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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.83573" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38647357-14c5-4ea5-8150-909a6e855a8f" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-2-103" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D26F15B3027C5EB1A9EB757140DA81E6" ID-ZooBank="DFF7CEB320384CA7B057CD5BFACC9510" ModsDocID="2535-0730-6-2-103" checkinTime="1657813459907" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Framenau, Volker W. &amp; Kuntner, Matjaz" docDate="2022" docId="AAC94D3B402C5669936A7401E5781C9A" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 6(2): 103-133" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 6 (2)" docPubDate="2022-07-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.83573" docTitle="Leviana Framenau &amp; Kuntner 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="4DA6D7EB-7B17-478A-BB2D-6B57EDBD7806" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="D26F15B3027C5EB1A9EB757140DA81E6" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="D26F15B3027C5EB1A9EB757140DA81E6" masterDocTitle="The new Australian leaf-curling orb-weaving spider genus Leviana (Araneae, Araneidae)" masterLastPageNumber="133" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1657814224124" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The new Australian leaf-curling orb-weaving spider genus Leviana (Araneae, Araneidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Framenau, Volker W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7724-3831</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia &amp; Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia &amp; Zoological Museum Hamburg, Leibnitz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Centre for Taxonomy &amp; Morphology, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">volker.framenau@murdoch.edu.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kuntner, Matjaz</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia &amp; Jovan Hadzi Institute of Biology, ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia &amp; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA &amp; Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>6</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>103</mods:start>
<mods:end>133</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.83573</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.6.83573</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0730-2-103</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DFF7CEB320384CA7B057CD5BFACC9510</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">D26F15B3027C5EB1A9EB757140DA81E6</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4DA6D7EB-7B17-478A-BB2D-6B57EDBD7806" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AAC94D3B402C5669936A7401E5781C9A" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/4DA6D7EB-7B17-478A-BB2D-6B57EDBD7806" authority="Framenau &amp; Kuntner, 2022" authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Leviana</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="103">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName authority="Walckenaer, 1805" authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeira dimidiata" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Epeira dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. Koch, 1871 (designated here).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">The generic name honours the late Herbert Levi (1921-2014) for his contribution to araneid taxonomy and systematics. The gender of the genus-group name is feminine.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
The following morphological and behavioural synapomorphies unequivocally diagnose
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. from other genera of the
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Araneidae</taxonomicName>
, specifically those of the putative backobourkiines (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1878" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Acroaspis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acroaspis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Acroaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Karsch, 1878;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau, Duperre, Blackledge &amp; Vink" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Backobourkia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Backobourkia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Backobourkia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Framenau,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dupérré">Duperre</normalizedToken>
, Blackledge &amp; Vink, 2010;
<taxonomicName authorityName="L.Koch" authorityYear="1872" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Carepalxis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carepalxis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Carepalxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. Koch, 1872,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Castanheira" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Hortophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hortophora" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Hortophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Framenau &amp; Castanheira, 2021;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau" authorityYear="2011" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Lariniophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lariniophora" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Lariniophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Framenau, 2011;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Court &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1993" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Novakiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Novakiella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Novakiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Court &amp; Foster, 1993;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Joseph &amp; Framenau" authorityYear="2012" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Plebs" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plebs" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Plebs</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Joseph &amp; Framenau, 2012;
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Salsa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salsa" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Salsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Framenau &amp; Castanheira, 2022,
<taxonomicName genus="Socca" lsidName="Socca" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Socca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Framenau, Castanheira &amp; Vink, 2022): abdomen without humeral or posterior dorsal humps; basal arch of the median apophysis of the male pedipalp internally with basally directed spine (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Leviana minima sp. nov., male holotype (AM KS. 131102). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714532" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">15C</figureCitation>
); female epigyne generally wider than long, ovoid atrium, scape broad to triangular without terminal pocket, but broken off in most specimens (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., female (A-E QM S 111931; F NHMD 12202). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714528" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">11C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Leviana minima sp. nov., female (A, B, D AM KS. 131103; C, E AM KS. 131104). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714533" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">16C, D</figureCitation>
); incorporation of a curled leaf as retreat into the periphery of an open V-section in the web (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov. natural history (at Whites Hill, Queensland): A. Female vertical orb-web with spider in curled leaf retreat connected with hub via signal line; B. Same web, close up; note V-shaped open sector with signal line, closed hub with abrupt transition between hub loops and sticky spiral, and all radii originating at hub; C. Female in defensive pose after her leaf-retreat had been torn open; D. Leaf retreat with female (not seen) feeding on dragonfly prey." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714518" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">1A</figureCitation>
) (but details on web-building in some species unknown).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana folium" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="folium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana folium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A-D</emphasis>
; ZMUC 12203) and female (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">E-F</emphasis>
; ZMUC 12199) genitalia.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A.</emphasis>
Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">B.</emphasis>
Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C.</emphasis>
Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">D.</emphasis>
Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F.</emphasis>
Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A, B, F</emphasis>
); 0.05 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C-E</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Members of the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. superficially resemble those of the leaf-curling genera
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Artifex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artifex" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Artifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kallal &amp; Hormiga, 2018,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deliochus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Simon, 1894 and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phonognatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, particularly in the cylindrical shape of the abdomen and the lack of abdominal humps. However, this is likely a reflection of the leaf-curling behaviour which appears to favour such body shape.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Artifex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artifex" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Artifex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Deliochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Deliochus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Deliochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Phonognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phonognatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Phonognatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belong to the araneid subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phonognathinae">Phonognathinae</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2004" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Zygiellinae">Zygiellinae</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly014" author="Kallal, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1055 - 1141" refId="B18" refString="Kallal, RJ, Hormiga, G, 2018. Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055 - 1141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly014" title="Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly014" volume="184" year="2018">Kallal and Hormiga (2018)</bibRefCitation>
) or
<taxonomicName family="Phonognathidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="family">Phonognathidae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy082" author="Kuntner, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="555 - 572" refId="B29" refString="Kuntner, M, Hamilton, CA, Cheng, RC, Gregoric, M, Lupse, N, Lokovsek, T, Lemmon, EM, Lemmon, AR, Agnarsson, I, Coddington, JA, Bond, JE, 2019. Golden orbweavers ignore biological rules: phylogenomic and comparative analyses unravel a complex evolution of sexual size dimorphism. Systematic Biology 68: 555 - 572, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy082" title="Golden orbweavers ignore biological rules: phylogenomic and comparative analyses unravel a complex evolution of sexual size dimorphism." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy082" volume="68" year="2019">Kuntner et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
), whereas
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. morphology is consistent with the backobourkiines (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12382" author="Scharff, N" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 21" refId="B37" refString="Scharff, N, Coddington, JA, Dimitrov, D, Agnarsson, I, Framenau, VW, Szuets, T, Blackledge, TA, 2020. Phylogeny of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea). Cladistics 36: 1 - 21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12382" title="Phylogeny of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12382" volume="36" year="2020">Scharff et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Small to medium-sized (total length males ca. 2.0-7.0, females 2.5-10.0 mm) orb-weaving spiders, with males slightly smaller than females. This difference in the size of sexes can be considered as very moderate sexual size dimorphism (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025032" author="Kuntner, M" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="57 - 80" refId="B26" refString="Kuntner, M, Coddington, JA, 2020. Sexual size dimorphism: evolution and perils of extreme phenotypes in spiders. Annual Review of Entomology 65: 57 - 80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025032" title="Sexual size dimorphism: evolution and perils of extreme phenotypes in spiders." url="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025032" volume="65" year="2020">Kuntner and Coddington 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Carapace</emphasis>
(e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 26364). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character between L. dimidiata sp. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714527" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">10A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., female (A-E QM S 111931; F NHMD 12202). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714528" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">11A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., male (QM S 116640). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714534" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">17A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., female (QM S 116639). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714535" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">18A</figureCitation>
) longer than wide, pear-shaped; centre of cephalic region protruding more in males than in females; fovea poorly demarcated both in males and females forming a shallow pit; colouration brown in variable shades, sometimes with darker lateral flanks and cephalic area generally lighter; weak white pubescence both in males and females, particularly in the cephalic area.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Eyes</emphasis>
: anterior median eyes largest, their row wider than that of posterior median eyes; row of posterior eyes slightly recurved; lateral eyes almost touching and separated by more than their diameter from posterior median eyes; lateral eye groups elevated, a small horn of this elevation protrudes anteriorly.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Sternum</emphasis>
longer than wide.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Labium</emphasis>
wider than long, subtriangular, front end bulging and white.
<taxonomicName genus="Maxillae" lsidName="Maxillae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Maxillae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with large lateral tooth present in males. Chelicerae with 4 (rarely 3) promarginal teeth, 3 (rarely 2) retromarginal teeth,
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Legs</emphasis>
: leg formula I&gt; II&gt; IV&gt; III; tibiae I and II in males strong in some species with more distinct spines, specifically prolaterally (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Leviana minima sp. nov., male holotype (AM KS. 131102). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714532" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">15A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., male (QM S 116640). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714534" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">17A, B</figureCitation>
); coxae I of male with hook and femora II with opposing groove.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Abdomen</emphasis>
longer than wide; ovoid to cylindrical, slightly dorsoventrally flattened in some species (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Leviana folium sp. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 111922; C-E QM S 116638). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714530" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">13A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., male (QM S 116640). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714534" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">17A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., female (QM S 116639). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714535" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">18A</figureCitation>
); booklung covers with grooves; dorsum of abdomen uniform with some dark or light markings (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 26364). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character between L. dimidiata sp. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714527" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">10A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., female (A-E QM S 111931; F NHMD 12202). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714528" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">11A</figureCitation>
) or with more or less distinct
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana folium" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="folium">Leviana folium</taxonomicName>
pattern (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Leviana folium sp. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 111922; C-E QM S 116638). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714530" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">13A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Leviana minima sp. nov., male holotype (AM KS. 131102). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714532" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">15A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Leviana minima sp. nov., female (A, B, D AM KS. 131103; C, E AM KS. 131104). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714533" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">16A</figureCitation>
); ventral abdomen centrally light to dark grey, generally with lateral irregular guanine bands (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 26364). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character between L. dimidiata sp. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714527" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">10B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Leviana folium sp. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 111922; C-E QM S 116638). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714530" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">13B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., female (QM S 116639). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714535" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">18B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Spinnerets</emphasis>
(based on female
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. folium" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="folium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L. folium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of female spinnerets of (NHMD 12199). A. Spinnerets, ventral view; B. Left anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS), ventral view; C. Right posterior median spinnerets (PMS), ventral view; D. Left posterior lateral spinneret (PLS), ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 0.05 mm (B)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714519" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">2A-D</figureCitation>
) (nomenclature and abbreviations after
<bibRefCitation author="Coddington, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="71 - 95" refId="B6" refString="Coddington, JA, 1989. Spinneret silk spigot morphology: evidence for the monophyly of orbweaving spiders, Cyrtophorinae (Araneidae), and the group Theridiidae plus Nesticidae. Journal of Arachnology 17: 71 - 95" title="Spinneret silk spigot morphology: evidence for the monophyly of orbweaving spiders, Cyrtophorinae (Araneidae), and the group Theridiidae plus Nesticidae." volume="17" year="1989">Coddington (1989)</bibRefCitation>
): Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) with large field of piriform gland spigots (PI) (piriform spigots with normal bases), a major ampullate gland spigot (MAP) and a nubbin (nu) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of female spinnerets of (NHMD 12199). A. Spinnerets, ventral view; B. Left anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS), ventral view; C. Right posterior median spinnerets (PMS), ventral view; D. Left posterior lateral spinneret (PLS), ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 0.05 mm (B)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714519" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">2B</figureCitation>
); posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) with large field of aciniform gland spigots (AC), two aggregate gland spigots (AG) with a flagelliform gland spigot (FL) in between and a cylindriform gland spigot (CY) mesally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of female spinnerets of (NHMD 12199). A. Spinnerets, ventral view; B. Left anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS), ventral view; C. Right posterior median spinnerets (PMS), ventral view; D. Left posterior lateral spinneret (PLS), ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 0.05 mm (B)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714519" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">2C</figureCitation>
); posterior median spinneret with large field of aciniform gland spigots, a central cylindriform gland spigot and a posterior minor ampullate gland spigot (mAP) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of female spinnerets of (NHMD 12199). A. Spinnerets, ventral view; B. Left anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS), ventral view; C. Right posterior median spinnerets (PMS), ventral view; D. Left posterior lateral spinneret (PLS), ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 0.05 mm (B)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714519" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">2D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Male pedipalp</emphasis>
femora with tubercle; patellae with a single strong macroseta (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7C, D</figureCitation>
). Paracymbium present, simple and rounded (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7D</figureCitation>
). Cymbium narrow. Conductor entire and prominent, heavily sclerotised, with a number of lobes and processes (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5B</figureCitation>
); basal conductor lobe present (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5B</figureCitation>
). Median apophysis transverse, tip pointing apically and either broadly lobed (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 26364). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character between L. dimidiata sp. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714527" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">10C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12C</figureCitation>
) or more or less tapering (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Leviana minima sp. nov., male holotype (AM KS. 131102). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714532" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">15C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., male (QM S 116640). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714534" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">17C</figureCitation>
), basal arch internally with large spine (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Leviana folium sp. nov., male holotype (QM S 111932). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714529" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">12C</figureCitation>
). Embolic division with radix, stipes, terminal apophysis and embolus (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5A-C</figureCitation>
). Radix elongated, partially sclerotised. Stipes a thin, sometimes translucent but prominent lamella (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., expanded male pedipalp (QM S 111921). A. Ventral view; B. Apical view; C. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714522" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., male (QM S 111921). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714524" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">7A</figureCitation>
). Terminal apophysis fleshy, elongated and terminating in two lobes or one lobe and spine (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S 54745). A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., male (QM S 116640). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Left male pedipalp, ventral view; left male pedipalp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714534" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">17C</figureCitation>
). Embolus short, curved and heavily sclerotised (e.g. Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3A, D</figureCitation>
); tip of the embolus uncapped.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714521" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana dimidiata" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov., interpretation of the male pedipalp anatomy (QM S54745).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A.</emphasis>
Ventral view;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">B.</emphasis>
Dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Epigyne</emphasis>
ovoid, generally wider than long (e.g. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8C, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., female (A-E QM S 111931; F NHMD 12202). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714528" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">11C, F</figureCitation>
), scape approximately as long as epigyne, thin, broadly lipped or triangular (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Leviana cincinnata sp. nov., female (A-E QM S 111931; F NHMD 12202). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714528" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">11C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Leviana folium sp. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 111922; C-E QM S 116638). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714530" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">13C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Leviana minima sp. nov., female (A, B, D AM KS. 131103; C, E AM KS. 131104). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714533" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">16C</figureCitation>
)), but broken off in most specimens (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leviana folium sp. nov. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of male (A-D; ZMUC 12203) and female (E-F; ZMUC 12199) genitalia. A. Left pedipalp bulb, ventral view; B. Left pedipalp bulb, apico-dorsal view; C. Basal arch and spine of median apophysis, left pedipalp, ventral view; D. Distal section of pedipalp bulb, apical view; E, epigyne, ventral view; F. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, F); 0.05 mm (C-E)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714520" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">3E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Leviana dimidiata comb. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 67628; C-E QM S 25402). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view (scape broken off). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. dimidiata comb. nov. and L. folium sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714525" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Leviana folium sp. nov., female (A, B, F QM S 111922; C-E QM S 116638). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, lateral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view; F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D). Arrow in (A) points to diagnostic character distinguishing L. folium sp. nov. and L. dimidiata comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714530" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">13F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Leviana minima sp. nov., female (A, B, D AM KS. 131103; C, E AM KS. 131104). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714533" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">16F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Leviana mulieraria comb. nov., female (QM S 116639). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Epigyne, ventral view; D. Epigyne, posterior view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, D)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714535" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">18C</figureCitation>
); spermathecae ovoid, fertilization ducts slightly curved an attaching laterally at atrium (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Leviana gen. nov., cleared epigynes, posterior view. A. L. dimidiata comb. nov. (AM KS. 81993); B. L. cincinnata sp. nov. (QM S 111931). Scale bars: 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714523" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">6A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="composition">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Framenau &amp; Kuntner" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Leviana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leviana dimidiata" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Leviana dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L. Koch, 1871) comb. nov.;
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. cincinnata" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="cincinnata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L. cincinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.;
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. folium" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="folium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L. folium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.,
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. minima" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.;
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. mulieraria" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="mulieraria">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L. mulieraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Keyserling, 1887).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
Tropical, east and south-eastern Australia (Australian Capital Territory (inferred), New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia) (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Distribution records of Leviana dimidiata comb. nov. and L. cincinnata sp. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714526" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Distribution records of Leviana folium sp. nov., L. minima sp. nov. and L. mulieraria comb. nov." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/714531" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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