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<document id="2890579D5E4AA6BAD357BAD7EF5A8684" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.19.016.12018" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12637266" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720033840280" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lee, Won Je" docDate="2019" docId="03A2D80FFF93FFAE4559FA2CFDA65947" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.58.4.167-189.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 58 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16890027ap.19.016.12018" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Protaspa verrucosa Cavalier-Smith 2011" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FF9BA077FF9DFFBE460FFFD6FFA85879" masterDocTitle="Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="189" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="181" updateTime="1720034970445" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="59EB618B5E8CE07DA5D77EA2ECB18421">Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03A2D80FFF93FFAE4559FA2CFDA65947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12637217" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A2D80FFF93FFAE4559FA2CFDA65947" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2D80FFF93FFAE4559FA2CFDA65947" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">
<subSubSection id="C3113A92FF93FFB04559FA2CFB845E4F" pageId="14" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB46919FF93FFB04559FA2CFB845E4F" blockId="14.[816,1463,1529,1935]" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">
<heading id="D0FCDE75FF93FFB04559FA2CFB845E4F" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="181" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF93FFB04559FA2CFB845E4F" authority="(Larsen et Patterson, 1990) Cavalier-Smith, 2011" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Larsen et Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Thecofilosea" family="Protaspidae" genus="Protaspa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cryomonadida" pageId="14" pageNumber="181" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF93FFB04559FA2CFBE25E6D" bold="true" box="[854,1098,1530,1556]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">Protaspa verrucosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF93FFB0426CFA2FFA065E6A" author="Larsen J. &amp; Patterson D. J." box="[1123,1454,1529,1556]" pageId="14" pageNumber="181" pagination="801 - 937" refId="ref14615" refString="Larsen J., Patterson D. J. (1990) Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. J. Nat. Hist. 24: 801 - 937" type="journal article" year="1990">Larsen et Patterson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
) Cavalier-Smith, 2011
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3113A92FF93FFB14559F9E8FCAC5E99" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="14" pageNumber="181" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB46919FF93FFB04559F9E8FC005E20" blockId="14.[816,1463,1529,1935]" box="[854,936,1598,1625]" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">
<figureCitation id="1330759CFF93FFB04559F9E8FC005E20" box="[854,936,1598,1625]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[125,160,1364,1386]" captionTargetBox="[125,1456,223,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-6@15.[125,1456,223,1337]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. (a) Protaspa verrucosa, note ventral groove. (b) Thaumatomastix sp., general appearance of cell and showing a layer of body scales. (c)(d) Clautriavia cavus, general appearance of different cells, (c) cell from Lee and Patterson (2000). (e) Gweamonas unicus, note coiled flagellum and flagellar insertion. (f)(h) Eoramonas jungensis sp. nov., showing general appearance of different cells, note flagellar insertion and beating pattern of anterior flagellum. (i)(j) Glissandra similis, showing general appearance of different cells, note the ventral groove. (k) Phyllomitus undulans, note two flagella adhering each other, from Lee (2002a). (l)(m) Protist 1, showing general appearance, note flagellar insertion. (n) Protist 2, showing general appearance, note collar and two emergent flagella.All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar in (h) = 5 μm for (e)(h) and in (n) = 10 μm for other figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637280/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB46919FF93FFB14559F9B7FCAC5E99" blockId="14.[816,1463,1529,1935]" lastBlockId="15.[125,772,1665,1933]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF93FFB04559F9B7FC4C5E02" bold="true" box="[854,996,1633,1659]" pageId="14" pageNumber="181">Description</emphasis>
: Cell outline is oval to roundish. Cells are 1522 µm long and dorso-ventrally flattened. Cell surface is warty. The cells have a prominent ventral groove or slit, which extends from the subapical end almost to the posterior end of the cell. Two flagella emerge from the widely opened anterior depression. The anterior flagellum is about the cell length and beats from side to side. The posterior flagellum is about 1.3 times the cell length and trails. The nucleus is situated anteriorly below the flagellar insertion with anterior caps, which are not distinctive. Several materials are seen in the posterior part of the cell. The cells glide slowly. Rarely observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF743991FF92FFB14672FA82FD465E6A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12637280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637280/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" startId="15.[125,160,1364,1386]" targetBox="[125,1456,223,1337]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB46919FF92FFB14672FA82FD465E6A" blockId="15.[125,1456,1364,1555]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB14672FA82FF145D13" bold="true" box="[125,188,1364,1386]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
(a)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB146EEFA83FE365D13" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Larsen et Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[225,414,1365,1386]" class="Thecofilosea" family="Protaspidae" genus="Protaspa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cryomonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB146EEFA83FE365D13" box="[225,414,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Protaspa verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, note ventral groove. (b)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB1449FFA83FCFB5D13" box="[656,851,1365,1386]" class="Raphidophyceae" family="Thaumatomastigaceae" genus="Thaumatomastix" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chattonellales" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB1449FFA83FC985D13" box="[656,816,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Thaumatomastix</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, general appearance of cell and showing a layer of body scales. (c)(d)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB146CAFAA7FED95DFF" authorityName="Lee et Patterson" authorityYear="2000" box="[197,369,1393,1414]" genus="Clautriavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" rank="species" species="cavus">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB146CAFAA7FED95DFF" box="[197,369,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Clautriavia cavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, general appearance of different cells, (c) cell from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB1456EFAA7FBFD5DFF" author="Patterson D. J. &amp; Lee W. J." box="[865,1109,1393,1415]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref15526" refString="Patterson D. J., Lee W. J. (2000) Geographic distribution and diversity of free-living heterotrophic flagellates. In: The flagellates: unity, diversity and evolution, (Eds. B. S. C. Leadbeater, J. C. Green). Taylor &amp; Francis, London and New York, 49: 267 - 287" type="journal article" year="2000">Lee and Patterson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
. (e)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB14271FAA7FA925DFF" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="2002" box="[1150,1338,1393,1414]" class="Trichomonadea" genus="Gweamonas" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Cristamonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Metamonada" rank="species" species="unicus">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB14271FAA7FA925DFF" box="[1150,1338,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Gweamonas unicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, note coiled flagellum and flagellar insertion. (f)(h)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB147F4FA5BFD615DDB" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="2019" box="[507,713,1421,1442]" genus="Eoramonas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" rank="species" species="jungensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB147F4FA5BFD615DDB" box="[507,713,1421,1442]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Eoramonas jungensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C0870FF92FFB144C1FA5BFCB25DDB" box="[718,794,1421,1442]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, showing general appearance of different cells, note flagellar insertion and beating pattern of anterior flagellum. (i)(j)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB14442FA7FFD565DC7" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="2006" box="[589,766,1449,1470]" class="Trichomonadea" genus="Glissandra" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Cristamonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Metamonada" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB14442FA7FFD565DC7" box="[589,766,1449,1470]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Glissandra similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing general appearance of different cells, note the ventral groove. (k)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB146AEFA13FEDB5DA3" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1878" box="[161,371,1477,1498]" genus="Phyllomitus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" rank="species" species="undulans">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB146AEFA13FEDB5DA3" box="[161,371,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Phyllomitus undulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, note two flagella adhering each other, from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB1453DFA13FC045DA3" author="Lee W. J." box="[818,940,1477,1498]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref14787" refString="Lee W. J. (2002 a) Redescription of the rare heterotrophic flagellate (Protista) - Phyllomitus undulans Stein 1878, and erection of a new genus - Pseudophyllomitus nov. gen. Acta Protozool. 41: 375 - 381" type="journal article" year="2002">Lee (2002a)</bibRefCitation>
. (l)(m) Protist 1, showing general appearance, note flagellar insertion. (n) Protist 2, showing general appearance, note collar and two emergent flagella. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar in (h) = 5 μm for (e)(h) and in (n) = 10 μm for other figures.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3113A92FF92FFAE46ACF93FFDA65947" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB46919FF92FFAE46ACF93FFDA65947" blockId="15.[125,772,1665,1933]" lastBlockId="16.[132,779,223,318]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB146ACF93FFEBB5F7A" bold="true" box="[163,275,1769,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Remarks</emphasis>
: Generally the description here is accordance with the original description of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB14421F8DAFF565F31" author="Larsen J. &amp; Patterson D. J." pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="801 - 937" refId="ref14615" refString="Larsen J., Patterson D. J. (1990) Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. J. Nat. Hist. 24: 801 - 937" type="journal article" year="1990">Larsen and Patterson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. This species has been found at marine sites in
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB14696F886FEAD5F13" box="[153,261,1872,1898]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Arctic
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB1476FF886FE115F13" box="[352,441,1872,1898]" name="Canada" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB147CAF886FD9B5F13" box="[453,563,1872,1898]" name="Denmark" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Denmark</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB14430F886FD0A5F13" box="[575,674,1872,1898]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">England</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB14672F8A5FF705FF4" box="[125,216,1907,1933]" name="Finland" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Finland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31C2989FF92FFB146ECF8A5FEA35FF4" box="[227,267,1907,1933]" name="Fiji" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Fiji</collectingCountry>
and White Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB147C7F8A5FD565FF4" author="Larsen J. &amp; Patterson D. J." box="[456,766,1907,1933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="801 - 937" refId="ref14615" refString="Larsen J., Patterson D. J. (1990) Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. J. Nat. Hist. 24: 801 - 937" type="journal article" year="1990">Larsen and Patterson 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB14526F95FFC405EDA" author="Tong S. M. &amp; Nygaard K. &amp; Bernard C. &amp; Vors N. &amp; Patterson D. J." box="[809,1000,1673,1699]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="162 - 194" refId="ref16439" refString="Tong S. M., Nygaard K., Bernard C., Vors N., Patterson D. J. (1998) Heterotrophic flagellates from the water column in Port Jack- son, Sydney, Australia. Eur. J. Protistol. 34: 162 - 194" type="journal article" year="1998">Tong et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB145FCF95FFBD45EDA" author="Vors N." box="[1011,1148,1673,1699]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref16573" refString="Vors N. (1992 a) Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from the Tvarminne area, Gulf of Finland, in 1988 - 1990. Ophelia 36: 1 - 109" type="book chapter" year="1992">Vørs 1992a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1993a;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB142F5F95FFC205EBC" author="Tikhonenkov D. V. &amp; Mazei Y. A. &amp; Mylnikov A. P." pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="191 - 200" refId="ref16261" refString="Tikhonenkov D. V., Mazei Y. A., Mylnikov A. P. (2006) Species diversity of heterotrophic flagellates in White Sea littoral sites. Eur. J. Protistol. 42: 191 - 200" type="journal article" year="2006">Tikhonenkov et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and reported cell length is from 9 to 18 µm. It was quite common at Avoca Beach and co-occurred with
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB14526F927FA955F73" authority="Larsen et Patterson, 1990" authorityName="Larsen et Patterson" authorityYear="1990" box="[809,1341,1776,1803]" class="Thecofilosea" family="Protaspidae" genus="Protaspa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cryomonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="gemmifera">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB14526F927FBBA5F73" box="[809,1042,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Protaspa gemmifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A14E8FF92FFB14217F927FA955F73" author="Larsen J. &amp; Patterson D. J." box="[1048,1341,1776,1803]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" pagination="801 - 937" refId="ref14615" refString="Larsen J., Patterson D. J. (1990) Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. J. Nat. Hist. 24: 801 - 937" type="journal article" year="1990">Larsen et Patterson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This species is distinguished from other species in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB1432FF8C2FA205F54" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith" authorityYear="2011" box="[1312,1416,1812,1837]" class="Thecofilosea" family="Protaspidae" genus="Protaspa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cryomonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB1432FF8C2FA205F54" box="[1312,1416,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Protaspa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the strongly developed ventral groove and wide flagellar pocket.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB1458CF88FFBCD5F0B" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Larsen et Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[899,1125,1881,1906]" class="Thecofilosea" family="Protaspidae" genus="Protaspa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cryomonadida" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB1458CF88FFBCD5F0B" box="[899,1125,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Protaspa verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFB1433EF88EFB0B5FED" authority="Lauterborn, 1896" authorityName="Lauterborn" authorityYear="1896" class="Raphidophyceae" family="Thaumatomastigaceae" genus="Thaumatomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chattonellales" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="setifera">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB1433EF88EFC795FEC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Thaumatomastix setifera</emphasis>
Lauterborn, 1896
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF92FFAE42A0F8ADFDE95880" authority="(Takahashi et Hara, 1984) Beech et Moestrup, 1986" authorityName="Beech et Moestrup" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Takahashi et Hara" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Raphidophyceae" family="Thaumatomastigaceae" genus="Thaumatomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="183" order="Chattonellales" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="tripus">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF92FFB142A0F8ADFAA65FED" box="[1199,1294,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">T. tripus</emphasis>
(Takahashi et Hara, 1984) Beech et Moestrup, 1986
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B129AFF8DFFAE4472FF36FED15964" authority="Thomsen et al., 1995" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1995" class="Raphidophyceae" family="Thaumatomastigaceae" genus="Thaumatomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chattonellales" pageId="16" pageNumber="183" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="B97FB50BFF8DFFAE4472FF36FCA35880" box="[637,779,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="183">T. splendida</emphasis>
Thomsen et al., 1995
</taxonomicName>
, but is distinguished by the lack of the visible body scales and spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>