443 lines
79 KiB
XML
443 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document id="ECE25AB0174739D4C090B839B05B946C" ID-DOI="10.5252/adansonia2023v45a12" ID-ISSN="1639-4798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8006364" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1685974026623" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pace, Marcelo R., Marcati, Carmen R., Lohmann, Lúcia G. & Angyalossy, Veronica" docDate="2023" docId="039687DCFFDC91208F24C577FE16AEA5" docLanguage="en" docName="Adansonia.45.12.167-210.pdf" docOrigin="Adansonia (3) 45 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2FE19AC740987067EC2A6C89A85F9648.8:Adansonia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="2FE19AC740987067EC2A6C89A85F9648" docStyleName="Adansonia.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Amphilophium" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="194" masterDocId="FFAFFFA4FFC7913D8E1CC261FFBBA94E" masterDocTitle="Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis" masterLastPageNumber="210" masterPageNumber="167" pageNumber="192" updateTime="1686164729893" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A5D72B7FA1623714822247C2D4E685A0">Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9EC55E649E4CE0ED3899844C275F037">Pace, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A7ED95CC252092159C753064B98AD90C">Marcati, Carmen R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="8C76E49BA23B0F312E3D51E6C26F8236">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="059DDD17665646323D410BA8FABD1A7E">Lohmann, Lúcia G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="F2320B550A926B6B6D93D03A36F3F2BE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="16047C168EA5F2FF436CD641205B5C38">Angyalossy, Veronica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="58C41366A9AD439F9C0AD39F432B05C8">Adansonia</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0CC28687ED1802844F095C3C18B8D5D1">
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<mods:date id="A3C46691243FA0FE5149529D1C7C0F25">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="AA68C2E58332E7BBE735D1EFA82C8639">3</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="ADFC4D13CE49BD8784852C415B6275E2">2023-05-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B5B5159255BE7A7D6C7DAAB0775A70B0">45</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="732771581D52A0A4A85FF18AF8A3F06E">12</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="08106DE22D2B79C17D23295A26126EA1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="698E26D775D4F66123774A2DADB00D97" type="DOI">10.5252/adansonia2023v45a12</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4A819AB460BB7EE2AAB66833EAA30352" type="ISSN">1639-4798</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039687DCFFDC91208F24C577FE16AEA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687DCFFDC91208F24C577FE16AEA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687DCFFDC91208F24C577FE16AEA5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
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<subSubSection id="C3256541FFDC91268F24C577FDEFAE7E" box="[312,596,1814,1840]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268F24C577FDEFAE7E" blockId="27.[312,596,1814,1840]" box="[312,596,1814,1840]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
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XIII.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268F69C577FDAFAE7E" ID-CoL="99DHW" box="[373,532,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268F69C577FDAFAE7E" box="[373,532,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3256541FFDC91208E98C52EFE16AEA5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="194" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268E98C52EFCB3AEA5" blockId="27.[131,776,1871,2027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
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. — This clade contains a single genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268E9FC508FEABAECF" box="[131,272,1897,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268E9FC508FEABAECF" box="[131,272,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with multiples of four phloem wedges in transversal section.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268EC4C5E5FED3AED2" box="[216,360,1924,1948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268EC4C5E5FED3AED2" box="[216,360,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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currently includes species from six previously recognized genera (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFDC91268FB3C5FFFDD0AEF8" author="FISCHER E. & THEISEN I. & LOHMANN L. G." box="[431,619,1950,1974]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" pagination="9 - 38" refId="ref28319" refString="FISCHER E., THEISEN I. & LOHMANN L. G. 2004. - Bignoniaceae. in KUBITZKI K. & KADEREIT J. K. (eds), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg: 9 - 38." type="book chapter" year="2004">
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||
Fischer
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268FE1C5FEFD94AEF8" box="[509,559,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFDC91268C65C5FFFD7FAEF8" box="[633,708,1950,1974]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="4.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetId="graphics-462@4.[132,1455,417,1315]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. — Past and present taxonomic circunscription of the genera in Bignonieae according to Lohmann (2006). *, Species segregated from Tanaecium to a monophyletic Bignonia; **, species segregrated from Pyrostegia to a monophyletic Cuspidaria." pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Table 1</tableCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268CC1C5FEFF49AE9F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268CC1C5FEFF49AE9F" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268EE3C5D8FE0BAE9E" authority="Kuntze" authorityName="Kuntze" box="[255,432,1977,2001]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Distictella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268EE3C5D8FEDBAE9F" box="[255,352,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Distictella</emphasis>
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Kuntze
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268FA6C5DBFD1CAE9F" authority="Mart. ex Meisn" authorityName="Meisn" box="[442,679,1977,2001]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Distictis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268FA6C5DBFDB3AE9F" box="[442,520,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Distictis</emphasis>
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Mart. ex Meisn
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268CADC5D8FF77AEA5" authority="Bureau" authorityName="Bureau" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Glaziova" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268CADC5D8FCBDAE9F" box="[689,774,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Glaziova</emphasis>
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||
Bureau
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268EC9C5B2FE13AEA5" authority="Cham." authorityName="Cham." box="[213,424,2003,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Haplolophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268EC9C5B2FEE6AEA5" box="[213,349,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Haplolophium</emphasis>
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Cham.
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268FC4C5B2FCB3AEA5" authority="Mart. ex Meisn." box="[472,776,2003,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Pithecoctenium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268FC4C5B2FDDCAEA5" box="[472,615,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Pithecoctenium</emphasis>
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Mart. ex Meisn.
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C2B9FC16A847" blockId="27.[813,1457,215,420]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDC91268DFDC2BCFB9EA9A0" baselines="234" box="[993,1061,221,238]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="species" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">SPECIES</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDC91268A35C2BCFB85A9A3" baselines="233" box="[1065,1086,221,237]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="in" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">IN</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDC91268A5DC2BCFBD0A9A0" baselines="234" box="[1089,1131,221,238]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="this" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">THIS</smallCapsWord>
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|
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. — 47 species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B3BFFDC91268B25C2B6FC1BA844" author="LOHMANN L. G. & TAYLOR C. M." pageId="27" pageNumber="192" pagination="348 - 489" refId="ref30238" refString="LOHMANN L. G. & TAYLOR C. M. 2014. - A new generic classification of tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 348 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2003187" type="journal article" year="2014">Lohmann & Taylor 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C343FB45A8ED" blockId="27.[813,1457,215,420]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDC91268D31C343FCC4A879" baselines="308,307" box="[813,895,290,314]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Studied" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">STUDIED</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDC91268D9FC346FC7DA876" baselines="308" box="[899,966,295,312]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="species" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">SPECIES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — Seven species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268A77C343FC7BA81A" authority="(Cham.) L. G. Lohmann" authorityName="L. G. Lohmann" baseAuthorityName="Cham." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268A77C343FAE1A874" box="[1131,1370,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium bracteatum</emphasis>
|
||
(Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268DD0C35DFBEFA81A" box="[972,1108,316,340]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268DD0C35DFBEFA81A" box="[972,1108,316,340]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFDC91268A7AC35DFBC3A81A" box="[1126,1144,316,340]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.)
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFDC91268A90C35DFB27A81A" box="[1164,1180,316,340]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFDC91268A83C35DFB09A81A" box="[1183,1202,316,340]" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">G</collectionCode>
|
||
.Lohmann,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B37C35DFBA4A820" authority="(Cham.) L. G. Lohmann" authorityName="L. G. Lohmann" baseAuthorityName="Cham." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dolichoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B37C35DFA0BA81A" box="[1323,1456,316,340]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. dolichoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Cham.) L.G. Lohmann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268A36C336FA2BA820" authority="(Vahl.) L. G. Lohmann" authorityName="L. G. Lohmann" baseAuthorityName="Vahl." box="[1066,1424,342,367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268A36C336FB1CA820" box="[1066,1191,342,366]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
(Vahl.) L.G. Lohmann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B87C336FB18A8C7" authority="(Kunth) L. G. Lohmann" authorityName="L. G. Lohmann" baseAuthorityName="Kunth" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnoliifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B87C336FC03A8C7" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. magnoliifolium</emphasis>
|
||
(Kunth) L.G. Lohmann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268AB1C310FA87A8C7" box="[1197,1340,369,393]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268AB1C310FA87A8C7" box="[1197,1340,369,393]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFDC91268B55C310FAE1A8C7" box="[1353,1370,369,393]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
.) Kunth, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268D4AC3EDFB45A8ED" authority="(Sandwith) L. G. Lohmann." box="[854,1278,395,420]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulverulentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D4AC3EDFC4FA8ED" box="[854,1012,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. pulverulentum</emphasis>
|
||
(Sandwith) L.G. Lohmann.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C3B6FC7CA8BF" blockId="27.[813,1405,471,530]" box="[813,967,471,497]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<heading id="D0C881A6FFDC91268D31C3B6FC7CA8BF" box="[813,967,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C3B6FC7CA8BF" box="[813,967,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Regular phloem</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C396FAC6AB5F" blockId="27.[813,1405,471,530]" box="[813,1405,503,530]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
Thin to thick fiber bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268A22C396FB25AB5F" box="[1086,1182,503,530]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
), assemblages absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C056FC7CAB1E" blockId="27.[810,1456,566,753]" box="[813,967,566,592]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<heading id="D0C881A6FFDC91268D31C056FC7CAB1E" box="[813,967,566,592]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C056FC7CAB1E" box="[813,967,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Variant phloem</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C037FA0BABBE" blockId="27.[810,1456,566,753]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C037FBAEAB3E" bold="true" box="[813,1045,598,624]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">General configuration.</emphasis>
|
||
Non-fibrous(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268ABFC037FB40AB3F" box="[1187,1275,598,625]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15C</figureCitation>
|
||
),with 20-30 rows of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma cells between fiber bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268D29C0F7FC2DABFE" box="[821,918,662,689]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The axial elements tend to be diffuse, sometimes forming short radial and tangential groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268AFCC0D7FAEDAB9E" box="[1248,1366,694,721]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).As seen in tangential section, the axial parenchyma is storied (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268B59C0B7FA18ABBE" box="[1349,1443,726,753]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C174FA29ADA0" blockId="27.[810,1456,789,1263]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C174FBBCAA7E" bold="true" box="[813,1031,789,816]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Sieve-tube elements.</emphasis>
|
||
As seen in transverse section, each sieve element is associated with one companion cell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268B06C157FACFAA1E" box="[1306,1396,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sieve tubes are generally solitary or in multiples of two, showing no distinct arrangement (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268A29C114FB34AADE" box="[1077,1167,885,912]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
), often scattered among the phloem parenchyma cells or forming radial or tangential rows of two or three cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268DFBC1D4FBFAAA81" box="[999,1089,949,976]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268A71C1D7FB43AA81" box="[1133,1272,950,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268A71C1D7FB43AA81" box="[1133,1272,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B36C1D7FA15AA81" box="[1322,1454,949,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B36C1D7FA15AA81" box="[1322,1454,949,976]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sieve tubes of two distinct diameters are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268B08C1B4FAD7AAA1" box="[1300,1388,981,1008]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B8AC1B4FC21AD41" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B8AC1B4FC21AD41" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the large and narrow sieve elements occur adjacent to one another in the phloem (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268A5EC674FB22AD61" box="[1090,1177,1045,1072]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15F</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268AE0C674FAC6AD61" box="[1276,1405,1045,1071]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268AE0C674FAC6AD61" box="[1276,1405,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are organized radially from wide (70 µm in average) to narrow (35 µm in average), gradually decreasing in diameter. As seen in longitudinal section, the sieve elements are rather short (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B2FFFDC91268BBEC614FCE2ADE1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and their end walls are transverse to inclined, with most sieve elements bearing simple sieve plates(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268AD2C6D5FA9DAD80" box="[1230,1318,1204,1231]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Compound sieve plates with 2-3 sieve areas are sometimes encountered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D30C775FAE7AC83" blockId="27.[810,1456,1300,1486]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D30C775FC52AC60" bold="true" box="[812,1001,1300,1326]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Axial parenchyma.</emphasis>
|
||
The phloem parenchyma tends to intermingle all the cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268DB3C755FBB2AC00" box="[943,1033,1332,1359]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
), although at some portions they can be recognized as forming radial rows of 3-4 cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268AEAC735FAF5AC20" box="[1270,1358,1364,1391]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15F</figureCitation>
|
||
).Crystalliferous parenchyma surrounds the fiber bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268B1BC715FAE5ACC0" box="[1287,1374,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig.15E</figureCitation>
|
||
), except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268D4CC7F5FBBDACE3" box="[848,1030,1427,1454]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnoliifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D4CC7F5FBBDACE3" box="[848,1030,1427,1454]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. magnoliifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268A2BC7F5FB5EACE3" box="[1079,1253,1427,1454]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulverulentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268A2BC7F5FB5EACE3" box="[1079,1253,1427,1454]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. pulverulentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where parenchyma cells surround the fiber bands, but crystals are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C792FBFAAFE3" blockId="27.[812,1457,1523,1709]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C792FCCFAF43" bold="true" box="[813,884,1523,1549]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fibers.</emphasis>
|
||
Fiber bands occur at considerable distances (more than 20 cells) from one another in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268A6CC472FAB2AF63" box="[1136,1289,1555,1581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268A6CC472FAB2AF63" box="[1136,1289,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268B04C472FAC3AF63" box="[1304,1400,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
), the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268D32C452FC19AF03" box="[814,930,1587,1613]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Bignonieae">Bignonieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus with the most distant fiber bands. The fiber bands possess 2-3 rows of cells and are discontinuous between two limiting rays, i.e., they never occupy the entire space between two rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268DCAC4F2FB8FAFE3" box="[982,1076,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D31C4B2FB91AE62" blockId="27.[813,1456,1746,1836]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D31C4B2FCD3AFA3" bold="true" box="[813,872,1747,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Rays.</emphasis>
|
||
The limiting rays are only lignified to the xylem face (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268D29C493FC2DAE42" box="[821,918,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The wedge rays are non-lignified, not even when crossing the fiber bands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDC91268D30C533FB01AEA5" blockId="27.[810,1456,1874,2027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D30C533FC32AE22" bold="true" box="[812,905,1874,1900]" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Crystals.</emphasis>
|
||
The crystalliferous parenchyma bears styloid crystals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268D5BC513FBF1AEC2" box="[839,1098,1906,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268D5BC513FBF1AEC2" box="[839,1098,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Amphilophium elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, prismatic crystals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B3FC513FA16AEC2" box="[1315,1453,1906,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B3FC513FA16AEC2" box="[1315,1453,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDC91268D29C5F3FC2AAEE2" box="[821,913,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268DCDC5F3FBD5AEE2" box="[977,1134,1938,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268DCDC5F3FBD5AEE2" box="[977,1134,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; crystals are lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDC91268B42C5F3FC20AE82" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="192" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnoliifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDC91268B42C5F3FC20AE82" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="192">A. magnoliifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most, if not all of the axial and ray parenchyma cells contain acicular and navicular crystals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF406642FFDB91218E98C542FC0CAEA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="193" startId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" targetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDB91218E98C542FC0CAEA7" blockId="28.[132,1457,1827,2025]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDB91218E98C542FF26AE7D" baselines="1840,1840" box="[132,157,1827,1844]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 15. — Secondary phloem of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDB91218F8FC542FDB7AE7A" box="[403,524,1827,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="193" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218F8FC542FDB7AE7A" box="[403,524,1827,1844]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">Amphilophium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218C0AC542FD83AE7A" bold="true" box="[534,568,1827,1844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">A -G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDB91218C5EC542FCA6AE7A" box="[578,797,1827,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="193" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218C5EC542FCA6AE7A" box="[578,797,1827,1844]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">Amphilophium crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218D3BC542FCFCAE7A" bold="true" box="[807,839,1827,1844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">A -E</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse sections;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218DE7C542FBB3AE7A" bold="true" box="[1019,1032,1827,1844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">A</emphasis>
|
||
, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218D4BC558FCDFAE04" bold="true" box="[855,868,1849,1866]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">B</emphasis>
|
||
, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218ACBC558FAFAAE04" bold="true" box="[1239,1345,1849,1866]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">arrowheads</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218B4CC558FAE5AE04" bold="true" box="[1360,1374,1849,1866]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">C</emphasis>
|
||
, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218F9FC506FE2AAE36" bold="true" box="[387,401,1895,1912]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">D</emphasis>
|
||
, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218B14C51CFAFDAEC0" bold="true" box="[1288,1350,1917,1934]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">arrows</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218B49C51CFADAAEC0" bold="true" box="[1365,1377,1917,1934]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">E</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218C31C5F5FDD0AEEB" bold="true" box="[557,619,1940,1957]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">arrows</emphasis>
|
||
) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218FEDC5CAFDE0AEF2" bold="true" box="[497,603,1963,1980]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">arrowheads</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218C77C5CAFDCDAEF2" bold="true" box="[619,630,1963,1980]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">F</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218C1CC5A3FDB5AE9D" bold="true" box="[512,526,1986,2003]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">G</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDB91218F1DC5B9FEAEAEA7" bold="true" box="[257,277,2008,2025]" pageId="28" pageNumber="193">cz</emphasis>
|
||
, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF406642FFDA91208E98C7A1FDB7AF0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8006410" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006410/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" startId="29.[132,143,1472,1489]" targetBox="[132,1456,215,1429]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDA91208E98C7A1FDB7AF0C" blockId="29.[132,1457,1472,1602]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D66A016FFDA91208E98C7A1FF26AC9E" baselines="1485,1485" box="[132,157,1472,1489]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 16. — Secondary phloem of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208F8BC7A1FE40AC9F" box="[407,507,1472,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Dolichandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F8BC7A1FE40AC9F" box="[407,507,1472,1489]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Dolichandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208C1AC7A1FD93AC9F" bold="true" box="[518,552,1472,1489]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A -D</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse sections;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208CC3C7A1FD57AC9F" bold="true" box="[735,748,1472,1489]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208CEAC7A1FC04AC9F" box="[758,959,1472,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Dolichandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208CEAC7A1FC04AC9F" box="[758,959,1472,1489]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Dolichandra unguiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All other photos are from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208A83C7A1FADFAC9F" box="[1183,1380,1472,1489]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Dolichandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unguis-cati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208A83C7A1FADFAC9F" box="[1183,1380,1472,1489]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Dolichandra unguiscati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208B72C7A1FAC0AC9F" bold="true" box="[1390,1403,1472,1489]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A</emphasis>
|
||
, limiting rays non-lignified, tend to expand and divide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208C3BC7B7FDDEACA9" bold="true" box="[551,613,1494,1511]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">arrows</emphasis>
|
||
), non-fibrous phloem. Thin fiber bands;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208DA5C7B7FC7DACA9" bold="true" box="[953,966,1494,1511]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">B</emphasis>
|
||
, non-fibrous phloem, sieve tubes in short radial multiples. Limiting rays non-lignified;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F7BC78CFECEACB0" bold="true" box="[359,373,1517,1534]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">C</emphasis>
|
||
, pith also undergo divisions, uniting to divisions at the limiting rays (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208DAFC78CFBA6ACB0" bold="true" box="[947,1053,1517,1534]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">arrowheads</emphasis>
|
||
). Nonconducting phloem collapsed;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208B4FC78CFADAACB0" bold="true" box="[1363,1377,1517,1534]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">D</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of the conducting variant phloem. Sieve tubes (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208FE8C465FD89AF5B" bold="true" box="[500,562,1540,1557]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">arrows</emphasis>
|
||
) with one or two companion cells.Acicular crystals abundant;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208A29C465FBFAAF5B" bold="true" box="[1077,1089,1540,1557]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">E</emphasis>
|
||
, tangential section. Storied structure in both axial and ray cells;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F3FC47BFE95AF65" bold="true" box="[291,302,1562,1579]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">F</emphasis>
|
||
, radial section. Sieve tube elements with compound sieve plates (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208D49C47BFC32AF65" bold="true" box="[853,905,1562,1579]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208A09C47BFB92AF65" bold="true" box="[1045,1065,1562,1579]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">cz</emphasis>
|
||
, cambial zone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208AB1C47BFB06AF65" bold="true" box="[1197,1213,1562,1579]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">pi</emphasis>
|
||
, pith. Scale bars: A, 200 μm; B, E, 150 μm; C, 500 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 100 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDA91208E98C4F2FF59AFE3" blockId="29.[132,776,1683,2027]" box="[132,226,1683,1709]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<heading id="D0C881A6FFDA91208E98C4F2FF59AFE3" box="[132,226,1683,1709]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208E98C4F2FF59AFE3" box="[132,226,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Periderm</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036CAFFDA91208E98C4D2FE16AEA5" blockId="29.[132,776,1683,2027]" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE0FFFDA91208E98C4D2FF2EAF83" box="[132,149,1715,1741]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
single periderm is formed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDA91208FA1C4D3FDA4AF83" box="[445,543,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The phellem is non-stratified, with evenly thin-walled cells in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208C7BC4B3FF48AE42" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208C7BC4B3FF48AE42" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Amphilophium elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208F1FC492FE71AE42" box="[259,458,1778,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnoliifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F1FC492FE71AE42" box="[259,458,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A. magnoliifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208C11C492FD0DAE42" box="[525,694,1778,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208C11C492FD0DAE42" box="[525,694,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A. paniculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; stratified, with alternating thin and thick-walled cells in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208CF2C572FF40AE02" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208CF2C572FF40AE02" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDA91208F12C553FE2FAE02" box="[270,404,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Fig. 15A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prismatic crystals are found in the phellem of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208F2EC533FDE8AE22" box="[306,595,1874,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F2EC533FDE8AE22" box="[306,595,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Amphilophium crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A4FFFDA91208C7FC533FD73AE22" box="[611,712,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="28.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[291,1296,215,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-256@28.[291,1303,214,1787]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections;A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus.The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde,causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem,showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8006406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8006406/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The phelloderm is thin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208F61C513FD2EAEC2" box="[381,661,1906,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elongatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F61C513FD2EAEC2" box="[381,661,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Amphilophium elongatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thick in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208EB9C5F3FE84AEE2" box="[165,319,1938,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208EB9C5F3FE84AEE2" box="[165,319,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A. crucigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208F67C5F3FDF8AEE2" box="[379,579,1938,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnoliifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208F67C5F3FDF8AEE2" box="[379,579,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">A. magnoliifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with more than three cell layers (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6BD0371FFDA91208F5EC5D3FE28AE82" box="[322,403,1970,1996]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="4.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetId="graphics-462@4.[132,1455,417,1315]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. — Past and present taxonomic circunscription of the genera in Bignonieae according to Lohmann (2006). *, Species segregated from Tanaecium to a monophyletic Bignonia; **, species segregrated from Pyrostegia to a monophyletic Cuspidaria." pageId="29" pageNumber="194">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Stratified lenticels are found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAD8FFDA91208E99C5B0FE16AEA5" box="[133,429,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D49FFDA91208E99C5B0FE12AEA5" box="[133,425,2001,2027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Amphilophium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="29" pageNumber="194" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crucigerum">Amphilophium crucigerum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |