260 lines
32 KiB
XML
260 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="7D206CDB4BEEB50DFCDF5574A5DCCB41" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2016n2a5" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535533" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:80DB85DC-7A7E-425E-9BED-57CBBDD2A872" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613060524160" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Koufos, George D. & Sen, Sevket" docDate="2016" docId="03A987D538226B00FEEFF9CCFDD9FBDE" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.38.2.225-243.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 38 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2016n2a5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD.3:Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hipparion sebastopolitanum Borissiak 1914" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="232" masterDocId="FF90FFAD38216B07FFF9FFDEFFB3FFD0" masterDocTitle="Equidae" masterLastPageNumber="243" masterPageNumber="225" pageNumber="228" updateTime="1698870905611" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="4E8FB07D22A48CBAD7FE0A86D6D78BE9">Equidae</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="F37D92250D8035E5A2C83F403C3EBB9B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="52150FBCDE3E2AB413C636FECD07C031">Koufos, George D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D0B99B2BFEDEC567D7A84AAE977A820E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D62F489BEAE3961FA39C15601F57F7D5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F16BA1215CF6B775466C0A175DDDB629">Sen, Sevket</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="36F5FB5D2C871B74AB14B6CF117D8C96">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="082EA46ABCD0A964651ED95ABF41EF41">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5F6A12146231E7A09D879B980B6C407A">
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<mods:date id="DB55FBA1C31C464043C070F23F237D2C">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="74C6AC4CC6FEFBDF3C390BE6F430DD54" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="3EF77A9C817D718441CB3D37A4550990">2016-06-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F86AFB116CC9EB432067213F62C03527">38</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="DA5A92F3A9326787967480147DEABEEB" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="92258607C1307042748AAF2F1DF8EFC3">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EA6BA314C20AA70BD21A334BA7059817">225</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="21828562EB2A44AEC25656239C59AB82">http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2016n2a5</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="7989089CEFE2C05EA8416257D43C649F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="ADEB254D7B37E54E6B060CD041506599" type="DOI">10.5252/g2016n2a5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="05C5AB41A729344FFEDC4C700CE41024" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03A987D538226B00FEEFF9CCFDD9FBDE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987D538226B00FEEFF9CCFDD9FBDE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987D538226B00FEEFF9CCFDD9FBDE" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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<subSubSection id="C31A654838226B04FEEFF9CCFE4BF9B3" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FEEFF9CCFDC6F9FD" blockId="3.[278,629,1554,1581]" box="[278,629,1554,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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<heading id="D0F781AF38226B04FEEFF9CCFDC6F9FD" box="[278,629,1554,1581]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038226B04FEEFF9CCFDC6F9FD" authorityName="Borissiak" authorityYear="1914" box="[278,629,1554,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebastopolitanum">
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138226B04FEEFF9CCFE3AF9FC" bold="true" box="[278,393,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Hipparion</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138226B04FE43F9CCFDC6F9FD" bold="true" box="[442,629,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">sebastopolitanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF992FE4BF9B3" blockId="3.[132,504,1611,1635]" box="[132,504,1611,1635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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LOCALITY. — Küçükçekmece,
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<collectingCountry id="F317765338226B04FE57F995FE40F9B3" box="[430,499,1611,1635]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31A654838226B04FF7DF9A3FDE2F943" box="[132,593,1659,1685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF9A3FDE2F943" blockId="3.[132,593,1659,1685]" box="[132,593,1659,1685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">AGE. — Late Vallesian, MN 10; Late Miocene.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31A654838226B04FF7DF975FE35F913" box="[132,390,1707,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF975FE35F913" blockId="3.[132,390,1707,1731]" box="[132,390,1707,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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MATERIAL. — See
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<tableCitation id="C682037838226B04FEC1F975FE35F913" box="[312,390,1707,1731]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="16.[121,132,459,481]" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of the Küçükçekmece hipparion sample with their measurements and determination. Abbreviations: hgig, H. aff. giganteum; hseb, H. aff. sebastopolitanum. Other abbreviations used in the Table 1 are listed below." pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Table 1.</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31A654838226B00FF7DF905FDD9FBDE" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF905FE71F923" blockId="3.[132,450,1754,1779]" box="[132,450,1754,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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MEASUREMENTS. — See
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<tableCitation id="C682037838226B04FE8DF904FE71F923" box="[372,450,1754,1779]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="16.[121,132,459,481]" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of the Küçükçekmece hipparion sample with their measurements and determination. Abbreviations: hgig, H. aff. giganteum; hseb, H. aff. sebastopolitanum. Other abbreviations used in the Table 1 are listed below." pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Table 1.</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF8CCFEA6F8FA" blockId="3.[130,775,1810,2028]" box="[132,277,1810,1836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF8EFFF5AF89B" blockId="3.[130,775,1810,2028]" box="[132,233,1841,1867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138226B04FF7DF8EFFF5AF89B" box="[132,233,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Mandible</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FF7DF88FFBD4F9BD" blockId="3.[130,775,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="3.[811,1455,1491,1645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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Three mandibular fragments (MNHN.F.TRQ30, TRQ31, TRQ32) are the most complete remains in the Küçükçekmece hipparion sample;TRQ30 preserves the complete cheek tooth row, TRQ31 the p3-m3 row and TRQ31 the p3- m1row (
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<figureCitation id="133B2A4638226B04FF74F80FFF79F83B" box="[141,202,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[133,144,1458,1476]" captionTargetBox="[138,1447,211,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-310@4.[132,1455,211,1433]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 3. — Hipparion aff. sebastopolitanum, Küçükçekmece,Turkey,Vallesian:A, right mandibular fragment with p2-m3 (MNHN.F.TRQ30) in lingual (A1), labial (A2) and occlusal (A3) views; B, right mandibular fragment with p3-m3 (TRQ31) in lingual (B1), labial (B2) and occlusal (B3) views; C, left mandibular fragment with p3-m1 (TRQ32) in lingual (C1), labial (C2) and occlusal (C3) views. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535537/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). The mandibular ramus of TRQ30 is deep and thick, the symphysial part is broken but the beginning of symphysis is well distinguished, indicating a possible short muzzle. The tooth row is elongated (p2-m3 =
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<quantity id="4CF89B2638226B04FB86F9CCFB5DF9FD" box="[1151,1262,1554,1581]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4849999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" unit="mm" value="148.5">148.5 mm</quantity>
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) suggesting a large hipparion.The teeth are worn, especially in MNHN.F.TRQ31, TRQ32 (VIth wearing stage).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B04FCD4F94DFC51F97C" blockId="3.[811,1456,1682,2028]" box="[813,994,1682,1708]" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138226B04FCD4F94DFC51F97C" box="[813,994,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">Upper cheek teeth</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338226B03FCD4F96CFDE4F93C" blockId="3.[811,1456,1682,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[131,775,1586,1773]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="3" pageNumber="228">
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The upper cheek teeth have richly plicated enamel in the fossette’s borders with thin and deep plis (Fig. 4). The plication number (sum of plis in the fossette’s borders + pli caballin) ranges from 14-27 (mean 19.8) plis in the P3,4 and it is
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<quantity id="4CF89B2638226B04FA6DF8CCFCF0F89B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" pageId="3" pageNumber="228" unit="in" value="16.0">16 in</quantity>
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the M1,2. The pli caballin is double-triple and the main one is large. The protocone is free, oval, lingually flattened in some teeth and bears a reduced spur; the latter is strong in the unworn-little worn teeth (MNHN.F.TRQ12, TRQ15). In the much worn teeth the protocone becomes more rounded and is connected with the protoloph (TRQ19). The distal hypoco- nal groove is deep, V-shaped but the wear gradually reduces its depth and breadth (TRQ19). A clear lingual hypoconal groove can be distinguished in the little worn TRQ24 and a faint one in the wornTRQ7. The height of the unworn M1,2 TRQ15 is
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<quantity id="4CF89B2638256B03FF0EF96CFEF6F91D" box="[247,325,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
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and its hypsodonty index (tooth length at
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<quantity id="4CF89B2638256B03FF7AF90CFF0AF93C" box="[131,185,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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above the roots × 100/height) is 38.3.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7F664B38256B03FF7CFA6CFC8CFA21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535537/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" startId="4.[133,144,1458,1476]" targetBox="[138,1447,211,1416]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338256B03FF7CFA6CFC8CFA21" blockId="4.[133,1456,1458,1521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">
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FIG. 3. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038256B03FF2AFA6CFDDBFA14" authority=", Kucukcekmece" authorityName="Kucukcekmece" box="[211,616,1458,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebastopolitanum">
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FF2AFA6CFE97FA14" box="[211,292,1458,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Hipparion</emphasis>
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aff.
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FEBEFA6CFE68FA14" box="[327,475,1458,1476]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">sebastopolitanum</emphasis>
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, Küçükçekmece
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</taxonomicName>
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,Turkey,Vallesian:
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FD06FA6CFCBFFA14" bold="true" box="[767,780,1458,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">A</emphasis>
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, right mandibular fragment with p2-m3 (MNHN.F.TRQ30) in lingual (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FAC0FA6CFAE3FA14" bold="true" box="[1337,1360,1458,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">A1</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FA6AFA6CFA18FA14" bold="true" box="[1427,1451,1458,1476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">A2</emphasis>
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) and occlusal (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FF00FA17FEA2FA0B" bold="true" box="[249,273,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">A3</emphasis>
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) views;
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FEACFA17FED1FA0B" bold="true" box="[341,354,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">B</emphasis>
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, right mandibular fragment with p3-m3 (TRQ31) in lingual (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FCA9FA17FCD4FA0B" bold="true" box="[848,871,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">B1</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FC57FA17FC76FA0B" bold="true" box="[942,965,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">B2</emphasis>
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) and occlusal (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FBBCFA17FBEFFA0B" bold="true" box="[1093,1116,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">B3</emphasis>
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) views;
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FB58FA17FB1CFA0B" bold="true" box="[1185,1199,1481,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">C</emphasis>
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, left mandibular fragment with p3-m1 (TRQ32) in lingual (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FEA7FA01FEC5FA21" bold="true" box="[350,374,1503,1521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">C1</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FE42FA01FE60FA21" bold="true" box="[443,467,1503,1521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">C2</emphasis>
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) and occlusal (
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FDA9FA01FDDBFA21" bold="true" box="[592,616,1503,1521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">C3</emphasis>
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) views. Scale bars: 5 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338256B03FF7DF8CCFE89F8FC" blockId="4.[130,776,1810,2027]" box="[132,314,1810,1836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">
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<emphasis id="B974EAD138256B03FF7DF8CCFE89F8FC" box="[132,314,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Lower cheek teeth</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36C338256B03FF7DF8EFFB40F83B" blockId="4.[130,776,1810,2027]" lastBlockId="4.[810,1457,1586,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">
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The p2 bears an elongated paraconid (anterostylid) pointed in MNHN.F.TRQ33 and more rounded inTRQ30 (
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<figureCitation id="133B2A4638256B03FD69F88FFD52F8BC" box="[656,737,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[133,144,1458,1476]" captionTargetBox="[138,1447,211,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-310@4.[132,1455,211,1433]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 3. — Hipparion aff. sebastopolitanum, Küçükçekmece,Turkey,Vallesian:A, right mandibular fragment with p2-m3 (MNHN.F.TRQ30) in lingual (A1), labial (A2) and occlusal (A3) views; B, right mandibular fragment with p3-m3 (TRQ31) in lingual (B1), labial (B2) and occlusal (B3) views; C, left mandibular fragment with p3-m1 (TRQ32) in lingual (C1), labial (C2) and occlusal (C3) views. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535537/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Figs3A</figureCitation>
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; 4). The premolars are short and wide in comparison to the molars. The parastylid is well developed in all teeth and it is continuous across the mesial border of the teeth.The metaconid is ellipticalrounded. The metastylid is triangular and the entoconid almost squarish with a small spur in the mesio-buccal corner. There is no ectostylid. The m
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<subScript id="1784348638256B03FC07F981FBA5F9A0" attach="left" box="[1022,1046,1631,1648]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">1,2</subScript>
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have a small protostylid restricted to the lower part of the tooth; despite its advanced attrition, it remains isolated and unconnected with the parastylid in the m1,2 of TRQ30, TRQ31 but in the less worn teeth ofTRQ32 it is not observable. The ectoflexid of the molars is deep and reaches the posterior border of the preflexid (TRQ30) or it is in touch with the linguaflexid. The pli caballinid is very weak in the molars. The pre- and post-flexid borders are plicated or crenulated.Two isolated m3, TRQ41 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A4638256B03FBEDF88FFBE3F8BC" box="[1044,1104,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,219,1898]" captionTargetId="figure-15@6.[162,1425,215,1954]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 5. — Hipparion aff.giganteum, Küçükçekmece,Turkey,Vallesian, upper and lower cheek teeth; the specimens MNHN.F.TRQ14, TRQ17, TRQ41, and TRQ106 cannot be certainly attributed to one of the Küçükçekmece hipparions. The position of the teeth is given in Table 1. Scale bar: 4 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535539/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="229">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and KÇ25, might belong to this hipparion. The eruption way of the m
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B2638256B03FB3FF8AFFB43F85B" box="[1222,1264,1905,1931]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="229" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
equids affects the value of its length and makes difficult a precise comparison.The size of TRQ41 and KÇ25 is similar to that ofTRQ30, TRQ31 and both can be included to this hipparion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338246B02FE0BF85AFA9CF847" blockId="5.[132,1455,1923,2025]" box="[498,1327,1923,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">MNHN.F.TRQ15 MNHN.F.TRQ38 MNHN.F.TRQ40 MNHN.F.TRQ44</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338246B02FF7DF81FFF69F839" blockId="5.[132,1455,1923,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">
|
||
FIG. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038246B02FF2FF81FFDC3F803" authority=", Kucukcekmece" authorityName="Kucukcekmece" box="[214,624,1985,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebastopolitanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138246B02FF2FF81FFE94F803" box="[214,295,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138246B02FEB4F81FFE52F803" box="[333,481,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">sebastopolitanum</emphasis>
|
||
, Küçükçekmece
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F317765338246B02FD81F81FFD03F803" box="[632,688,1985,2003]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Vallesian, upper and lower cheek teeth. The position of the teeth is given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C682037838246B02FAC0F81FFAC5F803" box="[1337,1398,1985,2003]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="16.[121,132,459,481]" captionText="TABLE 1. — List of the Küçükçekmece hipparion sample with their measurements and determination. Abbreviations: hgig, H. aff. giganteum; hseb, H. aff. sebastopolitanum. Other abbreviations used in the Table 1 are listed below." pageId="5" pageNumber="230">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Scale bar:
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B2638246B02FF53F809FF64F839" box="[170,215,2007,2025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="230" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338276B01FF05F8A0FBC4F841" blockId="6.[252,1143,1917,1938]" box="[252,1143,1917,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">MNHN.F.TRQ106 MNHN.F.TRQ14 MNHN.F.TRQ17 MNHN.F.TRQ41</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7F664B38276B01FF7DF81FFB7EF839" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535539/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" startId="6.[132,143,1985,2003]" targetBox="[165,1421,219,1898]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338276B01FF7DF81FFB7EF839" blockId="6.[132,1455,1985,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">
|
||
FIG. 5. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038276B01FF2BF81FFD99F803" authority=", Kucukcekmece" authorityName="Kucukcekmece" box="[210,554,1985,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138276B01FF2BF81FFE90F803" box="[210,291,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138276B01FEBCF81FFE2EF803" box="[325,413,1985,2003]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="231">giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
, Küçükçekmece
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,Turkey,Vallesian, upper and lower cheek teeth; the specimens MNHN.F.TRQ14, TRQ17, TRQ41, and TRQ106 cannot be certainly attributed to one of the Küçükçekmece hipparions. The position of the teeth is given in Table 1. Scale bar: 4 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338266B00FF7DFF09FEB1FF21" blockId="7.[130,776,215,1038]" box="[132,258,215,241]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF7DFF09FEB1FF21" box="[132,258,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Metapodials</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36C338266B00FF7DFF29FDD9FBDE" blockId="7.[130,776,215,1038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">
|
||
The metapodials of form-A dominate in the Küçükçekmece sample but are all incomplete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A4638266B00FE37FEC9FDB8FEE1" box="[462,523,279,305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[133,143,1481,1499]" captionTargetBox="[133,1452,211,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-330@8.[132,1455,211,1439]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 6. — Hipparion aff. sebastopolitanum and H. aff. giganteum, Küçükçekmece, Turkey, Vallesian, postcranial remains. The determination of the bones is given in Table 1. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535541/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); the distal fragment of the
|
||
<subScript id="1784348638266B00FF57FEE9FF5BFE84" attach="left" box="[174,232,311,340]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">McIII</subScript>
|
||
MNHN.F.TRQ21 is not included in the sample as it is strongly eroded and its measurements are not reliable. The sample of proximal and distal fragments of the
|
||
<subScript id="1784348638266B00FF7FFE49FF0EFE64" attach="left" box="[134,189,407,436]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">McIII</subScript>
|
||
are close in size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FE73FE49FF0EFE01" authority="Roth & Wagner, 1854" authorityName="Roth & Wagner" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FE73FE49FDFFFE60" box="[394,588,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. mediterraneum</emphasis>
|
||
Roth & Wagner, 1854
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A4638266B00FE97FE68FE03FE01" box="[366,432,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[132,143,1349,1367]" captionTargetBox="[168,1455,215,1315]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 2. — Separation of the Küçükçekmece postcranial remains of hipparions. A, B, Simpson’s log-ratio diagrams comparing the third metacarpals (A) and third metatarsals (B); reference:H. mediterraneum Roth & Wagner,1854, Pikermi (Koufos 1987); C-E, principal component analysis separating the astragalus (C), first phalanx (D) and second phalanx (E). Abbreviations: see Figure 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535535/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) but their length is unknown. The keel index (M12 × 100/M13) is on average 117 vs 117 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FF50FE29FEE1FDC0" baseAuthorityName="von Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[169,338,503,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF50FE29FEE1FDC0" box="[169,338,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. primigenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Höwenegg, 115 from Akçaköy and 116 from Eppelsheim; for the strong keel bearing metacarpals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FF5AFDE9FEDAFD80" authorityName="Roth & Wagner" authorityYear="1854" box="[163,361,566,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF5AFDE9FEDAFD80" box="[163,361,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. mediterraneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FDBDFDE9FD79FD80" authorityName="Koufos & Vlachou" authorityYear="2016" box="[580,714,566,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FDBDFDE9FD79FD80" box="[580,714,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. philippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nikiti 2 the keel index is 119 and 123 respectively The
|
||
<subScript id="1784348638266B00FD2BFD88FCB4FDA3" attach="left" box="[722,775,598,627]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">MtIII</subScript>
|
||
is short and relatively robust; the slenderness index (M11 × 100/M1) is on average 15.3 vs 16.2 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FDA2FD48FCBBFD7F" baseAuthorityName="von Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[603,776,662,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FDA2FD48FCBBFD7F" box="[603,776,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. primigenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Höwenegg, 14.3 from Akçaköy and 15.2 from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C4F82138266B00FD1AFD6BFF0BFD20" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
Basin. The same index for the slender metatarsals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FF7FFD28FEF7FCDF" authorityName="Roth & Wagner" authorityYear="1854" box="[134,324,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF7FFD28FEF7FCDF" box="[134,324,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. mediterraneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FDFFFD28FD35FCDF" authorityName="Koufos & Vlachou" authorityYear="2016" box="[518,646,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FDFFFD28FD35FCDF" box="[518,646,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. philippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nikiti 2 is 13.7. The keel index for
|
||
<subScript id="1784348638266B00FE47FCC8FE45FCE2" attach="left" box="[446,502,790,818]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">MtIII</subScript>
|
||
is on average 121 vs 121 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FF52FCE8FEE5FC9F" baseAuthorityName="von Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[171,342,822,847]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF52FCE8FEE5FC9F" box="[171,342,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. primigenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Höwenegg and Akçaköy, and 122 from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C4F82138266B00FF47FC8BFEBFFCBF" box="[190,268,853,879]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
Basin; the keel index of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FDF2FC88FD78FCBF" authorityName="Roth & Wagner" authorityYear="1854" box="[523,715,853,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FDF2FC88FD78FCBF" box="[523,715,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. mediterraneum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D4038266B00FEEDFCA8FE2BFC5F" authorityName="Koufos & Vlachou" authorityYear="2016" box="[276,408,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FEEDFCA8FE2BFC5F" box="[276,408,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">H. philippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nikiti 2 with strong keel is 127 on average [data taken from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B3238266B00FDFDFC4BFD1EFC7F" author="KOUFOS G. D." box="[516,685,917,943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="327 - 363" refId="ref7632" refString="KOUFOS G. D. 1987. - Study of the Pikermi hipparions. Part I: Generalities and taxonomy. Bulletin du Mus e um national d'Histoire naturelle Paris, 4 e ser., 9, sect. C, 2: 197 - 252. Part II: Comparisons and odontograms. Bulletin du Mus e um national d'Histoire naturelle Paris 4 e ser., 9, sect. C, 3: 327 - 363." type="journal article" year="1987">Koufos (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B3238266B00FD43FC4BFEB5FC1F" author="BERNOR R. - L. & TOBIEN H. & HAYEK L-A. C. & MITTMANN H-W." pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="307 - 338" refId="ref7012" refString="BERNOR R. - L., TOBIEN H., HAYEK L-A. C. & MITTMANN H-W. 1997. - Hippotherium primigenium (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Howenegg (Heagau, Germany). Andrias 10: 307 - 338." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Bernor
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAD138266B00FF7FFC6BFF0FFC1F" box="[134,188,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="232">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B3238266B00FEEAFC6BFEFEFC1F" author="BERNOR R. - L. & SCOTT R. S. & FORTELIUS M. & KAPPELMANN J. & SEN S." box="[275,333,949,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="220 - 281" refId="ref7118" refString="BERNOR R. - L., SCOTT R. S., FORTELIUS M., KAPPELMANN J. & SEN S. 2003. - Systematics and evolution of the late Miocene hipparions from Sinap, Turkey, in FORTELIUS M., KAPPELMANN J., SEN S. & BERNOR R. - L. (eds), The Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey. Columbia University Press, New York: 220 - 281." type="book chapter" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B3238266B00FE77FC6BFD04FC1F" author="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D." box="[398,695,948,975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="232" pagination="85 - 118" refId="ref7846" refString="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D. 2016. - Equidae, in Koufos G. D. & Kostopoulos D. S. (eds), Palaeontology of the upper Miocene vertebrate localities of Nikiti (Chalkidiki Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece). Geobios 49 (1 - 2): 85 - 118. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2016.01.001" type="journal article" year="2016">Koufos & Vlachou (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Thus, the metapodials of the Küçükçekmece form-A are short and relatively robust with weakly developed keel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |