292 lines
35 KiB
XML
292 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="BC623947EAF775442A5C87136F2EAA7B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.294003" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0bb01aa-a4e2-41dd-886d-8774211499df" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="294003" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460199198069" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Minaei, Kambiz & Mound, Laurence" docDate="2010" docId="143FCA51FFB65A3CFF26B548A393FBB7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02411p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2411" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chirothrips manicatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="E806B229FFB15A34FFB1B642A759FFCB" masterDocTitle="Grass-flower thrips of the genus Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with a key to species from Iran" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698236591490" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6186B74F536E6B92B17796060E4D26C0">Grass-flower thrips of the genus Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with a key to species from Iran</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCA149EA078231FC32AFC912CD4CBFB8">Minaei, Kambiz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52ABC3DC39E6F33333120091E1B3B6A5">Mound, Laurence</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C698BD7FB1FA8FC63B87532D91CF92E2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6C1AF3055A96B01C1E16EF65BF10DBE9">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="27233EF6CC923B1B3B42A999AE8BD3DA">2411</mods:number>
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<treatment id="143FCA51FFB65A3CFF26B548A393FBB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6205914" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127700671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6205914" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:143FCA51FFB65A3CFF26B548A393FBB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/143FCA51FFB65A3CFF26B548A393FBB7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="D48C28CCFFB65A33FF26B548A6FDFC7C" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF26B548A503FCEF" blockId="7.[151,602,778,804]" box="[151,602,778,804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="C761CC2BFFB65A33FF26B548A503FCEF" bold="true" box="[151,602,778,804]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF26B548A503FCEF" bold="true" box="[151,602,778,804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF26B548A6F1FCEF" ID-CoL="5Y666" box="[151,424,778,804]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF26B548A6F1FCEF" bold="true" box="[151,424,778,804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chirothrips manicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species-group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B510A6FDFC7C" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">This group includes some of the most common grass thrips of Europe and western Asia. Four species are discussed here, each of which is characterised in the key to European Terebrantia by zur Strassen (2003a). These four species are:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D48C28CCFFB65A33FF75B580A44FFC17" box="[196,790,962,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B580A44FFC17" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,790,962,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B580A649FC10" box="[196,272,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Thrips</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FE90B580A6F0FC10" box="[289,425,962,987]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FE90B580A6F0FC10" box="[289,425,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chirothrips</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FE0BB580A57EFC10" box="[442,551,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">manicata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FD9FB580A58EFC17" author="Haliday" box="[558,727,962,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Haliday, A. H. (1836) An epitome of the British genera in the order Thysanoptera. Entomological Magazine, 3, 439 - 451." type="journal article" year="1836">Haliday, 1836</bibRefCitation>
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: 444.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D48C28CCFFB65A33FF75B5AAA487FBB9" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B5AAA582FBC9" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,731,1000,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BC865C69FFB65A33FF75B5AAA582FBC9" box="[196,731,1000,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B5AAA58EFBC9" ID-CoL="5Y65H" authority="Priesner, 1925: 312" authorityName="Priesner" authorityPageNumber="312" authorityYear="1925" box="[196,727,1000,1026]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B5AAA6B0FBCA" box="[196,489,1000,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chirothrips pallidicornis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1D375D56FFB65A33FE41B5AAA58EFBC9" author="Priesner" box="[496,727,1000,1026]" page="312" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1925">
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<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FE41B5AAA5C5FBC9" author="Priesner" box="[496,668,1000,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" refString="Priesner, H. (1925) Thysanopterologica I. Zoologisches Jahrbucher, 50, 305 - 319." type="journal article" year="1925">Priesner, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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: 312
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B24FA580FBEC" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,729,1037,1063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BC865C69FFB65A33FF75B24FA580FBEC" box="[196,729,1037,1063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B24FA580FBEC" ID-CoL="69TSQ" authority="Bagnall, 1927b: 564" authorityName="Bagnall" authorityPageNumber="564" authorityYear="1927" box="[196,729,1037,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammophilae">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B24FA6BDFBED" box="[196,484,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chirothrips ammophilae</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1D375D56FFB65A33FE5AB24FA580FBEC" author="Bagnall" box="[491,729,1037,1063]" page="564" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1927">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FE5AB24FA5FAFBEC" author="Bagnall" box="[491,675,1037,1063]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Bagnall, R. S. (1927 b) Contributions towards a knowledge of the European Thysanoptera. III. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20, 561 - 585." type="journal article" year="1927" yearSuffix="b">Bagnall, 1927b</bibRefCitation>
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: 564
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B270A5C4FB87" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,669,1074,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BC865C69FFB65A33FF75B270A5C4FB87" box="[196,669,1074,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B270A5C4FB87" ID-CoL="5XTSQ" authority="Priesner, 1932: 46" authorityName="Priesner" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1932" box="[196,669,1074,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B270A69BFB80" box="[196,450,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Chirothrips africanus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1D375D56FFB65A33FE78B270A5C4FB87" author="Priesner" box="[457,669,1074,1100]" page="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" year="1932">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FE78B270A52CFB87" author="Priesner" box="[457,629,1074,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" refString="Priesner, H. (1932) Contribution towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt, VII. Bulletin de la Societe Royal Entomologique d'Egypte, 16, 45 - 51." type="journal article" year="1932">Priesner, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 46
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B21AA487FBB9" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,990,1112,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">The distribution of each of these four nominal species is as follows:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D48C28CCFFB65A3CFF75B23FA63CFCBC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B23FA356FACC" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B23FA639FB5D" box="[196,352,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B23FA639FB5D" box="[196,352,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">C. manicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a European species that has been distributed widely in temperate areas around the world, presumably in grass seeds. It has been reported from various parts of
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FC6AB2E0A352FB77" box="[987,1035,1186,1212]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Iran</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FBAAB2E0A3A5FB77" author="Bhatti" box="[1051,1276,1186,1212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Bhatti, J. S., Alavi, J., zur Strassen, R. & Telmadarraiy, Z. (2009) Thysanoptera in Iran 1938 - 2007. An Overview. Part 1. Thrips No. 7, 1 - 172" type="book chapter" year="2009">
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Bhatti
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FBDFB2E1A3F2FB77" box="[1134,1195,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Adults vary considerably in body size, and have been swept from many different grass species. However, there is little reliable information on which species of
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FDC6B2AFA58EFACC" box="[631,727,1261,1287]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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are used for development.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B351A6EDFABC" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B351A6DBFAE7" box="[196,386,1299,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B351A6DBFAE7" box="[196,386,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">C. pallidicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is reported from several European countries, between
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FBABB350A337FAE7" box="[1050,1134,1298,1324]" name="Poland" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Poland</collectingCountry>
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and Sicily (zur Strassen, 2003a), and also from
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FE15B37AA68DFA99" box="[420,468,1336,1362]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Iran</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FE55B37AA598FA99" author="Bhatti" box="[484,705,1336,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Bhatti, J. S., Alavi, J., zur Strassen, R. & Telmadarraiy, Z. (2009) Thysanoptera in Iran 1938 - 2007. An Overview. Part 1. Thrips No. 7, 1 - 172" type="book chapter" year="2009">
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Bhatti
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FD87B37AA52BFA9A" box="[566,626,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The available evidence suggests that it shares the same host species as
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FEA2B31FA6F4FABD" box="[275,429,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FEA2B31FA6F4FABD" box="[275,429,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">C. manicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B3C1A520FA2C" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B3C1A60FFA57" box="[196,342,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B3C1A60FFA57" box="[196,342,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">C. africanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is reported from a range of grass species in many warmer parts of the world (Mediterranean,
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FF26B3EAA7B9FA09" box="[151,224,1448,1474]" name="Egypt" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FF5AB3EAA66EFA09" box="[235,311,1448,1474]" name="Sudan" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FEF2B3EAA51FFA09" box="[323,582,1448,1474]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FDE3B3EAA5C8FA09" box="[594,657,1448,1474]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FD2CB3EAA5AFFA09" box="[669,758,1448,1474]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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; see zur Strassen & Harten, 2008). In
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<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FB00B3EAA3BAFA09" box="[1201,1251,1448,1474]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Iran</collectingCountry>
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, it was reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB65A33FF0AB38FA60BFA2C" author="Alavi" box="[187,338,1485,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Alavi, J. (2000) Faunistic study of Thysanoptera on wheat and barley in Golestan province. Proceedings of the 14 th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. I, Pests, p. 227." type="proceedings paper" year="2000">Alavi (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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from Golestan Province.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B3B1A4A6F9F9" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FF75B3B1A6DCF9C7" box="[196,389,1523,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammophilae">
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<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FF75B3B1A6DCF9C7" box="[196,389,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">C. ammophilae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FD26B3B0A597F9C7" box="[663,718,1522,1548]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but was described from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FB34B3B0A382F9C7" box="[1157,1243,1522,1548]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FABDB3B1A7A5F9FA" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Ammophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FABDB3B1A7A5F9FA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Ammophila arenaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is otherwise reported only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4813BD7FFB65A33FD04B05AA5A1F9F9" box="[693,760,1560,1586]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(zur Strassen, 2003a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B07FA79DF969" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The most recent taxonomic treatment of these species (zur Strassen, 2003a) uses the following character states to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FE3DB021A6A5F9B7" box="[396,508,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FE3DB021A6A5F9B7" box="[396,508,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">africanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB65A33FDBFB020A50CF9B7" box="[526,597,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="2.[151,273,1420,1444]" captionTargetBox="[192,1370,385,1370]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[192,1395,383,1396]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6 Chirothrips species. (1) adults emerged from pupae within grass seeds. Chirothrips heads 2 – 6: (2) aculeatus; (3) africanus; (4) ah; (5) atricorpus; (6) meridionalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294004/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FD2AB021A46AF9B7" box="[667,819,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FD2AB021A46AF9B7" box="[667,819,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">pallidicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB65A33FCF5B020A4D5F9B7" box="[836,908,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1234,1258]" captionTargetBox="[210,1350,197,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[208,1378,197,1210]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Chirothrips heads. (7) kurdistanus. (8) pallidicornis. (9) molestus. (10) manicatus [A. C. T.]. (11) manicatus [England]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294005/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FC51B021A32AF9B7" box="[992,1139,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammophilae">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FC51B021A32AF9B7" box="[992,1139,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">ammophilae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB65A33FB1EB021A270F9B7" box="[1199,1321,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB65A33FB1EB021A270F9B7" box="[1199,1321,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB65A33FA8BB020A7EFF969" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1234,1258]" captionTargetBox="[210,1350,197,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[208,1378,197,1210]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Chirothrips heads. (7) kurdistanus. (8) pallidicornis. (9) molestus. (10) manicatus [A. C. T.]. (11) manicatus [England]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294005/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Figs 10, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B0EFA3DEF90C" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,1159,1709,1735]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">1. Head prolongation in front of eyes scarcely 7 microns (contrast: 3–16 microns);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B090A37EF927" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,1063,1746,1772]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">2. Ocellar region with 4 ante-ocellar setae (contrast: usually 6 such setae);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A33FF75B0BAA358F8D9" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" box="[196,1025,1784,1810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">3. Antennal segment II outer margin almost straight (contrast: curved).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB65A3CFF75B15FA4F0FE59" blockId="7.[151,1436,850,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
|
||
All three of these differences are dependent to a variable extent on the precision with which a specimen has been slide-mounted. The first is undoubtedly related to body size, and is also affected by slight differences in the horizontality of a slide-mounted specimen. The antero-lateral pair of ocellar setae is frequently difficult to see, and its presence also seems to be related to body size. The shape of the external margin of the second antennal segment is particularly difficult to evaluate, due to variation in body size and the precise orientation of the segment in slide mounted specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB65A33FD1EB19AA462F839" box="[687,827,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1234,1258]" captionTargetBox="[210,1350,197,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[208,1378,197,1210]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Chirothrips heads. (7) kurdistanus. (8) pallidicornis. (9) molestus. (10) manicatus [A. C. T.]. (11) manicatus [England]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294005/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Figs 10, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite these problems, specimens from warmer parts of the world seem to be smaller, with the head prolongation consistently shorter, and antennal segment III smaller and thus with a straighter inner margin; it is to these that the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFB94B6FFA3CDFF1D" box="[1061,1172,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFB94B6FFA3CDFF1D" box="[1061,1172,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">africanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is given. Whether this represents a different species from, or merely a size variant of,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFC34B6A0A4A7FF30" box="[901,1022,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFC34B6A0A4A7FF30" box="[901,1022,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a point that merits experimental investigation and statistical analysis of suitably acquired data. The form referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFB6FB74AA227FEEA" box="[1246,1406,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFB6FB74AA227FEEA" box="[1246,1406,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">pallidicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFECAB76FA6B3FE8D" box="[379,490,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFECAB76FA6B3FE8D" box="[379,490,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">africanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by zur Strassen (2003a) because the distance between the pair of dorsal setae on the fourth antennal segment is 11–13 microns rather than 4–6 microns. Despite this, there is no biological evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFE8BB73AA689FE5A" box="[314,464,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFE8BB73AA689FE5A" box="[314,464,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">pallidicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more than a small form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFC9BB73AA4FBFE5A" box="[810,930,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFC9BB73AA4FBFE5A" box="[810,930,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B7DFA3D9FE17" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Of the other two species in this group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFD3DB7DFA444FE7D" box="[652,797,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammophilae">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFD3DB7DFA444FE7D" box="[652,797,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">ammophilae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was formally synonymised with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFB12B7DFA245FE7D" box="[1187,1308,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFB12B7DFA245FE7D" box="[1187,1308,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F80706B6FFB95A3CFAF6B7DFA7B1FE17" author="Mound" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Mound, L. A. (1968) A review of R. S. Bagnall's Thysanoptera collections. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Supplement 11, 1 - 181." type="book chapter" year="1968">Mound (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but is distinguished by zur Strassen (2003a) on the following character states:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B7AAA303FDC9" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" box="[196,1114,488,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">1. Head prolongation in front of eyes 11–16 microns (contrast: 3–12 microns);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B44FA359FDEC" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" box="[196,1024,525,551]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">2. Antennal segment VII longer than VIII (contrast: shorter than VIII);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B470A487FD87" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" box="[196,990,562,588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">3. Ovipositor length 235–265 microns (contrast: 140–230 microns);</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B41AA492FDB9" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" box="[196,971,600,626]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">4. Sternites IV–V marginal craspedum not lobed (contrast: lobed).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B43FA63CFCBC" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Considering these differences, it is relevant to mention that the flowering spike of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFB30B43FA251FD5D" box="[1153,1288,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Ammophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFB30B43FA251FD5D" box="[1153,1288,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Ammophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is about
|
||
<quantity id="5B6ED6A2FFB95A3CFAC0B43FA7B3FD77" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="10.0">10– 16 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFE5EB4E0A508FD70" box="[495,593,674,699]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFE5EB4E0A508FD70" box="[495,593,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Dactylis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a common host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFC8AB4E0A4EAFD70" box="[827,947,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFC8AB4E0A4EAFD70" box="[827,947,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is only
|
||
<quantity id="5B6ED6A2FFB95A3CFBA8B4E0A323FD77" box="[1049,1146,674,700]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Adults developing in the larger spikes can be expected to grow larger. The first three character states listed are likely to be a function of body size, and the presence and size of small tubercles (not lobes) on the posterior margins of the sternites in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFE17B550A579FCE0" box="[422,544,786,811]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFE17B550A579FCE0" box="[422,544,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is too variable within populations for distinguishing between species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB95A3CFADDB550A7EEFC99" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 19" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,458,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,458,1604]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 19. Chirothrips and Limothrips species. (12) Limothrips cerealium, meta pre-episternum arrowed. (13) C. meridionalis pteronota. (14) C. ah meta pre-episternum arrowed. (15) C. manicatus meta pre-episternum arrowed [Victoria]. Abdominal sternites: (16) C. meridionalis IV – V; (17) C. manicatus III – IV [A. C. T.]; (18) C. hamatus IV – V; (19) C. ah VI." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). Currently there appears to be no good biological nor morphological evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B9600C4FFB95A3CFB3CB57AA247FC9A" box="[1165,1310,824,849]" class="Insecta" family="Thripidae" genus="Chirothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ammophilae">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFB3CB57AA247FC9A" box="[1165,1310,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">ammophilae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C28CCFFB95A3CFF75B5C0A393FBB7" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C297B47FFB95A3CFF75B5C0A393FBB7" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2A755FFB95A3CFF75B5C0A615FC57" bold="true" box="[196,332,898,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Body colour brown, tarsi yellow to yellowish brown, forewing and clavus shaded. Head weakly produced in front of eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB95A3CFD81B5EAA5E1FC09" box="[560,696,936,962]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1234,1258]" captionTargetBox="[210,1350,197,1187]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[208,1378,197,1210]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Chirothrips heads. (7) kurdistanus. (8) pallidicornis. (9) molestus. (10) manicatus [A. C. T.]. (11) manicatus [England]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294005/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Figs 10, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
); vertex with three pairs of setae, ocellar setae anterolateral to fore ocellus. Antennal segment II external margin usually concave, apex acute with terminal seta; sensoria on segments III–IV simple; antennal segment I without transverse ridge on dorsal surface. Tergal campaniform sensilla anterior to median setae; posterior margins of tergites I–VIII with continuous craspedum with margin of rounded lobes (Fig. 20); sternites II–V posterior margins with row of tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD67C2FFB95A3CFBDEB27FA39EFB9C" box="[1135,1223,1085,1111]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 19" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,458,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,458,1604]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 19. Chirothrips and Limothrips species. (12) Limothrips cerealium, meta pre-episternum arrowed. (13) C. meridionalis pteronota. (14) C. ah meta pre-episternum arrowed. (15) C. manicatus meta pre-episternum arrowed [Victoria]. Abdominal sternites: (16) C. meridionalis IV – V; (17) C. manicatus III – IV [A. C. T.]; (18) C. hamatus IV – V; (19) C. ah VI." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), also laterally on VI but not on VII. Male apterous, smaller than female; tergal craspeda with margin straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |