499 lines
82 KiB
XML
499 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document id="774EC0DAB7BEEBE6DCC783F4C84CDAFE" ID-CLB-Dataset="8776" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4822.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="29f5d7f4-a040-4adc-af79-26d0ab252ac7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4401737" ID-ZooBank="C199B68E-E676-42CA-89BA-1415236ACFF4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609338135653" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shinohara, Akihiko & Yamasako, Junsuke" docDate="2020" docId="421AB335FFA5FFEAFF17FC61BC83FDCD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4822.3.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4822 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hyperxiphia hirashimai Shinohara & Yamasako 2020, n. comb." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="414" masterDocId="BE23CB4DFFA6FFE3FF80FFB3BC6EFFF0" masterDocTitle="Hyperxiphia hirashimai, comb. n. (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) from southern Japan: remarkable sexual dimorphism revealed by DNA barcodes and new distribution records" masterLastPageNumber="415" masterPageNumber="405" pageNumber="408" updateTime="1698849738835" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D4E758D2EA61DF34B4C6BFB97D8C4F38">Hyperxiphia hirashimai, comb. n. (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) from southern Japan: remarkable sexual dimorphism revealed by DNA barcodes and new distribution records</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1AF2D6E65C299C2867586A4BA79B7D60" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0C341AB0B0C29A08B49485601AAF2AE4">Shinohara, Akihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="823E22D5373912873C328BBDAC4F35CE">National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 - 0005 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="76946760387015E2EFC8A462CBD2FC65">Yamasako, Junsuke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FCE0EB3787D4E544181E997ABAC21066" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9989-4187</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="3DF7A28E19D22F80B47ABB05241A6F42">Division of Informatics and Inventory, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3 - 1 - 3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 - 8604 Japan. mesoxxmesosa @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9989 - 4187</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6718ACBFBC83D98AB91047FAFD430F53" type="email">mesoxxmesosa@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="FF922A53D191887EE713E35F6FDC0FBE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="096055491AF27C763C3ECC20F2DC17D7">
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<mods:date id="17185118CE953D5560DFF3F315530731">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B3DDCE0C29C49D037CCDC55797E5721F">2020-08-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="003BA749ED0E758CA70A27BFAA64141F">4822</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA5FFE0FF17FC61BF6EFC1D" blockId="3.[151,768,978,1041]" box="[151,768,978,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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<heading id="9144B54FFFA5FFE0FF17FC61BF6EFC1D" bold="true" box="[151,768,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA5FFE0FF17FC61BF6EFC1D" bold="true" box="[151,768,978,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA5FFE0FF17FC61BEE6FC1C" authority="(Okutani, 1965)" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[151,648,978,1005]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA5FFE0FF17FC61BDD4FC1D" bold="true" box="[151,442,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FE49FC61BE11FC1C" author="Okutani, T." box="[457,639,978,1004]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="73 - 84" refId="ref5902" refString="Okutani, T. (1965) Sawflies and horntails from the Ryukyus. Kontyu, 33, 73 - 84." type="journal article" year="1965">Okutani, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="E3F4634AFFA5FFE0FD15FC60BF6EFC1D" box="[661,768,979,1005]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="82A951A8FFA5FFE0FF17FC44BD65FBE1" box="[151,267,1014,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA5FFE0FF17FC44BD65FBE1" blockId="3.[151,768,978,1041]" box="[151,267,1014,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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(
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<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA5FFE0FF1FFC44BD6DFBE1" box="[159,259,1014,1041]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1664,1688]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetBox-3="[155,1431,347,1639]" captionTargetId-0="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetId-2="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetId-3="figure-122@8.[151,1436,345,1641]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Distribution of Hyperxiphia hirashimai, black dots showing collection records." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401747" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4401747/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Figs 2–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="82A951A8FFA5FFE0FF17FB88BE75FB82" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA5FFE0FF17FB88BE75FB82" blockId="3.[151,1437,1083,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="EAA3250DFFA5FFE0FF17FB88BE75FB82" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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<treatmentCitation id="4B122432FFA5FFE0FF17FB88BE28FBA3" author="Okutani, T." box="[151,582,1083,1107]" page="74" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" year="1965">
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<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA5FFE0FF17FB88BE28FBA3" authority="Okutani, 1965: 74" authorityName="Okutani" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,582,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" genus="Genaxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
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<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA5FFE0FF17FB88BDEDFBA3" box="[151,387,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Genaxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FE0AFB88BE28FBA3" author="Okutani, T." box="[394,582,1083,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="73 - 84" refId="ref5902" refString="Okutani, T. (1965) Sawflies and horntails from the Ryukyus. Kontyu, 33, 73 - 84." type="journal article" year="1965">Okutani, 1965: 74</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="4B122432FFA5FFE0FDD0FB88BF0AFBA3" author="Abe, M. & Togashi, I." box="[592,868,1083,1107]" page="559" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FDD0FB88BF0AFBA3" author="Abe, M. & Togashi, I." box="[592,868,1083,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="559" refId="ref5266" refString="Abe, M. & Togashi, I. (1989) Xiphydriidae. In: Hirashima, Y. (Ed.), A Check List of Japanese Insects. Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, p. 559. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1989">Abe & Togashi, 1989: 559</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="4B122432FFA5FFE0FCEFFB88B84DFBA3" author="Smith, D. R." box="[879,1059,1083,1107]" page="105" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FCEFFB88B84DFBA3" author="Smith, D. R." box="[879,1059,1083,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 193" refId="ref6607" refString="Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta. (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: Van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (Eds.), Hymenopterorum Catalogus. Pars 14. Dr. W. Junk B. V., The Hague, pp. i-vi + 1 - 193." type="book chapter" year="1978">Smith, 1978: 105</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="4B122432FFA5FFE0FBAEFB8FB94AFBA3" author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1070,1316,1083,1108]" page="113" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FBAEFB8FB94AFBA3" author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1070,1316,1083,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref6854" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Taeger
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||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA5FFE0FBFAFB8FB8C9FBA3" box="[1146,1191,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
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., 2010: 113
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</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="4B122432FFA5FFE0FAAFFB88BD5EFB82" author="Shinohara, A." page="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" year="2019">
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<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA5FFE0FAAFFB88BD5EFB82" author="Shinohara, A." pageId="3" pageNumber="408" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref6151" refString="Shinohara, A. (2019 d) Family Xiphydriidae. In: Editorial Committee of Catalogue of the Insects of Japan (Ed.), Catalogue of the Insects of Japan. Vol. 9. Hymenoptera. Part 1. Symphyta. Entomological Society of Japan, Kyoto, pp. 21 - 24. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2019">Shinohara, 2019d: 21</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Shinohara, 2020: 470.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="82A951A8FFA5FFEBFF17FB13B9E4FEB1" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA5FFE0FF17FB13BD36F9B6" blockId="3.[151,1437,1184,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">
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<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA5FFE0FF17FB13BC80FB4A" bold="true" box="[151,238,1184,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Female</emphasis>
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(hitherto undescribed, based on a specimen from Narukawa-keikoku,
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<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA5FFE0FB96FB13B833FB4A" box="[1046,1117,1184,1210]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Length without ovipositor about
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<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA5FFE0FF5CFB77BD40FB2F" box="[220,302,1220,1247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="408" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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. Head black with extensive creamy white marks as in
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<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA5FFE0FC0AFB77BF86FB2E" box="[906,1000,1220,1246]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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A–E; mouth parts creamy white, partly obscurely blackish, with apex of mandible black. Antenna entirely black. Thorax black, with following creamy white: large spot in lower part and anterior and dorsal margins of pronotum, spot on anterior lateroventral part of propleuron, most of tegula, outer part of axilla, three spots on mesepisternum (one at ventral anterior margin and two along the dorsal ridge), metascutellum and anterolateral swollen part of metanotum (base of cenchrus); mesoscutal lateral lobe marked with dark brown. Legs black, with part of fore and mid coxae, most of hind coxa, basal half of tibia and tarsomere 1 (except for extreme apex) of all legs creamy white. Wings slightly infuscated; veins and stigma blackish brown. Abdomen black, with following creamy white: tergum 2 (except for anterior and posterior margins), lateral spot on terga 3–9 (very small and obscure on 3, small on 4, large on 5–9, large and along posterior margin on 9), large transverse spot on dorsum of tergum 8, and dorsal apical part of terminal tergum; ovipositor sheath marked with dark brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA5FFE0FF47F9E3BDC3F822" blockId="3.[151,1437,1184,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="408">Malar space about 0.4× length of distance between toruli, with ventral pit (antennal groove) large and deep, clearly delimited by shape carina dorsally; space between eye and dorsal margin of ventral pit almost linear; occipital carina (crassa) distinct, ventral end obsolete; genal carina developed nearly to vertex but their dorsal ends widely separated from each other; inner orbits slightly divergent below, interocular distance at level of toruli about equal in length to eye height; wide longitudinal depression from median ocellus to median fovea. Labial palpus with 4 palpomeres; maxillary palpus with 5 palpomeres, terminal palpomere pointed at apex. Both antennae with 17 antennomeres; scape (incl. radicula): pedicel:flagellomere 1:flagellomere 2 as 2.1:1.0:1.6:0.8. Hind tarsomere 1 about 1.2× length of remaining tarsomeres combined; tarsal claws with large inner tooth. Fore wing with cell 3R1 closed at apex (vein R1 connecting with vein Rs); cell 2Rs slightly wider than cell 1M; crossvein 2r-m basal to crossvein 2m-cu on vein M; hind wing with cell R1 closed at apex. Ovipositor sheath with apical sheath subequal in length to basal sheath.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA2FFE7FF17F8CFB97EF848" blockId="4.[151,1437,1916,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="409">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA2FFE7FF17F8CFBD78F864" bold="true" box="[151,278,1916,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="409">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA2FFE7FEA0F8CFBE78F864" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[288,534,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="409" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA2FFE7FEA0F8CFBE78F864" box="[288,534,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="409">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA3FFE6FF47FF24BD0DFDE9" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">
|
||
Frons and interantennal area reticulate, with rather conspicuous striae radiating down from ocelli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FAB2FF24B9E1FF41" box="[1330,1423,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
); gena covered with rough longitudinal wrinkles and some large punctures; vertex smooth, shiny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FB5CFF08B936FF25" box="[1244,1368,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 2A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum irregularly wrinkled in dorsal half, smooth with several longitudinal ridges at middle, and very smooth and impunctate in ventral half; propleuron roughly wrinkled but without distinct punctures and surface rather smooth; mesoscutal median lobe coarsely reticulate on dorsal surface; lateral lobes reticulate with large elongate even area with coriaceous and mat surface; mesoscutellum densely rugoso-reticulate; mesepisternum rather shallowly reticulate, pilose, with posterior dorsal area largely smooth; mesepimeron nearly impunctate and glabrous, with row of short oblique ridges; metepisternum coarsely rugoso-reticulate and metepimeron rugose. Abdomen with tergum 1 coarsely finely punctate, each half centrally and with broad inner margin partly nearly impunctate and shiny; all other terga weakly shiny with very fine surface microsculpture, posterior dorsal margin of each tergum nearly smooth and shiny.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA3FFE6FF47FD90BF74FC55" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF47FD90BD6AFDCD" bold="true" box="[199,260,547,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="1508BC81FFA3FFE6FE93FD90BD12FDCE" box="[275,380,547,574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Length about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA3FFE6FDABFD90BE01FDCD" box="[555,623,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head creamy white, with black marks as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FBE8FD90B888FDCD" box="[1128,1254,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Figures 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FB73FD90B956FDCD" box="[1267,1336,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
; anterior margin of clypeus pale amber; mouth parts creamy white, with apex of mandible black. Antenna dark brown to black; posterior surfaces of scape and pedicel pale brown. Prothorax creamy white, with laterodorsal surfaces of propleuron darkened and dorsal margin and large mark in dorsal lateral surface of pronotum blackish; mesonotum very pale reddish brown, with axilla and dorsal surface of mesoscutellum creamy white and posterolateral sunken area to lateral and posterior surfaces of mesoscutellum black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FCD0FD64BFC5FD01" box="[848,939,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
); metanotum black, with metascutellum and anterolateral swollen part (base of cenchrus) creamy white and sunken area between cenchri pale brown; lateral and ventral surfaces of mesothorax and metathorax creamy white, partly obscurely pale brown. Legs very pale brown, with coxae and trochanters creamy white. Wings very slightly infuscated; veins and stigma dark brown. Abdomen creamy white, with large blackish marks as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FD24FCD4BF55FC71" box="[676,827,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Figure 3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
; base and apex of each sternum slightly darkened and sterna 8 and 9 largely marked with black; genitalia black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA3FFE6FF47FC1CBE13FB8D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">
|
||
In structure, generally similar to female, except for usual sexual differences notably in slenderer and longer abdomen. Labial palpus with 4 palpomeres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FD17FC60BF7EFC1D" box="[663,784,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both antennae with 15 antennomeres. Tarsal claw with large subapical tooth near apex. Abdominal tergum 8 large and long, nearly flattened above, apical margin nearly truncate; composite terga 9+10 small and short, mostly concealed under tergum 8; sternum 8 with posteromedian part swollen and protruding posteriorly, with conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FB9EFB8CB819FBA9" box="[1054,1143,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetId="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrowed); sternum 9 with posterior margin slightly concave medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA3FFE6FF47FB35B879FA15" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF47FB35BD56FB50" bold="true" box="[199,312,1158,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FEC5FB34BDCAFB51" box="[325,420,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Females</emphasis>
|
||
(nine specimens examined): Length without ovipositor ranges from about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA3FFE6FB65FB34B909FB51" box="[1253,1383,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The antennae have 15 to 19 (most frequently 17) antennomeres (n=15). Of the three whitish spots on the mesepisternum, one or two spots along the dorsal ridge are sometimes missing or, on the contrary, all the three spots are enlarged and nearly connected into a large elongate mark. Sometimes, the mesoscutal median lobe has an obscure whitish spot, the mesoscutellum has paired spots and the metepisternum has an obscure whitish spot. The mesoscutal lateral lobe is usually entirely black. The abdomen has the whitish area on the tergum 2 sometimes interrupted medially above and the lateral whitish spot on the tergum 3 is often missing. The ovipositor sheath is sometimes entirely black.
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF17FA30BCB5FA6D" box="[151,219,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Males</emphasis>
|
||
(eight specimens examined including
|
||
<typeStatus id="1508BC81FFA3FFE6FD15FA30BEABFA6D" box="[661,709,1411,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series): Length ranges from about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA3FFE6FBD9FA31B896FA6D" box="[1113,1272,1410,1437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.65" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="10.25" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="6.5">6.5 to 14 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The antennae have 14 to 17 antennomeres (n=13). The mesoscutal median lobe is sometimes largely creamy white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FA8DFA14B90BFA31" box="[1293,1381,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the abdominal tergum 1 is very often largely marked with pale brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA3FFE6FC30FA78B864FA15" box="[944,1034,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA3FFE6FF47FA5DBDCDF865" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF47FA5DBD84F9F9" bold="true" box="[199,490,1518,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Comparative comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FE70FA5CBE94F9F9" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[496,762,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FE70FA5CBE94F9F9" box="[496,762,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FC4BFA5CB81CF9F9" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[971,1138,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FC4BFA5CB81CF9F9" box="[971,1138,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B2A442B3FFA3FFE6FB33FA5CB96BF9F9" box="[1203,1285,1519,1545]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA3FFE6FA92FA5CB9F9F9F9" author="Smith, D. R." box="[1298,1431,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA3FFE6FF17F9A0BDFBF9DE" author="Shinohara, A. & Yamasako, J. & Chou, W. - I." box="[151,405,1555,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref6559" refString="Shinohara, A., Yamasako, J. & Chou, W. - I. (2020 b) Notes on two xiphydriid woodwasps of the genus Hyperxiphia (Hymenoptera) from Taiwan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 26, 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Shinohara
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FE8EF9A0BD50F9DD" box="[270,318,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These two species show a remarkably similar pattern of sexual dimorphism. In the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FF17F984BD2EF9A1" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,320,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF17F984BD2EF9A1" box="[151,320,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the antennal flagellum is creamy white except for blackish apex, the mesonotum is largely marked with pale brown and creamy white, the trochanters of all legs are creamy white, the abdominal tergum 8 has the broad posterior margin creamy white, and the abdominal tergum 9 is largely creamy white laterally. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FAA1F9CCBCAFF94C" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FAA1F9CCBCAFF94C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the antennal flagellum is entirely black, the mesonotum is mostly black, the trochanters of all legs are black, the abdominal tergum 8 has separate dorsal and lateral creamy white marks, and the abdominal tergum 9 has the lateral creamy white spot limited to its posterior margin. The males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FBA0F958B8D2F8F5" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1056,1212,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FBA0F958B8D2F8F5" box="[1056,1212,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FB74F958B9F2F8F5" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[1268,1436,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FB74F958B9F2F8F5" box="[1268,1436,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are barely distinguishable by the coloration of the veins C and R in the fore wing and the antennal flagellum. The veins C and R in the fore wing is concolorous pale brown and the flagellum has no whitish areas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FB79F880B9FBF8BD" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1273,1429,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FB79F880B9FBF8BD" box="[1273,1429,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the vein C is pale brown and the vein R is contrastingly blackish brown and the flagellum often has whitish areas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA3FFE6FF74F8C8BDF3F865" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[244,413,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA3FFE6FF74F8C8BDF3F865" box="[244,413,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="410">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9ECC52ABFFA0FFE5FF17F8F3BE93F88C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" startId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" targetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA0FFE5FF17F8F3BE93F88C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1856,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA0FFE5FF17F8F3BD60F8A8" bold="true" box="[151,270,1856,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA0FFE5FE9BF8F3BE61F8A8" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[283,527,1856,1880]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA0FFE5FE9BF8F3BE61F8A8" box="[283,527,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA0FFE4FF47F818BED3FE5D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1962,2025]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">
|
||
In
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA0FFE5FF66F818BD13F835" author="Maa, T. - C." box="[230,381,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" pagination="11 - 189" refId="ref5748" refString="Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 13, 11 - 189." type="journal article" year="1949">Maa’s (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA0FFE5FE53F819BE31F834" authorityName="Maa" authorityYear="1949" box="[467,607,1962,1988]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA0FFE5FE53F819BE31F834" box="[467,607,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">Hyperxiphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA0FFE5FD47F818BF0DF834" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[711,867,1962,1988]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA0FFE5FD47F818BF0DF834" box="[711,867,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
goes close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA0FFE5FB86F818B930F835" authority="(Mocsary, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Mocsary" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1030,1374,1962,1989]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA0FFE5FB86F818B8F2F834" box="[1030,1180,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">H. melanaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA0FFE5FB2CF818B938F835" author="Mocsary, A." box="[1196,1366,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="411" pagination="496 - 498" refId="ref5836" refString="Mocsary, A. (1904) Siricidarum species quinque novae. Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, 2, 496 - 498." type="journal article" year="1904">Mocsáry, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B2A442B3FFA0FFE5FF17F87DBC87F818" box="[151,233,1998,2024]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="411">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the two taxa are different in details of the coloration of the legs and abdomen, judging from the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FF73FF24BDC9FF41" author="Mocsary, A." box="[243,423,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="496 - 498" refId="ref5836" refString="Mocsary, A. (1904) Siricidarum species quinque novae. Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, 2, 496 - 498." type="journal article" year="1904">Mocsáry (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE5EFF24BE0AFF41" author="Maa, T. - C." box="[478,612,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="11 - 189" refId="ref5748" refString="Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 13, 11 - 189." type="journal article" year="1949">Maa (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FD0EFF24BF58FF41" author="Smith, D. R." box="[654,822,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith’s (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
key to Taiwanese species, the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FA80FF24B9F2FF41" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1280,1436,151,177]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FA80FF24B9F2FF41" box="[1280,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may run to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FE9EFF08BE36FF25" authority="Smith, 2019" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[286,600,187,213]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FE9EFF08BDACFF25" box="[286,450,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. sculpturata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE4AFF08BE36FF25" author="Smith, D. R." box="[458,600,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from it in the pale color pattern of the head (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FAD3FF08BCCAFF09" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E with figures 24 and
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA1FFE4FE49FF6DBE6AFF09" box="[457,516,222,249]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FD8DFF6CBEFBFF09" author="Smith, D. R." box="[525,661,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the creamy white metascutellum (entirely black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB71FF6CB9F8FF09" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[1265,1430,223,249]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB71FF6CB9F8FF09" box="[1265,1430,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. sculpturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figure
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA1FFE4FF60FEB0BD77FEED" box="[224,281,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" unit="in" value="23.0">23 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE9FFEB0BDCBFEED" author="Smith, D. R." box="[287,421,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the densely rugoso-reticulate mesoscutellum (mostly shiny with scattered large punctures separated by shiny flat interspaces in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FDF3FE94BF7AFEB1" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2019" box="[627,788,295,321]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FDF3FE94BF7AFEB1" box="[627,788,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. sculpturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, figure
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFA1FFE4FCEAFE94BFCCFEB1" box="[874,930,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" unit="in" value="23.0">23 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FC28FE94B840FEB1" author="Smith, D. R." box="[936,1070,295,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB4BFE94B90BFEB1" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1227,1381,295,321]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB4BFE94B90BFEB1" box="[1227,1381,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FF64FEF8BE46FE95" authority="(Enslin, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Enslin" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[228,552,331,357]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FF64FEF8BD11FE95" box="[228,383,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. formosana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE0EFEF8BE4EFE95" author="Enslin, E." box="[398,544,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="180 - 182" refId="ref5339" refString="Enslin, E. (1911) H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Tenthredinidae. (Hym). Deutsche Entomologische National-Biobliothek, 2 (23), 180 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019110215" type="journal article" year="1911">Enslin, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for the number of the antennomeres (“usually with 17 antennomeres”) in couplet 4, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FED3FEDCBD80FE79" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[339,494,367,393]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FED3FEDCBD80FE79" box="[339,494,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much more pale areas on the dorsum of thorax and abdomen than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FA82FEDCB9F2FE79" baseAuthorityName="Enslin" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1282,1436,367,393]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosana">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FA82FEDCB9F2FE79" box="[1282,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. formosana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FF1FFE20BD47FE5D" author="Enslin, E." box="[159,297,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="180 - 182" refId="ref5339" refString="Enslin, E. (1911) H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Tenthredinidae. (Hym). Deutsche Entomologische National-Biobliothek, 2 (23), 180 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019110215" type="journal article" year="1911">Enslin 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; photographs in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE63FE20BEDFFE5D" author="Taeger, A. & Liston, A. D. & Prous, M. & Groll, E. K. & Gehroldt, T. & Blank, S. M." box="[483,689,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" refId="ref6906" refString="Taeger, A., Liston, A. D., Prous, M., Groll, E. K., Gehroldt, T. & Blank, S. M. (2018) ECatSym-Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Program version 5.0. 19 December 2018. Data version 40. 23 September 2018. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Mu ¨ ncheberg. Available from: https: // sdei. de / ecatsym / (accessed 27 February 2020)" type="url" year="2018">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FDB5FE20BE00FE5D" box="[565,622,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9ECC52ABFFA1FFE4FF17FA6EBF8BF9CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4401745" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" startId="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" targetBox="[160,1428,460,1472]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA1FFE4FF17FA6EBF8BF9CE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1501,1598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FF17FA6EBD61FA06" bold="true" box="[151,271,1501,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FE9DFA6DBE7CFA06" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[285,530,1502,1526]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FE9DFA6DBE7CFA06" box="[285,530,1502,1526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA1FFE4FF47F9DFB843F8AE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1644,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FF47F9DFBE3EF976" bold="true" box="[199,592,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Remarkable sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
|
||
As described above and illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FB88F9DFB8FFF976" box="[1032,1169,1644,1670]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1501,1525]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1428,460,1472]" captionTargetId-0="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetId-2="figure-160@7.[151,1435,453,1478]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Amami-oshima (holotype, A, B, D–G) and Yakushima (C).—A, C, Head, dorsal view; B, head dorsofrontal view; D, thorax, dorsal view, E, labial palp, dorsal view; F, same, ventral view; G, abdomen and hind legs, lateral view (arrow showing conspicuous tuft of long stiff hairs on sternum 8)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401745" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4401745/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Figures 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB1EF9DEB955F976" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1182,1339,1644,1670]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB1EF9DEB955F976" box="[1182,1339,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a remarkable sexual dimorphism, particularly in coloration. The pattern of sexual differences in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB63F922B9EEF95A" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1251,1408,1680,1706]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB63F922B9EEF95A" box="[1251,1408,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that observed in a Taiwanese species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FD41F906B8E0F93F" authority="(Shinohara et al. 2020 b)" baseAuthorityName="Shinohara" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[705,1166,1716,1743]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FD41F906BF05F93E" box="[705,875,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FCFCF907B8E8F93F" author="Shinohara, A. & Yamasako, J. & Chou, W. - I." box="[892,1158,1716,1743]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="29 - 33" refId="ref6559" refString="Shinohara, A., Yamasako, J. & Chou, W. - I. (2020 b) Notes on two xiphydriid woodwasps of the genus Hyperxiphia (Hymenoptera) from Taiwan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 26, 29 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Shinohara
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FC78F906B845F93E" box="[1016,1067,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the two species, the female is a black xiphydriid with creamy white marking (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FC95F96BBF34F902" box="[789,858,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; the legs are also black and creamy white) while the male is a creamy white or pale brown xiphydriid with black marking only dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FBBCF94FB8EEF8E6" box="[1084,1152,1788,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; the legs are entirely pale brown to creamy white), giving the female and male very different general appearances (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FBF7F893B8AEF8CA" box="[1143,1216,1824,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,193,1882]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[151,1435,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, female, Narukawa-keikoku.—A, Dorsal view; B, lateroventral view; C, head, frontal view; D, head, dorsal view; E, head and right antenna, laterofrontal view; F, apical part of abdomen, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401741/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFA1FFE4FB4BF893B8B5F8CA" box="[1227,1243,1824,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[151,1435,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Hyperxiphia hirashimai, male, Nago-shi, Okinawa-jima (A, B), Amami-oshima (holotype, C, D) and Yakushima (E).—A, D, E, Dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner tooth of the tarsal claws is situated near middle in the female and near apex in the male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFA1FFE4FF47F8DBBFB6F81E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1644,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">
|
||
Large sexual differences in color pattern and shape of the tarsal claws were reported also for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB76F8DBBDBEF856" authority="Takeuchi, 1938" authorityName="Takeuchi" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Xiphydriidae" genus="Platyxiphydria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tiphiiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB76F8DBBD74F856" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Platyxiphydria tiphiiformis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FEA2F83FBDBEF856" author="Takeuchi, K." box="[290,464,1932,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="173 - 229" refId="ref7001" refString="Takeuchi, K. (1938) A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (1). Tenthredo, 2, 173 - 229." type="journal article" year="1938">Takeuchi, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE60F83FBF51F856" author="Shinohara, A. & Matsumoto, R." box="[480,831,1932,1958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref6462" refString="Shinohara, A. & Matsumoto, R. (2019) Remarkable sexual dimorphism in the woodwasp genus Platyxiphydria (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae): Proposal of new synonymy and new host and distribution records. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 25, 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="2019">Shinohara & Matsumoto 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the sexual dimorphism is less conspicuous in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FEB1F803BDCFF83A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1803" box="[305,417,1968,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Xiphydriidae" genus="Xiphydria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FEB1F803BDCFF83A" box="[305,417,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Xiphydria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FE30F803BE1DF83A" author="Shinohara, A." box="[432,627,1968,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="531 - 542" refId="ref6024" refString="Shinohara, A. (2019 a) The Xiphydria palaeanarctica group from Japan (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae). Zootaxa, 4608 (3), 531 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4608.3.7" type="journal article" year="2019">Shinohara 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FDFFF803BFD8F83A" author="Shinohara, A. & Kameda, Y." box="[639,950,1968,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="171 - 186" refId="ref6390" refString="Shinohara, A. & Kameda, Y. (2019) DNA barcodes and morphology revealed three species masquerading in Xiphydria camelus of authors (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) in Northeast Asia: X. eborata sp. rev. and X. albopicta sp. nov. Zootaxa, 4612 (2), 171 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4612.2.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Shinohara & Kameda 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FC43F803B8A8F83A" author="Shinohara, A. & Hara, H. & Smith, D. R." box="[963,1222,1968,1994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="375 - 389" refId="ref6266" refString="Shinohara, A., Hara, H. & Smith, D. R. (2020 a) The Xiphydria annulitibia group in northeastern Asia (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae). Zootaxa, 4755 (2), 375 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4755.2.11" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Shinohara
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FBBCF802B800F83A" box="[1084,1134,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FB59F802BDC6F81F" authority="Brauns, 1884" authorityName="Brauns" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Xiphydriidae" genus="Konowia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FB59F802B950F83A" box="[1241,1342,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Konowia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FAC6F803BCA1F81E" author="Brauns, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="220 - 223" refId="ref5318" refString="Brauns, S. (1884) Eine neue Xiphydrinengattung. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 3, 220 - 223." type="journal article" year="1884">Brauns, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FF5EF867BDCEF81F" author="Shinohara, A." box="[222,416,2004,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="3 - 7" refId="ref6067" refString="Shinohara, A. (2019 b) Konowia harai n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 25, 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="2019">Shinohara 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFA1FFE4FE5EF867BFBAF81E" authority="Smith, 2008" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2008" box="[478,980,2004,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Xiphydriidae" genus="Lataxiphyda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFA1FFE4FE5EF867BE04F81E" box="[478,618,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="412">Lataxiphyda</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FDF1F867BE94F81E" author="Smith, D. R." box="[625,762,2004,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="15 - 95" refId="ref6698" refString="Smith, D. R. (2008). Xiphydriidae of the Philippines, Insular Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji (Hymenoptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 58 (1), 15 - 95." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFA1FFE4FC88F867BFA2F81E" author="Shinohara, A." box="[776,972,2004,2030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="412" pagination="101 - 105" refId="ref6101" refString="Shinohara, A. (2019 c) Lataxiphyda nodai (Togashi, 1982) (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae): New synonym, new combination and new distribution record. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A, 45, 101 - 105." type="journal article" year="2019">Shinohara 2019c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFAEFFEBFF47FF24B9E4FEB1" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAEFFEBFEC3FF24BDA1FF41" authorityName="Maa" authorityYear="1949" box="[323,463,151,177]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFEC3FF24BDA1FF41" box="[323,463,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Hyperxiphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently represented by 24 species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFC0BFF24B832FF41" author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[907,1116,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref6854" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFC61FF24B87CFF41" box="[993,1042,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFBE8FF24B944FF41" author="Shinohara, A." box="[1128,1322,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref6151" refString="Shinohara, A. (2019 d) Family Xiphydriidae. In: Editorial Committee of Catalogue of the Insects of Japan (Ed.), Catalogue of the Insects of Japan. Vol. 9. Hymenoptera. Part 1. Symphyta. Entomological Society of Japan, Kyoto, pp. 21 - 24. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="2019">Shinohara 2019d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFAB6FF24BCBCFF25" author="Liu, S. - X. & Yang, J. - Y. & Wei, M. - C." pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="165 - 173" refId="ref5703" refString="Liu, S. - X., Yang, J. - Y. & Wei, M. - C. (2019) Two new species of Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera) from Japan. Entomotaxonomia, 41, 165 - 173." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFAE4FF24B9FBFF41" box="[1380,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFF5EFF08BD14FF25" author="Li, Y. & Chen, Y. - P. & Niu, G. - Y. & Wei, M. - C." box="[222,378,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="174 - 180" refId="ref5563" refString="Li, Y., Chen, Y. - P., Niu, G. - Y. & Wei, M. - C. (2019) Two new species of Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera) from China. Entomotaxonomia, 41, 174 - 180." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFF7FFF08BD5EFF25" box="[255,304,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFE06FF08BE65FF25" author="Smith, D. R." box="[390,523,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref6744" refString="Smith, D. R. (2019) Five new species of xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) from Taiwan, with new records and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.4289 / 0013 - 8797.121.2.265" type="journal article" year="2019">Smith 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2020). Of these, both sexes are known for five species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAEFFEBFB79FF08B9FBFF25" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1273,1429,187,213]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFB79FF08B9FBFF25" box="[1273,1429,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while only females are known for 15 species and only males are known for four species. Almost all the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAEFFEBFF17FEB0BD4DFEED" authorityName="Maa" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,291,259,285]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFF17FEB0BD4DFEED" box="[151,291,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Hyperxiphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from one or a few specimens each. Much more material of both sexes, particularly reared pairs of specimens or fresh material which can provide molecular data, is needed for correct association of sexes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="9ECC52ABFFAEFFEBFF17F933B855F968" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401747" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4401747" box="[151,1083,1664,1688]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401747/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" startId="8.[151,250,1664,1688]" targetBox="[155,1431,347,1639]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFAEFFEBFF17F933B855F968" blockId="8.[151,1083,1664,1688]" box="[151,1083,1664,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFF17F933BD7DF968" bold="true" box="[151,275,1664,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAEFFEBFE36F933BEC7F968" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[438,681,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFE36F933BEC7F968" box="[438,681,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Hyperxiphia hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, black dots showing collection records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="82A951A8FFAEFFEAFF47F975BC83FDCD" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFAEFFEAFF47F975BDBEFEB1" blockId="8.[151,1437,1734,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFF47F975BD0FF910" bold="true" box="[199,353,1734,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was described from Amami-oshima Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAEFFEBFC6AF975B8E4F911" author="Okutani, T." box="[1002,1162,1734,1761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" pagination="73 - 84" refId="ref5902" refString="Okutani, T. (1965) Sawflies and horntails from the Ryukyus. Kontyu, 33, 73 - 84." type="journal article" year="1965">Okutani 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We examined an additional nine females and six males, which reveal that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAEFFEBFD66F958BFEFF8F4" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[742,897,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAEFFEBFD66F958BFEFF8F4" box="[742,897,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs widely from Miyake-jima Island, southwestern Shikoku, southern Kyushu, through Yakushima and Amami-oshima Islands to Okinawa-jima Island (
|
||
<figureCitation id="52881EA6FFAEFFEBFAEFF8BDBCC9F8BD" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1664,1688]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,347,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-122@8.[151,1436,345,1641]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distribution of Hyperxiphia hirashimai, black dots showing collection records." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4401747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4401747/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The seemingly strange isolated distribution of this species in Miyake-jima Island may be due to the paucity of the available material. The four available COI sequences from Yakushima, Kuroshima and Okinawa-jima Islands were the same, suggesting the absence of large genetic divergence among the populations of the three islands. Yakushima and Kuroshima Islands are about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFAEFFEBFD98F82DBE0FF848" box="[536,609,1950,1976]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
|
||
apart and these two islands are about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFAEFFEBFB99F82DB81EF848" box="[1049,1136,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="km" value="435.0">435 km</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFAEFFEBFB29F82DB96DF848" box="[1193,1283,1950,1976]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="km" value="470.0">470 km</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, away from Okinawa-jima Island. The peculiar southwest-northeast extending distribution range of this species may have been established, perhaps partly, by rafting of logs containing the larvae with the north-flowing Kuroshio Current running along the southeastern margin of the Japanese Archipelago. The possibility of transoceanic dispersal of xylophagous insects with sea current has been discussed by various authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAFFFEAFBE4FF6CB9F6FF09" author="Ohbayashi, N. & Niisato, T." box="[1124,1432,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" refId="ref5862" refString="Ohbayashi, N. & Niisato, T. (2007) Longicorn Beetles of Japan. Tokai University Press, Hadano, xii + 818 pp., 22 figs, 130 color pls. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="2007">Ohbayashi & Niisato 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAFFFEAFF17FEB0BDEFFEED" author="Makihara, H. & Yamasako, J. & Taki, H." box="[151,385,258,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" pagination="12 - 13" refId="ref5782" refString="Makihara, H., Yamasako, J. & Taki, H. (2015) A test for estimating survival ability of Comusia testacea (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) under salty and wet conditions. Sayabane, New Series, (18), 12 - 13. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Makihara
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAFFFEAFE88FEB0BD57FEED" box="[264,313,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE227FD2FFAFFFEAFE67FEB0BF79FEEE" author="Holzapfel, E. P. & Harrell, J. C." box="[487,791,259,286]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" pagination="115 - 153" refId="ref5438" refString="Holzapfel, E. P. & Harrell, J. C. (1968) Transoceanic dispersal studies of insects. Pacific Insects, 10 (1), 115 - 153." type="journal article" year="1968">Holzapfel & Harrell (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted “marine drift has probably been the least successful method of insect dispersal”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0C0223FFAFFFEAFF47FEF8BC83FDCD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">
|
||
Based on both morphological and molecular data (see above),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAFFFEAFC16FEF8B85AFE95" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[918,1076,331,357]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAFFFEAFC16FEF8B85AFE95" box="[918,1076,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is regarded as very close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAFFFEAFA01FEF8BD73FE79" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAFFFEAFA01FEF8BD73FE79" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">H. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B2A442B3FFAFFFEAFEE2FEDCBDD6FE79" box="[354,440,367,393]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is interesting that these two species are allopatric in distribution and the ranges of the two species are widely separated by a “vacant” area including such comparatively large islands as Miyako-jima, Ishigaki-jima and Iriomote-jima Islands, which have rich representation of plants and animals. The minimum distance between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B2A442B3FFAFFFEAFF7BFE68BD23FE05" box="[251,333,475,501]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Okinawa-jima Island is about
|
||
<quantity id="0D4BAFC6FFAFFFEAFD52FE68BF4AFE05" box="[722,804,475,501]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" unit="km" value="600.0">600km</quantity>
|
||
. We need more material and information for understanding the actual distribution range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DB379A0FFAFFFEAFD9AFE4CBEDAFDE9" authorityName="Shinohara & Yamasako" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Okutani" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[538,692,511,537]" class="Insecta" genus="Hyperxiphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirashimai">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8C7DE31FFAFFFEAFD9AFE4CBEDAFDE9" box="[538,692,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">H. hirashimai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and for having a plausible explanation for this peculiar distribution pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |