,821,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larynx">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDD57FEA7D31DFED1" box="[320,526,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Ectopleura larynx</emphasis>
(Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786)
</taxonomicName>
, especially for the Northwestern Atlantic (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD942FEA8D1C0FEF5" author="Fraser" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North America. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 634 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDCD0FEEFD3EFFD89" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Male gonophores do not present apical crests (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CDEFCFEEFD242FE19" box="[747,849,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 4</figureCitation>
B; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDFCBFEEFD568FE19" author="Agassiz" box="[988,1147,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV, Part III. Little Brown &amp; Company, Trubner &amp; Company, Boston, London, 398 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz 1862</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD89DFEEFD48BFE19" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[1162,1432,367,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDC80FE14D031FE3D" author="Calder" box="[151,290,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of Southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDD4BFE14D31DFE3C" author="Schuchert" box="[348,526,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDE0FFE14D343FE3D" author="Schuchert" box="[536,592,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDE69FE15D3FBFE3D" box="[638,744,405,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDE69FE15D3FBFE3D" box="[638,744,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDEE1FE15D260FE3C" author="Ewer" box="[758,883,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF6AFE15D501FE3D" author="Watson" box="[893,1042,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD80BFE14D544FE3D" author="Watson" box="[1052,1111,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. &amp; Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113." type="book chapter" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD875FE14D466FE3D" author="Migotto" box="[1122,1397,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDC80FE39D1E9FE41" box="[151,250,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDC80FE39D1E9FE41" box="[151,250,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although in some cases they are described with small apical processes, varying in size and development between colonies, and even in the same colony (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC0372CDEA9FE5CD206FE65" box="[702,789,476,501]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum – maximum values. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. For information of the localities see table 1." pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Table 4</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF39FE5CD2D5FE65" author="Allman" box="[814,966,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Ray Society, London, 450 pp." type="book" year="1871">Allman 1871</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDFC4FE5CD566FE65" author="Hirohito" box="[979,1141,476,501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD8A4FE5DD441FE65" author="Petersen" box="[1203,1362,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD993FE5DD1F1FD89" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD993FE5DD1F1FD89" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDCE6FE7FD083FD89" author="Stechow" box="[241,400,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden von West und Sudwestaustralien nach den Sammlungen von Prof. Dr. Michaelsen und Prof. Dr. Hartmeyer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 50, 191 - 269." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow 1925</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDDD1FE7FD34AFD89" author="Millard" box="[454,601,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDE9FFD81D3F8FD89" box="[648,747,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDE9FFD81D3F8FD89" box="[648,747,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDCD0FDA4D268FC11" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Larval characters, such as tentacles, were already used to separate 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDFD1FDA5D53FFDAC" box="[966,1068,548,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDFD1FDA5D53FFDAC" box="[966,1068,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD871FDA5D5C0FDAD" box="[1126,1235,549,572]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD871FDA5D5C0FDAD" box="[1126,1235,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A vague note in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDC80FDC7D2FDFDF1" author="Schuchert" box="[151,1006,583,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert (1996: 109, appears to refer to the observations of someone else)</bibRefCitation>
states that “the actinulae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD927FDC9D487FDF1" box="[1328,1428,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD927FDC9D487FDF1" box="[1328,1428,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, are reported to have rudiments of oral tentacles which are absent from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD82BFDEDD5BAFD15" box="[1084,1193,621,644]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD82BFDEDD5BAFD15" box="[1084,1193,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. Other data refer to variations in morphology and number of tentacles of the actinulae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF88FD10D533FD39" author="Ewer" box="[927,1056,655,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD839FD0FD429FD39" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[1070,1338,655,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD95FFD0FD1C1FD5C" author="Millard" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDCF2FD35D092FD5D" author="Watson" box="[229,385,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1980">Watson 1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDD82FD34D0DCFD5D" author="Watson" box="[405,463,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. &amp; Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113." type="book chapter" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDDF3FD34D200FD5D" author="Migotto" box="[484,787,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Migotto, A. E. &amp; da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115." type="journal article" year="1987">Migotto &amp; Silveira 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF31FD35D2DCFD5D" author="Petersen" box="[806,975,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDFF5FD34D58FFD5C" author="Schuchert" box="[994,1180,692,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD8B8FD34D5F9FD5D" author="Schuchert" box="[1199,1258,692,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
; see 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC0372CD926FD34D49CFD5D" box="[1329,1423,692,717]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum – maximum values. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. For information of the localities see table 1." pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Presumably “the oral tentacles will develop anyway immediately after the release of the actinula and the presence or absence in liberated ones is thus only a matter of timing” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF95FD7CD59DFC84" author="Shuchert" box="[898,1166,764,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="p">Shuchert 2010, p. 361</bibRefCitation>
), an interpretation that attenuates the importance of the variation. The actinulae of the SWAO present 8–10 (
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC0372CD874FC9FD5B9FCA9" box="[1123,1194,799,824]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) or 8–11 (
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC0372CD936FC9FD487FCA9" box="[1313,1428,799,824]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) capitate aboral tentacles, depending on their development, and do not have rudiments of oral tentacles (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CD90DFCC4D46AFCCD" box="[1306,1401,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,193,1069]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[228,1358,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological traits of gonophores (A – D, scanning electronic microscopy) and actinulae (E, light microscopy). A: Oral-lateral view of the hydranth with its blastostyles of male gonophores. B: Detail of the blastostyles with male gonophores. C: Female gonophore with the apical crests on top. D: Female gonophore liberating an actinula. E: Liberated actinula with capitate aboral tentacles. Legends on figures: Gn, gonophore; Ac, actinulae; S, spadix." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 4</figureCitation>
D– E), but the variability of this character was never strictly assessed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDCD0FC0CD517FBED" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Detailed studies on anatomical and histological characters have corroborated previous observations. Among these, the histological preparations confirmed that the oral tentacles are circular in a transversal section (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CD946FC2FD1B7FC7C" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,517,1860]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Histological sections documented under light microscopy. A: transversal section at the base of oral tentacles, where they are still adnate to hypostome. B: transversal section of the oral tentacles showing their circular shape. C: oblique section of the aboral tentacles showing the squared section of the cells constituting that. D: transversal section at distal region of hydrocaulus showing its division into two longitudinal chambers. Legends on figures: HO, hypostome; OT, oral tentacle; AT, aboral tentacle; S, septum; C, chamber; P, perisarc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227868/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A–B), while the aboral tentacles are squared (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CDEA3FC54D205FC7C" box="[692,790,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,517,1860]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Histological sections documented under light microscopy. A: transversal section at the base of oral tentacles, where they are still adnate to hypostome. B: transversal section of the oral tentacles showing their circular shape. C: oblique section of the aboral tentacles showing the squared section of the cells constituting that. D: transversal section at distal region of hydrocaulus showing its division into two longitudinal chambers. Legends on figures: HO, hypostome; OT, oral tentacle; AT, aboral tentacle; S, septum; C, chamber; P, perisarc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227868/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 5</figureCitation>
C), as described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDFEAFC55D5A3FC7D" author="Petersen" box="[1021,1200,980,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD8F4FC55D45CFC7D" box="[1251,1359,981,1004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD8F4FC55D45CFC7D" box="[1251,1359,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, transversal sections of the hydrocaulus have shown that its coenosarc is split into two longitudinal chambers (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CDC89FB9CD013FBA4" box="[158,256,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,517,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,517,1860]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Histological sections documented under light microscopy. A: transversal section at the base of oral tentacles, where they are still adnate to hypostome. B: transversal section of the oral tentacles showing their circular shape. C: oblique section of the aboral tentacles showing the squared section of the cells constituting that. D: transversal section at distal region of hydrocaulus showing its division into two longitudinal chambers. Legends on figures: HO, hypostome; OT, oral tentacle; AT, aboral tentacle; S, septum; C, chamber; P, perisarc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227868/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figure 5</figureCitation>
D), as already noted before (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDE50FB9CD3D6FBA4" author="Ewer" box="[583,709,1052,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357." type="journal article" year="1953">Ewer 1953</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDEEFFB9DD24EFBA4" box="[760,861,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDEEFFB9DD24EFBA4" box="[760,861,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDF7AFB9CD511FBA5" author="Allman" box="[877,1026,1052,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Ray Society, London, 450 pp." type="book" year="1871">Allman 1871</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD82BFB9CD5FEFBA4" author="Schuchert" box="[1084,1261,1052,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD908FB9DD498FBA5" box="[1311,1419,1053,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD908FB9DD498FBA5" box="[1311,1419,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although this feature was considered to be inconstant in number and size (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD819FBBFD5B9FBC9" author="Millard" box="[1038,1194,1087,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1959) Hydrozoa from the coast of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part II: Gymnoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 297 - 313." type="journal article" year="1959">Millard 1959</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CD8ACFBBFD5E0FBC9" author="Millard" box="[1211,1267,1087,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD93BFBC1D487FBC9" box="[1324,1428,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD93BFBC1D487FBC9" box="[1324,1428,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDC80FBE4D0C5FBEC" author="Campbell" box="[151,470,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Campbell, R. D. &amp; Campbell, F. (1968) Tubularia regeneration: radial organization of tentacles, gonophores and endoderm. Biological Bulletin, 13, 245 - 251." type="journal article" year="1968">Campbell &amp; Campbell 1968</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDDF6FBE4D391FBED" author="Hirohito" box="[481,642,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito 1988</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDEAAFBE5D248FBED" author="Petersen" box="[701,859,1124,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDF9EFBE5D2E0FBED" box="[905,1011,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDF9EFBE5D2E0FBED" box="[905,1011,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDCD0FB07D586FA9C" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Cnidome. The cnidome was uniform throughout all studied populations from SWAO (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC0372CD8B5FB07D41DFB31" box="[1186,1294,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[228,1358,841,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[228,1358,841,1853]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Different types of nematocysts documented under light microscopy. A: O-basitrichous isorhizas, B: basitrichous isorhizas, C: desmonemes, D: large stenoteles, E: small stenoteles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227866/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Figures 3</figureCitation>
A, B, D, E). Literature data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDD7BFB2DD0C4FB55" box="[364,471,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDD7BFB2DD0C4FB55" box="[364,471,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present few discrepancies (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC0372CDF19FB2CD275FB54" box="[782,870,1196,1221]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,239,1336,1359]" captionTargetBox="[159,1411,1450,1647]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 5. Summary of literature data of cnidomes described for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi &quot; (shaded rows). The nematocysts of E. crocea by Schuchert 2010 (p. 360) have the same dimensions of those by Schuchert (1996) and Millard (1975). Measurements in micrometers, min – max. (*): only length reported." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E">Table 5</tableCitation>
, contrasting with 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC0372CD827FB2CD596FB54" box="[1072,1157,1196,1221]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,370,561]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 6. Measurements of nematocysts, in micrometers, by locality. Minimum value – maximum value (average value ± Standard deviation). Number of measurements for each cell of the table is 100, except for those marked with *. (* 1 n = 26, * 2 n = 2, * 3 n = 40, * 4 n = 20.)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E">Table 6</tableCitation>
), for instance a cnidome restricted to stenoteles and desmonemes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDE6EFB4FD295FB79" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[633,902,1231,1256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
) and a potential contamination by microbasic euryteles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDD1DFB74D0ADFA9C" author="Schuchert" box="[266,446,1268,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
; in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDDF0FB74D38AFA9D" author="Schuchert" box="[487,665,1268,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
, p. 360, they are referred to “rare euryteles”).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[159,1411,1450,1647]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDC80FAB8D52DFA1E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1336,1423]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDC80FAB8D016FADE" bold="true" box="[151,261,1336,1359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">TABLE 5</emphasis>
. Summary of literature data of cnidomes described for “ 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDF68FAB8D2E4FADE" box="[895,1015,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDF68FAB8D2FCFADE" box="[895,1007,1336,1359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">E. crocea</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
(white rows) and “ 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CD8C5FAB8D453FADE" box="[1234,1344,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CD8C5FAB8D424FADE" box="[1234,1335,1336,1359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">E. ralphi</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</emphasis>
(shaded rows). The nematocysts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDDA0FAD8D30FFAFE" box="[439,540,1368,1391]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Paripha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDDA0FAD8D30FFAFE" box="[439,540,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Schuchert 2010 (p. 360) have the same dimensions of those by Schuchert (1996) and Millard (1975). Measurements in micrometers, min–max. (*): only length reported.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDC88FA2AD5D6F9C1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<table id="F91219FEFFC0C8D9DC88FA2AD490F9FE" box="[159,1411,1450,1647]" gridcols="6" gridrows="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88FA2AD490FA4E" box="[159,1411,1450,1503]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88FA2AD30EFA4E" box="[159,541,1450,1503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Author (Original reference to species)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DE29FA2AD3C7FA4E" box="[574,724,1450,1503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Heterotrichous anisorhiza</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DEFDFA2AD27BFA4E" box="[746,872,1450,1503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Basitrichous isorhiza</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EFA2AD54EFA4E" box="[905,1117,1450,1503]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Stenotele Stenotele (large) (small)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BFA2AD5E8FA4E" box="[1148,1275,1450,1503]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Desmoneme</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D906FA2AD490FA4E" box="[1297,1411,1450,1503]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Microbasic eurytele</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88FA72D490F9B6" box="[159,1411,1522,1575]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88FA72D30EF9B6" box="[159,541,1522,1575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Ewer (1959) length (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F991D073F9B6" box="[167,352,1553,1575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F991D073F9B6" box="[167,352,1553,1575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Tubularia warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DE29FA72D3C7F9B6" box="[574,724,1522,1575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">9.5 *</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DEFDFA72D27BF9B6" box="[746,872,1522,1575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">9.0 8.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EFA72D54EF9B6" box="[905,1117,1522,1575]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">8.0 7.0 (stenotele)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BFA72D5E8F9B6" box="[1148,1275,1522,1575]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">5.0 4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88F9BAD490F9FE" box="[159,1411,1594,1647]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88F9BAD30EF9FE" box="[159,541,1594,1647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Brinckmann-Voss (1970) length (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F9D9D046F9FE" box="[167,341,1625,1647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F9D9D046F9FE" box="[167,341,1625,1647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Tubularia crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EF9BAD54EF9FE" box="[905,1117,1594,1647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">present</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BF9BAD5E8F9FE" box="[1148,1275,1594,1647]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">present</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDC88F902D5DAF8D6" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<table id="F91219FEFFC0C8D9DC88F902D490F8D6" box="[159,1411,1666,1863]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88F902D490F926" box="[159,1411,1666,1719]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88F902D384F926" box="[159,663,1666,1719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Millard (1975) length 7.8–9.6 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F921D073F926" box="[167,352,1697,1719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F921D073F926" box="[167,352,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Tubularia warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width 7.2–9.6
</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DEFDF902D251F926" box="[746,834,1666,1719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">7.8–9.0 2.4–3.0</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EF902D55FF926" box="[905,1100,1666,1719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">4.8–10.8 4.2–9.6 (stenotele)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BF902D490F926" box="[1148,1411,1666,1719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">4.2–5.4 2.4–4.2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88F94AD490F96E" box="[159,1411,1738,1791]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88F94AD384F96E" box="[159,663,1738,1791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Watson (1980) length 7.0 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F969D05CF96E" box="[167,335,1769,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F969D05CF96E" box="[167,335,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Tubularia ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width 9.0
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DEFDF94AD251F96E" box="[746,834,1738,1791]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">7.0–9.0 4.0–4.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EF94AD55FF96E" box="[905,1100,1738,1791]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">6.0 5.6–6.0 8.0 4.0–5.0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BF94AD490F96E" box="[1148,1411,1738,1791]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">4.0–6.0 3.0–4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC0C8D9DC88F892D490F8D6" box="[159,1411,1810,1863]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<th id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DC88F892D384F8D6" box="[159,663,1810,1863]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
Migotto &amp; da Silveira (1987) length 6.6–11.2 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F8B1D07EF8D6" box="[167,365,1841,1863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F8B1D07EF8D6" box="[167,365,1841,1863]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Ectopleura warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width 5.3–10.6
</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DEFDF892D251F8D6" box="[746,834,1810,1863]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">7.9–11.2 3.3–5.3</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9DF9EF892D55FF8D6" box="[905,1100,1810,1863]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">9.2–11.2 4.6–9.2 7.3–9.9 3.3–8.6</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC0C8D9D86BF892D490F8D6" box="[1148,1411,1810,1863]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">3.3–5.3 2.6–4.6</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC0372CDC88F8DAD422F81E" blockId="10.[159,1329,1882,1935]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC0372CDC88F8DAD05EF8E1" author="Schuchert" box="[159,333,1882,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert (1996)</bibRefCitation>
length 8.0–9.5 9.0–9.5 6.5–7.0 5.0–6.0 5.0–5.5 9.0 (
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC0372CDCB0F8F9D071F81E" box="[167,354,1913,1935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="431" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC0372CDCB0F8F9D071F81E" box="[167,354,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="431">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) width 7.0–9.5 3.0–4.0 5.0–5.5 3.5–4.5 3.0–3.5 4.0
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" pageId="11" pageNumber="432" targetBox="[151,1436,370,561]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,355]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC1372DDC80FF18D01BFF3E" bold="true" box="[151,264,152,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">TABLE 6</emphasis>
. Measurements of nematocysts, in micrometers, by locality. Minimum value–maximum value (average value±Standard deviation). Number of measurements for each cell of the table is 100, except for those marked with *. (*1 n=26, *2 n=2, *3 n=40, *4 n=20.)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE45FE88D471FBC8" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,355]" lastBlockId="11.[159,1403,575,1115]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC1372DDE45FE88D3D8FE8F" box="[594,715,264,286]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">São Vicente</collectingCountry>
Itanhaém Peruíbe Cananéia Ilha do Mel Basitrichous length 8.58–10.74 6.45–10.41 7.77–12.12 8.45–10.55 *1 8.14–11.86 (9.43±0.48) (8.39±0.67) (9.39±0.67) (9.41±0.46) (9.76±0.8) Stenoteles length 5.57–7.34 5.59–7.22 5.31–7.43 5.45–7.82 5.48–7.64 (6.29±0.32) (6.29±0.31) (6.36±0.37) (6.52±0.44) (6.45±0.41) (small) width 4.2–5.96 4.27–5.5 4.14–6.67 4.33–6.05 4.49–6.04 (4.93±0.31) (4.85±0.27) (5.07±0.4) (5.06±0.36) (5.27±0.32) Basitrichous length 7.06–11.6 7.67–10.21 7.22–10.78 8.2–9.03 *2 7.68–11.97 (9.32±0.74) (8.67±0.4) (9.46±0.63) (8.62±0.59) (9.79±0.79) width 2.87–5.24 3.19–4.81 3.04–4.94 3.75–4.09 *2 2.94–5.67 (3.95±0.46) (3.91±0.31) (3.91±0.37) (3.92±0.24) (4.46±0.49) Oral Stenoteles length 7.37–11.88 7.43–11 7.36–11.37 8.27–11.47 *3 7.99–11.72 (9.72±0.89) (9.53±0.58) (9.68±0.68) (10.2±0.77) (10.61±0.59) tentacles (large) width 6.07–10.29 6.45–9.86 6.53–10.4 6.21–10.31 *3 7.07–10.42 (8.36±0.86) (8.23±0.66) (8.81±0.71) (8.79±0.86) (9.37±0.6) Stenoteles length 5.22–7.31 5.34–6.96 5.52–7.93 5.66–7.2 *4 5.64–7.47 (6.19±0.4) (6.06±0.3) (6.29±0.49) (6.4±0.37) (6.42±0.38) (small) width 4.24–6.5 4.1–6.45 4.33–7.02 4.34–5.82 *4 4.41–6.46 (5.03±0.37) (4.84±0.32) (5.14±0.53) (5.06±0.34) (5.3±0.45)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDDDEFEF2D47CFDA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<table id="F91219FEFFC1C8D9DC80FEF2D48FFDA0" box="[151,1436,370,561]" gridcols="7" gridrows="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC1C8D9DC80FEF2D48FFE3B" box="[151,1436,370,426]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DD3CFEF2D31BFE3B" box="[299,520,370,426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">width</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DE45FEF2D3DAFE3B" box="[594,713,370,426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.11–5.03 (4.03±0.32)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DEE3FEF2D278FE3B" box="[756,875,370,426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.84–4.9 (3.77±0.43)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DF80FEF2D51DFE3B" box="[919,1038,370,426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.11–4.89 (3.94±0.3)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D82EFEF2D5AAFE3B" box="[1081,1209,370,426]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.38–5.65 *1 (4.34±0.53)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D8EFFEF2D48FFE3B" box="[1272,1436,370,426]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.16–6.04 (4.32±0.57)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC1C8D9DC80FE38D48FFE7C" box="[151,1436,440,493]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DC80FE38D1EBFE7C" box="[151,248,440,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">Aboral</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DD3CFE38D31BFE7C" box="[299,520,440,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">Desmonemes length</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DE45FE38D3DAFE7C" box="[594,713,440,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">4.18–5.64 (4.85±0.3)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DEE3FE38D278FE7C" box="[756,875,440,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.5–5.5 (4.59±0.43)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DF80FE38D51DFE7C" box="[919,1038,440,493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">4.46–5.79 (5.1±0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D82EFE38D5AAFE7C" box="[1081,1209,440,493]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">3.9–5.98 (4.85±0.38)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D8EFFE38D48FFE7C" box="[1272,1436,440,493]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">4.46–6.0 (5.19±0.29)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC1C8D9DC80FE7CD48FFDA0" box="[151,1436,508,561]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
<th id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DC80FE7CD1EBFDA0" box="[151,248,508,561]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">tentacles</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DD3CFE7CD31BFDA0" box="[299,520,508,561]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">width</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DE45FE7CD3DAFDA0" box="[594,713,508,561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.62–3.84 (3.35±0.26)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DEE3FE7CD278FDA0" box="[756,875,508,561]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.41–4.11 (3.17±0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9DF80FE7CD51DFDA0" box="[919,1038,508,561]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.84–4.48 (3.63±0.28)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D82EFE7CD5AAFDA0" box="[1081,1209,508,561]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.69–4.62 (3.48±0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC1C8D9D8EFFE7CD48FFDA0" box="[1272,1436,508,561]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">2.94–4.54 (3.62±0.28)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56FBFBD45EFB6A" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">Guaratuba Itapoá Penha Bombas Mar del Plata Basitrichous length 8.04–12.19 8.91–11.91 8.65–11.56 7.37–10.61 7.81–10.43 (9.94±0.75) (10.6±0.6) (10.12±0.58) (9.24±0.56) (9.37±0.52) width 3.06–5.87 3.73–5.82 3.37–5.29 3.54–5.33 3.17–5.26</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56FA84D473FA8B" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" box="[577,1376,1284,1306]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(4.41±0.5) (4.69±0.4) (4.4±0.4) (4.28±0.37) (4.35±0.43)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDC88FAA9D45DFAAE" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" box="[159,1358,1321,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">Aboral Desmoneme length 3.94–6.81 4.57–6.66 4.51–6.6 4.67–6.54 4.02–6.17</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56FAC8D440FACF" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" box="[577,1363,1352,1374]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(5.14±0.53) (5.46±0.39) (5.67±0.41) (5.68±0.44) (5.2±0.37)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDC88FAEDD45DFA12" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" box="[159,1358,1389,1411]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">tentacles width 2.53–4.49 3.2–5.13 3.2–4.9 3.2–4.85 3.08–4.36</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56FA0CD45DFA59" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(3.67±0.46) (4.14±0.33) (4.12±0.38) (4.08±0.31) (3.67±0.28) Stenotele length 5.02–7.3 5.77–7.31 5.37–7.66 5.13–7.69 5.26–6.96</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56FA50D45DF99D" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(6.19±0.47) (6.62±0.3) (6.47±0.42) (6.4±0.42) (6.17±0.32) (small) width 3.66–5.69 4.83–8.09 4.3–6.06 4.27–6.04 4.24–5.78</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56F995D453F904" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(4.72±0.42) (5.49±0.47) (5.01±0.35) (5.0±0.37) (4.88±0.3) Basitrichous length 7.9–11.16 7.72–13.05 7.94–11.38 7.8–11.34 7.65–14.73 (9.38±0.7) (10.38±0.7) (9.7±0.77) (9.39±0.65) (9.32±0.94) width 2.87–5.18 3.51–5.56 3.42–5.52 3.41–5.73 3.28–7.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56F91DD473F922" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" box="[577,1376,1693,1715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(4.21±0.45) (4.55±0.47) (4.28±0.41) (4.23±0.4) (4.24±0.55)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDC88F943D47FF969" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">Oral Stenotele length 8.64–11.87 8.19–12.15 9.25–12.5 8.98–12.22 8.68–12.09 (10.31±0.58) (10.29±0.84) (10.8±0.56) (10.3±0.63) (10.42±0.71)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDC88F887D45DF8F3" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">tentacles (large) width 7.64–9.87 7.05–11.16 8.19–11.38 7.64–10.38 7.69–10.49 (8.67±0.56) (9.19±0.8) (9.76±0.61) (9.09±0.52) (8.98±0.59) Stenotele length 5.03–7.08 5.09–7.37 5.28–7.22 4.93–7.48 5.23–7.26</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372DDE56F8EAD45EF837" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">(6.12±0.41) (6.4±0.46) (6.32±0.38) (6.18±0.47) (6.19±0.37) (small) width 3.2–3.2–6.00 4.21–7.13 4.43–5.78 3.9–6.02 4.05–5.84</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC1372ADE56F82ED099FED1" blockId="11.[159,1393,1147,1988]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="11" pageNumber="432">
(4.6±0.43) (5.34±0.4) (5.07±0.32) (4.95±0.43) (4.96±0.38) The basitrichous isorhizas found in SWAO specimens were characterized for “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC6372AD87BFF17D43EFF21" authority="Ellis" authorityName="Ellis" authorityYear="1786" box="[1132,1325,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="larynx">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC6372AD87BFF17D43EFF21" box="[1132,1325,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">Tubularia larynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786 as “pseudo-microbasic b-mastigophore” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC6372ADF08FF3CD513FF44" author="Ostman" box="[799,1024,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" refString="Ostman, C., Myrdal, M., Nyvall, P., Lindstrom, J., Bjorklund, M. &amp; Aguirre, A. (1995) Nematocysts in Tubularia larynx (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Scandinavia and the northern coast of Spain. Scientia Marina, 59, 165 - 179." type="journal article" year="1995">
Östman 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC6372ADF96FF3DD2A7FF44" box="[897,948,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
: 166), possibly because of the basal spines of the tubule, giving the false appearance of a shaft under light microscopy (Östman 1987). The 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFC6372AD976FF60D48FFF69" box="[1377,1436,224,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">types</typeStatus>
isorhiza/anisorhiza and basitrichous/b-mastigophore are sometimes suggested as overlapped categories (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC6372AD951FE84D1C1FED1" author="Cutress" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" refString="Cutress, C. E. (1955) An interpretation of the structure and distribution of cnidae in Anthozoa. Systematic Zoology, 4, 120 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411864" type="journal article" year="1955">Cutress 1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC6372ADCCAFEA7D06EFED1" author="England" box="[221,381,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" refString="England, K. W. (1991) Nematocysts of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Ceriantharia and Corallimorpharia: Cnidaria): nomenclature. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 691 - 697. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00026532" type="journal article" year="1991">
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC6372ADCCAFEA7D029FED1" box="[221,314,295,320]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">England</collectingCountry>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC6372ADCD0FECCD3E6FD89" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">
The cnidome has been suggested to be a valuable taxonomic tool, even in more restricted geographic scales (Östman 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC6372ADCE8FEF1D02BFE19" box="[255,312,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
1987), but for the SWAO region, neither cnidome, nor dimensions of the hydroid, present any kind of geographic structure. Specimens from the states of São Paulo (
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC6372ADF6CFE14D516FE3C" box="[891,1029,404,429]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">São Vicente</collectingCountry>
