242 lines
26 KiB
XML
242 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="34125BB807E8B1FFEC7E0AF4AE44CE22" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.273913" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f6b846c4-a8ce-4b1e-b682-b56007097672" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="273913" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459899285535" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kirkendall, Lawrence R. & Ødegaard, Frode" docDate="2007" docId="0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01588p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1588" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Xyleborinus exiguus Walker" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFAFFFF2D02CFFE5931FFFBDBC3DFFA2" masterDocTitle="Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698228653734" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E50E1A317409719B420034A7526F8A10">
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<mods:title id="8BDD2C7227B2C13D7EDE487A67A4D058">Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6496BF1FA17681E06419149AF83D3579" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F1E00610958852F1A616112DD7BC9518">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1207B98D968353E0AB6BB543D25A669A">Kirkendall, Lawrence R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C51ACE233AA643D3DB61BFEEB073F030" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="73FEC26CD7012102D2F337440E608829">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C58284273C173B02C2985EA385E8EF6F">Ødegaard, Frode</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A0B82445B8971B7B9DBBA6F9FA325EF7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9E4CC771260CA77F2B9B79A7C317734A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="04C7720B2DD51D2D522D613B39ACB209">
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<mods:date id="F08425647B2F18CDDCCE9893DFC2F165">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="FA52AE6A5B7FD09EF7F50C23693D6294" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="11732D23AF23FFC4E5F64A7AA876D77D">1588</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="E707CCD3D7748F639C16B702F1EE6B40">53</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="31C5D85B5E493B9D50E669A888399AE4">62</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="212A04931DEE2A2E412E7A98D1A02CB8">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7F75AD8027CE72BB112FA9AA80F8C706" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.273913</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7D68536104260E5D2987312E8CAD3A7E" type="GBIF-Dataset">f6b846c4-a8ce-4b1e-b682-b56007097672</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="57AC7607B464AF833E2AE320EB2636AD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="81E86AC4E078B070F9866FFF6389668E" type="Zenodo-Dep">273913</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246934" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119372757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6246934" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0396878AD028FFE09388F9F7B93BFA98" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D028FFE19388F9F7BCC0F925" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE19388F9F7BE3AF9C6" blockId="4.[151,519,1610,1671]" box="[151,519,1610,1636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="D0C881F0D028FFE19388F9F7BE3AF9C6" bold="true" box="[151,519,1610,1636]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19388F9F7BE3AF9C6" ID-CoL="7G8YN" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[151,519,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19388F9F7BE3AF9C6" bold="true" box="[151,519,1610,1636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19388F9F7BDB2F9C6" bold="true" box="[151,399,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Xyleborinus exiguus</emphasis>
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(Walker)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE19388F9D0BCC0F925" blockId="4.[151,519,1610,1671]" box="[151,253,1645,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="13042A19D028FFE19380F9D0BCDCF925" box="[159,225,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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d)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D028FFE09388F912BF35FDE0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE19388F912B8BEF818" blockId="4.[151,1436,1711,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19388F912BCC0F96B" bold="true" box="[151,253,1711,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Records</emphasis>
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: New to Americas.
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE192F3F912BE9CF96B" bold="true" box="[492,673,1711,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE192F3F912BE9CF96B" box="[492,673,1711,1737]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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, Puntarenas,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE1905EF90DB82FF968" authority="Conservation" authorityName="Conservation" box="[833,1042,1712,1738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Osa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Osa Conservation</taxonomicName>
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Area, Estación Esquinas,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19656F90DB9AAF968" box="[1353,1431,1712,1738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
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, coll. #2273,
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<date id="FF81105CD028FFE1922FF965BD94F950" box="[304,425,1752,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="1993-07">July 1993</date>
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, INBio specimen barcode CRI001839038; same locality, Malaise trap, coll. #3087,
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<date id="FF81105CD028FFE19388F8BDBD2CF8B8" box="[151,273,1792,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="1994-06">June 1994</date>
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, J. F. Quesada & M. Segura, INBIO barcode INB0003504987; Puntarenas, Golfito, Estaci\n Agujas, Sendero Ajo,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE1926FF895BDC5F8E0" box="[368,504,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="250.0">250–350 m</quantity>
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elevation, coll. #57259,
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<date id="FF81105CD028FFE19039F895BF7EF8E0" box="[806,835,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="1999-07-18">18</date>
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July 1999, large diameter
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD028FFE19796F895BCEAF8C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="utile">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE19796F895B903F8E3" box="[1161,1342,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Brosimum utile</emphasis>
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(Moraceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, R. Gonzalez Manual, INBio barcodes INB0003310007, INB0003310009, INB0003310010, INB0003310011, INB0003310012, INB0003310014; Puntarenas, Golfito, Estaci\n Agujas, Sendero Homo,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19388F81DBCDCF818" box="[151,225,1952,1978]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
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elevation, coll. #61424,
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<date id="FF81105CD028FFE1911CF81DBE1DF818" box="[515,544,1952,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="2000-08-12">12</date>
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Aug. 2000, in trunk, A. Azofeifa, INB0003127510.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD028FFE093D8F87ABF35FDE0" blockId="4.[151,1436,1711,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,1338]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED028FFE193D8F87ABD78F843" bold="true" box="[199,325,1991,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE193D8F87ABD78F843" box="[199,325,1991,2017]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD028FFE19247F875BD88F840" box="[344,437,1992,2018]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
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Prov., Gamboa, 99’N
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD028FFE191CEF875BF07F840" box="[721,826,1992,2018]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" precision="925" value="-79.73333">79º44’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D028FFE19056F875BFBAF840" box="[841,903,1992,2018]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
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elevation,
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<date id="FF81105CD028FFE19712F875B88CF840" box="[1037,1201,1992,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" value="1995-12-28">28 Dec. 1995</date>
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, at lights in second growth forest, F. Ødegaard (1); Darien Prov., Darien National Park, Pirre, Rancho Frio,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09785FF25B909FF10" box="[1178,1332,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2002-07-30">30 July 2002</date>
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, Malaise trap, A. Santos & R. Miranda (1); Colon Prov., San Lorenzo Protected Area,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD029FFE09731FF7DB8BCFF78" box="[1070,1153,192,218]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="925" value="9.283334">9º17’N</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD029FFE09795FF7DB8CEFF78" box="[1162,1267,192,218]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="925" value="-79.96667">79º58’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE0961EFF7DB971FF78" box="[1281,1356,192,218]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</quantity>
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elevation, old-growth forest,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE092A8FF55BE5DFEA0" box="[439,608,232,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-09-22">22 Sept. 2003</date>
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||
–
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09170FF55BF2DFEA0" box="[623,784,232,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2004-10-30">30 Oct. 2004</date>
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, ground level UV light traps, R. Kitching (2), ground level flight intercept traps, A. Tishechkin (19), sticky traps,
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09075FEADBF42FE88" box="[874,895,272,298]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Y</collectingCountry>
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. Basset (14), pit fall traps, E. Medianero (1), canopy fogging, J. Schmidl & J. Bail (1), flight intercept traps at different heights, R. K. Didham, L. L. Fagan & M. Rapp, 0 m (53), 1.3 m (61),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE09133FEDDBE67FED8" box="[556,602,352,378]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
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(33),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE091BEFEDDBEE0FED8" box="[673,733,352,378]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
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(91),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE0903AFEDDBF5CFED8" box="[805,865,352,378]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
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(115),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE090A9FEDDBFCFFED8" box="[950,1010,352,378]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="28.0">28 m</quantity>
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(84),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE09725FEDDB84BFED8" box="[1082,1142,352,378]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="35.0">35 m</quantity>
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||
(26);
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE097A1FEDDB927FED8" box="[1214,1306,352,378]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panamá</collectingCountry>
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||
Prov, Alto de Espave,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE09202FE35BD5AFE00" box="[285,359,392,418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
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||
elevation,
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||
<date id="FF81105CD029FFE092F7FE35BEBAFE00" box="[488,647,392,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-12-19">19 Dec. 2003</date>
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, flight intercept trap, L. Guerra (1);
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||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09730FE35B8B1FE00" box="[1071,1164,392,418]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
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||
Prov., Cerro Azul,
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||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE0966FFE35BC93FE68" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
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||
elevation,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE0922CFE0DBDF4FE68" box="[307,457,432,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2004-03-04">4 Mar. 2004</date>
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, flight intercept trap, L. Guerra (1). In addition, there are many specimens of this species in vials of unidentified
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09110FE65BEB6FE50" box="[527,651,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scolytinae">Scolytinae</taxonomicName>
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collected by Hector Barrios (Univ.
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09725FE65B8A4FE50" box="[1082,1177,472,498]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panamá</collectingCountry>
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) from flight intercept traps in the dry tropical forest of Parque Natural Metropolitano (
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE090AEFDBDB82DFDB8" box="[945,1040,512,538]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panamá</collectingCountry>
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Prov., close to
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE097CAFDBDB90FFDB8" box="[1237,1330,512,538]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
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||
City) in
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09388FD95BD26FDE0" box="[151,283,552,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1996" valueMax="1997">1996–1997</date>
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(Kirkendall, unpublished identifications).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D029FFE093D9FDF2B957FD18" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE093D9FDF2B957FD18" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE093D9FDF2BD7BFDCB" bold="true" box="[198,326,591,617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species was identified by direct comparison with
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE090F5FDEDB85CFDC8" box="[1002,1121,592,618]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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specimens determined by Karl E. Schedl and Malaysian specimens determined by Roger A. Beaver. The overall shape, conical scutellum (diagnostic for
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09260FD1DBE31FD1B" box="[383,524,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09260FD1DBE31FD1B" box="[383,524,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Xyleborinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and pattern of teeth on the declivital margin (
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<figureCitation id="13042A19D029FFE09729FD1DB845FD18" box="[1078,1144,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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d) are characteristic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D029FFE093D8FD7AB90EFB38" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE093D8FD7ABFDBFCF8" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE093D8FD7ABD68FD43" bold="true" box="[199,341,711,737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
This small, slender Oriental ambrosia beetle occurs naturally from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09796FD75B8C2FD40" box="[1161,1279,712,738]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Southeast Asia, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09210FD4DBDBCFCA8" box="[271,385,752,778]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Sulawesi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE0913DFD4DBEF8FCA8" author="Beaver" box="[546,709,752,778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Beaver, R. A. (2005) A remarkable new species of Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, and new records of bark and ambrosia beetles from Gabon (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 141, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2005">Beaver, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In what was the first report of the species from West Africa (from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE093FEFCA5BD09FC90" box="[225,308,792,818]" name="Gabon" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09258FCA5BE0BFC93" box="[327,566,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09258FCA5BE0BFC93" box="[327,566,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Xyleborinus exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was one of the most numerous of the scolytines collected during intensive insect trapping from
|
||
<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09293FCFDBE7FFCF8" box="[396,578,832,858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1999-01" valueMax="1999-03-31" valueMin="1999-01-00">Jan.–Mar. 1999</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE0914EFCFDBF10FCF8" author="Basset" box="[593,813,832,858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Basset, Y., Aberlenc, H. - P., Barrios, H., Curletti, G., B e renger, J. - M., Vesco, J. - P., Causse, P., Haug, A., Hennion, A. - S., Lesobre, L., Marques, F. & O'Meara, R. (2001) Stratification and diel activity of arthropods in a lowland rain forest in Gabon. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 72, 585 - 607." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Basset
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE091B9FCFDBEDCFCFB" box="[678,737,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE09026FCFDBFE4FCF8" author="Beaver" box="[825,985,832,858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Beaver, R. A. (2005) A remarkable new species of Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, and new records of bark and ambrosia beetles from Gabon (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 141, 113 - 119." type="journal article" year="2005">Beaver, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE093D8FCD5B90EFB38" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Multiple specimens have been collected from two localities in southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09731FCD5B892FC20" box="[1070,1199,872,898]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Osa Peninsula and Golfito), and hundreds from scattered localities in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09047FC2DBF85FC08" box="[856,952,912,938]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, plus one from Darien National Park in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE0921AFC05BD5BFC70" box="[261,358,952,978]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Based on these records, it is probable that there is one continuous population in southern Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE093E5FC5DBD5FFC58" box="[250,354,992,1018]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, stretching from southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE091FEFC5DBF5AFC58" box="[737,871,992,1018]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
to (at least) the border between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09617FC5DB958FC58" box="[1288,1381,992,1018]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09388FBB5BD33FB80" box="[151,270,1032,1058]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but this needs to be corroborated by further collecting. It is only a matter of time before this species becomes established in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE092E3FB8DBE58FBE8" box="[508,613,1072,1098]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
; S. L. Wood did not see specimens of this species during his preparation of a monograph of the bark beetles of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE091FDFBE5BF7AFBD0" box="[738,839,1112,1138]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE09048FBE5BFD3FBD0" author="Wood" box="[855,1006,1112,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. (2007) The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 900 pp + 230 plates pp." type="book" year="2007">Wood, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It seems likely that this population was introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09271FB3DBDF6FB38" box="[366,459,1152,1178]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
via shipping from Asia, though a West African origin cannot be ruled out.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D029FFE093D8FB15B93BFA98" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE093D8FB15B93BFA98" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE093D8FB15BD85FB63" ID-CoL="7G8YN" box="[199,440,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE093D8FB15BD85FB63" box="[199,440,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Xyleborinus exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not seem to be size-selective in host use (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE090E9FB15B898FB60" author="Browne" box="[1014,1189,1192,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Browne, F. G. (1961) The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Record, 22, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1961">Browne, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Data from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09620FB15B9A1FB60" box="[1343,1436,1192,1218]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicate that this is a dominant scolytine in the canopy, but unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE090BAFB6DB858FB4B" ID-CoL="5CMJB" box="[933,1125,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE090BAFB6DB858FB4B" box="[933,1125,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it shows no height preferences. It is not considered to be an aggressive species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE09006FB45BFF8FAB0" author="Browne" box="[793,965,1272,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Browne, F. G. (1961) The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Record, 22, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1961">Browne, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, all ambrosia beetles are considered potential vectors for introducing pathogenic fungi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE09056FA9DBFD7FA98" author="Beaver" box="[841,1002,1312,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" refString="Beaver, R. A. (1988) Insect-fungus relationships in the bark and ambrosia beetles. In: Wilding, N., Collins, N. M., Hammond, P. M. & Webber, J. F. (Eds.) Insect-Fungus Interactions. Academic Press, London, pp. 121 - 143." type="book chapter" year="1988">Beaver, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE090E9FA9DB8C4FA98" author="Kuhnholz" box="[1014,1273,1312,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Kuhnholz, S., Borden, J. H. & Uzunovic, A. (2001) Secondary ambrosia beetles in apparently healthy trees: adaptations, potential causes and suggested research. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 6, 209 - 219." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Kühnholz
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE0976EFA9DB896FA9B" box="[1137,1195,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |