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<mods:title id="D00C6B0EB10BA23C6EFB4D32514D0510">Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="00F46549FFFFFFD4FF07FD85677AC97B" box="[151,569,546,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FD85677AC97B" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,569,546,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FD8565F9C97B" bold="true" box="[151,186,546,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">59.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FF57FD856776C97B" ID-CoL="3QGC8" authority="Koch, 1844 b" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[199,565,546,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF57FD8564D4C97A" bold="true" box="[199,407,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE0FFD856776C97B" author="Koch, C. L." box="[415,565,546,572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1835 - 1844" refId="ref220877" refString="Koch, C. L. (1844 b) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Arachniden und Myriapoden. Part 39. Herausgegeben von Herrich-Schaaffer, Regensburg, no pagination. [sometimes referred to as Koch 1835 - 1844]" type="book chapter" year="1844">Koch, 1844b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00F46549FFFFFFD4FDAFFD856794C9EF" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FDAFFD856794C9EF" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
A Palearctic species, all of whose parasitic stages are usually found on
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FAFBFD8565A0C927" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FF7DFDE1640FC927" box="[237,332,582,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FEC7FDE164EAC927" box="[343,425,582,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FE4FFDE1671DC927" box="[479,606,582,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mustelidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FDFAFDE167BDC927" box="[618,766,582,608]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lagomorpha</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FC97FDE16638C927" box="[775,891,582,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leporidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FC26FDE16163C927" box="[950,1056,582,608]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FBB9FDE161C8C927" box="[1065,1163,582,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
, but they have also been collected from
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FED6FDCD64FCC9C3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[326,447,618,644]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Mammalia</taxonomicName>
(several orders); nymphs and larvae have been recovered from
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FB32FDCD619AC9C3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1186,1241,618,644]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Aves</taxonomicName>
(several orders).
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FF07FD29641FC9EF" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,348,654,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FD29641FC9EF" box="[151,348,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a very rare parasite of humans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00F46549FFFFFFD4FF07FD156192CE3F" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FD15641DC98A" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,350,690,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FD1565F8C98B" bold="true" box="[151,187,690,716]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF52FD15641DC98A" author="Koch, C. L." box="[194,350,690,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1835 - 1844" refId="ref220877" refString="Koch, C. L. (1844 b) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Arachniden und Myriapoden. Part 39. Herausgegeben von Herrich-Schaaffer, Regensburg, no pagination. [sometimes referred to as Koch 1835 - 1844]" type="book chapter" year="1844">Koch (1844b)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FD716416C9B6" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,341,726,753]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FD7165F1C9B7" bold="true" box="[151,178,726,752]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">F:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF29FD716416C9B6" author="Koch, C. L." box="[185,341,726,753]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1835 - 1844" refId="ref220877" refString="Koch, C. L. (1844 b) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Arachniden und Myriapoden. Part 39. Herausgegeben von Herrich-Schaaffer, Regensburg, no pagination. [sometimes referred to as Koch 1835 - 1844]" type="book chapter" year="1844">Koch (1844b)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FD5D643BC852" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,376,762,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FD5D65F6C853" bold="true" box="[151,181,762,788]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">N:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF2CFD5D643BC852" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[188,376,762,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FCB96434C87E" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,375,798,825]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FCB965F0C87F" bold="true" box="[151,179,798,824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF2AFCB96434C87E" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[186,375,798,825]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FCE5640BC81B" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,328,834,860]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FCE5640BC81B" bold="true" box="[151,328,834,860]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Redescriptions</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FCC165A1C8E3" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FCC165F8C8C7" bold="true" box="[151,187,870,896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF51FCC16434C8C7" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[193,375,870,896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE12FCC164FDC8C7" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[386,446,870,896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref200597" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). In: Fauna USSR New Series, 4 (4), Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 396 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE41FCC167A0C8C6" author="Sonenshine, D. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M." box="[465,739,870,897]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref247216" refString="Sonenshine, D. E., Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M. (1969) Ixodes crenulatus Koch 1844. Synonymy with I. kaiseri Arthur 1957, and redescription of the male, female, nymph and larva (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologia, 11, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1969">
Sonenshine
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FDC9FCC067D3C8C7" box="[601,656,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1969)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FD7EFCC066A9C8C7" author="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z." box="[750,1002,870,897]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref250405" refString="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z. J (1991) Economic insect fauna of China. Fascicule 39, Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Teng and Jiang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FC65FCC161CBC8C7" author="Siuda, K." box="[1013,1160,870,896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref246619" refString="Siuda, K. (1993) Ticks of Poland (Acari: Ixodidae) Part II. Systematic and distribution. Polish Parasitological Society, Warsaw, 380 pp. [in Polish]" type="book" year="1993">Siuda (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FB03FCC06000C8C7" author="Yu, X. &amp; Ye, R. &amp; Dong, Z." box="[1171,1347,870,897]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref256456" refString="Yu, X., Ye, R. &amp; Dong, Z. (1997) The tick fauna of Xinjiang. Xinjiang Scientific, Technological and Medical Publishing House, Urumqi, 169 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1997">
Yu
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FB28FCC061B3C8C7" box="[1208,1264,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FADEFCC165A1C8E3" author="Slovak, M." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="8 - 13" refId="ref246828" refString="Slovak, M. (2010) Pictorial key to the adult ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Slovakia fauna. Entomofauna Carpathica, 22, 8 - 13." type="journal article" year="2010">Slovák (2010)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FC09670FC8AB" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FC0965F1C88F" bold="true" box="[151,178,942,968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">F:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF2CFC0864AFC88F" author="Pomerantzev, B. I. &amp; Matikashvili, N. V. &amp; Lotozky, B. V." box="[188,492,942,969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="100 - 133" refId="ref238435" refString="Pomerantzev, B. I., Matikashvili, N. V. &amp; Lotozky, B. V. (1940) An ecological and faunistic outline of Ixodidae ticks occurring in Transcaucasia. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 7, 100 - 133. [in Russian, NAMRU- 3 translation 51]" type="journal article" year="1940">
Pomerantzev
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FEC9FC0864D6C88F" box="[345,405,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1940)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE6CFC0967F6C88F" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[508,693,942,968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FD54FC096643C88F" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[708,768,942,968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref200597" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). In: Fauna USSR New Series, 4 (4), Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 396 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FC87FC096175C88E" author="Sonenshine, D. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M." box="[791,1078,942,969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref247216" refString="Sonenshine, D. E., Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M. (1969) Ixodes crenulatus Koch 1844. Synonymy with I. kaiseri Arthur 1957, and redescription of the male, female, nymph and larva (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologia, 11, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1969">
Sonenshine
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FC33FC08669CC88F" box="[931,991,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1969)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FBD5FC08600EC88F" author="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z." box="[1093,1357,942,969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref250405" refString="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z. J (1991) Economic insect fauna of China. Fascicule 39, Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Teng and Jiang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
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,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF7FFC7464E2C8AB" author="Yu, X. &amp; Ye, R. &amp; Dong, Z." box="[239,417,978,1005]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref256456" refString="Yu, X., Ye, R. &amp; Dong, Z. (1997) The tick fauna of Xinjiang. Xinjiang Scientific, Technological and Medical Publishing House, Urumqi, 169 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1997">
Yu
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FE85FC74640EC8AB" box="[277,333,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE3DFC75670FC8AB" author="Slovak, M." box="[429,588,978,1004]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="8 - 13" refId="ref246828" refString="Slovak, M. (2010) Pictorial key to the adult ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Slovakia fauna. Entomofauna Carpathica, 22, 8 - 13." type="journal article" year="2010">Slovák (2010)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FC516077CF57" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" box="[151,1332,1014,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FC5165F6CF57" bold="true" box="[151,181,1014,1040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">N:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF2CFC516431CF57" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[188,370,1014,1040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FEEDFC5164FACF57" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[381,441,1014,1040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref200597" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). In: Fauna USSR New Series, 4 (4), Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 396 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE5DFC5167A2CF56" author="Sonenshine, D. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M." box="[461,737,1014,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref247216" refString="Sonenshine, D. E., Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M. (1969) Ixodes crenulatus Koch 1844. Synonymy with I. kaiseri Arthur 1957, and redescription of the male, female, nymph and larva (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologia, 11, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1969">
Sonenshine
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FDC5FC5067CECF57" box="[597,653,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1969)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FD7CFC5066AACF57" author="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z." box="[748,1001,1014,1041]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref250405" refString="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z. J (1991) Economic insect fauna of China. Fascicule 39, Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Teng and Jiang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FC65FC5161CBCF57" author="Siuda, K." box="[1013,1160,1014,1040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref246619" refString="Siuda, K. (1993) Ticks of Poland (Acari: Ixodidae) Part II. Systematic and distribution. Polish Parasitological Society, Warsaw, 380 pp. [in Polish]" type="book" year="1993">Siuda (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FB04FC516077CF57" author="Slovak, M." box="[1172,1332,1014,1040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref246860" refString="Slovak, M. (2014) Pictorial key to the larvae and nymphs of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Slovakia fauna. Entomofauna Carpathica, 26, 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="2014">Slovák (2014)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FBBD672DCF1F" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FBBD65F0CF73" bold="true" box="[151,179,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">L:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF2AFBBD6432CF73" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[186,369,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="226 - 247" refId="ref200306" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1961) Contribution to the taxonomy of ticks of the crenulatus group (Ixodidae, Ixodes, Pholeoixodes). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 20, 226 - 247. [in Russian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, translation 11 - 13 - 64]" type="journal article" year="1961">Filippova (1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FEEDFBBD64FACF73" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[381,441,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref200597" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). In: Fauna USSR New Series, 4 (4), Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 396 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE5CFBBD6641CF72" author="Senevet, G. &amp; Ripert, C." box="[460,770,1050,1077]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="79 - 121" refId="ref245900" refString="Senevet, G. &amp; Ripert, C. (1967 a) Les larves des especes du genre Ixodes. Essai de revue d'ensemble. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 42, 79 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1967421079" type="journal article" year="1967">Sénevet and Ripert (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FC9EFBBD6160CF72" author="Sonenshine, D. E. &amp; Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M." box="[782,1059,1050,1077]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref247216" refString="Sonenshine, D. E., Kohls, G. M. &amp; Clifford, C. M. (1969) Ixodes crenulatus Koch 1844. Synonymy with I. kaiseri Arthur 1957, and redescription of the male, female, nymph and larva (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acarologia, 11, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="1969">
Sonenshine
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FC07FBBC668CCF73" box="[919,975,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1969)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FBBFFBBC606ECF73" author="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z." box="[1071,1325,1050,1077]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref250405" refString="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z. J (1991) Economic insect fauna of China. Fascicule 39, Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Teng and Jiang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FAA9FBBD6460CF1F" author="Marquez, F. J. &amp; Morel, P. C. &amp; Guiguen, C. &amp; Beaucournu, J. C." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="325 - 330" refId="ref228718" refString="Marquez, F. J., Morel, P. C., Guiguen, C. &amp; Beaucournu, J. C. (1992) Cle dichotomique des Ixodidae d'Europe. I - Les larves du genre Ixodes. Acarologia, 33, 325 - 330." type="journal article" year="1992">
Márquez
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FB98658CCF1F" box="[151,207,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FEBFFB996481CF1F" author="Siuda, K." box="[303,450,1086,1112]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref246619" refString="Siuda, K. (1993) Ticks of Poland (Acari: Ixodidae) Part II. Systematic and distribution. Polish Parasitological Society, Warsaw, 380 pp. [in Polish]" type="book" year="1993">Siuda (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE5EFB99672DCF1F" author="Slovak, M." box="[462,622,1086,1112]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="12 - 18" refId="ref246860" refString="Slovak, M. (2014) Pictorial key to the larvae and nymphs of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Slovakia fauna. Entomofauna Carpathica, 26, 12 - 18." type="journal article" year="2014">Slovák (2014)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="485136C2FFFFFFD4FF07FBC56192CE3F" blockId="22.[151,1437,546,1401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FBC5659BCF3B" bold="true" box="[151,216,1122,1148]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Note:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FF72FBC564EACF3B" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[226,425,1122,1148]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF72FBC564EACF3B" box="[226,425,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been confused with several species (
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FC13FBC56199CF3B" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S." box="[899,1242,1122,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref204627" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. (2014) Names for Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): valid, synonyms, incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, lapsus, incorrect and suppressed names - with notes on confusions and misidentifications. Zootaxa, 3767 (1), 1 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3767.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Guglielmone and Nava, 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FB7FFBC465A1CFE7" author="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref250405" refString="Teng, K. F. &amp; Jiang, Z. J (1991) Economic insect fauna of China. Fascicule 39, Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing, 355 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1991">Teng and Jiang (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FE86FB216481CFE7" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[278,450,1158,1184]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref222935" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk (accessed 26 February 2019)" type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
follow
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FD87FB216791CFE7" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[535,722,1158,1184]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref200597" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1977) Ixodid ticks (Ixodinae). In: Fauna USSR New Series, 4 (4), Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad, 396 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1977">Filippova (1977)</bibRefCitation>
in considering
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FCECFB216173CFE7" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1849" box="[892,1072,1158,1184]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canisuga">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FCECFB216173CFE7" box="[892,1072,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes canisuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FB41FB2160D6CFE7" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1233,1429,1158,1184]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FB41FB2160D6CFE7" box="[1233,1429,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FF07FB0B647ACF82" author="Cerny, V." box="[151,313,1194,1223]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="348" refId="ref189968" refString="Cerny, V. (1969 a) About systematic and nomenclatoric problems within the subgenus Pholeoixodes (Ixodidae). Folia Parasitologica, 16, 348." type="journal article" year="1969">Černý (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that the name
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FDD8FB0D664FCF83" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[584,780,1194,1220]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FDD8FB0D664FCF83" box="[584,780,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be declared invalid, and
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FBE2FB0D6011CF83" author="Emel'yanova, N. D." box="[1138,1362,1194,1220]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="5 - 27" refId="ref198030" refString="Emel'yanova, N. D. (1979) Taxonomic status of ixodid ticks of the genus Pholeoixodes within the subfamily Ixodinae and its division into subgenera. In: Efimov M. V., Pronim N. M. (Eds.), Zooparasitology of Lake Baikal basin. Akademy Nauk SSR, Ulan-Ude, pp. 5 - 27. [in Russian, NAMRU- 3 translation 1739]" type="journal article" year="1979">Emelyanova (1979</bibRefCitation>
, under the genus
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FE97FB6964DDCFAF" box="[263,414,1230,1256]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Pholeoixodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FE97FB6964DDCFAF" box="[263,414,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pholeoixodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) suggested that this taxon represents a species complex, while
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FBC9FB6960DFCFAF" author="Filippova, N. A. &amp; Panova, I. V." box="[1113,1436,1230,1257]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="265 - 279" refId="ref201642" refString="Filippova, N. A. &amp; Panova, I. V. (2000) Intraspecific differentiation of nest ambushing tick Ixodes crenulatus (Ixodidae). Parazitologiya, 34, 265 - 279. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2000">Filippova and Panova (2000)</bibRefCitation>
described morphotypes of
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FE56FB5567CECE4B" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[454,653,1266,1292]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FE56FB5567CECE4B" box="[454,653,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Probably more than one species is represented under the name
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FAFFFB546402CE77" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FAFFFB54647ECE77" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">Ixodes crenulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C7F4B33FFFFFFD4FED8FAB1672DCE77" author="Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N." box="[328,622,1302,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref199181" refString="Estrada-Pena, A., Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N. (2017) Ticks of Europe and North Africa. Springer, Cham, 404 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 63760 - 0" type="book" year="2017">
Estrada-Peña
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FE73FAB0675FCE77" box="[483,540,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
found no reliable characters for separating nymphs and larvae of
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FAC3FAB1644FCE13" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FAC3FAB1644FCE13" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes crenulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the same stages of morphologically similar species occurring in Europe and North Africa.
<collectingRegion id="8A2AF820FFFFFFD4FAD0FA9D602BCE13" box="[1344,1384,1338,1364]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">See</collectingRegion>
also
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FF07FAF9640FCE3F" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,332,1374,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canisuga">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FF07FAF9640FCE3F" box="[151,332,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes canisuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FECAFAF96759CE3F" authorityName="Cerny" authorityYear="1961" box="[346,538,1374,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filippovae">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FECAFAF96759CE3F" box="[346,538,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes filippovae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FDC1FAF967AECE3F" authorityName="Arthur" authorityYear="1957" box="[593,749,1374,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kaiseri">
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FDC1FAF967AECE3F" box="[593,749,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ixodes kaiseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for their confusion with
<emphasis id="7A9AEAD0FFFFFFD4FB94FAF96192CE3F" box="[1028,1233,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="8FEE4D41FFFFFFD4FB94FAF9618ECE3F" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[1028,1229,1374,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulatus">Ixodes crenulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>