, Itanhaém, Peruíbe e Cananéia) and Santa Catarina (Itapoá and Penha) have the smallest and largest nematocysts, respectively (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC6372AD8B8FE37D402FE41" box="[1199,1297,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1568,1590]" captionTargetBox="[330,1257,590,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[330,1257,590,1546]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Principal component analyses (PCA) for cnidome (A) and morphology (B). Note that the minimum and maximum cases in A (arrows) do not match with minimum and maximum cases in B. Most similar cases marked by dashed circles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A; 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC6372AD921FE37D49EFE41" box="[1334,1421,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,370,561]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 6. Measurements of nematocysts, in micrometers, by locality. Minimum value – maximum value (average value ± Standard deviation). Number of measurements for each cell of the table is 100, except for those marked with *. (* 1 n = 26, * 2 n = 2, * 3 n = 40, * 4 n = 20.)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC1372DDC80FF18D338FF7E">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Comparing general dimensions of the hydroid (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC6372ADEADFE5CD20EFE64" box="[698,797,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1568,1590]" captionTargetBox="[330,1257,590,1546]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[330,1257,590,1546]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Principal component analyses (PCA) for cnidome (A) and morphology (B). Note that the minimum and maximum cases in A (arrows) do not match with minimum and maximum cases in B. Most similar cases marked by dashed circles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">Figure 6</figureCitation>
B; 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC6372ADF57FE5CD2A9FE65" box="[832,954,476,501]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="8.[151,239,152,175]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,239,1088,1111]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1405,390,1019]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Morphometric patterns of hydranth and tentacles for specimens of Ectopleura crocea per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses (* n = 1)." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Morphometric patterns of hydrocaulus and gonophores for specimens of Ectopleura per locality of occurrence in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Values are given as minimum – maximum measurements in millimeters, average ± standard deviation in parentheses" httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" tableUuid-0="DF6DBBD6FFC2372EDC80FF18D3A2FF7E">Tables 2-3</tableCitation>
), specimens from Guaratuba and Mar del Plata have the lowest and highest values, respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC6372ADC80F9A0D44EF9C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" targetBox="[330,1257,590,1546]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC6372ADC80F9A0D44EF9C5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1568,1620]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC6372ADC80F9A0D018F9A4" bold="true" box="[151,267,1568,1590]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Principal component analyses (PCA) for cnidome (A) and morphology (B). Note that the minimum and maximum cases in A (arrows) do not match with minimum and maximum cases in B. Most similar cases marked by dashed circles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC6372ADCD0F9FCD010F891" blockId="12.[151,1436,1660,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">
DNA. Twenty-two specimens were analyzed for each marker. ITS1+ 
<geoCoordinate id="EE268D99FFC6372ADFF5F9FCD505F904" box="[994,1046,1660,1685]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" precision="5555" value="-5.8">5.8S</geoCoordinate>
(332bp) resulted in a total of six haplotypes, with 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC6372ADD40F920D0E3F928" box="[343,496,1696,1721]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">the Argentine</collectingCountry>
haplotype identical to that of Santa Catarina, both basically with a distance of three base pair indel from all others (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC6372ADDEBF944D34DF94D" box="[508,606,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[375,1212,850,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[375,1212,850,1813]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Haplotype parsimony networks for ITS 1 + 5.8 S (A) and COI (B) for the different populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Black circles for the Argentine haplotypes, white ones for Brazilian localities; the sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of localities sharing the haplotype; small black circles represent hypothetical or unsampled haplotypes. Lines connecting circles represent one substitution step. Note that A BO / MP samples differ from JU / PA / BO only by an indel of three base pairs (AAT / – – –). Locality codes are represented inside the circles as MA: Macaé, JU: Juréia, PA: Paraná, BO: Bombas, MP: Mar del Plata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227870/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">Figure 7</figureCitation>
A). The genetic diversity found among the six haplotypes was only 0.1% (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC6372ADC89F968D1E6F891" box="[158,245,1768,1793]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,239,317,340]" captionTargetBox="[159,1390,399,535]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 7. Summary of the genetic polymorphism observed for COI and ITS 1 + 5.8 S from the 22 samples of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean in a total of five sampled localities." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5">Table 7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC6372BDCD0F88CD55DFE85" blockId="12.[151,1436,1660,2029]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,277]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="434" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">
COI (489bp) resulted in a total of 11 haplotypes. Polymorphic sites revealed no saturation (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC6372AD8C8F88CD424F8B5" box="[1247,1335,1804,1829]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,239,317,340]" captionTargetBox="[159,1390,399,535]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 7. Summary of the genetic polymorphism observed for COI and ITS 1 + 5.8 S from the 22 samples of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean in a total of five sampled localities." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5">Table 7</tableCitation>
), and 20 substitutions, with one synonymous transversion and four non-synonymous transitions (two replacements of Valine per Isoleucine, both aliphatic/hydrophobic; two replacements of aromatic Phenilalanine per aliphatic Leucine, both hydrophobic). These five changes were detected in only five Brazilian haplotypes. The COI haplotype network also shows low genetic distances between haplotypes (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC6372ADF37F811D295F83B" box="[800,902,1937,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[375,1212,850,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[375,1212,850,1813]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Haplotype parsimony networks for ITS 1 + 5.8 S (A) and COI (B) for the different populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Black circles for the Argentine haplotypes, white ones for Brazilian localities; the sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of localities sharing the haplotype; small black circles represent hypothetical or unsampled haplotypes. Lines connecting circles represent one substitution step. Note that A BO / MP samples differ from JU / PA / BO only by an indel of three base pairs (AAT / – – –). Locality codes are represented inside the circles as MA: Macaé, JU: Juréia, PA: Paraná, BO: Bombas, MP: Mar del Plata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227870/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="433">Figure 7</figureCitation>
B). It is interesting to notice that the genetic pairwise difference between the most distant sites (northernmost Macaé and southernmost Mar del Plata) is lower than those among closer intermediate localities (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC6372ADEABF854D200F87C" box="[700,787,2004,2029]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1422,298,527]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 8. Pairwise comparisons of localities for the CO 1 marker (10,000 permutations) of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean showing no significant genetic differences between them (p&gt; 0,05). Above the diagonal are the genetic distances expressed as corrected average of pairwise differences; below are the pairwise fixation indexes. Probability values are given in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" pageId="12" pageNumber="433" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E">Table 8</tableCitation>
). Corrected average of pairwise differences and pairwise fixation indexes between localities showed no significant values (
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC7372BDF6AFF17D2C7FF21" box="[893,980,151,176]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1422,298,527]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 8. Pairwise comparisons of localities for the CO 1 marker (10,000 permutations) of specimens of Ectopleura from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean showing no significant genetic differences between them (p&gt; 0,05). Above the diagonal are the genetic distances expressed as corrected average of pairwise differences; below are the pairwise fixation indexes. Probability values are given in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E">Table 8</tableCitation>
). A recent publication included samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BDCAEFF39D026FF43" box="[185,309,185,210]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BDCAEFF39D026FF43" box="[185,309,185,210]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from both 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC7372BDDA9FF39D341FF43" box="[446,594,185,210]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(southern hemisphere, expected to be geographically more related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BD993FF3AD1C8FF62" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BD993FF3AD1C8FF62" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and California (northern hemisphere, expected to be geographically more related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BD8B1FF5CD402FF62" box="[1190,1297,220,243]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BD8B1FF5CD402FF62" box="[1190,1297,220,243]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and found no genetic difference between these two populations (Nawrocki &amp; Cartwright 2012).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" targetBox="[159,1390,399,535]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80FEBDD556FEE5" blockId="13.[151,1436,317,372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BDC80FEBDD010FEC5" bold="true" box="[151,259,317,340]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">TABLE 7</emphasis>
. Summary of the genetic polymorphism observed for COI and ITS1+5.8S from the 22 samples of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BDCA3FEDDD038FEE5" box="[180,299,349,372]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BDCA3FEDDD038FEE5" box="[180,299,349,372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean in a total of five sampled localities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDD5DFE10D47DFD86" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<table id="F91219FEFFC7C8D9DC88FE0FD47DFD86" box="[159,1390,399,535]" gridcols="10" gridrows="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC7C8D9DC88FE0FD47DFE55" box="[159,1390,399,452]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DD5DFE0FD081FE55" box="[330,402,399,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Length in bp</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DDD3FE0FD32BFE55" box="[452,568,399,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Haplotypes detected</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DE72FE0FD3AAFE55" box="[613,697,399,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Variable Sites</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DEE4FE0FD236FE55" box="[755,805,399,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Mut1</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DF45FE0FD29DFE55" box="[850,910,399,452]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Singl2</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DFABFE0FD2FBFE55" box="[956,1000,399,452]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">PIS3</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D800FE0FD541FE55" box="[1047,1106,399,452]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Indel4</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D896FE0FD5ADFE55" box="[1153,1214,399,452]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">S/NS5</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D8FEFE0FD47DFE55" box="[1257,1390,399,452]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">π/sd6</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC7C8D9DC88FE58D47DFE7F" box="[159,1390,472,494]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DC88FE58D01EFE7F" box="[159,269,472,494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">COI</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DD5DFE58D081FE7F" box="[330,402,472,494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">489</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DDD3FE58D32BFE7F" box="[452,568,472,494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">11</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DE72FE58D3AAFE7F" box="[613,697,472,494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DEE4FE58D236FE7F" box="[755,805,472,494]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">20</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DF45FE58D29DFE7F" box="[850,910,472,494]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">8</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DFABFE58D2FBFE7F" box="[956,1000,472,494]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">12</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D800FE58D541FE7F" box="[1047,1106,472,494]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D896FE58D5ADFE7F" box="[1153,1214,472,494]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">15/5</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D8FEFE58D47DFE7F" box="[1257,1390,472,494]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">0.012/0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC7C8D9DC88FD81D47DFD86" box="[159,1390,513,535]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<th id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DC88FD81D01EFD86" box="[159,269,513,535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">ITS1+5.8S</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DD5DFD81D081FD86" box="[330,402,513,535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">332</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DDD3FD81D32BFD86" box="[452,568,513,535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">3</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DE72FD81D3AAFD86" box="[613,697,513,535]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">1</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DEE4FD81D236FD86" box="[755,805,513,535]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">1</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DF45FD81D29DFD86" box="[850,910,513,535]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">1</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9DFABFD81D2FBFD86" box="[956,1000,513,535]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">0</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D800FD81D541FD86" box="[1047,1106,513,535]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">3</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D896FD81D5ADFD86" box="[1153,1214,513,535]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">-</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC7C8D9D8FEFD81D47DFD86" box="[1257,1390,513,535]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">0.001/0.0007</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80FDB8D30AFDC0" blockId="13.[151,893,568,767]" box="[151,537,568,593]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">1Total number of mutations detected</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80FDDBD085FDE5" blockId="13.[151,893,568,767]" box="[151,406,603,628]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">2Singleton variable sites</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80FDFDD0DAFD06" blockId="13.[151,893,568,767]" box="[151,457,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">3Parsimony informative sites</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80FD20D351FD6E" blockId="13.[151,893,568,767]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">4Number of sites with insertion/deletion of bases 5Relation between synonymous/non-synonymous amino acid changes 6Nucleotide diversity/standard deviation</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC7372BDC80F8AAD23BF84B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227870/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" targetBox="[375,1212,850,1812]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC7372BDC80F8AAD23BF84B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1834,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BDC80F8AAD01FF8D1" bold="true" box="[151,268,1834,1856]" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Haplotype parsimony networks for ITS1+5.8S (A) and COI (B) for the different populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BD8F6F8AAD48FF8D1" box="[1249,1436,1834,1856]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BD8F6F8AAD48FF8D1" box="[1249,1436,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Ectopleura crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC7372BDCD6F8C9D065F8CE" box="[193,374,1865,1887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="434" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC7372BDCD6F8C9D065F8CE" box="[193,374,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="434">Ectopleura ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Black circles for the Argentine haplotypes, white ones for Brazilian localities; the sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of localities sharing the haplotype; small black circles represent hypothetical or unsampled haplotypes. Lines connecting circles represent one substitution step. Note that A BO/MP samples differ from JU/PA/BO only by an indel of three base pairs (AAT/– – –). Locality codes are represented inside the circles as MA: Macaé, JU: Juréia, PA: Paraná, BO: Bombas, MP: Mar del Plata.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" ID-Table-UUID="DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" targetBox="[159,1422,298,527]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DC80FF18D3D5FE9E" blockId="14.[151,1436,152,271]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DC80FF18D017FF3E" bold="true" box="[151,260,152,175]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">TABLE 8</emphasis>
. Pairwise comparisons of localities for the CO1 marker (10,000 permutations) of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728D932FF18D488FF3E" box="[1317,1435,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728D932FF18D488FF3E" box="[1317,1435,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean showing no significant genetic differences between them (p&gt;0,05). Above the diagonal are the genetic distances expressed as corrected average of pairwise differences; below are the pairwise fixation indexes. Probability values are given in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DD80FEAAD570FD9E" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<table id="F91219FEFFC4C8D9DC88FEAAD49DFD9E" box="[159,1422,298,527]" gridcols="5" gridrows="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FEAAD49DFED1" box="[159,1422,298,320]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FEAAD31FFED1" box="[159,524,298,320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Macaé (RJ)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DE4BFEAAD3DFFED1" box="[604,716,298,320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Juréia (SP)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DF35FEAAD2D1FED1" box="[802,962,298,320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Paranaguá (PR)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DFE3FEAAD56FFED1" box="[1012,1148,298,320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Bombas (SC)</th>
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9D8AEFEAAD49DFED1" box="[1209,1422,298,320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Mar del Plata (ARG)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FED4D49DFEFB" box="[159,1422,340,362]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FED4D31FFEFB" box="[159,524,340,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Macaé (RJ)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DE4BFED4D3DFFEFB" box="[604,716,340,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">4.00 (0.10)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DF35FED4D2D1FEFB" box="[802,962,340,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">3.00 (1.00)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DFE3FED4D56FFEFB" box="[1012,1148,340,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">4.00 (0.10)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9D8AEFED4D49DFEFB" box="[1209,1422,340,362]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">4.78 (0.10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FEFDD49DFE02" box="[159,1422,381,403]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FEFDD31FFE02" box="[159,524,381,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Juréia (SP) 0.76 (0.10)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DF35FEFDD2D1FE02" box="[802,962,381,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">5.00 (1.00)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DFE3FEFDD56FFE02" box="[1012,1148,381,403]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">6.00 (0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9D8AEFEFDD49DFE02" box="[1209,1422,381,403]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">7.00 (0.10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FE26D49DFE2D" box="[159,1422,422,444]" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FE26D31FFE2D" box="[159,524,422,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Paranaguá (PR) 0.64 (0.99)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DE4BFE26D3DFFE2D" box="[604,716,422,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.82 (0.99)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DFE3FE26D56FFE2D" box="[1012,1148,422,444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">5.00 (0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9D8AEFE26D49DFE2D" box="[1209,1422,422,444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">6.00 (0.25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FE50D49DFE77" box="[159,1422,464,486]" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FE50D31FFE77" box="[159,524,464,486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Bombas (SC) 0.76 (0.10)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DE4BFE50D3DFFE77" box="[604,716,464,486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.86 (0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DF35FE50D2D1FE77" box="[802,962,464,486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.82 (0.33)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9D8AEFE50D49DFE77" box="[1209,1422,464,486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">7.00 (0.10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3522E91CFFC4C8D9DC88FE79D49DFD9E" box="[159,1422,505,527]" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DC88FE79D31FFD9E" box="[159,524,505,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Mar del Plata (ARG) 0.70 (0.10)</th>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DE4BFE79D3DFFD9E" box="[604,716,505,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.76 (0.10)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DF35FE79D2D1FD9E" box="[802,962,505,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.64 (0.10)</td>
<td id="76F38060FFC4C8D9DFE3FE79D56FFD9E" box="[1012,1148,505,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">0.76 (0.10)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DCD0FDD4D51DFD24" blockId="14.[151,1436,596,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DCD0FDD4D3F7FDFC" bold="true" box="[199,740,596,621]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">General discussion and concluding remarks.</emphasis>
We have observed no significant difference or geographical patterns between Brazilian 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DDC8FDF9D359FD01" box="[479,586,631,656]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DDC8FDF9D359FD01" box="[479,586,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728DE87FDF7D3ECFD01" box="[656,767,631,656]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Argentine</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DF19FDF9D293FD01" box="[782,896,633,656]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DF19FDF9D293FD01" box="[782,896,633,656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for both morphological and molecular data. Therefore, SWAO populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DE06FD1CD39EFD24" box="[529,653,668,693]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DE06FD1CD39EFD24" box="[529,653,668,693]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Ectopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely belong to the same species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DCD0FD3FD543FC45" blockId="14.[151,1436,596,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
Another important question is whether both species are valid. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DFB3FD3FD5B5FD49" author="Schuchert" box="[932,1190,703,728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert (1996: 109)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that “until further, preferably also molecular, analysis has been made it seems advisable to keep both species separate”. For 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DC80FC88D06FFCB1" author="Petersen" box="[151,380,775,800]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990:176)</bibRefCitation>
, “despite the obvious similarities between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DF73FC89D2DAFCB1" box="[868,969,775,800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DF73FC89D2DAFCB1" box="[868,969,775,800]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728D815FC89D57EFCB1" box="[1026,1133,777,800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728D815FC89D57EFCB1" box="[1026,1133,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it seems best at present to keep the two species separate since the differences listed above appear to be constant and are shared by population of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DCAFFCD1D00DFCF9" box="[184,286,847,872]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DCAFFCD1D00DFCF9" box="[184,286,847,872]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728DD92FCCFD0F8FCF9" box="[389,491,847,872]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728DE3FFCCFD3D2FCF9" box="[552,705,847,872]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">South Africa</collectingCountry>
”. Traditionally, the majority of the records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728D8CDFCD1D454FCF9" box="[1242,1351,849,872]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728D8CDFCD1D454FCF9" box="[1242,1351,849,872]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728D993FCD1D1CFFC1C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728D993FCD1D1CFFC1C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from the Northern and Southern hemisphere, respectively (
<figureCitation id="1329F7DBFFC43728DFDCFCF4D53DFC1D" box="[971,1070,884,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1283,1305]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,667,1261]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[179,1408,663,1261]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Worldwide distribution of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi (data from Agassiz 1862; Allman 1871; Allen 1900; Torrey 1902; Stechow 1907, 1925; Hargitt 1927; Ewer 1953; Millard 1959, 1966, 1975; Yamada 1959; Rees 1963; Brinckmann-Voss 1970; Calder 1971; Schmidt 1971; Watson 1980, 1982; Migotto &amp; da Silveira 1987; Hirohito 1988; Petersen 1990; Schuchert 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Genzano 2005)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227864/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). The fragmented and disjunct distributions of the species could also be explained by bioinvasion processes, either human or naturally mediated (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DC89FC3CD03DFC45" author="Hewitt" box="[158,302,956,981]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Hewitt, C. L. (2002) Distribution and biodiversity of Australian tropical marine bioinvasions. Pacific Science, 56, 213 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1353 / psc. 2002.0016" type="journal article" year="2002">Hewitt 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DD2EFC3CD0FCFC44" author="Ruiz" box="[313,495,956,981]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Ruiz, G. M., Huber, T., Larson, K., McCann, L., Steves, B., Fofonoff, P. &amp; Hines, H. A., 2006. Biological invasions in Alaska's coastal marine ecosystems: establishing a baseline. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater, Maryland, USA, 112 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Ruiz 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DD62FC3DD0BEFC44" box="[373,429,956,981]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, Marques, 2011, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DEB8FC3CD27CFC45" author="Mead" box="[687,879,956,981]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Mead, A., Carlton, J. T., Griffiths, C. L. &amp; Rius, M. (2011) Revealing the scale of marine bioinvasions in developing regions: a South African re-assessment. Biological Invasions, 3, 1991 - 2008. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 011 - 0016 - 9" type="journal article" year="2011">
Mead 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DEE1FC3DD23DFC44" box="[758,814,956,981]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DF6DFC3CD557FC45" author="Rocha" box="[890,1092,956,981]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Rocha, R. M., Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E., Amaral, A. C. Z., Ventura, C. R. R., Serejo, C. S., Pitombo, F. B., Santos, K. C., Simone, L. R. L., Tavares, M., Lopes, R. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2013) The need of more rigorous assessments of marine species introductions: a counter example from the Brazilian coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67, 241 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2012.12.009" type="journal article" year="2013">
Rocha 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DFDFFC3DD512FC44" box="[968,1025,956,981]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DCD0FC5FD0AEFAAD" blockId="14.[151,1436,596,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
Considering our current knowledge of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DE83FC61D210FC69" box="[660,771,993,1016]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DE83FC61D210FC69" box="[660,771,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DF53FC61D2BFFC69" box="[836,940,991,1016]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DF53FC61D2BFFC69" box="[836,940,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we see no evidence to keep them apart. Considering them as synonymous, the binomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DEC3FB85D257FB8D" box="[724,836,1029,1052]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DEC3FB85D257FB8D" box="[724,836,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would have nomenclatural priority. This was first proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DD31FBA7D300FBD1" author="Bouillon" box="[294,531,1063,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DD98FBA9D0D5FBD1" box="[399,454,1063,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al.</emphasis>
(2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 252) and reiterated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DF00FBA7D2C2FBD1" author="Schuchert" box="[791,977,1063,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert (2010</bibRefCitation>
, that considered as a “new syn.”, p. 357). The proposal by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DD4BFBCCD345FBF4" box="[348,598,1100,1125]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DDD0FBCDD0E8FBF4" box="[455,507,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
offered no concrete evidence or arguments supporting the synonymy. In contrast, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DD17FBEFD0D7FB19" author="Schuchert" box="[256,452,1135,1160]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert (2010)</bibRefCitation>
proposed a long synonymic list for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DF7FFBF1D2C6FB19" box="[872,981,1137,1160]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DF7FFBF1D2C6FB19" box="[872,981,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but his analysis was actually based on very few specimens (n=12) from four restricted regions (
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728DF18FB14D269FB3C" box="[783,890,1172,1197]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728DF93FB14D504FB3C" box="[900,1047,1172,1197]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, Mediterranean and Atlantic 
<collectingCountry id="F305ABCEFFC43728D94DFB14D487FB3D" box="[1370,1428,1172,1196]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">USA</collectingCountry>
) – even in this restricted sample the phenotypic variability reported is impressive, which is also consistent with a composite of species (see 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC43728DDAEFB5CD305FB65" box="[441,534,1244,1269]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,2020]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Literature data of morphometric and meristic information for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ”" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" tableUuid="DF6DBBD6FFCD3721DC80FF18D48FFF3E">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C690DEE5FFC43728DE5CFB5CD34AFB65" box="[587,601,1244,1268]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 4. Literature data of morphological and meristic information for reproductive structures and actinular traits for “ E. crocea ” (white rows) and “ E. ralphi ” (shaded rows), expressed as minimum – maximum values. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. For information of the localities see table 1." pageId="14" pageNumber="435">4</tableCitation>
for a summary). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DF0FFB5CD53FFB64" author="Schuchert" box="[792,1068,1244,1269]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="p">Schuchert (2010, p. 359)</bibRefCitation>
listed as diagnostic characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DC80FA81D012FA89" box="[151,257,1281,1304]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DC80FA81D012FA89" box="[151,257,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the “female sporosacs usually bearing six to eight crest-like processes around distal opening, several eggs or embryos per sporosac”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BADEB5EFFC43728DCD0FAC9D5CBF9CD" blockId="14.[151,1436,596,1629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">
In this study we provide substantial evidence that two different SWAO “populations”, previously assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DC80FAEDD011FA15" box="[151,258,1389,1412]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DC80FAEDD011FA15" box="[151,258,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DD2DFAEDD08CFA14" box="[314,415,1388,1413]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DD2DFAEDD08CFA14" box="[314,415,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the same. Nevertheless, whether these two different “populations” correctly represent the world nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DDD0FA11D321FA39" box="[455,562,1425,1448]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DDD0FA11D321FA39" box="[455,562,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DE7CFA11D3C3FA39" box="[619,720,1423,1448]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DE7CFA11D3C3FA39" box="[619,720,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult to assess, and has to be considered conjectural. The proposed synonymy between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DDFFFA35D340FA5D" box="[488,595,1461,1484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DDFFFA35D340FA5D" box="[488,595,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728DE9BFA35D3E2FA5C" box="[652,753,1460,1485]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DE9BFA35D3E2FA5C" box="[652,753,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DF17FA34D2FBFA5C" author="Bouillon" box="[768,1000,1460,1485]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DF7BFA35D2B5FA5C" box="[876,934,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8396AFFFC43728DFE2FA34D5B4FA5D" author="Schuchert" box="[1013,1191,1460,1485]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" refString="Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555." type="journal article" year="2010">Schuchert 2010</bibRefCitation>
) have not been based on strict taxonomical procedures, i.e., neither were based on the study of the 
<typeStatus id="54A955FCFFC43728D818FA59D52CFA60" box="[1039,1087,1497,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1290DDFFC43728D8CBFA59D452FA61" box="[1244,1345,1495,1520]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="435" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ralphi">
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728D8CBFA59D452FA61" box="[1244,1345,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">E. ralphi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nor on broad geographic analysis considering extensive phenotypic variation of abundant material of the species, nor on broad molecular analysis from a wide geographical range. Therefore, the 
<emphasis id="B966374CFFC43728DFCBF99FD53AF9A9" box="[988,1065,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="435">ad hoc</emphasis>
proposal of the synonymy, even though presently accepted by us, has to be considered tentative and subject to further assessment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>