190 lines
21 KiB
XML
190 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="067EB6C6910DEED3897204B5C9C79D8A" ID-CLB-Dataset="21681" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4792.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dd8ef826-0c0f-4261-b127-1d1afa7f5601" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3895976" ID-ZooBank="326F6A15-216E-439A-AD59-3CDF7551D3F6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1592306202477" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trietsch, Carolyn, Mikó, István, Ezray, Briana & Deans, Andrew R." docDate="2020" docId="039687D1FF11659A9FA4FA764571C5B3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4792.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4792 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Conostigmus Dahlbom 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="148" masterDocId="FFAFFFA9FF82650E9F33FFEC4445C438" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision of Nearctic Conostigmus (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Megaspilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="155" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="148" updateTime="1698842444354" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="84684534717D8A67EC4C0E7B48CC23D9">
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<mods:title id="C6EE2EE25281E11B5CDA33CF2174BC53">A Taxonomic Revision of Nearctic Conostigmus (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Megaspilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4C9888EF1DECAC9BF49B5C84FB72A015">Trietsch, Carolyn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6753D322235B0B413CCF35E62DA94BD6">Mikó, István</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B2AC7426583F4DBEC9F11C954B9A976">Ezray, Briana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8731437CC7B4BA4B3AC31DC6482E09B7">Deans, Andrew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="19AACE5D5C61443DB14174CBA48B94B3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="624DE86220A9E85A1CE49F5E40FA222C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DCBF788F6512B363A01633AB16E3501A">
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<mods:date id="4D3AEBBE54123324380EC8FE49E76E3C">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A4FFDFF0C26CFB8A840BE91DC4EFEC31">2020-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3149ABB130D87DFAAAD187479DE364EC">4792</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039687D1FF11659A9FA4FA764571C5B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5686614" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164612388" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5686614" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687D1FF11659A9FA4FA764571C5B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687D1FF11659A9FA4FA764571C5B3" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<subSubSection id="C325654CFF11659D9FA4FA764151C18D" box="[151,1300,1434,1461]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF11659D9FA4FA764151C18D" blockId="147.[151,1437,1434,2037]" box="[151,1300,1434,1461]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<heading id="D0C881ABFF11659D9FA4FA764151C18D" bold="true" box="[151,1300,1434,1461]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9FA4FA764151C18D" bold="true" box="[151,1300,1434,1461]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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Distinguishing Female
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E9AFA774605C18D" ID-CoL="62MYC" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[425,576,1435,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E9AFA774605C18D" bold="true" box="[425,576,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9D48FA764755C18D" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[635,784,1434,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9D48FA764755C18D" bold="true" box="[635,784,1434,1461]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and matching males and females (
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<tableCitation id="C6BD037CFF11659D9B81FA764149C18D" box="[1202,1292,1434,1461]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="147.[151,239,262,286]" captionText="TABLE 3. A table listing all of the morphological differences between male and female Conostigmus and Dendrocerus." pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Table 3</tableCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C325654CFF11659A9FA4FA534571C5B3" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF11659D9FA4FA53469CC325" blockId="147.[151,1437,1434,2037]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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As discussed above, it can be difficult to distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9DC7FA5347C0C1E1" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[756,901,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9DC7FA5347C0C1E1" box="[756,901,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males from
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9B24FA5340ECC1E1" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[1047,1193,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9B24FA5340ECC1E1" box="[1047,1193,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males; in the case of females, it can be nearly impossible. Females of both genera have similar antennal, genitalia and ovipositor characters. Females of both genera also have more similar ocellar triangle shapes and POL vs. OOL ratios than males. Characters that do occur across both male and female specimens include the presence of the sternaulus (never present in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E23F9A345E4C251" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[272,417,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E23F9A345E4C251" box="[272,417,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, absent or present in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9DAEF9A3476AC251" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[669,815,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9DAEF9A3476AC251" box="[669,815,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), notauli posterior end (always adjacent to transscutal articulation in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E08F99F4588C2B5" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[315,461,1651,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E08F99F4588C2B5" box="[315,461,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but not adjacent in some
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9DCBF99F47CCC2B5" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[760,905,1651,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9DCBF99F47CCC2B5" box="[760,905,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and wing presence (wings always present and macropterous in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E65F97B45A2C289" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[342,487,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E65F97B45A2C289" box="[342,487,1687,1713]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). However, the numerous exceptions that exist prevent these characters from being applied to all species. Other characters such as facial pit presence, as well as more subjective characters such as metapleural sulcus shape, head shape and general habitus, can be useful but are more variable and should not be used independently to make generic identifications.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF11659D9FF4F8CB4124C396" blockId="147.[151,1437,1434,2037]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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It is difficult to distinguish females of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9D4BF8CB474FC379" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[632,778,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9D4BF8CB474FC379" box="[632,778,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9C71F8CB4796C379" authorityName="Ratzeburg" authorityYear="1852" box="[834,979,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Dendrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9C71F8CB4796C379" box="[834,979,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Dendrocerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, let alone females of different
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9A1DF8CB4481C35D" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9A1DF8CB4481C35D" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Even males cannot always be differentiated by somatic characters alone, as demonstrated by the morphometric analysis with the shape PCAs. This revision relies mainly on male genitalia characters, as this can be the only way to distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E97F87F4673C395" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[420,566,1939,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E97F87F4673C395" box="[420,566,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Conostigmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in some cases (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF11659D9C0DF87F47ACC395" author="Dessart, P." box="[830,1001,1939,1965]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="23 - 44" refId="ref100423" refString="Dessart, P. (1997 a) Trois Conostigmus roux-noir nord-americains (Hymenoptera Ceraphronoidea Megaspilidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie, 133, 23 - 44." type="journal article" year="1997">Dessart, 1997a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF11659D9CC7F87F407BC395" author="Dessart, P." box="[1012,1086,1939,1965]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="3 - 144" refId="ref100457" refString="Dessart, P. (1997 b) Les Megaspilinae ni europeens, ni americains. 1. Le genre Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 (Hym. Ceraphronoidea Megaspilidae). Memoires de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 37, 3 - 144." type="journal article" year="1997">1997b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF11659D9B7AF87F414BC395" author="Miko, I. & Masner, L. & Johannes, E. & Yoder, M. J. & Deans, A. R." box="[1097,1294,1939,1965]" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" pagination="261 - 347" refId="ref102783" refString="Miko, I., Masner, L., Johannes, E., Yoder, M. J. & Deans, A. R. (2013) Male terminalia of Ceraphronoidea: morphological diversity in an otherwise monotonous taxon. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 44, 261 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 04402002" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Mikó
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9BBEF87840FBC395" box="[1165,1214,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">et al</emphasis>
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., 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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, 2016).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF11659A9FF4F85B4571C5B3" blockId="147.[151,1437,1434,2037]" lastBlockId="148.[151,1437,153,395]" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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Some species do have unique combinations of somatic characters that can be used to match males and females, including
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9E39F837461CC3CD" box="[266,601,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E39F83745F7C3CD" authorityName="Dessart & Masner" authorityYear="1965" box="[266,434,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muesebecki">C. muesebecki</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9E8CF837461CC3CD" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[447,601,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">C. dimidiatus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659D9D5AF8374105C3CD" box="[617,1344,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9D5AF837476FC3CD" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[617,810,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrothorax">C. erythrothorax</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9C0BF8374796C3CD" authorityName="Dessart" authorityYear="1997" box="[824,979,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrorufus">C. nigrorufus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9CD2F83740CCC3CD" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1907" box="[993,1161,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctatus">C. bipunctatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659D9BA4F8374105C3CD" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1175,1344,2011,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">C. triangularis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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|
, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF11659A9AB0F8374497C48B" authorityName="Trietsch" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF11659A9AB0F8374497C48B" italics="true" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="147" pageNumber="148">C. lepus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. We were also able to confirm the female of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF16659A9DFDFF754726C48B" authorityName="Whittaker" authorityYear="1930" box="[718,867,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">
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|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9DFDFF754726C48B" box="[718,867,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">C. pulchellus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
based on a male specimen that exhibited the same coloration found in the female specimens, but we avoid redescribing females of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF16659A9B2EFF514082C4EF" baseAuthorityName="Boheman" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1053,1223,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abdominalis">
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|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9B2EFF514082C4EF" box="[1053,1223,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">C. abdominalis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Nearctic, as this species can only be distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF16659A9D8AFF0D4725C4C3" authorityName="Trietsch" authorityYear="2020" box="[697,864,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosemaryae">
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|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9D8AFF0D4725C4C3" box="[697,864,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">C. rosemaryae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
using male genitalia characters. Several Nearctic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF16659A9FA4FEE9456CC527" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,297,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9FA4FEE9456CC527" box="[151,297,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Conostigmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species were described from single female
|
|
<typeStatus id="54848865FF16659A9C24FEE94702C527" box="[791,839,261,287]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">type</typeStatus>
|
|
specimens, but because females cannot be identified to species in most cases, we consider these as
|
|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9DA1FEC64726C57B" box="[658,867,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">species inquirenda</emphasis>
|
|
. Advances in molecular taxonomy and future work rearing live
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF16659A9E11FEA145F1C55F" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1858" box="[290,436,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Megaspilidae" genus="Conostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF16659A9E11FEA145F1C55F" box="[290,436,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Conostigmus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
males and females will shed more light on this subject, and we eagerly anticipate what will be found.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |