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<document id="5F20F156D0A19D91A9CB2F2E1F3774B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="37320" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Monanchora arbuscula Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="138" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="136" updateTime="1698435695899" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DFCC6ADBBD790555F81093F0C077707E">Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A25AA4851FB6F679436F6DB74E21BCCD">Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3510618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A8001077D0FF25FF14A7589116FE12" lastPageId="137" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77D0FF2BFF14A758914BFBF4" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A7589323FBD7" blockId="135.[151,862,1075,1134]" box="[151,862,1075,1101]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<heading id="D0F6066A77D0FF2BFF14A7589323FBD7" bold="true" box="[151,862,1075,1101]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A7589323FBD7" ID-CoL="73NRS" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,862,1075,1101]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Monanchora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A7589323FBD7" bold="true" box="[151,862,1075,1101]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A75891C9FBD7" bold="true" box="[151,436,1075,1101]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Monanchora arbuscula</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A73E914BFBF4" blockId="135.[151,862,1075,1134]" box="[151,310,1109,1134]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFF14A73E9170FBF4" box="[151,269,1109,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figures 84</figureCitation>
a–h
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77D0FF2BFF14A7F69108FB29" box="[151,373,1181,1203]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A7F69108FB29" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" box="[151,373,1181,1203]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Restricted synonymy:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77D0FF2BFF14A7D7915AFAF1" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A7D793E6FB48" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" box="[151,923,1212,1234]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A7D79292FB48" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 88" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,751,1212,1234]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Pandaros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arbusculum">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A7D7910BFB48" box="[151,374,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Pandaros arbusculum</emphasis>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 88
</taxonomicName>
, pl. XVIII fig. 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A7B19457FB6A" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" box="[151,1066,1242,1264]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB11962877D0FF2BFF14A7B19457FB6A" box="[151,1066,1242,1264]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A7B192D3FB6A" authority="De Laubenfels, 1953: 528" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityPageNumber="528" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,686,1242,1264]" class="Demospongiae" family="Phellodermidae" genus="Echinostylinos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="unguiferus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A7B191E3FB6A" box="[151,414,1242,1264]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Echinostylinos unguiferus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFE26A7B092D3FB6A" author="De" box="[421,686,1242,1264]" page="528" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFE26A7B09201FB6A" author="De" box="[421,636,1242,1264]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 2 (3), 511 - 557." type="journal article" year="1953">De Laubenfels, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 528
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFD78A7B19458FB6A" author="Collette" box="[763,1061,1242,1264]" page="309" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFD78A7B1938FFB6A" author="Collette" box="[763,1010,1242,1264]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Collette, B. B. &amp; Rutzler, K. (1977) Reef fishes over sponge bottoms off the mouth of the Amazon River. Proceedings 3 rd International Coral Reef Symposium. Miami, Florida, U. S. A., pp. 305 - 310." type="proceedings paper" year="1977">Collette &amp; Rützler 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 309
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A79294F2FA95" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" box="[151,1167,1273,1295]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB11962877D0FF2BFF14A79294F2FA95" box="[151,1167,1273,1295]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A7929225FA95" ID-CoL="43ZYC" authority="Hechtel, 1969: 21" authorityName="Hechtel" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,600,1273,1295]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Monanchora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="barbadensis">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A79291E1FA95" box="[151,412,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Monanchora barbadensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFE21A7929225FA95" author="Hechtel" box="[418,600,1273,1295]" page="21" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFE21A792924EFA95" author="Hechtel" box="[418,563,1273,1295]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel, 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 21
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 3;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFD25A7919310FA95" author="Van" box="[678,877,1273,1295]" page="40" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFD25A791933AFA95" author="Van" box="[678,839,1273,1295]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 66 (199), 1 - 167. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549852 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1984">Van Soest 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
, Pl. IV figs 3–5, text-fig. 12;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A673935BFAB4" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" box="[151,806,1304,1326]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB11962877D0FF2BFF14A673935BFAB4" box="[151,806,1304,1326]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A67391FFFAB4" ID-CoL="43ZYS" box="[151,386,1304,1326]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Monanchora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="unguifera">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A67391FFFAB4" box="[151,386,1304,1326]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Monanchora unguifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFE13A6729259FAB4" author="Zea" box="[400,548,1304,1326]" page="152" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFE13A672918FFAB4" author="Zea" box="[400,498,1304,1326]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catalogo Cientific, Bogot, Colombia, 286 pp." type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 152
</treatmentCitation>
, pls 7–9, text-figs 50–51;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A65D915AFAF1" blockId="135.[151,1437,1181,1387]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB11962877D0FF2BFF14A65D915AFAF1" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D0FF2BFF14A65D91FBFAD6" ID-CoL="73NRS" box="[151,390,1334,1356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Monanchora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A65D91FBFAD6" box="[151,390,1334,1356]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Monanchora arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFE16A65D9295FAD6" author="Kobluk" box="[405,744,1334,1356]" page="1217" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFE16A65D92D5FAD6" author="Kobluk" box="[405,680,1334,1356]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Kobluk, D. R. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (1989) Cavity dwelling sponges in a southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44 (3), 1207 - 1235." type="journal article" year="1989">Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 1217
</treatmentCitation>
; Hajdu
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFCBBA6539310FAD6" box="[824,877,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
2011: 146–150; Moraes 2011: 131–133;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA0971777D0FF2BFA95A65D915EFAF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3503745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3503745" author="Rutzler" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C23A87C6FF8CFF98FF11F8C41F11FC10" page="64" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D0FF2BFA95A65D9080FAF1" author="Rutzler" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Rützler
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFAEBA65395E0FAD6" box="[1384,1437,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
: 64
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77D0FF2BFF14A6FC947CFA4F" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF14A6FC947CFA4F" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<materialsCitation id="3B69BB5B77D0FF2BFF14A6FC9380FA4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726523" collectingDate="1966-05-07" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="Snellius O. C. P. S." country="Suriname" elevation="64" latitude="7.28" location="Suriname" longLatPrecision="555" longitude="-56.7933" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" specimenCount="2">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF14A6FC91FEFA2A" bold="true" box="[151,387,1431,1456]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED1029C377D0FF2BFE0EA6F3919CFA35" box="[397,481,1432,1455]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 9957, 10546,
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677D0FF2BFD41A6FC934DFA2A" box="[706,816,1431,1456]" name="Suriname" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, ‘
<collectorName id="26F4D4D077D0FF2BFCC0A6FC9472FA2A" box="[835,1039,1431,1456]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Snellius O.C.P.S.</collectorName>
’
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677D0FF2BFB9CA6F3940BFA2A" box="[1055,1142,1432,1456]" name="Guyana" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station G7,
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C177D0FF2BFF44A6D7916AFA4E" box="[199,279,1468,1492]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" precision="555" value="7.28">7.28°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C177D0FF2BFE9DA6D791E2FA4F" box="[286,415,1468,1493]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" precision="5" value="-56.7933">56.7933°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth
<quantity id="4CF91CE377D0FF2BFE73A6D79256FA4E" box="[496,555,1468,1493]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" unit="m" value="64.0">
<elevation id="002C563577D0FF2BFE73A6D79256FA4E" box="[496,555,1468,1493]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" unit="m" value="64.0">64 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, bottom sand,
<date id="FFBF97C677D0FF2BFD4DA6D6932BFA4F" box="[718,854,1468,1493]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" value="1966-05-07">
<collectingDate id="EFFB6E2E77D0FF2BFD4DA6D6932BFA4F" box="[718,854,1468,1493]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" value="1966-05-07">7 May 1966</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="9D077A8F77D0FF2BFCE6A6D79388FA4F" box="[869,1013,1468,1493]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77D0FF24FF44A6B491F2F83E" lastPageId="136" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A6B49180F9DA" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF44A6B49124FA62" bold="true" box="[199,345,1503,1528]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Description.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFEE5A6B491CAFA62" box="[358,439,1503,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
a) Thin encrustations on a dead oyster shell. Two different patches were present, each less than
<quantity id="4CF91CE377D0FF2BFF52A56F9169F986" box="[209,276,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick and
<quantity id="4CF91CE377D0FF2BFE12A56F919AF986" box="[401,487,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
in lateral expansion. Surface optically smooth, no visible oscules. Color (alcohol) beige–orange. Consistency soft.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A52795E0F912" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF44A5279148F9FF" bold="true" box="[199,309,1612,1637]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Hymedesmioid, with thick tylostyles erect on the substratum, with heads embedded in a thin spongin plate. Brushes of thin subtylostyles carry the organic skin. Microscleres numerously present throughout the tissues.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A5FF9137F96F" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFF44A5FF914DF937" bold="true" box="[199,304,1684,1709]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Spicules.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFEBCA5FF91E8F937" box="[319,405,1684,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
b–h) Slightly different in both specimens, in one (10546) there are tylostyles, subtylostyles, tridentate anchorate isochelae and sigmoid microscleres, in the other (9957) the sigmoids are lacking and the chelae are polydentate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A594947EF8FA" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
Tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFECBA59491E2F882" box="[328,415,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
b,b1 &amp; 84f,f1), robust, curved, with prominent tyles, similar in shape in both specimens, but those of 10546 (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFED9A44F91CAF8A7" box="[346,439,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
b,b1) are slightly longer, 237–438 µm, those of 9957 (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFBBEA44F94E4F8A7" box="[1085,1177,1828,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
f,f1) are 141–321 µm, combined the sizes in the two specimens are 141–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFD44A423928CF8FA" box="[711,753,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">274</emphasis>
–438 x 8.5–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFCF6A42C93DFF8FA" box="[885,930,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">11.6</emphasis>
–16 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A4079320F832" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
Subtylostyles (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFEEDA40791BAF81E" box="[366,455,1900,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
c,c1 &amp;
<quantity id="4CF91CE377D0FF2BFD94A407923AF81E" box="[535,583,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.4" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" unit="g" value="84.0">84g</quantity>
,g1), thinner than the tylostyles, straight, with elongate-oval tyles, similar in shape and size in both specimens, 204–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFDD3A4FB9207F832" box="[592,634,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">247</emphasis>
–291
<date id="FFBF97C677D0FF2BFD3AA4FB92A7F832" box="[697,730,1936,1960]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">x 3</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFD69A4E49370F832" box="[746,781,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">4.6</emphasis>
–6 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D0FF2BFF44A4DF9424F86B" blockId="135.[151,1437,1431,2033]" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
Anchorate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFE3EA4DF9269F857" box="[445,532,1972,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Figs 84</figureCitation>
d &amp; 84h), with fimbriae along the entire shaft, with unguiferous-spatulate alae, three in 10546 (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFECBA4B391E7F86B" box="[328,410,2008,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
d), five in 9957 (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377D0FF2BFDD7A4B392DBF86B" box="[596,678,2008,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
h), but similar in size, 21–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D0FF2BFC49A4B39386F86A" box="[970,1019,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">24.8</emphasis>
–27 µm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7EE18E77DFFF24FF14A5A59367F8DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" targetPageId="136">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DFFF24FF14A5A59367F8DA" blockId="136.[151,1436,1742,1856]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DFFF24FF14A5A5915CF979" bold="true" box="[151,289,1742,1764]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">FIGURE 84.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DFFF24FEABA5A59302F97E" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[296,895,1742,1764]" class="Demospongiae" family="Crambeidae" genus="Monanchora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DFFF24FEABA5A5926AF97E" box="[296,535,1742,1764]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Monanchora arbuscula</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b–h, SEM images of spicules, b–e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f–h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DFFF24FF44A40C91F2F83E" blockId="136.[151,1436,1895,2028]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
Sigmoid microscleres (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DFFF24FE4CA40C9259F81A" box="[463,548,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 84. Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10546 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of spicules, b – e, spicules of RMNH Por. 10546, b, tylostyle, b 1, details of b, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, tridentate anchorate isochela, e, sigmoid microsclere, f – h, spicules of RMNH Por. 9957, f, tylostyle, f 1, details of f, g, subtylostyle, g 1, details of g, h, polydentate anchorate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273035/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
e), tiny, strongly and evenly curved with finely pointed apices, only found in 10546, 6.5–
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DFFF24FE9FA4E79142F83E" box="[284,319,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">7.4</emphasis>
–9 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DFFF24FF44A4C4920CF876" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DFFF24FF44A4C4920CF876" blockId="136.[151,1436,1895,2028]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DFFF24FF44A4C4918AF852" bold="true" box="[199,503,1967,1992]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DFFF24FD82A4DB9225F852" box="[513,600,1968,1992]" name="Guyana" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, Greater Caribbean, NE
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DFFF24FC3FA4C4947EF852" box="[956,1027,1967,1992]" name="Brazil" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, on reefs and other hard substrates, down to
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DFFF24FF7AA4BF914FF871" box="[249,306,2004,2028]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
depth (
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DFFF24FE06A4BF91A3F876" box="[389,478,2004,2028]" name="Guyana" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DFFF24FDA4A4B89219F876" box="[551,612,2003,2028]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="64.0">64 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DEFF25FF44A3FC9116FE12" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DEFF25FF44A3FC92C1FEDA" blockId="137.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DEFF25FF44A3FC9146FF2A" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is interpreted as a variable species, both in growth form (arborescent to encrusting) and in spicule complement (presence or absence of microscleres, megasclere morphologies). The two specimens reported here occurring in the same station on dead oysters testify of the spicule variability, shown in the plate (upper row of spicules are from 10546, lower row from 9957): they are distinct in the number of alae in the anchorate chelae and the presence or absence of sigmoid microscleres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DEFF25FF44A2269116FE12" blockId="137.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477DEFF25FF44A2269094FEFE" box="[199,233,333,356]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">No</collectingRegion>
spined microxeas such as reported for this species by e.g. Moraes (2011) (p. 131) have been observed in the present specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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