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<document id="BF4DE3800C744FC237D9B446E8396013" ID-CLB-Dataset="83509" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="04f64ca2-edeb-4c66-8ca5-20883dc05a4e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771055" ID-ZooBank="3D9F358B-2B8C-4CC4-8E4D-7315319964EA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1656416170550" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Usha, A. U., Sobczyk, T., Roby, T. J. &amp; Jose, Joyce" docDate="2022" docId="392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5159.1.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5159 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acanthopsyche Heylaerts 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="C51FFFE16352FF8CD664BA65FFB6AA5C" masterDocTitle="Neotype designation, redescription, biology and distribution of Acanthopsyche alstoni Watt &amp; Mann, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="136" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1699353329833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A144089BCA0290B8DAC77A26E4ACC622">Neotype designation, redescription, biology and distribution of Acanthopsyche alstoni Watt &amp; Mann, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF3DFAA6983257FECDD7996454B18A71">Usha, A. U.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E73380D80CBC2E551C367B7014E14FA">Roby, T. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F77D8BC68DEEF10D410DE41E6C8AE506">Department of Botany, Carmel College, Mala, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="7C40505088CF5A6972C9C72329A70939">Department of Zoology, St Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, India,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="6FEA308457011C81E3E46F645FE55B02">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6775153" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196365488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6775153" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<subSubSection id="F99565046353FF8DD6F3B88AFDAFA956" box="[151,537,751,778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6F3B88AFDAFA956" blockId="1.[151,537,751,778]" box="[151,537,751,778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<heading id="EA7881E36353FF8DD6F3B88AFDAFA956" bold="true" box="[151,537,751,778]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD6F3B88AFDAFA956" ID-CoL="8ZYKW" authority="Heylaerts, 1881" authorityName="Heylaerts" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,537,751,778]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6F3B88AFDAFA956" bold="true" box="[151,537,751,778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6F3B88AFEF9A956" bold="true" box="[151,335,751,778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD733B895FDAFA956" author="Heylaerts, F. J. M." box="[343,537,752,778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3555" refString="Heylaerts, F. J. M. (1881) Essai d'une monographie des Psychides de la faune europeene. Bulletin ou comptes rendus de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 25, xxix - lxxiii." type="book" year="1881">Heylaerts, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6F3B951FB38A911" blockId="1.[151,1166,820,845]" box="[151,1166,820,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD6F3B951FE6CA911" ID-CoL="8ZYKW" authority="Heylaerts, 1881" authorityName="Heylaerts" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,474,820,845]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6F3B951FE86A910" box="[151,304,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD753B951FE6CA911" author="Heylaerts, F. J. M." box="[311,474,820,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3555" refString="Heylaerts, F. J. M. (1881) Essai d'une monographie des Psychides de la faune europeene. Bulletin ou comptes rendus de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 25, xxix - lxxiii." type="book" year="1881">Heylaerts, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD780B951FC6FA910" box="[484,985,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
Annales de la Société entomologique de
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD51BB951FC6FA910" box="[895,985,820,844]" name="Belgium" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Belgique</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 25: 66 (key), 70.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F99565046353FF8DD6F3B91EFA88A9C9" box="[151,1342,891,917]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6F3B91EFA88A9C9" blockId="1.[151,1342,891,917]" box="[151,1342,891,917]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD751B91EFC95A9C9" authority="Herrich-Schaffer, 1846: 20" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1846" box="[309,803,891,917]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Psyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacella">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD751B91EFE5AA9C9" box="[309,492,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Psyche opacella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD797B91EFC95A9C9" author="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W." box="[499,803,891,917]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3503" refString="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1846) Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa zugleich als Text, Revision und Supplement zu Jakob Hubner's Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge. Madhav Gadgil. Die Schwarmer, Spinner und Eulen. G. J. Manz, Regensburg, 104 pp." type="book" year="1846">Herrich-Schäffer, 1846: 20</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation by
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD21BB91EFA8CA9C9" author="Tutt, J. W." box="[1151,1338,891,917]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3811" refString="Tutt, J. W. (1900) A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera 2. Swan Sonnenschein &amp; C, London, 584 pp." type="book" year="1900">Tutt (1900: 378)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F99565046353FF8DD6F3B9A6FEC9AE85" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6F3B9A6FEA1AE5D" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD6F3B9A6FEBBA981" ID-CoL="FBQ" authority="Boisduval, 1829" box="[151,269,963,989]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD779B9A6FE15A981" ID-CoL="93MYG" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[285,419,963,989]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oiketicinae">Oiketicinae</taxonomicName>
: Acanthopsychini (
<treatmentCitation id="302E109E6353FF8DD4E7B9A6FBABA981" author="Sauter, W. &amp; Hattenschwiler, P." box="[643,1053,963,989]" page="84" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD4E7B9A6FBABA981" author="Sauter, W. &amp; Hattenschwiler, P." box="[643,1053,963,989]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="69 - 89" refId="ref3662" refString="Sauter, W. &amp; Hattenschwiler, P. (1991) Zum System der palaarktischen Psychiden (Lep., Psychidae). 1. Teil: Liste der palaarktischen Arten. Nota lepidopterologica, 14, 69 - 89." type="journal article" year="1991">Sauter &amp; Hättenschwiler 1991: 84</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD253B9A6FEA1AE5D" ID-CoL="9BXLF" authority="Watt &amp; Mann, 1903" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD253B9A6FA8FA981" box="[1079,1337,963,989]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD322B9A6FEA1AE5D" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3839" refString="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H. (1903) The pests and blights of the tea plant. 2 nd Edition. Government Printing, Calcutta, 197 pp." type="book" year="1903">Watt &amp; Mann,1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BE6EFCF8AECD" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD6A3BE6EFEC7AE79" ID-CoL="8ZYKW" authorityName="Heylaerts" authorityYear="1881" box="[199,369,1035,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BE6EFEC7AE79" box="[199,369,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by males with bipectinated antenna and long ciliated pecten. Forewings with nine veins from dc and narrow scales. Hindwings with five veins from dc. Intercalary cell and accessory cell absent. Forelegs with long epiphysis, midleg and hindleg without spurs. Female apterous, eyes, antenna and legs rudimentary. Thoracic segments sclerotized dorsally (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD4F5BE12FCF7AECD" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[657,833,1143,1169]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3404" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1892) s. n. In: Blanford, W. T., (Eds.), The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma-Moths. Vol. 1. Published by Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 289 - 329." type="book" year="1892">Hampson 1892</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BEFFFEC9AE85" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="919F11A16353FF8DD6A3BEFFFEC9AE85" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitation id="302E109E6353FF8DD6A3BEFFFCB7AEE9" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." box="[199,769,1178,1205]" page="197" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" year="1903">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD6A3BEFFFCB7AEE9" ID-CoL="9BXLF" authority="Watt &amp; Mann, 1903: 197" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityPageNumber="197" authorityYear="1903" box="[199,769,1178,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BEFFFD7BAEE8" bold="true" box="[199,717,1178,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BEFFFE7BAEE9" bold="true" box="[199,461,1178,1205]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD7B0BEFEFD7BAEE8" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." box="[468,717,1178,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3839" refString="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H. (1903) The pests and blights of the tea plant. 2 nd Edition. Government Printing, Calcutta, 197 pp." type="book" year="1903">Watt &amp; Mann, 1903:</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
197
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, nr. 28,
<typeStatus id="6E34882D6353FF8DD538BEFEFC3AAEE9" box="[860,908,1179,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">type</typeStatus>
specimens (unknown numbers of larval cases) lost (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD6AABEDAFEC5AE85" author="Sobczyk, T." box="[206,371,1215,1241]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3758" refString="Sobczyk, T. (2011) Psychidae (Lepidoptera). In: Nuss, M. (Ed.), World Catalogue of Insects. Vol. 10. Apollo books, Stenstrup, pp. 1 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004261044" type="book" year="2011">Sobczyk 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F99565046353FF8FD6A3BE86FB8FADA4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BE86FF6CAF7D" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD702BE86FE14AEA1" box="[358,418,1251,1277]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">India</collectingCountry>
, “Duars”. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD526BE86FB3BAEA1" authority="Watt &amp; Mann, 1903" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[834,1165,1251,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD526BE86FC1AAEA1" box="[834,940,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">A. alstoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6353FF8DD5D5BE86FB3BAEA1" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." box="[945,1165,1251,1277]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref3839" refString="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H. (1903) The pests and blights of the tea plant. 2 nd Edition. Government Printing, Calcutta, 197 pp." type="book" year="1903">Watt &amp; Mann, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the larval cases.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BF4EFE4DAFD1" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BF4EFE1DAF18" bold="true" box="[199,427,1322,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<typeStatus id="6E34882D6353FF8DD6A3BF4EFE9FAF19" box="[199,297,1323,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
examined:
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="A789FD066353FF8DD7D4BF4EFE7EAF19" box="[432,456,1323,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
. The
<materialsCitation id="01E73CD26353FF8DD466BF4EFE4EAFD1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819587303" collectingDate="2021-11-13" collectingDateMax="2021-12-01" collectingDateMin="2021-11-13" country="India" latitude="10.155517" location="Ernakulum" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.35443" municipality="Athani" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="neotype">
<typeStatus id="6E34882D6353FF8DD466BF4EFDD7AF19" box="[514,609,1323,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
is labelled as follows: 1)
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD512BF4EFC7EAF19" box="[886,968,1323,1349]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="734BF86D6353FF8DD5B5BF4EFBA8AF19" box="[977,1054,1323,1349]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="5154ACF56353FF8DD243BF4EFBC0AF19" box="[1063,1142,1323,1349]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Athani</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="B45060546353FF8DD21BBF4EFB48AF19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93:B45060546353FF8DD21BBF4EFB48AF19" box="[1151,1278,1323,1349]" country="India" latitude="10.155517" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.35443" municipality="Athani" name="Ernakulum" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Kerala">Ernakulum</location>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="D4BB50486353FF8DD36BBF4FFA2AAF19" box="[1295,1436,1322,1349]" degrees="10.155517" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" precision="1" value="10.155517">10.155517N</geoCoordinate>
and
<geoCoordinate id="D4BB50486353FF8DD6A2BF2BFEE0AF35" box="[198,342,1358,1385]" degrees="76.354428" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" precision="1" value="76.35443">76.354428 E</geoCoordinate>
) day of emergence,
<date id="C531104F6353FF8DD45FBF2AFD01AF35" box="[571,695,1359,1385]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-11-13">
<collectingDate id="D575E9A76353FF8DD45FBF2AFD01AF35" box="[571,695,1359,1385]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-11-13">13-11-2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, male 2) (supplementary specimen)
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6353FF8DD228BF2AFAFEAF35" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[1100,1352,1359,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD228BF2AFAFEAF35" box="[1100,1352,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, day of emergence
<date id="C531104F6353FF8DD773BF16FE2AAFD1" box="[279,412,1395,1421]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-12-01">
<collectingDate id="D575E9A76353FF8DD773BF16FE2AAFD1" box="[279,412,1395,1421]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-12-01">01-12-2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, female
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BFF2FD04AFA5" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<materialsCitation id="01E73CD26353FF8DD6A3BFF2FD18AFA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819587302" country="India" county="Zoological Survey" location="Department of Zoology" municipality="Once" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
At present, the
<typeStatus id="6E34882D6353FF8DD713BFF2FE66AFED" box="[375,464,1431,1457]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
are kept at the museum of the
<location id="B45060546353FF8DD552BFF2FBF5AFED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93:B45060546353FF8DD552BFF2FBF5AFED" box="[822,1091,1431,1457]" country="India" county="Zoological Survey" municipality="Once" name="Department of Zoology" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Department of Zoology</location>
,
<location id="B45060546353FF8DD22BBFF2FA85AFED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93:B45060546353FF8DD22BBFF2FA85AFED" box="[1103,1331,1431,1457]" country="India" county="Zoological Survey" municipality="Once" name="St. Thomas College" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">St. Thomas College</location>
,
<location id="B45060546353FF8DD35BBFF2FA2AAFED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93:B45060546353FF8DD35BBFF2FA2AAFED" box="[1343,1436,1431,1457]" country="India" county="Zoological Survey" municipality="Once" name="Thrissur" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Thrissur</location>
as the work is a part of the doctoral degree of the first author.
<collectingMunicipality id="5154ACF56353FF8DD53EBFDEFC23AF89" box="[858,917,1467,1493]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Once</collectingMunicipality>
the thesis is submitted, the specimens will be transferred to
<collectingCounty id="58514E036353FF8DD750BFBAFDB2AFA5" box="[308,516,1503,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Zoological Survey</collectingCounty>
of
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD44DBFBAFDD3AFA5" box="[553,613,1503,1529]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD415BFBAFD18AFA5" box="[625,686,1503,1529]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">India</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BC67FB8DAC39" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BC67FE05AC40" bold="true" box="[199,435,1538,1564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="01E73CD26353FF8DD7DEBC66FB81AC39" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819587301" collectingDate="2021-10-03" collectingDateMax="2022-01-05" collectingDateMin="2021-10-03" country="India" latitude="10.155517" location="Ernakulam" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.35443" municipality="Athani" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6353FF8DD7DEBC66FDBAAC41" box="[442,524,1539,1565]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="734BF86D6353FF8DD473BC66FDD2AC41" box="[535,612,1539,1565]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="5154ACF56353FF8DD40ABC66FD0BAC41" box="[622,701,1539,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Athani</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="B45060546353FF8DD4ACBC66FCF5AC41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:392687996353FF89D6F3B88AFCE8AD93:B45060546353FF8DD4ACBC66FCF5AC41" box="[712,835,1539,1565]" country="India" latitude="10.155517" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.35443" municipality="Athani" name="Ernakulam" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Kerala">Ernakulam</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="D4BB50486353FF8DD535BC67FC53AC41" box="[849,997,1538,1565]" degrees="10.155517" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" precision="1" value="10.155517">10.155517 N</geoCoordinate>
and
<geoCoordinate id="D4BB50486353FF8DD27FBC67FB1BAC41" box="[1051,1197,1538,1565]" degrees="76.354428" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" precision="1" value="76.35443">76.354428 E</geoCoordinate>
), altitude (15 mASL) 16 larval cases, Athani (Ernakulam);23 larval cases, Cheruthoni, Idukki;1 larval case, Anchuruli, Idukki;3 larval cases, Nariyampara, Idukki (all collected during
<date id="C531104F6353FF8DD4DDBC2EFC8AAC39" box="[697,828,1611,1637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-10-03">
<collectingDate id="D575E9A76353FF8DD4DDBC2EFC8AAC39" box="[697,828,1611,1637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2021-10-03">03-10-2021</collectingDate>
</date>
to
<date id="C531104F6353FF8DD53BBC2FFC50AC39" box="[863,998,1610,1637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2022-01-05">
<collectingDate id="D575E9A76353FF8DD53BBC2FFC50AC39" box="[863,998,1610,1637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" value="2022-01-05">05-01-2022</collectingDate>
</date>
. Usha)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BC0BFF42AC8D" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BC0BFDAEACD4" bold="true" box="[199,536,1646,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Supplementary description:</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="A789FD066353FF8DD446BC0AFD81ACD5" box="[546,567,1647,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6353FF8DD42EBC0AFD02ACD5" box="[586,692,1647,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,669,693]" captionTargetBox="[176,1411,179,643]" captionTargetId="figure-21@2.[176,1411,179,643]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1a: ♂ Neotype of Acanthopsyche alstoni currently at STC Thrissur India—magnified view of head and thorax; b: ♂Neotype of Acanthopsyche alstoni at STC Thrissur India—full body view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771059/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Fig. 1a,b</figureCitation>
): Relatively small species with brownish black and thick scaled wings. Body length
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD711BCF7FE5EACF1" box="[373,488,1682,1709]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
, Wingspan
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD40CBCF6FD09ACF1" box="[616,703,1683,1709]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="7.4">7.4 mm</quantity>
, forewing length
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD5E4BCF6FC61ACF1" box="[896,983,1683,1709]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, forewing width
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD2F6BCF6FB5FACF1" box="[1170,1257,1683,1709]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
, forewing index
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD6F3BCD3FF46AC8D" box="[151,240,1718,1745]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BCBEFBDDAD3D" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BCBEFEB2ACA9" box="[199,260,1755,1781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Head</emphasis>
. Covered densely with long brownish scales. Eyes medium-sized, black, interocular index
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD36BBCBEFADFACA9" box="[1295,1385,1755,1781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
. Labial palpi fused. Tentorial pits and tentorium clearly pronounced. Antennae (
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6353FF8DD591BC9AFB8DAD45" box="[1013,1083,1791,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,753,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-57@2.[177,1411,753,1679]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2: ♂ Antenna (detached)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771061/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): 12 segments, antennae length
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD6F3BD47FF40AD61" box="[151,246,1826,1853]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35mm</quantity>
, segments bipectinated, to apex uniformly decreasing, with cilia on the both sides. On the third and fourth antennal segment reaching maximum length, Scapus thickened, pedicellus disc-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6353FF8DD6A3BD0EFCF2ADAD" blockId="1.[151,1437,963,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6353FF8DD6A3BD0EFEAEADD9" box="[199,280,1899,1925]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Thorax</emphasis>
. Forelegs covered with brownish hairs and tibia with epiphysis (
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6353FF8DD593BD0EFB90ADD9" box="[1015,1062,1899,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">EPI</collectionCode>
:
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD256BD0EFB2DADD9" box="[1074,1179,1899,1925]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="0.64">0.64 mm</quantity>
). Distal tarsal segment slightly longer than other tarsal segments. Thorax measures
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD52BBDEAFC11ADF5" box="[847,935,1935,1961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
and with long brownish hairs. Abdomen is long
<quantity id="76779B6A6353FF8DD6AEBDD6FE95AD91" box="[202,291,1971,1997]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
, covered with brown hair like scales. Wings over side thick scaled brownish black, without pattern, underside of both wings are with brownish scales (
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6353FF8DD4ABBDB2FC80ADAD" box="[719,822,2007,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,663,687]" captionTargetBox="[183,1405,181,640]" captionTargetId="figure-30@3.[183,1405,181,640]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE3a: ♂ Forewing; b: ♂ Hind wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771063/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Fig. 3a,b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E5F066076350FF8ED6F3B8F8FC2DA885" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771059/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" startId="2.[151,250,669,693]" targetBox="[176,1411,179,643]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="B130368F6350FF8ED6F3B8F8FC2DA885" blockId="2.[151,1436,669,730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED6F3B8F8FE95A8E9" bold="true" box="[151,291,669,693]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">FIGURE 1a:</emphasis>
♂ Neotype of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6350FF8ED7A5B8F8FD11A8E9" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[449,679,669,693]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED7A5B8F8FD11A8E9" box="[449,679,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently at STC Thrissur India—magnified view of head and thorax;
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED3E2B8F8FA2AA8E9" bold="true" box="[1414,1436,669,693]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">b:</emphasis>
♂Neotype of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6350FF8ED746B8A4FDB0A885" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[290,518,705,729]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED746B8A4FDB0A885" box="[290,518,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at STC Thrissur India—full body view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E5F066076350FF8ED6F3BCC2FE4DACE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771061" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771061" box="[151,507,1703,1728]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771061/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" startId="2.[151,250,1703,1727]" targetBox="[177,1411,753,1679]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="B130368F6350FF8ED6F3BCC2FE4DACE3" blockId="2.[151,507,1703,1728]" box="[151,507,1703,1728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED6F3BCC2FEA3ACE3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1703,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">FIGURE 2:</emphasis>
♂ Antenna (detached)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B130368F6350FF8ED6A3BC8BFDC4ADBC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1774,2016]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6350FF8ED6A3BC8BFEDFAD5B" box="[199,361,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Wing venation</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6350FF8ED71EBC8BFE41AD54" box="[378,503,1774,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1080,1104]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,712,1056]" captionTargetId="figure-45@3.[182,1405,712,1056]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4a: ♂ Fore Wing venation, descaled, coloured in Fuchsine, mounted in alcohol; b: ♂ Hindwing Wing, descaled, coloured in Fuchsine, mounted in alcohol; 4c: Wing venation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771069/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4a,b,c</figureCitation>
): Nine veins from dc forewing. In dc media stem undivided, dividing the cell into a larger anterior part and a small posterior part, without accessory cell. Sc runs parallel to the
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6350FF8ED2D8BD77FB79AD70" box="[1212,1231,1810,1836]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">R</collectionCode>
veins to the apex. Median stem run in outer margin dc between M1 and M2. From dc edge
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6350FF8ED5A9BD53FC57AD0C" box="[973,993,1846,1872]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">R</collectionCode>
3+
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6350FF8ED598BD53FBA6AD0C" box="[1020,1040,1846,1872]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">R</collectionCode>
4 to one half stalked, with
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6350FF8ED358BD53FAF9AD0C" box="[1340,1359,1846,1872]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">R</collectionCode>
2 short stalked or from a point. The three M-veins are free. Two Cu veins are present and originate distally from dc. Basal fork of anal veins A1 and A2 are prominent. Hind wings with five veins from dc, this nearby M2+M3 distally expanded. Median stem undivided. Sc free ends in front of apex at anterior margin.
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6350FF8ED245BDC7FB8EADE0" box="[1057,1080,1954,1980]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">R</collectionCode>
1 at half its length with connecting bridge to dc. Three anal veins are free.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E5F066076351FF8FD6F3B8F2FDE5A8EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771063" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771063" box="[151,595,663,688]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771063/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" startId="3.[151,250,663,687]" targetBox="[183,1405,181,640]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6F3B8F2FDE5A8EC" blockId="3.[151,595,663,688]" box="[151,595,663,688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6F3B8F2FEADA8EC" bold="true" box="[151,283,663,688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">FIGURE3a:</emphasis>
♂ Forewing;
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD7CEB8FDFE76A8EC" bold="true" box="[426,448,664,688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">b:</emphasis>
♂ Hind wing.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E5F066076351FF8FD6F3BE5DFCBCAE28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" startId="3.[151,250,1080,1104]" targetBox="[182,1405,712,1056]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6F3BE5DFCBCAE28" blockId="3.[151,1436,1080,1140]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6F3BE5DFE92AE0C" bold="true" box="[151,292,1080,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 4a:</emphasis>
♂ Fore Wing venation, descaled, coloured in Fuchsine, mounted in alcohol;
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD234BE5DFBE8AE0C" bold="true" box="[1104,1118,1080,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">b</emphasis>
: ♂ Hindwing Wing, descaled, coloured in Fuchsine, mounted in alcohol;
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD42DBE39FDD7AE28" bold="true" box="[585,609,1116,1140]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">4c</emphasis>
: Wing venation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BEC7FB36AF11" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BEC7FE1AAEE0" box="[199,428,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Abdomen. Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD7D9BEC7FDB2AEE1" box="[445,516,1186,1213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1207,1231]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,179,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-21@4.[164,1423,179,1181]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5: Genitalia (male) dorsal view, mounted in Canada Balsam." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
): Elongated,
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD4FBBEC7FCB0AEE1" box="[671,774,1186,1213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="0.52">0.52 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD536BEC7FC0FAEE1" box="[850,953,1186,1213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
with high fixed valvae. When closed, the valva do not protrude beyond the tegumen. Tegumen indented distally. Valva elongated tapering distally and present long hairs on the apex. Sacculus curved, distally covered with strong spines. Vinculum near the valva widest, evenly sclerotized, saccus distally very wide, slightly rounded. Phallus straight, shorter than genital length (
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD365BF6BFADDAF74" box="[1281,1387,1294,1320]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31 mm</quantity>
), tapering distally. Presence of gnathos is not confirmed as they are invisible in the structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BF32FC4CAFE4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BF32FEA4AF2C" box="[199,274,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Larva.</emphasis>
Larvae move actively on the hard objects like walls, gate, and concrete surfaces. The body of the larvae are light greyish colour and the head is highly sclerotized. The head capsule of the larvae is light yellowish with dark black patches on it. The length of a mature larvae is about
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD542BFFBFC2EAFE5" box="[806,920,1438,1465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD5C3BFFBFC5DAFE4" box="[935,1003,1438,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1255,1279]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1232]" captionTargetId="figure-73@5.[151,1436,273,1232]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 6: Larval case and dorsal view of larva of Acanthopsyche alstoni." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771073" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771073/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BFA7FF44AC5C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BFA7FEF3AF80" box="[199,325,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Pupal case</emphasis>
(male). the pupal case of males is dark golden-brown colour and measures about
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD288BFA7FA99AF81" box="[1260,1327,1474,1501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in length (
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD6FBBF83FF52AC5C" box="[159,228,1510,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[176,1411,181,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[176,1411,181,1108]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 7: Lateral view of pupal case (male)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771075/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BC6FFD3BAD7C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BC6FFEEBAC78" box="[199,349,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Larval cases.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD708BC6FFE69AC78" box="[364,479,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-34@6.[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 8a: Male and female cases; b: Male case, pupal case and adult; c: Male bags and pupal cases." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771077/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 8 a, b</figureCitation>
) of this species are very small, sack like and conical in shape. Larval case is made up of small fragments of leaf and bark. Adult cases are almost cylindrical. The surface of the cases has a prickly appearance due to the presence of many minute spikes which are visible on close observation. Adult male cases measure
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD6F3BC13FEA8ACCD" box="[151,286,1654,1681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.5">8.5–9.5 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD749BC13FE32ACCD" box="[301,388,1654,1681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
width at centre). Cases of an adult female is slightly longer and wider than males (
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD340BC13FACEACCC" box="[1316,1400,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-34@6.[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 8a: Male and female cases; b: Male case, pupal case and adult; c: Male bags and pupal cases." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771077/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 8b</figureCitation>
); it measures about
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD72FBCFFFE61ACE9" box="[331,471,1690,1717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="11.75" valueMax="12.5" valueMin="11.0">11–12.5 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD782BCFFFD8AACE9" box="[486,572,1690,1717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
width at centre). Composition and structure of cases are similar in both sexes except size. The larval cases seemed to be attached directly to the leaf during pupation. At the same time on detaching the cases from the leaves, there were silken threads present. The thread becomes prominent during detachment or later in the course of weathering (
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD44ABD63FDC9AD7C" box="[558,639,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1450,1474]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetId="figure-34@6.[340,1247,1181,1427]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 8a: Male and female cases; b: Male case, pupal case and adult; c: Male bags and pupal cases." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771077/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 8c</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BD4FFBBAADD1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BD4FFE95AD18" box="[199,291,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Female.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6351FF8FD757BD4FFE2BAD18" box="[307,413,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1985,2009]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,1499,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-62@6.[177,1411,1499,1962]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 9a: Female case, pupal case and adult; b: Female adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771079/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 9a,b</figureCitation>
): it is yellow, maggot shaped, with no wings and appendages. length
<quantity id="76779B6A6351FF8FD2DDBD4FFABAAD18" box="[1209,1292,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8mm</quantity>
. The head is clearly regressed, without any appendages. Sclerotization was observed on the head and thorax region and with dark brown in colour. Abdominal region is poorly sclerotized and packed with eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6351FF8FD6A3BDF3FB8FADA4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1186,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD6A3BDF3FE49ADEC" bold="true" box="[199,511,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
DNA sequencing (
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6351FF8FD7C4BDF3FE50ADEC" box="[416,486,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">COX</collectionCode>
1):
</emphasis>
The examined mitochondrial
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6351FF8FD532BDF3FC2CADEC" box="[854,922,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">COXI</collectionCode>
(Cytochrome oxidase I) gene of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6351FF8FD371BDF2FA37ADEC" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[1301,1409,1942,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6351FF8FD371BDF2FA37ADEC" box="[1301,1409,1942,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">A. alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 653 bp long. The sequence has been uploaded to
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6351FF8FD4DCBDDFFD4DAD88" box="[696,763,1978,2004]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">NCBI</collectionCode>
GenBank and Accession number is
<accessionNumber id="AEDCAB6C6351FF8FD2E9BDDFFABBAD89" box="[1165,1293,1978,2005]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/ON584252" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">ON584252</accessionNumber>
. The nucleotide composition percentage of the species is 37.5(
<collectionCode id="D79EAE4A6351FF8FD4B4BDBBFD54ADA5" box="[720,738,2014,2041]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">T</collectionCode>
), 17.3(C), 30(A), and 15.2(G).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E5F066076356FF88D6F3BED2FCD0AE93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771071" box="[151,870,1207,1231]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771071/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" startId="4.[151,250,1207,1231]" targetBox="[164,1423,179,1181]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="B130368F6356FF88D6F3BED2FCD0AE93" blockId="4.[151,870,1207,1231]" box="[151,870,1207,1231]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D6F3BED2FEA3AE93" bold="true" box="[151,277,1207,1231]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">FIGURE 5:</emphasis>
Genitalia (male) dorsal view, mounted in Canada Balsam.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F99565046356FF89D6A3BE98FC22AAA5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B130368F6356FF88D6A3BE98FE9CAC00" blockId="4.[151,1437,1277,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D6A3BE98FE5CAF4B" bold="true" box="[199,490,1277,1303]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Distribution and Range.</emphasis>
Larval cases were collected from three districts (Wyanadu, Idukki and Ernakulam) of
<collectingRegion id="734BF86D6356FF88D6D3BF44FEB3AF67" box="[183,261,1313,1339]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Kerala</collectingRegion>
. The places and locations are plotted in
<figureCitation id="29B42A0A6356FF88D4B6BF44FCF4AF67" box="[722,834,1313,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[223,1369,187,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-30@7.[212,1376,181,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10: Distribution map of Acanthopsyche alstoni" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771083/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Figure 10</figureCitation>
. The altitude of the sites from where
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6356FF88D294BF47FAEBAF67" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[1264,1373,1313,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D294BF47FAEBAF67" box="[1264,1373,1313,1340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">A. alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected ranges from 15 mASL to 1660 mASL. All sightings except Athani in Ernakulam (15 mASL) were above 700 mASL. The site at Athani was urban and predominantly a residential area with small homestead gardens around individual houses. All other sites were rural, in monoculture plantations near forest areas. The distance between the northern most observations to southernmost observation was
<quantity id="76779B6A6356FF88D5E7BFD4FC66AF97" box="[899,976,1457,1483]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="km" value="260.0">260km</quantity>
and east-west distance was
<quantity id="76779B6A6356FF88D373BFD4FAD2AF97" box="[1303,1380,1457,1483]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="km" value="99.0">99 km</quantity>
. The diagonal area covered when joining all plots of observation was
<quantity id="76779B6A6356FF88D51CBFB0FC5CAFB3" box="[888,1002,1493,1520]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.215" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="km" value="12150.0">12150 km</quantity>
<superScript id="46FA9BC76356FF88D58EBFB0FC44AFBF" attach="left" box="[1002,1010,1493,1507]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">2</superScript>
and its perimeter was
<quantity id="76779B6A6356FF88D292BFB0FAD3AFB3" box="[1270,1381,1493,1520]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.707" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="km" value="570.7">570.7 km</quantity>
. The diagonal area covered all
<typeStatus id="6E34882D6356FF88D7D6BF9FFE5BAC48" box="[434,493,1530,1556]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">types</typeStatus>
of land use and vegetation though all sites except Athani were situated near protected forest areas and near a wetland. Mean temperature range of the area was between 15°C and 35°C and rainfall was
<quantity id="76779B6A6356FF88D6F3BC24FE90AC00" box="[151,294,1601,1628]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="cm" value="400.0" valueMax="450.0" valueMin="350.0">350–450 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6356FF88D6A3BC00FEEDAD0B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1277,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D6A3BC00FDB9AC23" bold="true" box="[199,527,1637,1663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Substrates and host plants.</emphasis>
Larval cases and pupal cases were observed from Idukki and Ernakulam. Only pupal cases were observed from Wayanad. The larval cases were found moving actively on the hard surfaces such as walls, concrete slabs, building surfaces and also from live plants. The pupal cases were attached to different plant species. Significant damage to plants was not observed by this species. Maximum sightings of larval cases were from the surfaces of hard objects like walls, gates, etc in their larval stages. The pupae were attached mostly to the underside of leaves, twigs and bark. Nine species belong to eight families of plants are recorded as host plant of this species (
<tableCitation id="FC0D03346356FF88D692BD58FEFCAD0B" box="[246,330,1853,1879]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Host plants of Acanthopsyche alstoni." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E5F06607635AFF84D6F3BAF2FD13AAF3" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" tableUuid="E5F06607635AFF84D6F3BAF2FD13AAF3">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6356FF89D6A3BD04FC22AAA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1277,2024]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D6A3BD04FEFCAD27" bold="true" box="[199,330,1889,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6356FF88D6A3BD04FF41AD27" box="[199,247,1889,1915]" family="Life" pageId="4" pageNumber="144" rank="family">Life</taxonomicName>
Cycle.
</emphasis>
The larval cases showed activity for a few days after collection and then become immobile. On examination the larvae were found to be dead.
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6356FF88D4CABDE3FCACADC3" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[686,794,1925,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6356FF88D4CABDE3FCACADC3" box="[686,794,1925,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">A. alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not be successfully reared in the laboratory as the caterpillars died in the bag. Therefore, complete life cycle and many other characteristics of the species need further evaluation. Pupal cases from locations with cooler temperatures and high altitudes (Idukki and Wayanad) showed no emergence. Only cases collected from relatively higher temperature and lower altitude (Athani) showed emergence. Adults were obtained in the laboratory when they emerged from the pupal bags collected from the field. Therefore, the duration of various life cycle stages are indeterminate at present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E5F066076357FF89D6F3BE82FC2EAEA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6771073" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6771073" box="[151,920,1255,1279]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6771073/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" startId="5.[151,250,1255,1279]" targetBox="[151,1436,273,1232]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="B130368F6357FF89D6F3BE82FC2EAEA3" blockId="5.[151,920,1255,1279]" box="[151,920,1255,1279]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D6F3BE82FEA3AEA3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1255,1279]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">FIGURE 6:</emphasis>
Larval case and dorsal view of larva of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D4C8BE82FC22AEA3" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[684,916,1255,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">Acanthopsyche alstoni</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F99565046357FF89D6A3BF48FCE8AD93" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B130368F6357FF89D6A3BF48FAC1AC43" blockId="5.[151,1437,1325,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D6A3BF48FEFAAF1B" bold="true" box="[199,332,1325,1351]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D737BF48FD03AF1B" authority="Heylaerts, 1881" authorityName="Heylaerts" authorityYear="1881" box="[339,693,1325,1351]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D737BF48FE4BAF1B" box="[339,509,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Acanthopsyche</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D460BF48FD03AF1B" author="Heylaerts, F. J. M." box="[516,693,1325,1351]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref3555" refString="Heylaerts, F. J. M. (1881) Essai d'une monographie des Psychides de la faune europeene. Bulletin ou comptes rendus de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 25, xxix - lxxiii." type="book" year="1881">Heylaerts, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most widespread
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D274BF48FB34AF1B" box="[1040,1154,1325,1351]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychidae</taxonomicName>
genera (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D286BF48FAD1AF1B" author="Dierl, W." box="[1250,1383,1325,1351]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="16 - 63" refId="ref3278" refString="Dierl, W. (1972) Revision einiger afrikanischer Psychidae-Gattungen (Lep.). Mit einem provisorischen Verzeichnis der bekannten afrikanischen &quot; Makropsychiden &quot;. Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 61, 16 - 63. [1971]" type="journal article" year="1972">Dierl, 1972</bibRefCitation>
). All previously known species have wingspans over
<quantity id="76779B6A6357FF89D4C9BF34FD48AF30" box="[685,766,1361,1388]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
. The smallest known oriental species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D352BF34FE47AFD3" authority="Hampson, 1900" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D352BF34FE89AFD3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Acanthopsyche minima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D723BF10FE47AFD3" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[327,497,1397,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="223 - 235" refId="ref3459" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1900) The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the volumes in &quot; The Fauna of British India &quot; 2 / 2. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 223 - 235" type="journal article" year="1900">Hampson,1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly larger with a wingspan of
<quantity id="76779B6A6357FF89D5B5BF10FB92AFCC" box="[977,1060,1397,1424]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
. It was described from
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6357FF89D34ABF10FA2AAFD3" box="[1326,1436,1397,1423]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(“
<collectingCountry id="C998761F6357FF89D6CEBFFCFEB7AFEF" box="[170,257,1433,1459]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
, Puttalam”): “Uniform black-brown, wings rather sparsely clothed with black hairs, rather more thickly on basal half of inner area of forewing. Larval case covered with small land-shells, bits of the pupae of a large moth”. The genus
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D775BF84FD47AFA7" authority="Sugimoto &amp; Saigusa, 2001" authorityName="Sugimoto &amp; Saigusa" authorityYear="2001" box="[273,753,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Striglocyrbasia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D775BF84FE08AFA7" box="[273,446,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Striglocyrbasia</emphasis>
Sugimoto &amp; Saigusa, 2001
</taxonomicName>
includes similarly small species with a wingspan of less than
<quantity id="76779B6A6357FF89D6F3BC60FF5FAC7C" box="[151,233,1541,1568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
. This differs generically by a reduced number of veins (7–8 from dc fore wing, 3–4 from dc hind wing).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6357FF89D6A3BC4CFBEAAC34" blockId="5.[151,1437,1325,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
At the beginning of the investigations the specimen characters were compared to various species of psychids (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D6FBBC28FEFEAC3B" author="Sobczyk, T." box="[159,328,1613,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref3758" refString="Sobczyk, T. (2011) Psychidae (Lepidoptera). In: Nuss, M. (Ed.), World Catalogue of Insects. Vol. 10. Apollo books, Stenstrup, pp. 1 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004261044" type="book" year="2011">Sobczyk, 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and based on the observations it was placed in genus
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D5CFBC28FBE2AC3B" authorityName="Heylaerts" authorityYear="1881" box="[939,1108,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D5CFBC28FBE2AC3B" box="[939,1108,1613,1639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Acanthopsyche</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6357FF89D6A3BC14FF4DAD3F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1325,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
The characteristics of the specimen differed from other known species from the region. But the larval cases shape and size, attachment to the underside of the leaf and damage pattern in leaf (observed very rarely) matched with
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D6B6BCDFFE72AC8F" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." box="[210,452,1721,1748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref3839" refString="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H. (1903) The pests and blights of the tea plant. 2 nd Edition. Government Printing, Calcutta, 197 pp." type="book" year="1903">Watt &amp; Mann (1903)</bibRefCitation>
original description: “
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D4ACBCDCFC71AC8F" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[712,967,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D4ACBCDCFC71AC8F" box="[712,967,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Acanthopsyche alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?) n. sp. Found in Duars. 371. This the smallest species of all, found doing damage at Sylee, Duars, in
<date id="C531104F6357FF89D508BCB8FB90ACAB" box="[876,1062,1757,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" value="1900-11">November 1900</date>
. The larval cases are less than ¼ inch long, suspected by a thread. The insect acts on underside of the leaf and perforates it into a mass of minute perforations like shot. It has not been noticed elsewhere. We have not yet succeeded in obtaining the moth of this species.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B130368F6357FF89D6A3BD08FCE8AD93" blockId="5.[151,1437,1325,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
The identity of
<taxonomicName id="768F4D0C6357FF89D71CBD0BFE52ADDB" authorityName="Watt &amp; Mann" authorityYear="1903" box="[376,484,1901,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" genus="Acanthopsyche" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alstoni">
<emphasis id="83FBEA9D6357FF89D71CBD0BFE52ADDB" box="[376,484,1901,1928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">A. alstoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could only be determined because there is no agreement in the larval cases of other species. Neither in the plant protection literature (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D4ACBDF4FC28ADF7" author="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H." box="[712,926,1937,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref3839" refString="Watt, W. &amp; Mann, H. H. (1903) The pests and blights of the tea plant. 2 nd Edition. Government Printing, Calcutta, 197 pp." type="book" year="1903">Watt &amp;Mann 1903</bibRefCitation>
) nor in taxonomic works (
<bibRefCitation id="D51E4B7E6357FF89D2AFBDF4FACFADF7" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[1227,1401,1937,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="223 - 235" refId="ref3459" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1900) The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the volumes in &quot; The Fauna of British India &quot; 2 / 2. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13, 223 - 235" type="journal article" year="1900">Hampson 1900</bibRefCitation>
) is there information on other larval sacs of similar size and shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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