132 lines
14 KiB
XML
132 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="945B62FB215E4986ED17D67F9BE743A7" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4225.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="37263" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.259087" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05be601b-f9f1-4952-ac09-7012ef31aab0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="259087" ID-ZooBank="4676EE59-569B-4197-B108-9B32FD88E68E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1485243787505" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skartveit, John & Nel, André" docDate="2017" docId="03A9879CFFF9F43445D331B77CE93F42" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4225.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4225 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Penthetria Meigen 1803" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF90FFE4FFFEF43C4544344E7D193E27" masterDocTitle="Revision of fossil Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) from French Oligocene deposits" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698436270113" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="AC108418A1B757D3205069EFBA34DD3A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3B500BED51F04284358DAFCD8CDB07C4">
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<mods:title id="32F714660F3F3D29A27C2AB714386C67">Revision of fossil Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) from French Oligocene deposits</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DAF34D5E3A7B51450E7F5C85C7A70CAF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="43F715702849F6E20EA8A0EAD5494AA7">Skartveit, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="1C87A317D5E33ACEE2ADCBE27E93814F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="05852B5A124A85638A17AF3FF219FB77">Nel, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E8A76E6D9CBB702E60F44029545030F3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6E979E6410322F8F07230253477081F7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F65C781686557621B2C2131EC8EB79FD">
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<mods:date id="057FAF69C2AD4F4C0176AC270E59DE93">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="139DB4ED3656F9DB3910F8E3DDDF88B9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="38DCCF72C6522F73CBD2229A3BC9E4FA">4225</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="10945FC846ED60AA3529B3DDA1B56E09" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="5692F55D08103BE3B1BC8BDAE663A9E0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2F50BBEA63C21D76814B99CC3C27F861">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5FB195F12506926EC2E7C9878C15F706" type="CLB-Dataset">37263</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D5FBD0CF5791F8255807A3602CF8B12" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.259087</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9B91C67DA7D4BB75C6AFEC752C7E0D74" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A9879CFFF9F43445D331B77CE93F42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039589" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127624343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6039589" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A9879CFFF9F43445D331B77CE93F42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9879CFFF9F43445D331B77CE93F42" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C31A6501FFF9F43445D331B77CE93F42" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBF368AFFF9F43B45D331B77F023834" blockId="7.[151,539,1529,1555]" box="[151,539,1529,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0F781E6FFF9F43B45D331B77F023834" bold="true" box="[151,539,1529,1555]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B45D331B77F023834" bold="true" box="[151,539,1529,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B45AA31B77F023834" ID-CoL="8YQLD" ID-ENA="560770" authority="Meigen, 1803" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[238,539,1529,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B45AA31B77C743834" bold="true" box="[238,365,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B7BFFF9F43B443031B77F023834" author="Meigen" box="[372,539,1529,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuer GattungsEintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde (Illiger), 2, 259 - 281." type="journal article" year="1803">Meigen, 1803</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF368AFFF9F43445D332717CE93F42" blockId="7.[151,1436,1599,2029]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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While it is straightforward to distinguish the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B47AF320E7E78387F" box="[747,865,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B47AF320E7E78387F" box="[747,865,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B46DE320E7EFB387F" box="[922,994,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B46DE320E7EFB387F" box="[922,994,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in recent species, this is not always so with fossils. In the recent species, it is most convenient to identify the genera based on the shape of the vein R2+3, which is long and horizontal in
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B474532C47F6E3885" box="[513,631,1674,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B474532C47F6E3885" box="[513,631,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, short and steep in
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B461332C47E873885" box="[855,926,1674,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B461332C47E873885" box="[855,926,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, in fossil species the shape of R2+3 (sometimes named R3+4) varies continuously (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B7BFFF9F43B47D032FF7E1338ED" author="Rice" box="[660,778,1713,1738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rice, H. D. A. (1959) Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia. In: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 55. Dept. of Mines and Technical Survey, Ottawa, pp. 1 - 35." type="book chapter" year="1959">Rice 1959</bibRefCitation>
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) and it is not possible to draw a non-arbitrary line between
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B45D332967C1438D7" box="[151,269,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B45D332967C1438D7" box="[151,269,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B440032967C9538D7" box="[324,396,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B440032967C9538D7" box="[324,396,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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wing venation.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B7BFFF9F43B470632967E1638D7" author="Handlirsch" box="[578,783,1752,1777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1908) Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenter Formen. Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen. Textband. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1430 pp." type="book" year="1908">Handlirsch (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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chose to put all fossil bibionids with forked Radial sector in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B446232B27C853933" box="[294,412,1788,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B446232B27C853933" box="[294,412,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this may be warranted given the limited information available on the morphology of most of the fossil species. However, some fossil species are quite typical of the genus
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B417A336E7994391F" box="[1086,1165,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B417A336E7990391F" box="[1086,1161,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plecia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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In recent species, male terminalia in
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B4470330A7C62397B" box="[308,379,1860,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B4470330A7C62397B" box="[308,379,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp., though highly variable, is almost always decidedly different from the plesiomorphic pattern invariably found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B449333267F5439A7" box="[471,589,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B449333267F5439A7" box="[471,589,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. However, many fossil species that habitually conform to
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B40103326788239A7" box="[1364,1435,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B40103326788239A7" box="[1364,1435,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have plesiomorphic terminalia, with digitiform gonostyli which are attached distally on the gonapophysis and are directed mesally (
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B442433FF7C9839EF" box="[352,385,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B7BFFF9F43B44D333FE7F5939EF" author="Skartveit" box="[407,576,1968,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Skartveit, J. (2009) Fossil Bibionoidea (Diptera: Hesperinidae and Bibionidae) from Baltic amber. Studia dipterologica, 15, 3 - 42." type="journal article" year="2009">Skartveit 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). Typical
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF9F43B47EA33FE7E3C39EF" box="[686,805,1968,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF9F43B47EA33FE7E3C39EF" box="[686,805,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males can still be recognized on the very robust, pilose, curved gonostyli, but this is apparent only in very well preserved fossils, whereas a large proportion of the named species have been described from females or poorly-preserved males. One often has to resort to general habitus to assign these species to genus since characters of the terminalia are not available.
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF6F434417634F279B13EF3" box="[1074,1192,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Penthetria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF6F434417634F279B13EF3" box="[1074,1192,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Penthetria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species are generally larger (most species more than
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<quantity id="4CF89B6FFFF6F43444B734AE7F5F3EDF" box="[499,582,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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), more gracile with markedly longer legs, slender male abdomens, the wings are longer, slender in the males and notably large in the female, usually fumose.
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D09FFF6F4344113354A79863F3B" box="[1111,1183,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EA98FFF6F4344113354A79863F3B" box="[1111,1183,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Plecia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species are generally smaller (most species smaller than
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<quantity id="4CF89B6FFFF6F434476B35667F9F3F67" box="[559,646,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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), more robust with shorter legs, male abdomen stockier, and shorter wings which are often hyaline.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |