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<document id="C5E3F142C2EA478F0DBB23F521CCB16B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282919" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09d06f43-47e0-4f67-8ed9-54c16248c2c4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282919" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460556013358" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kraus, Fred" docDate="2012" docId="03C087ACFF86FF9FAB84FEB9FD88CCA4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03559p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3559" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cophixalus ateles Boulenger 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFF9FFD4FF82FF9AAB13FF9EFFF6C860" masterDocTitle="Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698319243426" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F3749F32E341447991D4A20A3A057FDE">Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="007811C5585F65E6AE453933985CDACC">Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C087ACFF86FF9FAB84FEB9FD88CCA4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6180268" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119555811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6180268" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C087ACFF86FF9FAB84FEB9FD88CCA4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087ACFF86FF9FAB84FEB9FD88CCA4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C3736531FF86FF9EAB84FEB9FDB9C921" box="[151,591,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EAB84FEB9FDB9C921" blockId="4.[151,591,295,321]" box="[151,591,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D09E81D6FF86FF9EAB84FEB9FDB9C921" bold="true" box="[151,591,295,321]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84FEB9FDB9C921" ID-CoL="Y43H" authority="Boulenger, 1898" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,591,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FEB9FDB9C921" bold="true" box="[151,591,295,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FEB9FE9BC921" bold="true" box="[151,365,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus ateles</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1898)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EAB84FEF1FDFAC9A1" blockId="4.[151,671,366,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB791194FF86FF9EAB84FEF1FDFAC9A1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84FEF1FDBBC9E4" ID-CoL="4YW8W" authority="Boulenger, 1898: 708" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="708" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,589,366,389]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Sphenophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FEF1FE9FC9E5" box="[151,361,367,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sphenophryne ateles</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1898: 708
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84FE13FEA7C9C3" box="[151,337,397,419]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Oreophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FE13FEA7C9C3" box="[151,337,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oreophryne ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
van
<treatmentCitation id="0AC810ABFF86FF9EAA90FE10FDBBC9C3" author="Kampen" box="[387,589,397,419]" page="115" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EAA90FE10FDEDC9C2" author="Kampen" box="[387,539,397,419]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="van Kampen, P. N. (1923) Amphibia of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands." type="book" year="1923">Kampen, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 115
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84FE32FDFEC9A1" ID-CoL="Y43H" authority="Parker, 1934: 172" authorityName="Parker" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,520,427,450]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FE32FEBDC9A2" box="[151,331,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus ateles</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC810ABFF86FF9EAA41FE35FDFEC9A1" author="Parker" box="[338,520,427,449]" page="172" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EAA41FE35FE20C9A1" author="Parker" box="[338,470,427,449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Parker, H. W. (1934) A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, U. K." type="book" year="1934">Parker, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: 172
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EAB84FE54FD69C980" blockId="4.[151,671,366,480]" box="[151,671,458,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB791194FF86FF9EAB84FE54FD69C980" box="[151,671,458,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84FE54FD6CC980" ID-CoL="5ZYP6" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2006: 214" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,666,458,480]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84FE54FE90C980" box="[151,358,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus sisyphus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC810ABFF86FF9EAA7FFE55FD6CC980" author="Kraus" box="[364,666,458,480]" page="214" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EAA7FFE55FD91C980" author="Kraus" box="[364,615,458,480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2006) Three new species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from southeastern New Guinea. Herpetologica, 62, 202 - 220." type="journal article" year="2006">Kraus and Allison, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 214
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EAB84FD90FE9ECA0D" blockId="4.[151,1437,525,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Because the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA936FD90FD7ECA45" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[549,648,525,549]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA936FD90FD7ECA45" box="[549,648,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rather sparse on comparative details, the recent detailed description of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EABA9FDACFD88CA29" ID-CoL="5ZYP6" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2006" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2006" box="[186,638,561,585]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EABA9FDACFEC8CA29" box="[186,318,561,585]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. sisyphus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EAA41FDAFFD81CA29" author="Kraus" box="[338,631,561,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2006) Three new species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from southeastern New Guinea. Herpetologica, 62, 202 - 220." type="journal article" year="2006">Kraus and Allison, 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
will serve that purpose well. Hence, there is no need to provide a redescription here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EABD4FDE7FAABCB25" blockId="4.[151,1437,525,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EABD4FDE7FE7ECAF1" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[199,392,633,657]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EABD4FDE7FE7ECAF1" box="[199,392,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known with certainty only from the region of the
<typeStatus id="54D28818FF86FF9EA8D2FDE4FC06CAF2" box="[961,1008,634,658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
locality and from the western slopes of Mt. Obree approximately
<quantity id="4C919B5FFF86FF9EAAA5FD03FE0BCAD5" box="[438,509,669,693]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
to the east of that (
<figureCitation id="13522A3FFF86FF9EA9C4FD03FCEACAD5" box="[727,796,669,693]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1652,1675]" captionTargetBox="[281,1296,896,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[280,1307,890,1631]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of southeastern New Guinea and adjacent islands showing type localities for Cophixalus ateles (filled star), C. sisyphus and C. nexipus sp. nov. (filled circle), C. verrucosus (stars), C. albolineatus sp. nov. (filled square), C. clapporum and C. amabilis (filled triangle), and an additional locality for C. albolineatus sp. nov. (open square). Five additional numbered localities from which call samples of C. verrucosus were obtained for this study are: 1 = Sudest Island, type locality for C. aimbensis; 2 = Cloudy Mts.; 3 = N slope of Mt. Simpson; 4 = W slope of Mt. Dayman; and 5 = Fane. Elevational contours are at 1000 m (light gray) and 1500 m (dark gray)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282921/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Several close relatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAF5DFD00FB58CAD5" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[1102,1198,669,693]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAF5DFD00FB58CAD5" box="[1102,1198,669,693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur throughout the southeastern region of New
<collectingCountry id="F37E762AFF86FF9EAAD4FD5FFDE3CAB9" box="[455,533,705,729]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and offshore islands (see below), but the exact distributions of these species are not yet well known. It is clear, however, that
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA94DFD78FD48CA9D" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[606,702,741,765]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA94DFD78FD48CA9D" box="[606,702,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is syntopic with at least one of these (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAF74FD78FB19CA9D" ID-CoL="Y45K" box="[1127,1263,741,765]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAF74FD78FB19CA9D" box="[1127,1263,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the Moroka region (both having been taken at
<quantity id="4C919B5FFF86FF9EA930FC97FD85CB41" box="[547,627,777,801]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="2.2">2.2 km</quantity>
S and
<quantity id="4C919B5FFF86FF9EA9D8FC97FCEDCB41" box="[715,795,777,801]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="3.1">3.1 km</quantity>
W of Wori Wori Bluff, 9.39575˚S, 147.5699˚E, Central Province). Based on the
<typeStatus id="54D28818FF86FF9EAA8CFCB0FE38CB26" box="[415,462,814,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA926FCB0FD46CB25" ID-CoL="5ZYP6" box="[565,688,813,837]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA926FCB0FD46CB25" box="[565,688,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. sisyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA9AEFCB0FCEACB25" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[701,796,813,837]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA9AEFCB0FCEACB25" box="[701,796,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to range in elevation from
<quantity id="4C919B5FFF86FF9EAFB9FCB3FAC4CB25" box="[1194,1330,813,837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2349999999999999" metricValueMax="1.8699999999999999" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1235.0" valueMax="1870.0" valueMin="600.0">600–1870 m</quantity>
asl.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF166632FF86FF9EAB84F9EAFD87CF44" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282921/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[281,1296,896,1631]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9EAB84F9EAFD87CF44" blockId="4.[151,1436,1652,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84F9EAFEE5CEEA" bold="true" box="[151,275,1652,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Map of southeastern New Guinea and adjacent islands showing type localities for
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAF75F9EBFAEACEEB" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[1126,1308,1653,1675]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAF75F9EBFAEACEEB" box="[1126,1308,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(filled star),
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAB84F90AFEFDCECA" ID-CoL="5ZYP6" box="[151,267,1684,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sisyphus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAB84F90AFEFDCECA" box="[151,267,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. sisyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAA2DF90AFE5CCECA" ID-CoL="Y44P" box="[318,426,1684,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nexipus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAA2DF90AFE5CCECA" box="[318,426,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. nexipus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22E57D3FF86FF9EAAA2F90BFDF6CECA" box="[433,512,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(filled circle),
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA98AF90AFCD1CECA" ID-CoL="Y45N" box="[665,807,1684,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA98AF90AFCD1CECA" box="[665,807,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. verrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(stars),
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA868F90AFBE0CECA" ID-CoL="Y43F" box="[891,1046,1684,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albolineatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA868F90AFBE0CECA" box="[891,1046,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. albolineatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22E57D3FF86FF9EAF0EF90BFB9BCECA" box="[1053,1133,1685,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(filled square),
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAE03F90AFA6ACECA" ID-CoL="Y43S" box="[1296,1436,1684,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clapporum">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAE03F90AFA6ACECA" box="[1296,1436,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. clapporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EABD1F92DFEC0CEA8" ID-CoL="Y43G" box="[194,310,1714,1736]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amabilis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EABD1F92DFEC0CEA8" box="[194,310,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. amabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(filled triangle), and an additional locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA81FF92DFC51CEA8" ID-CoL="Y43F" box="[780,935,1714,1736]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albolineatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA81FF92DFC51CEA8" box="[780,935,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. albolineatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22E57D3FF86FF9EA8BEF92DFC0ACEA8" box="[941,1020,1715,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(open square). Five additional numbered localities from which call samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EA933F94CFD58CE87" ID-CoL="Y45N" box="[544,686,1746,1767]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EA933F94CFD58CE87" box="[544,686,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. verrucosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were obtained for this study are: 1 = Sudest Island, type locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAE97F94CFF0ACF65" ID-CoL="5ZYP9" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aimbensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAE97F94CFF0ACF65" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. aimbensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 2 = Cloudy Mts.; 3 = N slope of Mt. Simpson; 4 = W slope of Mt. Dayman; and 5 = Fane. Elevational contours are at 1000 m (light gray) and 1500 m (dark gray).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD636BAFF86FF9FABD4F8CCFD88CCA4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1873,2005]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,1220]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
It should be mentioned that, despite the shared feature of the first finger being reduced in size and lacking a circum-marginal groove,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAAF0F8E8FDB8CFED" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[483,590,1909,1933]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAAF0F8E8FDB8CFED" box="[483,590,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not particularly closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAF0EF8E8FB66CFED" ID-CoL="Y459" box="[1053,1168,1909,1933]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shellyi">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAF0EF8E8FB66CFED" box="[1053,1168,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. shellyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as implied in earlier literature. That implication derived from the early state of study of Papuan
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF86FF9EAF59F807FB39CFD1" ID-CoL="3TNK" box="[1098,1231,1945,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF86FF9EAF59F807FB39CFD1" box="[1098,1231,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, when only two species with reduced first fingers were known (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EA9D4F823FC88CFB5" author="Zweifel" box="[711,894,1981,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1956 a) Notes on microhylid frogs, genus Cophixalus, from New Guinea. American Museum Novitates, 1785, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="a">Zweifel, 1956a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EA898F823FC6BCFB5" author="Zweifel" box="[907,925,1981,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1956 b) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 72. Microhylid frogs from New Guinea, with descriptions of new species. American Museum Novitates, 1766, 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EA8B9F823FBB6CFB5" author="Tyler" box="[938,1088,1981,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tyler, M. J. (1963 a) An account of collections of frogs from central New Guinea. Records of the Australian Museum, 26, 113 - 130." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="a">Tyler, 1963a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF86FF9EAF5EF823FBA9CFB5" author="Tyler" box="[1101,1119,1981,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tyler, M. J. (1963 b) A taxonomic study of amphibians and reptiles of the Central Highlands of New Guinea, with notes on their ecology and biology. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 36, 11 - 29." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
). But several more species with that attribute have subsequently been described, and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA840FF06FC4BC8D0" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[851,957,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA840FF06FC4BC8D0" box="[851,957,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA8E8FF06FB9AC8D0" ID-CoL="Y459" box="[1019,1132,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shellyi">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA8E8FF06FB9AC8D0" box="[1019,1132,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. shellyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
now appear to belong to separate species groups—whether monophyletic or paraphyletic—that have independently simplified the first finger—the two look nothing alike in habitus, color pattern, or other morphological details, yet each is closely similar to more recently described species. Based on overall appearance, call similarities, and similar lifestyles,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA05FEB6FE75C920" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[278,387,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA05FEB6FE75C920" box="[278,387,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA9FCFEB6FC9BC920" ID-CoL="Y45F" box="[751,877,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timidus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA9FCFEB6FC9BC920" box="[751,877,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. timidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA8A2FEB6FBBCC920" ID-CoL="Y45K" box="[945,1098,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA8A2FEB6FBBCC920" box="[945,1098,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both of which have welldeveloped first fingers with terminal grooves), which is why they were described as sibling species. And the more recently described
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAAD3FEEEFC8FC9E7" ID-CoL="Y44F" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" box="[448,889,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linnaeus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAAD3FEEEFDBEC9E8" box="[448,584,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. linnaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA940FEEEFC8FC9E7" author="Kraus" box="[595,889,367,391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA8A4FEEEFA6AC9E7" ID-CoL="Y44Y" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" box="[951,1436,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeobalius">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA8A4FEEEFB9DC9E8" box="[951,1131,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. phaeobalius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAF66FEEEFA6AC9E7" author="Kraus" box="[1141,1436,367,391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(which have well-developed first fingers with terminal grooves) as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAF29FE0BFEC1C9AF" ID-CoL="Y45G" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tomaiodactylus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAF29FE0BFAE2C9CC" box="[1082,1300,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. tomaiodactylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAE33FE0BFEC1C9AF" author="Kraus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(which has the reduced first finger lacking a terminal groove) probably belong to this species group too. All these species lack a black face mask; all are variegated in color pattern with brown, gray, and/ or black; all are scansorial; and all are known only from the Papuan Peninsula of New
<collectingCountry id="F37E762AFF87FF9FAFA3FE61FAFECA77" box="[1200,1288,511,535]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. In contrast, relatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA34FDBBFE6FCA5C" ID-CoL="Y459" box="[295,409,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shellyi">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA34FDBBFE6FCA5C" box="[295,409,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. shellyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA935FDBBFBFACA5C" ID-CoL="Y43L" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2000" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2000" box="[550,1036,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bewaniensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA935FDBBFD2CCA5C" box="[550,730,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. bewaniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA9F7FDBBFBFACA5C" author="Kraus" box="[740,1036,548,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2000) Two new species of Cophixalus from New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology, 34, 535 - 541." type="journal article" year="2000">Kraus and Allison, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAF0FFDBBFF22CA3F" ID-CoL="Y44B" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iovaorum">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAF0FFDBBFB46CA5C" box="[1052,1200,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. iovaorum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAFA9FDBBFF22CA3F" author="Kraus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FABF2FDD6FDE5CA3F" ID-CoL="Y452" authority="Zweifel, 1980" authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1980" box="[225,531,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pipilans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FABF2FDD6FE95CA00" box="[225,355,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. pipilans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAA7FFDD9FDE5CA3F" author="Zweifel" box="[364,531,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1980) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 103. Frogs and lizards from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 165, 390 - 434." type="journal article" year="1980">Zweifel, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA940FDD6FBE6CA3F" ID-CoL="Y442" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" box="[595,1040,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA940FDD6FD12CA00" box="[595,740,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. desticans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA9FFFDD6FBE6CA3F" author="Kraus" box="[748,1040,583,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) share the feature of a black face mask; all except
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA77FDF3FE03CAE4" ID-CoL="Y442" box="[356,501,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA77FDF3FE03CAE4" box="[356,501,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. desticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also share a smooth dorsum (although
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA8C2FDF3FB94CAE4" ID-CoL="Y442" box="[977,1122,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA8C2FDF3FB94CAE4" box="[977,1122,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. desticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has narrow dermal ridges dorsally, these are small and difficult to see, and the species does not have the tuberculate appearance of members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA44FD2BFE36CAAC" ID-CoL="Y43H" box="[343,448,692,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ateles">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA44FD2BFE36CAAC" box="[343,448,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. ateles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group). Collectively, these species inhabit a broader portion of New
<collectingCountry id="F37E762AFF87FF9FAFE5FD2AFABBCAAC" box="[1270,1357,692,716]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, being found in the Papuan Peninsula as well as the Central Highlands, Huon Peninsula, and North Coast Ranges. Additional species (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA96FD63FD3CCB74" ID-CoL="Y448" authority="Gunther, 2006" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="2006" box="[389,714,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humicola">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA96FD63FDE0CB74" box="[389,534,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. humicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA90DFD62FD3CCB74" author="Gunther" box="[542,714,764,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gunther, R. (2006) Two new tiny Cophixalus species with reduced thumbs from the west of New Guinea. Herpetozoa, 19, 59 - 75." type="journal article" year="2006">Günther, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA9CBFD63FB81CB74" ID-CoL="Y44D" authority="Kraus and Allison, 2009" authorityName="Kraus and Allison" authorityYear="2009" box="[728,1143,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kethuk">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA9CBFD63FCBFCB74" box="[728,841,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. kethuk</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA841FD63FB81CB74" author="Kraus" box="[850,1143,764,788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. &amp; Allison, A. (2009) New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 2128, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Kraus and Allison, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAF96FD63FE9ACB57" ID-CoL="Y45B" authority="Zweifel and Allison, 1982" authorityName="Zweifel and Allison" authorityYear="1982" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAF96FD63FACECB74" box="[1157,1336,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. sphagnicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAE52FD62FE9ACB57" author="Zweifel" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Zweifel, R. G. &amp; Allison, A. (1982) A new montane microhylid frog from Papua New Guinea, and comments on the status of the genus Aphantophryne. American Museum Novitates, 2723, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1982">Zweifel and Allison, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAAB8FCBEFD08CB57" ID-CoL="Y45H" authority="Gunther, 2006" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="2006" box="[427,766,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAAB8FCBEFDBACB58" box="[427,588,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. tridactylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA947FC81FD08CB57" author="Gunther" box="[596,766,799,823]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gunther, R. (2006) Two new tiny Cophixalus species with reduced thumbs from the west of New Guinea. Herpetozoa, 19, 59 - 75." type="journal article" year="2006">Günther, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) also have reduced first fingers, but it remains uncertain whether they are closely related to either of the above two groups. Judging from very different body morphology, at least
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA9FFCF6FE0DCBE0" ID-CoL="Y44D" box="[396,507,872,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kethuk">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA9FFCF6FE0DCBE0" box="[396,507,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. kethuk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA927FCF6FD13CBE0" ID-CoL="Y45B" box="[564,741,872,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA927FCF6FD13CBE0" box="[564,741,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely represent additional independent acquisitions of this feature. The first appears closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA9D9FC13FBDECBC4" ID-CoL="Y45C" authority="Zweifel, 1963" authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1963" box="[714,1064,908,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tagulensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA9D9FC13FC9CCBC4" box="[714,874,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. tagulensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA86AFC12FBDECBC4" author="Zweifel" box="[889,1064,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1963) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 84. New microhylid frogs (Baragenys and Cophixalus) from the Louisiade Archipelago, New Guinea. American Museum Novitates, 2141, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Zweifel, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, based on overall phenotypic similarity and the synapomorphic presence of toe webbing, and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA89DFC2EFBDECBA8" ID-CoL="Y45C" box="[910,1064,944,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tagulensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA89DFC2EFBDECBA8" box="[910,1064,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. tagulensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a normal-sized first finger, suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAA42FC4BFE37CB8C" ID-CoL="Y44D" box="[337,449,980,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kethuk">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAA42FC4BFE37CB8C" box="[337,449,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. kethuk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has again independently acquired the reduced character state of that structure. And the habitus and morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FA931FC66FD2FCC70" ID-CoL="Y45B" box="[546,729,1016,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FA931FC66FD2FCC70" box="[546,729,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unlike all the other
<taxonomicName id="4C694D39FF87FF9FAF00FC66FB6FCC70" ID-CoL="3TNK" box="[1043,1177,1016,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAA8FF87FF9FAF00FC66FB6FCC70" box="[1043,1177,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having reduced first fingers, suggesting that it too may represent an independent lineage not closely related to the others. Given the small size of all these species, it may be that reduced first-finger size is a frequent morphological corollary of size miniaturization, the latter perhaps acquired (at least in several species) in response to a lifestyle devoted to inhabiting leaf litter, as seen in other miniaturized frogs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAF25FB16FAA1CCC0" author="Lehr" box="[1078,1367,1160,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lehr E. &amp; Coloma LA (2008) A minute new Ecuadorian Andean frog (Anura Strabomantidae, Pristimantis). Herpetologica, 64, 354 - 367." type="journal article" year="2008">Lehr and Coloma, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAE76FB16FE7FCCA4" author="Lehr" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lehr E. &amp; Catenazzi A (2009) A new species of minute Noblella (Anura: Strabomantidae) from southern Peru: the smallest frog of the Andes. Copeia, 2009, 148 - 156." type="journal article" year="2009">Lehr and Catenazzi, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FAA86FB33FDDECCA4" author="Kraus" box="[405,552,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. (2010) New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea. Zookeys, 48, 39 - 59." type="journal article" year="2010">Kraus, 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B4BFF87FF9FA920FB32FD84CCA4" author="Kraus" box="[563,626,1196,1220]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kraus, F. (2011) At the lower size limit for tetrapods: two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura: Microhylidae). Zookeys, 154, 71 - 88." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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