412 lines
45 KiB
XML
412 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="F8E7DDDC0A65743C0CDCCE47F8485F53" ID-CLB-Dataset="3637" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5676639" ID-GBIF-Dataset="23dac009-8dc4-4021-a812-5f9db538c89c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5676639" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633548419167" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Herpestidae_0262.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Herpestes auropunctatus Illiger 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="309" masterDocId="E806FFCBFFCCFF8AFF999B1CFF9CFFA7" masterDocTitle="Herpestidae" masterLastPageNumber="328" masterPageNumber="262" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1700280137702" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="3F8BB8798485B6A1D14C6F8196B5C5C3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="FEDC40BDF870A3F3D85C76D457CE482F">
|
||
<mods:title id="97563B6C14621A8A59E779E8E531D8DE">Herpestidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="5E76FF62E36E806FA2733AFFDA42BB80" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="32F9D532B5CB6317A917A796FCF21F0E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="90423940C1354AA6B4F9BF8CD6EA8F21">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="37D93149569B41E7667E5C87DE7C757A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B43A3DB7309FDD4728705C73290481B9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6C5C6E3B8CB0BC7485B6654F7297D27B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BBAEC88076B09B73206D53A8211C2853">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="866E7F01ED7F09550F796877CB3B4065">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0EA26D464CD9C3CD37CC7645B5C0B18D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6206EE1AB750885CCF19A0C4AC534C59" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="95BE677C1168E4DA959CBD3A94A40B50">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="28B0D75B7D16327F7D2F057E1D751630">2009</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="51B743632B176FBE63DB9A60F51D382F" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="B3232D6BC5F91E9A409645A4056C6E76">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="E9421544B0BFA640A0EC070F4D09E144">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="ADCE9FFBD178F8069EA83B1310B7AF81">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D68A33DCA633612D84DA951E491871B3">
|
||
<mods:title id="4971B7ADF13283FC33BBBAA563DF3E93">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="1D2BAB035F386C09F356075CA97A48B7">
|
||
<mods:extent id="80BDFCAE295692D8CCEBE644DAB8E214" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="B1ABDB7FD9A77317B3823679E3ECCF46">262</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="3BEE3D0908B7FA26BC1E65ECD58559E3">328</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="FB81FD0E1FB3C0B366794768AC337E49">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="DB7047ADE97D748A7F512CA5D4FDE6B1" type="CLB-Dataset">3637</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1A9677A5034E4700759D7830C3EE2268" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5676639</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F288B1200B838475142EAE746635AD80" type="GBIF-Dataset">23dac009-8dc4-4021-a812-5f9db538c89c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D95248E4C3B6B2ED71AB0835B2DAEA69" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3B0176EF3952B6B590D8AC371F742426" type="Zenodo-Dep">5676639</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698435" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190304272" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/143F87B3FFCFFF8EFF5C92B7FEC1F61E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FF5C92B7FF78F67E" box="[197,228,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FF5C92B7FF78F67E" blockId="3.[194,1216,2475,2564]" box="[197,228,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="C76181C9FFCFFF89FF5C92B7FF78F67E" box="[197,228,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<figureCitation id="04AD2A20FFCFFF89FF5C92B7FF78F67E" box="[197,228,2475,2521]" captionStart="Plate 17: Herpestidae" captionStartId="2.[139,169,3360,3385]" captionTargetBox="[13,2796,16,3637]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), 2. Long-nosed Mongoose (Xenogale naso), 3. Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), 4. Short-tailed Mongoose (Herpestes brachyurus), 5. Indian Gray Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), 6. Indian Brown Mongoose (Herpestes fuscus), 7. Egyptian Mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), 8. Javan Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), 9. Collared Mongoose (Herpestes semitorquatus), 10. Ruddy Mongoose (Herpestes smith), 11. Crab-eating Mongoose (Herpestes urva), 12. Stripe-necked Mongoose (Herpestes vitticollis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6347111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6347111/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">3.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FF6F92B7FD79F67E" box="[246,741,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FF6F92B7FD79F67E" blockId="3.[194,1216,2475,2564]" box="[246,741,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="C76181C9FFCFFF89FF6F92B7FD79F67E" box="[246,741,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFCFFF89FF6F92B7FD79F67E" box="[246,741,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Small Indian Mongoose</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FD6C92B7FB5CF67E" box="[757,1216,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FD6C92B7FB5CF67E" blockId="3.[194,1216,2475,2564]" box="[757,1216,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="C76181C9FFCFFF89FD6C92B7FB5CF67E" box="[757,1216,2475,2521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FD6C92B7FB5CF67E" ID-CoL="6LRJF" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[757,1216,2475,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auropunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FD6C92B7FB5CF67E" box="[757,1216,2475,2521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Herpestes auropunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FF5D92F7FBBBF5A7" box="[196,1063,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FF5D92F7FBBBF5A7" blockId="3.[194,1216,2475,2564]" box="[196,1063,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="C76181C9FFCFFF89FF5D92F7FBBBF5A7" box="[196,1063,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FF5D92F7FE8CF5A7" bold="true" box="[196,272,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFCFFF89FE8392F7FE75F5A7" box="[282,489,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mangouste tachetée</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FE6792F7FDC5F5A7" bold="true" box="[510,601,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFCFFF89FDFB92F7FC91F5A7" box="[610,781,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Goldstaubmungo</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCBB92F7FCE1F5A7" bold="true" box="[802,893,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="1295468BFFCFFF89FC1E92F7FBBBF5A7" box="[903,1063,2539,2560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Meloncillo chico</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FCB2912DFC2AF5D1" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FCB2912DFC2AF5D1" blockId="3.[811,1397,2609,3032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCB2912DFC5AF5E9" bold="true" box="[811,966,2609,2638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FC4F912DFC2DF5D1" authority="Hodgson, 1836" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1836" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Mangusta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auropunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FC4F912DFA8DF5E9" box="[982,1297,2609,2638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mangusta auropunctata</emphasis>
|
||
Hodgson, 1836
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FC5B9141FB19F5D1" box="[962,1157,2653,2678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FC5B9141FB19F5D1" blockId="3.[811,1397,2609,3032]" box="[962,1157,2653,2678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2CFE3CF8FFCFFF89FC5B9141FB19F5D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3699972325" box="[962,1157,2653,2678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FBB59141FB1DF5D1" box="[1068,1153,2653,2678]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FCB59167FC9CF3E9" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FCB59167FC9CF3E9" blockId="3.[811,1397,2609,3032]" lastBlockId="3.[190,1397,3038,3464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Some authors considered the Small Indian Mongoose and the Javan Mongoose (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FCA091D2FC6FF54C" box="[825,1011,2766,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCA091D2FCC8F54C" box="[825,852,2766,2795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCEA91D2FC6FF54C" box="[883,1011,2766,2795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) conspecific under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FC1791EAFBA2F4B4" box="[910,1086,2806,2835]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FC1791EAFC34F4B4" box="[910,936,2806,2835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FC2491EAFBA2F4B4" box="[957,1086,2806,2835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FB1891EAFAF3F4B4" box="[1153,1391,2806,2835]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auropunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FB1891EAFB07F4B4" box="[1153,1179,2806,2835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FB2F91EAFAF3F4B4" box="[1206,1391,2806,2835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">auropunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recent molecular studies suggest that they should be treated as separate species. Five subspecies have been recognized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FCB49088FB8DF416" box="[813,1041,2964,2993]" class="Mammalia" family="Herpestidae" genus="Herpestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auropunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCB49088FCDBF416" box="[813,839,2964,2993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FCC09088FB8DF416" box="[857,1041,2964,2993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">auropunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the taxonomy needs clarification as some populations (notably from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FE0590C2FE6DF458" box="[412,497,3038,3071]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have not been confirmed as belonging to this species or to
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FACD90C2FAF2F458" box="[1364,1390,3038,3071]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FF269719FEDDF381" box="[191,321,3077,3110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
. Included here is
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FDD39719FDF8F381" box="[586,612,3077,3110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FDEC9719FD78F381" box="[629,740,3077,3110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">palustris</emphasis>
|
||
, which has been considered either a separate species or a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FD81972DFDAEF3E9" box="[536,562,3121,3150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FDDA972DFD60F3E9" box="[579,764,3121,3150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">auropunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FF5A974FF5CEFEC3" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="C8E9662DFFCFFF89FF5A974FF5CEFEC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5676645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5676645" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5676645/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[195,787,2615,3029]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FF5A974FF5CEFEC3" blockId="3.[190,1397,3038,3464]" lastBlockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FF5A974FFEEFF3D3" bold="true" box="[195,371,3155,3188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
SW Asia from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FDD5974FFD18F3D3" box="[588,644,3155,3188]" name="Iraq" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FD56974FFC94F3D3" box="[719,776,3155,3188]" name="Iran" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FCA0974FFC78F3D3" box="[825,996,3155,3188]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FC6F974FFBF7F3D3" box="[1014,1131,3155,3188]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FBE7974FFB54F3D3" box="[1150,1224,3155,3188]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FB40974FFAB2F3D3" box="[1241,1326,3155,3188]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FF5D9767FEB0F33B" box="[196,300,3195,3228]" name="Bhutan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
; also
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FEE49767FDBCF33B" box="[381,544,3195,3228]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FDA89767FD2AF33B" box="[561,694,3195,3228]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FC819767FCF0F33B" box="[792,876,3195,3228]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5E52F847FFCFFF89FB8D9767FBE7F33B" box="[1044,1147,3195,3228]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Hainan</collectingRegion>
|
||
I). Introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FF5B97B6FEA8F364" box="[194,308,3242,3267]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Antigua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FED097B6FE51F364" box="[329,461,3242,3267]" name="Barbados" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FC6F97B6FBC2F364" box="[1014,1118,3242,3267]" name="Croatia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FBEB97B6FB21F364" box="[1138,1213,3242,3267]" name="Cuba" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FB4897B6FB62F364" box="[1233,1278,3242,3267]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
, French Guiana, Goat Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FD9897CEFDE7F34C" box="[513,635,3282,3307]" name="Grenada" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Guadeloupe,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FCC197CEFC58F34C" box="[856,964,3282,3307]" name="Guyana" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hawaii, Hispaniola,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FB6397CEFAF1F34C" box="[1274,1389,3282,3307]" name="Jamaica" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FF2797E5FE88F2B5" box="[190,276,3321,3346]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FC3F97E5FBB7F2B5" box="[934,1067,3321,3346]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FEE5963CFD9FF29E" box="[380,515,3360,3385]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Molokai,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FD0D963CFD43F29E" box="[660,735,3360,3385]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Oahu,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FCD4963CFC6EF29E" box="[845,1010,3360,3385]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, St. Croix, St. John,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FA9F963CFAF2F29E" box="[1286,1390,3360,3385]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FF5D965BFEA2F2C7" box="[196,318,3399,3424]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">St. Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FED4965BFE44F2C7" box="[333,472,3399,3424]" name="Sint Martin" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">St. Martin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, St. Thomas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FD0A965BFCB0F2C7" box="[659,812,3399,3424]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FCA2965BFC28F2C7" box="[827,948,3399,3424]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FC5B965BFBB6F2C7" box="[962,1066,3399,3424]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Tortola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FBA1965BFB2FF2C7" box="[1080,1203,3399,3424]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FCCA967BFBBFF22F" box="[851,1059,3431,3464]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
|
||
Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F77C9A07F614FE9B" box="[2277,2440,283,316]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
since the 1980s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F64D9A5FF5D9FEC3" box="[2516,2629,323,356]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FA209A72F6FAFBD0" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FA209A72F6FAFBD0" blockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA209A72F92AFE2C" bold="true" box="[1465,1718,366,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 25-37 cm, tail 19.2-29 cm; weight 305-662 g. There is sexual dimorphism, males being larger than females (particularly in introduced populations), for example on St Croix Island (Caribbean): Head-body 22-2—-44-6 cm (males), 21.4-38.
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFCFFF89F9289AF8F96BFDA6" box="[1713,1783,484,513]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females). The smallest of the Asian mongooses, with a slender body and short legs. The coat color varies from buff to rufous or dark yellowishgray; the hairs have white and dark rings, giving a grizzled appearance. The muzzle is pointed, the rhinarium is blackish, the eyes are small with a brown iris, and the ears are short. The tail is muscular at the base and tapers throughoutits length. There are five digits on each foot, with long, sharp, non-retractile claws. The soles are naked. There is an anal pouch in which the ducts of the anal glands open laterally to the anus. The anal glands have a diameter of about
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFCFFF89F79C99E7F7C8FCB3" box="[2053,2132,763,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and a mean weight of
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFCFFF89F60C99E7F670FCB3" box="[2453,2540,763,788]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" unit="mg" value="10.0">10 mg</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFCFFF89F66199E7F5DBFCB3" box="[2552,2631,763,788]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" unit="g" value="100.0">100 g</quantity>
|
||
of body weight. The secretion from these glands contains volatile fatty acids, with some differences between males and females. There are three pairs of teats. A claw-shaped baculum is present in the male and ranges in size from 5-15 mm. The skull is elongated and narrow, with a long brain case. The post-orbital bar encloses the orbit. The sagittal crest is weak, but the lambdoidal crest is developed. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is slightly inflated and projects no more than the anterior chamber. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2(3) = 40-42 (the presence of a third lower molar is rare). The canines are long and slightly recurved. The first premolars are small, and the other cheek teeth are well-developed and trenchant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FA239F99F9ECFAB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FA239F99F9ECFAB2" blockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA239F99F9B5FB39" bold="true" box="[1466,1577,1157,1182]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forest, scrub, and open habitats. Also found close to human habitations. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FA229FB8F9DEFB62" box="[1467,1602,1188,1221]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a radio-tracking study found that this species favored woodland and scrub regions over other habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="432D8807FFCFFF89F8DD9FD7F816FB4B" box="[1860,1930,1227,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, and preferred riverine and dense forest at larger spatial scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FA239E06F5CDF582" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FA239E06F5CDF582" blockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA239E06F958FA9C" bold="true" box="[1466,1732,1306,1339]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Omnivorous. Most of the dietary information comes from introduced populations, but it is reported to eat rodents, snakes, insects, centipedes, and scorpionsin its native range. The diet appears to vary according to the season and the locality. Two specimen stomachs collected in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5E52F847FFCFFF89F7189E8CF69BFA16" box="[2177,2311,1424,1457]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Rajasthan</collectingRegion>
|
||
desert,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F6189E8CF657FA16" box="[2433,2507,1424,1457]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, contained remains of insects (
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F9499EDCF87BFA7E" box="[1744,2023,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Helicopric bucephalus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F8609EDCF745FA7E" box="[2041,2265,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Anthic sexguttata</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F7759EDCF633FA7E" box="[2284,2479,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Blap orientalus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F65D9EDCF9DAF9A7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Onthophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F65D9EDCF9DAF9A7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Onthophagus longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F90C9EFBF8FBF9A7" box="[1685,1895,1511,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F90C9EFBF8FBF9A7" box="[1685,1895,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Grylus sagillatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a scorpion. In 56 stomachs from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F61D9EFBF5B7F9A7" box="[2436,2603,1511,1536]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 315 food items were recorded, with the following frequency of occurrence: insects (56%), reptiles (17%), myriapods (12%), arachnids (8%), mammals (3%), crustaceans (1%), asteroids (starfish) (1%), amphibians (1%), and plants (11%). On St. Croix Island, 36 stomachs contained insects (83%), toads (14%), mice
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F6989D9CF623F93A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2305,2495,1664,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F6989D9CF623F93A" box="[2305,2495,1664,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mus musculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14%), rats
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89FA259DBBF9FDF963" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" box="[1468,1633,1703,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA259DBBF9FDF963" box="[1468,1633,1703,1732]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14%), crabs (11%), birds (3%), poultry (3%), lizards
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F6F89DBBF62FF963" box="[2401,2483,1703,1732]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Anolis</emphasis>
|
||
(0-5%), fruit (11%), and other plant material (6%). On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F7AF9DD2F7FBF94C" box="[2102,2151,1742,1771]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Viti</collectingCountry>
|
||
Levu,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F7569DD2F760F94C" box="[2255,2300,1742,1771]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an analysis of 4404 scats showed that the diet varied with the habitat: crabs were the main food in mangrove forests, rats in cane-fields, and cockroaches in urban areas. In Hawaii, a preponderance of cockroaches in the diet was reported. In the Caribbean, the Small Indian Mongoose was observed eating toads (including the parotid glands, which are normally noxious to predators), and the eggs and young of the hawksbill sea turtle (
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F6F99C93FA48F870" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Eretmochelys imbricata</emphasis>
|
||
) and leatherback turtle (
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F8AF9CA6F7D9F870" box="[1846,2117,1978,2007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Dermochelys coriacea</emphasis>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F71A9CA6F696F870" box="[2179,2314,1978,2007]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 458 stomachs contained 46% rodents and shrews, 20% Tail-less Tenrecs (
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F7FA9CFEF6D2F858" box="[2147,2382,2018,2047]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Tenrec eucaudatus</emphasis>
|
||
), 20% invertebrates, 18% refuse, carrion and plants, 15% reptiles and amphibians, and 6% birds; there were seasonal changes in the diet, with more insects eaten during the wet season, and more reptiles taken during the dry season. During the winter on Korcula Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FA259367F9B8F73B" box="[1468,1572,2171,2204]" name="Croatia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 184 food items were identified in 126 scats: the frequency of occurrence was 66% plants (mostly the fruits ofjuniper
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F87E93BBF774F763" box="[2023,2280,2215,2244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Juniperus oxycedrus</emphasis>
|
||
and strawberry tree
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F59E93BBF992F74B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Arbutus unedo</emphasis>
|
||
), 38% mammals (mainly wood mice
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F79793D7F68DF74B" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[2062,2321,2251,2284]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apodemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F79793D7F68DF74B" box="[2062,2321,2251,2284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Apodemus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and rats
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F61693D7F58EF74B" box="[2447,2578,2251,2284]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F61693D7F67FF74B" box="[2447,2531,2251,2284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Rattus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 23% arthropods (mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B964D26FFCFFF89F94D93EDF8ECF6B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1748,1904,2289,2322]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a few Orthoptera), 14% birds (mostly passerines), and 1% reptiles. Compared to introduced populations in tropical areas, individuals on Korcula Island ate more fruits and less insects and reptiles. The killing method is efficient; the canines are driven into the brain and vertebral column of rodents, birds, and snakes. Centipedes and scorpions are bitten and repeatedly tossed before being consumed. Two individuals were reported working together to hunt crabs (
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89F63592A9F992F659" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Metapograpsus messor</emphasis>
|
||
) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; one turned over a stone, allowing the other to attack the crab. Individuals are reluctant to enter water more than a few centimetres deep.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF89FA239137F7F0F54D" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF89FA239137F7F0F54D" blockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA239137F939F5EB" bold="true" box="[1466,1701,2603,2636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal activity is reported from observations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F6C79137F63BF5EB" box="[2398,2471,2603,2636]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F6699137F5F9F5EB" box="[2544,2661,2603,2636]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in regions where it has been introduced. In the Caribbean, most activity was between 10:00 h and 16:00 h, although they were seldom active on rainy days. Rest sites in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89FA7891BAF9FAF564" box="[1505,1638,2726,2755]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
are mostly in fallen trees and holes in tree root systems. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F63A91BAF671F564" box="[2467,2541,2726,2755]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they are reported to use burrows that they dig themselves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFCFFF8EFA2291E8FD03FD68" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFCFFF8EFA2291E8FD03FD68" blockId="3.[1464,2673,283,3470]" lastBlockId="4.[141,1349,298,2492]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFCFFF89FA2291E8F711F4B6" bold="true" box="[1467,2189,2804,2833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Information mainly comes from introduced populations. While this species tends to be solitary, individuals frequently have been seen close to each other in introduced areas. Home ranges on St. Croix were 2-2 ha for females and 4-2 ha for males; home ranges overlapped both within and between sexes, but the overlap of core areas was minimal. On Oahu Island, Hawaii, the mean home range was 1-4 ha for
|
||
<specimenCount id="8A90FD2CFFCFFF89F7BE90A1F774F471" box="[2087,2280,3005,3030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="female">seven females</specimenCount>
|
||
and 19-2 ha for
|
||
<specimenCount id="8A90FD2CFFCFFF89F67890A1F5F1F471" box="[2529,2669,3005,3030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
|
||
(during the breeding season); the mean intra-sexual overlap of home ranges was 84% for males and 37% for females, with a large overlap between male and female ranges. Each male moved from den to den on successive nights and on some occasions two or
|
||
<specimenCount id="8A90FD2CFFCFFF89FA7D974EF919F3D4" box="[1508,1669,3154,3187]" pageId="3" pageNumber="308" type="male">three males</specimenCount>
|
||
shared a sleeping den. Females also moved den sites, except when they produced pups (they showed den fidelity during the 20 to 22 days after parturition). It appeared that males formed social coalitions, at least during the breeding season. The high population density in this introduced population suggested an abundance of resources, which may favor social behavior. Other studies report home range sizes of 22 to 39 ha in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F9269607F8C8F29F" box="[1727,1876,3355,3384]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Fiji Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and 25 to 100 ha on Hawaii. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F6B49607F649F29F" box="[2349,2517,3355,3384]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the home ranges of twenty mongooses were 3-2 to 19-4 ha. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFCFFF89F7079622F6B9F2F8" box="[2206,2341,3390,3423]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="308">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the home ranges of 14 individuals were 25 ha to 110 ha, with considerable overlap between individuals. On two islands in Hawaii, both males and females showed natal dispersal in the fall, and males also dispersed during the breeding season. Population densities vary from less than ten to several hundred animals per km? The Small Indian Mongoose scent-marks using the secretions from its anal glands by wiping objects with its anal pouch. Males and females scent-mark their home range and are able to distinguish the scent marks of other individuals. This species has a large vocal repertoire of twelve distinct calls, which is unusually rich for an asocial species. The vocalizations are extremely varied and include weep, squawk, honk, ruck-a-ruck, pant, spit, bark, chuck, scream, and growl. Small Indian Mongooses can scratch and dig vigorously and have considerable manipulative dexterity. Gaits include walk, trot and gallop. They can climb, but are rarely observed far above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFF0A99C7FAA3F9AD" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFF0A99C7FAA3F9AD" blockId="4.[141,1349,298,2492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFF0A99C7FE84FD5F" bold="true" box="[147,280,731,760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding data comes mainly from captive animals. Ovulation is induced by copulation. The estrous cycle is about three weeks, with estrus lasting three to four days. Gestation is approximately 49 days. The mean litter size is two and ranges from one to five. There are two to three litters a year. The timing of reproduction may be related to day length, as most pregnancies seem to occur prior to the summersolstice. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFF249887FED8FC1B" box="[189,324,923,956]" name="Mauritius" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, breeding is timed to avoid the driest times of the year. The beginning of estrus in captive females is revealed by restlessness and increased scent marking. Several males may attend a female, and they commonly scream, bark, and chase each other. Both sexes are polygamous and may copulate several times a day in the absence of estrus, and more frequently during estrus. Females in the late stage of pregnancy show antagonism toward males. Births occur at night, shortly after sunset. Nesting material is not used. Birth weight is about
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EFD319F9BFD7EFB0F" box="[680,738,1159,1192]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="g" value="21.0">21 g</quantity>
|
||
. Newborns are covered with light gray hairs, which are sparse on the abdomen. The incisors and the eruptive cones of the canines are visible, and the claws are well-developed. The eyes are closed and will open between 17 and 20 days. Mewling vocalizations are emitted when the young are disturbed. At two weeks, the incisors are fully in place and the canines have erupted. At 22 weeks, all the permanent teeth are in place. Two-thirds of the adult body massis attained at four months and sexual maturity is reached at one year. The first excursion out of the den occurs at about four weeks and the young follow the mother on hunting trips at six weeks. Spermatogenesis in the male begins when the weight reaches
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EFB289EDDFA9DFA45" box="[1201,1281,1473,1506]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="g" value="400.0">400 g</quantity>
|
||
; the baculum reaches adult size and mass at five months or when the weight reaches
|
||
<quantity id="5B6E9B40FFC8FF8EFB699EF1FAA7F9AD" box="[1264,1339,1517,1546]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" unit="g" value="500.0">500 g</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFF089D0CFD91F7AF" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFF089D0CFD91F7AF" blockId="4.[141,1349,298,2492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFF089D0CFE6EF996" bold="true" box="[145,498,1552,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Listed on CITES Appendix III in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFC7F9D0CFBADF996" box="[998,1073,1552,1585]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Classified as Least Concern in
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFEDC9D20FDD8F9FE" box="[325,580,1596,1625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">The IUCN Red List</emphasis>
|
||
. Vulnerable in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFCBE9D20FCE1F9FE" box="[807,893,1596,1625]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The Small Indian Mongoose is considered unthreatened in its native range as it occurs in many different
|
||
<typeStatus id="432D8807FFC8FF8EFB4D9D7FFA84F927" box="[1236,1304,1635,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of habitats. However, these mongooses are often captured and sold as pets, and there is some commercial trade in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFDA89DB1FD1AF969" box="[561,646,1709,1742]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFD009DB1FD7FF969" box="[665,739,1709,1742]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4817635FFC8FF8EFCAF9DB1FC16F969" box="[822,906,1709,1742]" name="Nepal" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which may constitute a threat in some parts ofits native range. This species has been introduced to several tropical oceanic islands for rodent control in plantations or to control vipers. Unfortunately, introduced populations have also preyed on the endemic fauna on some islands and may have caused the extinction of several species of birds, mammals, and reptiles. They eat the eggs and young of some endangered sea turtles and have also been identified as the vector of different diseases, notably rabies and leptospirosis. There have been mainly unsuccessful attempts to eliminate this species on several islands where they have been introduced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF71E9DCBF734F8A9" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" box="[2183,2216,1751,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">.,</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EF5819DE8F580F8B9" blockId="4.[2031,2619,1751,2178]" box="[2584,2588,1780,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D48C652EFFC8FF8EFF089304FEC1F61E" pageId="4" pageNumber="309" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C2936A5FFC8FF8EFF089304FEC1F61E" blockId="4.[141,1349,298,2492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFF089304FEB6F796" bold="true" box="[145,298,2072,2097]" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFEAE9304FEF0F796" box="[311,364,2072,2097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Allen</emphasis>
|
||
(1911), Baldwin (1954), Baldwin et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFC949304FC83F796" box="[781,799,2072,2097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1952), Bechthold (1939), Buskirk et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFB4D9304FB7AF796" box="[1236,1254,2072,2097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1990), Cavallini & Serafini (1995), Chan et al. (1992), Corbet & Hill (1992), Corn & Conroy (1998), De Vos et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFB4E9323FB75F7FF" box="[1239,1257,2111,2136]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1956), Gorman (1975, 1976a, 1976b, 1979), Gorman et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFD309376FD27F7D8" box="[681,699,2154,2175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1974), Haque (1989), Hays (1999), Hays & Conant (2003, 2007), Hoagland & Kilpatrick (1999), Hoagland
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFD079392FD2FF700" box="[670,691,2190,2215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (1989), Krystufek & Tvrtkovic (1992), La
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5E52F847FFC8FF8EFB309392FB76F700" box="[1193,1258,2190,2215]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">Rivers</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1948), Morley (2004), Mulligan & Nellis (1975), Nagayama et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFD6A93A9FC99F769" box="[755,773,2229,2254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001), Nellis (1989), Nellis & Everard (1983), Nellis & Small (1983), Ogura, Kawashima et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFDC793C0FDECF752" box="[606,624,2268,2293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2000), Ogura, Nonaka et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFC3B93C0FC28F752" box="[930,948,2268,2293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2000, 2001), Ogura, Otsuka et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFAB093C0FAA7F752" box="[1321,1339,2268,2293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2000), Ogura, Sakashita & Kawashima (1998), Pearson & Baldwin (1953), Pimentel (1955), Pocock (1919, 1937, 19414), Prakash (1959), Prater (1980), Quinn & Whisson (2005), Roberts (1977), Roy (2002a, 2002b), Seaman (1952), Seaman & Randall (1962), Shekar (2003), Simberloff et al. (2000), Stone & Keith (1987), Thulin et
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFF369262FF5DF634" box="[175,193,2430,2451]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2006), Tomich (1969), Tvrtkovic & Krystufek (1990), Veron
|
||
<emphasis id="AEE2EAB7FFC8FF8EFCEF9262FC34F634" box="[886,936,2430,2451]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="309">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007), Vilella (1998), Wells (1989), Wozencraft (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |