plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/05/55/1F/05551FA1FB805F5DAB4E7D25524B8A56.xml
maintenance 92832fe647 added 05
2024-06-21 12:28:31 +02:00

731 lines
63 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1146-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C33BE10A319F5DD6B81EB8211E261262" ID-ZooBank="CC56DFBE33D44B2285EE598A612759EC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1146-147" checkinTime="1675846396162" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Shimamoto, Shusuke, Nagashima, Seidai, Nagano, Hiroshi &amp; Ishikawa, Tadashi" docDate="2023" docId="05551FA1FB805F5DAB4E7D25524B8A56" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1146: 147-163" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1146" docPubDate="2023-02-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029" docTitle="Nesoproxius kishimotoi Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D2E26489-AF11-4034-B75E-F8CC78CBFAB7" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="C33BE10A319F5DD6B81EB8211E261262" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="C33BE10A319F5DD6B81EB8211E261262" masterDocTitle="A remarkable new species of the flat bug genus Nesoproxius (Hemiptera, Aradidae), the first Oceanian representative with brachyptery" masterLastPageNumber="163" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1675846396162" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A remarkable new species of the flat bug genus Nesoproxius (Hemiptera, Aradidae), the first Oceanian representative with brachyptery</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shimamoto, Shusuke</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-2358</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243 - 0034, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">1202shusuke@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nagashima, Seidai</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Itami City Museum of Insects, 3 - 1 Koyaike, Itami-shi, Hyogo, 664 - 0015, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nagano, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Japan Wildlife Research Center, 3 - 3 - 7, Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, 130 - 8606, Tokyo, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ishikawa, Tadashi</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-3117</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243 - 0034, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-02-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1146</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>147</mods:start>
<mods:end>163</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1146-147</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">CC56DFBE33D44B2285EE598A612759EC</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">C33BE10A319F5DD6B81EB8211E261262</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="taxonomy">
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D2E26489-AF11-4034-B75E-F8CC78CBFAB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/05551FA1FB805F5DAB4E7D25524B8A56" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/D2E26489-AF11-4034-B75E-F8CC78CBFAB7" authority="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi" status="sp. nov.">Nesoproxius kishimotoi Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="147">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B male holotype C, D female paratype A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806870" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B head, pronotum, and scutellum, dorsal view A male B female C ventral view of head and pronotum D, E apical part of abdomen, dorsal view D male E female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806871" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., male paratype, dorsolateral view A habitus B pronotumand scutellum C apical part of abdomen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806872" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Living individuals of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B adult female C same, feigning death D fourth instar nymph." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806873" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B habitus, dorsal view A male B female C, D habitus, ventral view C male D female E left antenna, male F, G hemelytra, dorsal view F male G female H, I apical part of abdomen, dorsal view H male I female J, K apical part of abdomen, ventral view J male K female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806874" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Nymphs of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A fourth instar, dorsal view B fifth instar, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806876" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Fifth instar nymph of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806877" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Habitats and living individuals of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B Habitat in Ototojima Island C, D decayed fallen branches of Schima wallichii mertensiana, of which the type specimens were collected E adult male, dorsal view F ditto, dorsolateral view G adult female, feigning death H fourth instar nymph, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806878" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 9 Japanese name: Ogasawara-shiro-hiratakamemushi</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName authority="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima &amp; Nagano &amp; Ishikawa, 2023" authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima &amp; Nagano &amp; Ishikawa" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Carventus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carventus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Carventus</taxonomicName>
sp.-
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B2" refString="Government of Japan (2010b) Species list. In: Government of Japan, Appendix of Nomination of the Ogasawara Islands for Inscription on the World Heritage List. Government of Japan, Tokyo, 147-242.">Government of Japan 2010b</bibRefCitation>
: 208.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="type series">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Type series.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Holotype</emphasis>
: ♂, &quot;Japan, Ogasawara Islands, Ototojima Island, southwest of Ainosawa,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.1587" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="27.1587">27.1587°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.1894" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.1894">142.1894°E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. ca 160 m, 11.VII.2021, Shusuke Shimamoto&quot; (TUA).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Paratypes</emphasis>
(5 ♂ 12 ♀):
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Japan, Ogasawara Islands: Chichijima Island</emphasis>
: 1 ♀, Renju-dani, 7.III.1999, Toshio Kishimoto (TUA); 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Renju-dani, 3.III.2022, Shusuke Shimamoto (KPMNH); 1 ♂, Nishi-kaigan, 20.VI.1999, Toshio Kishimoto (TUA).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Ototojima Island</emphasis>
: 2♀, same data as holotype (TUA); 1 ♂ 3 ♀, southwest of Ainosawa,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.1591" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="27.1591">27.1591°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.1899" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.1899">142.1899°E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. ca 160 m, 17.VII.2021, Shusuke Shimamoto (TUA); 1 ♂ 3 ♀, southwest of Ainosawa,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.1591" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="27.1591">27.1591°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.1899" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.1899">142.1899°E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. ca 160 m, 18.VII.2021, Shusuke Shimamoto (TUA).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-07-18" country="Japan" county="Ainosawa" elevation="160" latitude="27.1591" location="Nymphs" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="142.1899" municipality="Ototojima Island" specimenCount="2">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:05551FA1FB805F5DAB4E7D25524B8A56:00B72810602D0D6782514AE92DCF26B2" country="Japan" county="Ainosawa" latitude="27.1591" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="142.1899" municipality="Ototojima Island" name="Nymphs">Nymphs</location>
(
<specimenCount type="generic">2 spec.</specimenCount>
):
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<collectingCountry name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:05551FA1FB805F5DAB4E7D25524B8A56:36B071ADB4EE3C2A1781BBFA89E3F2AF" country="Japan" county="Ainosawa" latitude="27.1591" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="142.1899" municipality="Ototojima Island" name="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</location>
:
<collectingMunicipality>Ototojima Island</collectingMunicipality>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
(fourth instar), same data as holotype (TUA);
<specimenCount type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
(fifth instar), southwest of
<collectingCounty>Ainosawa</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.1591" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="27.1591">27.1591°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.1899" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.1899">142.1899°E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. ca
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="160.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingDate value="2021-07-18">18.VII.2021</collectingDate>
, Shusuke Shimamoto (TUA)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
This new species is the only brachypterous species in this genus, and it can be distinguished from all other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by a combination of the following characters: body length approximately 3.0-3.5 mm; incrustation of body surface ocher; head vertex only slightly longitudinally raised; pronotum with only a slightly convex median ridge; scutellum trapezoidal without a median ridge; and abdomen with a relatively smooth margin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Male (holotype)</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B male holotype C, D female paratype A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806870" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B habitus, dorsal view A male B female C, D habitus, ventral view C male D female E left antenna, male F, G hemelytra, dorsal view F male G female H, I apical part of abdomen, dorsal view H male I female J, K apical part of abdomen, ventral view J male K female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806874" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5A, B</figureCitation>
). Body reddish brown, mostly covered with punctured ocher incrustations; brachypterous. Head slightly shorter than width across eyes; genae produced over tip of clypeus, slightly shorter than antennal segment I, contiguous to each other in front of clypeus; antenniferous lobes bluntly produced at apex, with parallel outer margins; postocular margins subparallel; posterolateral angles subangular, reaching level of outermost point of eye in dorsal view; vertex slightly raised longitudinally. Labium not reaching level of posterior margin of head in ventral view. Antennae 1.3 times as long as width across eyes; approximate proportion of segments I-IV 1.0: 0.7: 1.0: 1.1.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806870" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
male holotype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C, D</emphasis>
female paratype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, C</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B, D</emphasis>
ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pronotum</emphasis>
1.9 times as wide as its length on midline, 1.3 times as long as head (excluding neck) on midline; anterior lobe strongly incrusted, with median ridge weakly inflated and slightly projected anteriad, and with four pairs of ovate smooth depressions; anterior margin slightly arched forward beyond collar at lateral one-third; anterolateral angles rounded, not projected beyond collar; lateral margins of anterior lobe convex and sinuate; posterior lobe weakly incrusted; lateral margins of posterior lobe convex anteriorly, then posteriorly concave; posterior margin weakly projected posteriorly. Scutellum trapezoidal, 0.4 times as long as its basal width, widely incrusted and elevated along lateral margins, with lateral margins straight and apex slightly rounded; median ridge thinly incrusted, slightly elevated basally; lateral incrusted fields isosceles triangular. Metanotum slightly visible behind apex of scutellum in dorsal view. Hemelytron reaching basal part of mediotergite I+II; corium reaching basal half of scutellum, projected laterally beyond lateral margin of metanotum, with posterolateral angle reflexed; hemelytral membrane rugose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Abdomen</emphasis>
1.4 times as long as its maximum width, with subparallel lateral margins. Mediotergite I+II mostly covered with incrustation, provided with a pair of smooth depressions laterally; mediotergites III-VI fused, weekly elevated longitudinally on midline, mostly covered with four inner pairs and three outer pairs of incrustations; inner paired incrustations each with a round smooth depression, and outer paired incrustations reaching lateral margins of respective mediotergites; mediotergite VII covered with incrustations anteriorly and laterally. Dorsal laterotergites mostly covered with incrustations, each with two round callous spots and callous outer anterolateral angle; dorsal laterotergite II+III slightly protruding at middle (posterolateral angle of original dorsal laterotergite II) and at posterolateral angle; posterolateral angles of dorsal laterotergites IV-VI not protruding; outer margin of dorsal laterotergite VI slightly angulated posteriorly; dorsal laterotergite VII posteriorly protruding and subangular, reaching level of tip of paratergite VIII in dorsal view, not reaching level of tip of pygophore. Sternite I+II covered with incrustation; sternites III-VI reticulately incrusted with small to large callosities; sternite VI with a pair of circular humps medially; sternite VII less incrusted, elevated posteromedially, with a pair of subtriangular humps medially. Paratergite VIII rhomboid, angulated posteriorly, reaching level of basal two-thirds of pygophore. Spiracles II-V ventral, spiracles VI and VII lateral, visible in dorsal view, spiracle VIII dorsolateral, visible in dorsal view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pygophore</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B head, pronotum, and scutellum, dorsal view A male B female C ventral view of head and pronotum D, E apical part of abdomen, dorsal view D male E female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806871" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B habitus, dorsal view A male B female C, D habitus, ventral view C male D female E left antenna, male F, G hemelytra, dorsal view F male G female H, I apical part of abdomen, dorsal view H male I female J, K apical part of abdomen, ventral view J male K female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806874" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5H</figureCitation>
) acorn-shaped, slightly shorter than its width, incrusted in basal half, scabrous in apical half.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806871" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratypes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
head, pronotum, and scutellum, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
ventral view of head and pronotum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D, E</emphasis>
apical part of abdomen, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Female</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B male holotype C, D female paratype A, C dorsal view B, D ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806870" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B head, pronotum, and scutellum, dorsal view A male B female C ventral view of head and pronotum D, E apical part of abdomen, dorsal view D male E female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806871" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2B, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes A, B habitus, dorsal view A male B female C, D habitus, ventral view C male D female E left antenna, male F, G hemelytra, dorsal view F male G female H, I apical part of abdomen, dorsal view H male I female J, K apical part of abdomen, ventral view J male K female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806874" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5B, D, G, I, K</figureCitation>
). Generally similar to male, larger than male in general; anterolateral angles of pronotum less projected; abdomen with relatively rounded lateral margins; tergite VIII subangular, nearly reaching level of basal two-thirds of paratergite IX; paratergite IX rectangular, posteriorly tricuspidate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Variation</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6</figureCitation>
). The extent of incrustations on the body surface varies among individuals as follows: posterior lobe of pronotum not incrusted (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6C, G</figureCitation>
) to completely incrusted (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6D</figureCitation>
); median part of scutellum not incrusted (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6C, F, G</figureCitation>
) to mostly incrusted (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6D</figureCitation>
); incrustations of mediotergites I+II and III-VI reduced (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6D, E</figureCitation>
) to highly developed (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6A-C, F-H</figureCitation>
); glabrous callosities of mediotergite VII commonly fused into one large smooth area (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6B, C</figureCitation>
) or rarely separated (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6A</figureCitation>
) in male, and commonly separated (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
) or rarely fused (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view A-C male D-H female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6F</figureCitation>
) in female.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806872" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., male paratype, dorsolateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
habitus
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
pronotumand scutellum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
apical part of abdomen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806873" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Living individuals of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
adult female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
same, feigning death
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
fourth instar nymph.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806874" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratypes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C, D</emphasis>
habitus, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
left antenna, male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F, G</emphasis>
hemelytra, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">G</emphasis>
female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">H, I</emphasis>
apical part of abdomen, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">H</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">I</emphasis>
female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">J, K</emphasis>
apical part of abdomen, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">J</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">K</emphasis>
female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806875" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratypes, variation of incrustation on head, pronotum, scutellum, and mediotergites, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A-C</emphasis>
male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D-H</emphasis>
female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Measurements</emphasis>
[in mm, ♂ (holotype and paratypes;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">n</emphasis>
= 5), holotype in parentheses / ♀ (paratypes;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">n</emphasis>
= 5)]. Body length 2.85-3.06 (2.88) / 3.06-3.47; head length 0.48 (0.48) / 0.48-0.57, width across eyes 0.55-0.57 (0.57) / 0.50-0.61; length of antennae 0.69-0.72 (0.72) / 0.70-0.80; pronotum length 0.61-0.64 (0.64) / 0.61-0.70, width 1.07-1.16 (1.11) / 1.11-1.20; scutellum length 0.32-0.36 (0.32) / 0.30-0.55, width 0.61-0.80 (0.80) / 0.68-0.93; abdomen length 1.55-1.64 (1.64) / 1.55-1.84, width 1.18-1.30 (1.27) / 1.30-1.41; pygophore length 0.23-0.25 (0.23), width 0.32-0.34 (0.32).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nymph</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Nymphs of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A fourth instar, dorsal view B fifth instar, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806876" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Fifth instar nymph of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov., dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806877" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">8</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Fifth instar</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body generally beige; clypeus, vertex and posterolateral angles of head, lateral margin of thorax and abdominal segments, and center of tergites IX and X greyish beige; body length 3.3 mm; dorsum with continuously granules bearing a pubescence on apex; margin of body with larger granules bearing a longer and more erect seta on apex; head 0.6 times as long as its width on midline; antennal segment IV longest; pronotum provided with a pair of depressions, each depression with five small pits; mesonotum with a pair of smooth depressions, wing pad rounded at apex, reaching basal half of metanotum; metanotum with a pair of smooth depressions; abdominal tergites II-VI mostly not segmented; tergites I-VIII each with 1-4 pairs of round or ring-shaped depressions; two dorsal scent gland openings prominent on midline of tergum, anterior opening conspicuous and located on segment IV, posterior opening more reduced than anterior opening and located on segment V; segment IX with a pair of posteriorly elongated processes; segment X tube-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806876" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Nymphs of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
fourth instar, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
fifth instar, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806877" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Fifth instar nymph of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Fourth instar</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Generally similar to fifth instar but body generally dark gray, both sides of head beige; body length smaller, 2.6 mm; setae arising from margin of body relatively longer than fifth instar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
This new species is the first one to exhibit a brachypterous condition in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all specimens examined showed brachypterous features, and none exhibited an apterous or macropterous condition. Even excluding the characteristics of brachypterous wings, this new species can be easily distinguished from other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by the relatively low development of the median ridges on the pronotum and scutellum, as well as the relatively smooth abdominal margin. The unique characteristics of this new species may have been acquired through the long-term isolation in the Ogasawara Islands, which are far from New Guinea, the center of the geographic distribution of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
In this study, we also clarified for the first time that sexual dimorphism in this
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is manifested in the pattern of incrustations, particularly those on mediotergite VII. Previous studies have described and illustrated this characteristic; however, all known species have been described based on one or two individuals, most of which were females (
<bibRefCitation author="Usinger, RL" journalOrPublisher="British Museum, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B22" refString="Usinger, RL, Matsuda, R, 1959. Classification of the Aradidae. British Museum, London" title="Classification of the Aradidae." year="1959">Usinger and Matsuda 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kormilev, NA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="575 - 597" refId="B8" refString="Kormilev, NA, 1968. Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, III (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pacific Insects 10: 575 - 597" title="Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, III (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)." volume="10" year="1968">Kormilev 1968</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Kormilev, NA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="701 - 722" refId="B9" refString="Kormilev, NA, 1970. Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, V. (Supplement) (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). Pacific Insects 12: 701 - 722" title="Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, V. (Supplement) (Hemiptera - Heteroptera)." volume="12" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Kormilev, NA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="53 - 60" refId="B10" refString="Kormilev, NA, 1978. Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, VII (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Pacific Insects 18: 53 - 60" title="Aradidae in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, VII (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)." volume="18" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
); therefore, identifying and describing species of this genus are necessary considering the existence of incrustations that might be the indicators of sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
Moreover, this is the first time that nymphal stages have been described for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The body of the nymph is covered with sparse pubescence on the dorsal surface; however, it does not show the incrustations found in adults. In addition, as setae on the body margin are longer in 4th instar than in 5th instar nymphs, they possibly are relatively longer in younger instars.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">The specific name is after Toshio Kishimoto, the first collector of this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution map of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A location of the Ogasawara Islands B detail distribution in the Ogasawara Island, red circle = holotype locality; blue triangles = paratype localities." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806879" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">10</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Japan: the Ogasawara Islands (Chichijima and Ototojima islands).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
This new species, endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, represents the northernmost occurrence reported for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is far from the distribution of its congeners, and it is the first representative in this genus from the Oceanian region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Habitats and biology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Living individuals of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B adult female C same, feigning death D fourth instar nymph." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806873" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Habitats and living individuals of Nesoproxius kishimotoi sp. nov. A, B Habitat in Ototojima Island C, D decayed fallen branches of Schima wallichii mertensiana, of which the type specimens were collected E adult male, dorsal view F ditto, dorsolateral view G adult female, feigning death H fourth instar nymph, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806878" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">9</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
The new species inhabits the relatively humid forest floor of forests with tall trees, dominated by
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schima wallichii subsp. mertensiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="mertensiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Schima wallichii mertensiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Siebold &amp; Zucc.) Bloemb. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
). However, despite our repeated field surveys, this flat bug was not found in Anijima Island, located between Chichijima and Ototojima islands (where the species inhabits), likely because, unlike the other two islands, it is entirely covered by sclerophyllous shrubs and has a dry forest floor. Therefore, it seems likely that a dry environment such as found Anijima Island is not suitable for the
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. kishimotoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. For this species to persists, maintaining the good condition of the ecosystems on Chichijima and Ototojima islands is necessary; however, frequent droughts in recent years may pose a challenge by negatively impacting the habitat of this species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806878" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Habitats and living individuals of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
Habitat in Ototojima Island
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C, D</emphasis>
decayed fallen branches of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schima wallichii subsp. mertensiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="mertensiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Schima wallichii mertensiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of which the type specimens were collected
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
adult male, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F</emphasis>
ditto, dorsolateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">G</emphasis>
adult female, feigning death
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">H</emphasis>
fourth instar nymph, dorsolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1146.96029.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/806879" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
location of the Ogasawara Islands
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
detail distribution in the Ogasawara Island, red circle = holotype locality; blue triangles = paratype localities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shimamoto &amp; Nagashima" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius kishimotoi" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was collected from the undersurface of decayed fallen branches of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schima wallichii subsp. mertensiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="wallichii" subSpecies="mertensiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Schima wallichii mertensiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the forest floor. Both adults and nymphs moved very slowly and frequently feigned death with folded legs and antennae. As the adults and nymphs were found together on the same branches, they all seem to inhabit the same cluster; however, their habitat range seems to be limited and scattered. The reason for this is not clear; however, it is possible that the severe damages to the soil ecosystem caused by predation by alien nemertines in the Ogasawara islands (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12653-4" author="Shinobe, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B16" refString="Shinobe, S, Uchida, S, Mori, H, Okochi, I, Chiba, S, 2017. Declining soil Crustacea in a World Heritage Site caused by land nemertean. Scientific Reports 7(1): e12400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12653-4" title="Declining soil Crustacea in a World Heritage Site caused by land nemertean. Scientific Reports 7 (1): e 12400." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12653-4" year="2017">Shinobe et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) reduce flat bug populations. Lastly, and as mentioned previously, to conserve this evolutionarily important and unique flat bug species in the Ogasawara Islands, preventing droughts and eliminating predatory alien species are necessary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="key to species of the genus nesoproxius (based on kormilev 1968, 1970, 1978, 1983)">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
Key to species of the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Usinger &amp; Matsuda" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aradidae" genus="Nesoproxius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesoproxius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nesoproxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on Kormilev 1968, 1970, 1978, 1983)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<table inLine="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Small species, less than 3.5 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Larger species, over 4.0 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of scutellum clearly elevated as a T-shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of scutellum slightly elevated basally or clearly elevated longitudinally</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of scutellum contiguous with lateral incrusted fields posteriorly</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. constrictus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="constrictus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. constrictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1978
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of scutellum not contiguous with lateral incrusted fields posteriorly</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1968
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Anterior margin of pronotum straight; anterior angles of pronotum not projected; scutellum triangular, with median ridge clearly elevated along midline wholly</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. minutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Usinger &amp; Matsuda, 1959
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Anterior margin of pronotum sinuate; anterior angles of pronotum projected beyond collar; scutellum trapezoidal, with median ridge slightly elevated mediobasally</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. kishimotoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="kishimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. kishimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of pronotum strongly inflated, overlapping with base of head</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of pronotum slightly inflated, not overlapping with base of head</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">8</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Spiracle VIII lateral</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. malayensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="malayensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. malayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1983
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Spiracle VIII dorsal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">7</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of vertex subtriangular; median ridge of pronotum truncate posteriorly</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. vietnamensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. vietnamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1968
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Median ridge of vertex ovate; median ridge of pronotum angulate posteriorly</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. yoshimotoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="yoshimotoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. yoshimotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1970
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Pronotum hexagonal; posterior angle of abdominal segment VII of female not reaching tip of paratergite</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. hexagonalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="hexagonalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. hexagonalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1968
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Pronotum subrectangular or trapezoidal; posterior angle of abdominal segment VII of female reaching or exceeding tip of paratergite</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">9</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Pronotum subrectangular, without a projection on lateral margin; posterior angle of abdominal segment VII of female not produced into a long spine</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. punctulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="punctulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. punctulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1968
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">Pronotum trapezoidal, with a projection on lateral margin slightly before middle; posterior angle of abdominal segment VII of female produced into a long spine</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. angulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="angulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">N. angulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kormilev, 1968
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink