602 lines
66 KiB
XML
602 lines
66 KiB
XML
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="42BB211FA3F77A0D41E8E4F3620693E9" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5177-5893</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="C36C94A5846A111A01672EFDB9CEFA38">Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name id="BE65B585A1F43A94846DCFEBFA9AC6EF" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DA07E4D464CA1162B554A9949904C2FA">da Silva, Guilherme Sousa</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9B0DED60A0EB181EEAFB8466BA26FCD2" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-0017</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="72114D43E9E5658A10A93819D1C55D83">Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083 - 876, Sao Paulo / SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="EC9773D48BD3A015826750CCB1D81730" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6251AA56135F5FE4A54A78C051B4D4BA">Simon, Marcelo F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="921236CFC9E261EDAD9C71137FFB3CB8" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-1716</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="C5881C655F67822098A63C6FFBC8813E">Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Caixa Postal 02372, 70770 - 917, Brasilia / DF, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7CC7F5B833E9E6F6F04FE64EB6CA1D5C" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ECF81AA9668B9BB031A62AEE36AD9455">
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<mods:roleTerm id="187E3B83915E9A5086008335E665DA64">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FA651D40943B1A9A5213D6B864C6407C">Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A0E62104D1F2E8A43874AF32DE500BB3" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-1771</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="0FE39557A26593AEBE0D21099367932E">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Botanica, Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Bloco IV - Predio 43433, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="29B16BC6C34CDC4C3868BCA7E74A79B2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A988D1DD40B3E71C0EE6C4C1B7895A46">
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<mods:roleTerm id="707558ABA5805F94A13C95D746DA097B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="02AFCA48437CE49F56D5A38AB9705F42">Terra, Vanessa</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1896890A09BBCF1A73EAB08CFC525773" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-1304</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="93D25858AF64A0595277EE48F4433967">Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105 - 900, Santa Maria / RS, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
|
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FE4ABB58F01F2D5A8657818CFC3D6141">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8DAD384F59D6885A23F5E8C56F4CE02D">
|
||
<mods:title id="B8A0F382FD859265DD4610B950FA2460">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:part id="4AEB1D9FC45962785CBB4F4AB9AA34DD">
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<mods:date id="F780ADA2B9397F6DBCFFF3D8DF59E087">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BC81E4138139A63C8559B97C7A761D09">2024-04-03</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="0885176D2B3D361C7C4304439DD1EF4A" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="7B916204E4F975E07FC2CD4CAE40AD91">240</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:extent id="461E415E8A6969622CCBCCE785F9EC7A" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="34EFC2D81CDB54404391D14A92273933">1</mods:start>
|
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<mods:end id="E3EBB27ED6EE06E3BE43B1793C114F91">552</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="0B0EB1016ABD2376F4588115805D48CD">
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<mods:url id="5C9A107795060ED63B28EDF281F27515">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:url>
|
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</mods:location>
|
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<mods:classification id="590CDBE9FF44FFBCF608387D6912F44D">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D28939C9E225E49F712888488A9C8CA6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="96C06DD8F8CBA70F33E9764DA6A3AFE2" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-240-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DB7B1B191CABA99BB06686BE08BC1A7C" type="Pensoft-UUID">B699D9DE2B435B1093DE3C38C703D430</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4FD8E9CA94FB429CB9BFC10D717D1CD1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4FD8E9CA94FB429CB9BFC10D717D1CD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FD8E9CA94FB429CB9BFC10D717D1CD1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="42AF211B590D2C0772FA12E8EFB8C1BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="629010CFEE4510048B876F6198F9B00D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51F44DA14756A381CCF18877CBE80B42" ID-CoL="9CLMV" authority="Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 127. 1840." authorityName="Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 127. 1840." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pentaclethra Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 127. 1840.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="168C71884A4F34B8F28CC5B97E44E998" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3899B9A5D838644FBF67A35AE4209C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<figureCitation id="80E2792BA71ACD6A8C09D411D7C5E6BE" captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 104. Habit and growth form in the Adenanthera clade A Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I. C. Nielsen scaly bark B Xylia torreana Brenan canopy C Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze trunk showing buttresses D Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. canopy (Harris 9659) E Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre pale grey, scaly bark (Catarino 2067) F Pseudoprosopis gilletii (De Wild.) Villiers liana with leaves and lignified tendrils (Texier 1558) G Adenanthera pavonina L. thin scaly bark H habit I Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre growing in savanna (Coates Palgrave M 806). Photo credits A Dechaphaetkrathok B F du Randt C D DeMelo D DJ Harris E L Catarino F N Texier G, H Shelbyfarmer I M Coates Palgrave." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014777" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 104</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="AB5A626F49759C4C483FF677F4D2B93E" captionStart="Figure 105" captionStartId="F112" captionText="Figure 105. Flowers and inflorescences in the Adenanthera clade A Adenanthera pavonina L. inflorescence B, C Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. (Harris 9663) B reflexed petals and white filaments on the flowers C racemose inflorescence D Xylia hoffmannii (Vatke) Drake umbellate inflorescence (Ratovoson 838) E Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms inflorescence (Texia 976) F Pseudoprosopis bampsiana Lisowski flower detail showing pseudopedicels (Bidault 2515) G, H Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze G inflorescences congested at the ends of branches H close-up of the inflorescence showing the long filamentous staminodes. Photo credits A CheongWeei Gan B, C DJ Harris D F Ratovoson E N Texia F E Bidault G, H D Cardoso." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014778" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 105</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="A7223991682B6F14F3C33BB8AC0E49CC" captionStart="Figure 106" captionStartId="F113" captionText="Figure 106. Fruits and seeds in the Adenanthera clade A Adenanthera pavonina L. dehisced fruits with exposed persistent red seeds B Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre Indehiscent four-angled fruits (Catarino 2067) C Pseudoprosopis fischeri Harms young fruit (Bingham 8055) D Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I. C. Nielsen young dolabriform pod E Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. immature winged, indehiscent pod (Harris 9659) F Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. pod and recalcitrant seeds G, H Calpocalyx ngouniensis Pellegr. woody valves from dehisced pod (Texier 695). Photo credits A Shelbyfarmer B L Catarino C MG Bingham D B Peroth E DJ Harris 9659 F CJ Porto, Fundacion Tierra Iberica G H N Texier." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure106" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014779" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 106</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="A0FED693E0E05E68975891656F5AED5B" captionStart="Figure 107" captionStartId="F114" captionText="Figure 107. Distribution of Pentaclethra based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014780" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 107</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EF4CB6B1F861270CFB389A9707F79FFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="948A6BC51FF978E04F75F6A4436FFD43" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<typeStatus id="241656509D40F5E127D659529135AE58">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F34C4D115FC0F5395AF17B6DF6F594D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7690C52812215CE54309BD3DEABA3482" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra filamentosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="filamentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="63D027784B25923079C4DD5C1813B9DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra filamentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Benth. [≡
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1BBCA24C9E32B5920AE226CBF0DD895" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra macroloba" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC705CFB8AC19BCD8C450E343DC3C4AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Willd.) Kuntze (≡
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F6EA4C527C85844704DD5215915414C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia macroloba" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="183B5E3ABD48149614F72F66F0583E89" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Willd.)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="95E816CF14B6CB665BA5098C5074C868" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5683E61834406732D244E179D17C29DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7EA68193E4FECB9EC9232C448BC52DF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Large, unarmed, often buttressed trees 10-35 m tall, (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FD17668354067BE39EDA6A3CE72E6F21" captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F111" captionText="Figure 104. Habit and growth form in the Adenanthera clade A Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I. C. Nielsen scaly bark B Xylia torreana Brenan canopy C Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze trunk showing buttresses D Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. canopy (Harris 9659) E Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre pale grey, scaly bark (Catarino 2067) F Pseudoprosopis gilletii (De Wild.) Villiers liana with leaves and lignified tendrils (Texier 1558) G Adenanthera pavonina L. thin scaly bark H habit I Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre growing in savanna (Coates Palgrave M 806). Photo credits A Dechaphaetkrathok B F du Randt C D DeMelo D DJ Harris E L Catarino F N Texier G, H Shelbyfarmer I M Coates Palgrave." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014777" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">104C</figureCitation>
|
||
) to 1.3 m in diameter, adventitious roots sometimes present; bark mottled grey/brown, smooth; young stems with dark brown stripes when dried, pubescent with rusty or golden appressed hairs, brachyblasts absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="E3EF45F594EB0D9124D381A46A861985" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
|
||
small, linear, caducous.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B9A2792AC64E88BD769A2DE9C4EA00" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
large, bipinnate, foliar nectaries absent; pinnae 5-20 pairs per leaf, opposite, petiole and pinnae adaxially pubescent with erect golden or rusty hairs; leaflets 10-60 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, oblong to linear-falcate, glabrous.
|
||
<emphasis id="7EE797E29B4DB52EFFB616F8F29F1DF2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescence</emphasis>
|
||
a terminal panicle of spikes (rarely solitary) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6F75D59F44EEF964027C5FEC061966F8" captionStart="Figure 105" captionStartId="F112" captionText="Figure 105. Flowers and inflorescences in the Adenanthera clade A Adenanthera pavonina L. inflorescence B, C Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. (Harris 9663) B reflexed petals and white filaments on the flowers C racemose inflorescence D Xylia hoffmannii (Vatke) Drake umbellate inflorescence (Ratovoson 838) E Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms inflorescence (Texia 976) F Pseudoprosopis bampsiana Lisowski flower detail showing pseudopedicels (Bidault 2515) G, H Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze G inflorescences congested at the ends of branches H close-up of the inflorescence showing the long filamentous staminodes. Photo credits A CheongWeei Gan B, C DJ Harris D F Ratovoson E N Texia F E Bidault G, H D Cardoso." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014778" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">105G</figureCitation>
|
||
), axis bearing hundreds of tiny sessile flowers, the spike 5-20 (30) cm long, to 3.5 cm broad at anthesis.
|
||
<emphasis id="ABF486A4162750D879CCC155A6E21679" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
5-merous; sepals connate, calyx campanulate, lobed, glabrous, green to yellow, calyx lobes imbricate in bud; petals connate, valvate in bud, glabrous, fleshy, the margins of the lobes inrolled and the apex of each petal keeled, white, green, or pink to red in colour; androecium fused to the petals forming a stemonozone, filaments sometimes connate above the petals as well, each flower with 5 fertile stamens alternating with 5 sterile staminodia, the latter opposite the petals, filamentous, white to cream, exserted beyond the corolla, fertile stamens with the filaments white, anthers dorsifixed, oval, opening by pouches, each bearing a large anther gland at the apex; pollen of tricolporate monads; ovary sessile, rusty-pubescent, linear to ovate, style equal to or shorter than the fertile stamens, stigma punctate.
|
||
<emphasis id="DC609BF69198ADBD7E95C713A5A89D26" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruit</emphasis>
|
||
a woody, explosively dehiscent legume, valves curling after dehiscence, 15-50 (65) cm long, oblong, clavate, 5-8-seeded; exocarp dark brown, glabrous, striate with longitudinal veins; endocarp smooth, light brown, fibrous, not partitioned between the seeds.
|
||
<emphasis id="526AB140BF898B0431911EE05DAC2AB5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
|
||
large, recalcitrant, inserted obliquely, orbicular to ovate, 4-7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E9D622792906DA2F535BD850DD3E830C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-3.5 cm, testa papery, pleurogram absent (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="34248D134AD3459C68A53B66C53AB26C" captionStart="Figure 106" captionStartId="F113" captionText="Figure 106. Fruits and seeds in the Adenanthera clade A Adenanthera pavonina L. dehisced fruits with exposed persistent red seeds B Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre Indehiscent four-angled fruits (Catarino 2067) C Pseudoprosopis fischeri Harms young fruit (Bingham 8055) D Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I. C. Nielsen young dolabriform pod E Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. immature winged, indehiscent pod (Harris 9659) F Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. pod and recalcitrant seeds G, H Calpocalyx ngouniensis Pellegr. woody valves from dehisced pod (Texier 695). Photo credits A Shelbyfarmer B L Catarino C MG Bingham D B Peroth E DJ Harris 9659 F CJ Porto, Fundacion Tierra Iberica G H N Texier." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure106" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014779" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">106F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5B3510B90C7FBE593DA5A82E4EE0D949" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
|
||
<paragraph id="220045AFB675048BA46B3CA799705AE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B6E19382311155825A722CAD63B424C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="DD3940A00C8950667AD9F4159E14EC8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 26 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="57EDB315945B1E810F4E05E8A6F12A7C" author="Fedorov, A [Ed.]" journalOrPublisher="Komorov Botanical Institute, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Fedorov, A [Ed.], 1969. Chromosome numbers of flowering plants. Academy of Sciences of USSR, V. L. Komorov Botanical Institute, Leningrad" title="Chromosome numbers of flowering plants. Academy of Sciences of USSR, V. L." year="1969">Fedorov 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B304203910516B1E59245C846D4E0037" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395237" author="Goldblatt, P" journalOrPublisher="Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 243" refId="B313" refString="Goldblatt, P, Johnson, DE, 1990. Index to plant chromosome numbers 1986-1987. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 30: 1 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395237" title="Index to plant chromosome numbers 1986 - 1987." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395237" volume="30" year="1990">Goldblatt and Johnson 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C6C7CCCA07B5FE0794A7A22D6DA77033" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="18DF490928D6768DAB80EE27FBA078D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33C486C043F1A5FDF8971DAA1DBCEB27" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Three species, one in Latin America, widespread from Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama) into South America (Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil), and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago; two species in West Africa, from Senegal to Angola and the Congo, also the islands of Principe and San
|
||
<normalizedToken id="82409480CCC1B3060320B8978358DA05" originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4C64EF0106144B472899FEEE15BA09DC" captionStart="Figure 107" captionStartId="F114" captionText="Figure 107. Distribution of Pentaclethra based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014780" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">107</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C587F5FC1FB2EB7722B648943D279616" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure107" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014780" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 107" startId="F114">
|
||
<paragraph id="2CC93A0D43ACBE0CAE8594EF66EAEFE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B36DB0B41B823AE6A3EF24A1037F005" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 107.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF3478D5EA912BEC2D094C25353CF058" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="005146AE9A549AB2B39A454D40C6FF9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C1FEDAAF1FEC0F9C04F5DB8EA2C1CD88" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="45DCF47F7C0A1611D036D5B5787EF0AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4187C4CFB5B2B2B7354DBD9CFA988BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Lowland humid and sub-humid forests, often on riverine or waterlogged soils, sometimes the dominant tree species particularly in the Americas. Seeds are demonstrated to be hydrochorous in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C7F69F6FCFFFAE4AF70E4702F3B14E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra macroloba" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="60DDE90AFD3A017C596CB33D72FC6EF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C92EDFF982CA7FC2BEB4A3576B1A07EB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" author="Williamson, GB" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="548 - 552" refId="B911" refString="Williamson, GB, Costa, F, 2000. Dispersal of Amazonian trees: hydrochory in Pentaclethra macroloba. Biotropica 32 (3): 548 - 552, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" title="Dispersal of Amazonian trees: hydrochory in Pentaclethra macroloba." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" volume="32" year="2000">Williamson and Costa 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B62FBDD56919E0AE796A725EC824822E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0370FDEA691FD0D8DD7F4845430F0743" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5FB4DF982626B07C4AC9DD1920D678CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Claimed to be from the Greek,
|
||
<emphasis id="C91A2FDF7626A1874AACEE890788492E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pente</emphasis>
|
||
(= five) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B5022C14908ED81CCBB4B57D50B49B60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">kleithro</emphasis>
|
||
(= bolt), alluding to five imbricate sepals and five petals joined at their bases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84FC8F7E4CFE8F9B9D27E37550FF3CEF" author="Barroso, GM" journalOrPublisher="Imprensa Universitaria, Vicosa, Brasil" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B53" refString="Barroso, GM, Peixoto, AL, Ichaso, CLF, Costa, CG, Guimaraes, EF, Lima, HC, 1991. Sistematica de Angiospermas do Brasil, vol. 2. Imprensa Universitaria, Vicosa, Brasil" title="Sistematica de Angiospermas do Brasil, vol. 2." year="1991">Barroso et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="506CCB423AB0378EC2D67B41EF48CE79" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
|
||
<paragraph id="95D13230F696DFBB38BD06C816E9E739" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="19D0B46B2B5DA73D653E61EBA9F14075" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D872C58D2D2497E56A85DD9FB370F830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra macrophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="157DA0F313C5F66BC7F790C0997CFDDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has many traditional uses, and is often planted around homes to shade gardens, improve soil fertility, and provide food, medicine, and timber. Known as the African oil bean tree, Owala oil tree, or Atta bean, the seeds are either roasted for up to 12 hours or fermented for several days to make an edible paste called ugba, high in protein and oil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8660D44F9454401B09976525B4AC99F2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb05025.x" author="Achinewhu, SC" journalOrPublisher="Food Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1736 - 1737" refId="B2" refString="Achinewhu, SC, 1982. Composition and food potential of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and velvet bean (Mucuna urens). Food Science 47 (5): 1736 - 1737, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb05025.x" title="Composition and food potential of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and velvet bean (Mucuna urens)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb05025.x" volume="47" year="1982">Achinewhu 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Oil from the seeds also has antimicrobial properties and is a promising natural ointment for wounds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E31FDEF75EFC0AD93D6D4527C8E9D39" author="Ugbogu, O" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Biotechnology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="285 - 287" refId="B868" refString="Ugbogu, O, Akukwe, AR, 2009. The antimicrobial effect of oils from Pentaclethra macrophylla Bent, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don and Persea gratissima Gaerth F on some local clinical bacteria isolates. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 285 - 287" title="The antimicrobial effect of oils from Pentaclethra macrophylla Bent, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don and Persea gratissima Gaerth F on some local clinical bacteria isolates." volume="8" year="2009">Ugbogu and Akukwe 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Leaves and bark are used medicinally as an anti-diarrheal, the scientific basis of which has been demonstrated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CC060CBEFCF02D411B86E5617020B63" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4%3C292::AID-PTR415%3E3.0.CO;2-N" author="Akah, P" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="292 - 295" refId="B6" refString="Akah, P, Aguwa, C, Agu, R, 1999. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal properties of Pentaclethra macrophylla leaf extracts. Phytotherapy Research 13: 292 - 295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4%3C292::AID-PTR415%3E3.0.CO;2-N" title="Studies on the antidiarrhoeal properties of Pentaclethra macrophylla leaf extracts." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4%3C292::AID-PTR415%3E3.0.CO;2-N" volume="13" year="1999">Akah et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although nitrogen fixation was not confirmed scientifically until 1993 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8CC5A9D3551AE826A19BB196E940678E" author="Ladipo, DO" journalOrPublisher="Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="104 - 105" refId="B450" refString="Ladipo, DO, Kang, BT, Swift, MJ, 1993. Nodulation in Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth., a multipurpose tree with potential for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of West Africa. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 11: 104 - 105" title="Nodulation in Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth., a multipurpose tree with potential for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of West Africa." volume="11" year="1993">Ladipo et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the trees have long been grown in Nigeria as a green manure crop.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4EE31605F5B97FB7085DA9F8CC570D68" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra macroloba" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CF13D81FF4FE6B3F5AAFC5BBDCB3763" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has many of the same traditional uses as the African species, as a source of wood, medicinals, and oil. The oil from this tree is known as "Pracaxi oil" or "Pracachy oil" and is high in behenic acid, a compound important to the cosmetic industry for its moisturizing properties. It is being commercially marketed as a natural botanical for skin problems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DD00B8BEB2D3E5A4231D934D6880C605" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="E47B2234C65A17F383D14C6D3D8A8CAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B04B265CA6B757E630A79F323D4BD803" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A08F19EA7337FCF6B46A8BA2CB3C039D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pentaclethra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pentaclethra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C29CC4DD9670AD5DE2C8C88D3F7DB0C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pentaclethra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often considered a transitional genus between the core mimosoids and the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2507429568D9625CEDE4E7FE45920FDA" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It shares a number of characters with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="744AF938685E16FEF337130527062927" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caesalpiniaceae" genus="Dimorphandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dimorphandra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C7EB4F388C07580CCE8D83C5E8F1137" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dimorphandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schott such as woody, clavate pods, flowers bearing staminodia alternating with fertile stamens, and imbricate sepals; however recent studies have shown the floral characters to be independently derived (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3FCE7BFE807E5429096C860D51A5A1C0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600308" author="Barros, TC" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="218 - 232" refId="B52" refString="Barros, TC, Pedersoli, GD, Paulino, JV, Teixeira, SP, 2017. In the interface of caesalpinioids and mimosoids: comparative development elucidates shared characters in Dimorphandra mollis and Pentaclethra macroloba (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 104 (2): 218 - 232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600308" title="In the interface of caesalpinioids and mimosoids: comparative development elucidates shared characters in Dimorphandra mollis and Pentaclethra macroloba (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600308" volume="104" year="2017">Barros et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="522EBF38425EE6157311D2BAB1881972" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The genus has been considered a classic example of a Gondwanan distribution, being disjunct between western Africa and Central and South America. The very short-lived (recalcitrant) seeds with a thin, papery testa coupled with a heavy, elastically dehiscent fruit seems to preclude a dispersal event across the Atlantic, although the much younger age now estimated for the legume family argues against a vicariant distribution. It is intriguing that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E71EB95D13779F6AB8BFE452D4039051" lsidName="P. macrophylla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="AD44CE7C2A3C653A1E142FF2D375E8ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. macrophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on islands off the west coast of Africa and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E8759244FC967D51D40BD782588D015" lsidName="P. macroloba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="7F7CFCFD62D9EF6B8DC99BCA29CF6B0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Trinidad and Tobago. Seeds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="340AC883ED74D731D5721427BEFD375D" lsidName="P. macroloba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="macroloba">
|
||
<emphasis id="D43E6B8FB7B315BC2DC5130624145889" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. macroloba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are hydrochorous in freshwater (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0608649ED65669214BD7A6EC35F098FE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" author="Williamson, GB" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="548 - 552" refId="B911" refString="Williamson, GB, Costa, F, 2000. Dispersal of Amazonian trees: hydrochory in Pentaclethra macroloba. Biotropica 32 (3): 548 - 552, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" title="Dispersal of Amazonian trees: hydrochory in Pentaclethra macroloba." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00501.x" volume="32" year="2000">Williamson and Costa 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="35A698B03963E7A1358471E46E92D88A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i1.43446" author="Rocha-Dantas, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 196" refId="B719" refString="Rocha-Dantas, A, Carneiro-Guedes, M, Vasconcelos, C, Lobo-Isacksson, JG, Barbosa-Pastana, DN, Lira-Guedes, AC, Fernandez-Piedade, MT, 2021. Morphology, germination, and geographic distribution of Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae): a hyperdominant Amazonian tree. Revista de Biologia Tropical 69 (1): 181 - 196, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i1.43446" title="Morphology, germination, and geographic distribution of Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae): a hyperdominant Amazonian tree." url="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i1.43446" volume="69" year="2021">Rocha-Dantas et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and two of the species are quite common on coastal plateaus. It would be interesting to test if the seeds remain viable in salt water, thus providing a means of amphi-Atlantic dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6646603D73A3F1BF0F161B5F8AFEFCBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
|
||
<paragraph id="EDA2BFA5625D41FE681DBC5391769EA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="517BE5CBE857A8C6EDB32552C64E7517" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C3FB7EA9D548D0BFBF9C31A4C6BD668" author="Flores, EM" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B284" refString="Flores, EM, 2002. Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze. In: JA Vozzo (Ed.) Tropical Tree Seed Manual, part 2, USDA Forest Service, 602-604." title="Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze. In: JA Vozzo (Ed.) Tropical Tree Seed Manual, part 2, USDA Forest Service, 602 - 604." year="2002">Flores (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A0362B85C2FE71F4526BE41520C64DA5" author="Schery, RW" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="184 - 314" refId="B750" refString="Schery, RW, 1950. Flora of Panama (Leguminosae), Subfamily Mimosoideae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37: 184 - 314" title="Flora of Panama (Leguminosae), Subfamily Mimosoideae." volume="37" year="1950">Schery (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, illustration;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F99B579B4E97748BC80078037DED335B" author="Villiers, J-F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle Section B, Adansonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B897" refString="Villiers, J-F, 1989. Flore du Gabon. Fascicule 31: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 1-185." title="Flore du Gabon. Fascicule 31: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 1 - 185." year="1989">Villiers (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, illustration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |