379 lines
32 KiB
XML
379 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324" ID-GBIF-Dataset="680c35b0-2fd6-41e5-ac5f-9f42c378205d" ID-PMC="PMC6785576" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-58-103" ID-Pensoft-UUID="E9E3968AA4DD5106A4666ACBDD5F29E5" ID-PubMed="31616207" ModsDocID="1314-4049-58-103" checkinTime="1570026193859" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cabral, Tiara S., Silva, Bianca DB., Martin, Maria P., Clement, Charles R., Hosaka, Kentaro & Baseia, Iuri G." docDate="2019" docId="88BA0BA5D8F856AA8F5F025EB276DDDA" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 58: 103-127" docOrigin="MycoKeys 58" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324" docTitle="Phallus denigricans T. S. Cabral, B. D. B. Silva & Baseia, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="E9E3968AA4DD5106A4666ACBDD5F29E5" lastPageNumber="111" masterDocId="E9E3968AA4DD5106A4666ACBDD5F29E5" masterDocTitle="Behind the veil - exploring the diversity in Phallus indusiatus s. l. (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1668136304771" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Behind the veil - exploring the diversity in Phallus indusiatus s. l. (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cabral, Tiara S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Silva, Bianca DB.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Martin, Maria P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Clement, Charles R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hosaka, Kentaro</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Baseia, Iuri G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>58</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>103</mods:start>
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<mods:end>127</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-58-103</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">E9E3968AA4DD5106A4666ACBDD5F29E5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159619296" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88BA0BA5D8F856AA8F5F025EB276DDDA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88BA0BA5D8F856AA8F5F025EB276DDDA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName LSID="88BA0BA5-D8F8-56AA-8F5F-025EB276DDDA" authority="T. S. Cabral, B. D. B. Silva & Baseia" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus denigricans" order="Phallales" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="denigricans">Phallus denigricans T.S.Cabral, B.D.B.Silva & Baseia</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="6" pageNumber="109">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Phallus denigricans UFRN-Fungos 2805, holotype. A Basidiome B blackish and smooth volva in detail C white volva with projections D receptacle with a prominent pore E spores F pseudoparenchymatous hyphae of pseudostipe G hyphae from rhizomorphs H hyphae from volva. Scale bars: 20 mm (A-D), 20 µm (E), 40 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344011" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure4">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="109">
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This species is characterised by the campanulate receptacle slightly constricted at the base, pale yellow, reticulated, with a prominent apical pore, epigeous development of basidiome, volva varying from white to dark brown and spores up to 4.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="6" pageNumber="109" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="109">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="109">
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BRAZIL. Amazonas:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Gabriel da Cachoeira, Itacoatiara Mirim Community (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.304167" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.304167">0.304167S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="66.8403" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-66.8403">66.8403W</geoCoordinate>
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), 1 April 2013, Komura DL (INPA-Fungos 272383). GenBank accessions: MG678486 (ITS), MG678455 (nuc-LSU), MG678541 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="109">atp</emphasis>
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6).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="110" start="start">Immature</pageBreakToken>
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basidiomes not observed. Fresh expanded basidiome 98 mm high. Receptacle [25] 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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19 [25] mm, campanulate, but slightly constricted at the base, with a prominent apical pore, deeply reticulated surface. Pseudostipe [81] 54
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10 [22] mm, cylindrical, spongy, white (N00A00M00); pseudoparenchymatous, composed of globose to elongate-ovoid cells, [20.5] 18.5-65.5 [60.8]
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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[17.5] 19-52.5 [51.2]
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, hyaline. Indusium poorly developed, extending to 2/3 of pseudostipe, white (N00A00M00), 53 mm in length, attached to the apex of the pseudostipe, polygonal to irregular meshes up to 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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8 mm. Volva epigeous, white (N00A00M00) in some specimens to dark brown (N60A60M50) in others, with smooth surface or sometimes with small hyphae projections on surface; formed by filamentous hyphae, septate, branched, hyaline, clamp connections present, [2.5] 1.8-5 [3.5]
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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diameter, with inflated ends up to 15.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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diameter. Rhizomorphs composed of at least two types of hyphae: filamentous thin-walled hyphae, with clamp connections; and thicker hyphae (7-16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) that seem to communicate with each other by pores on the inflated tips. Crystals in globose cells were found distributed amongst the hyphae of volva and rhizomorphs of some of the white volva species, measuring 8.2-11.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6.8-10.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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. Gleba olive brown (N99A50M10), mucilaginous. Basidiospores elongated, smooth, 3.6-4.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.2-2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, hyaline in 5% KOH.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344011" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus denigricans" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="denigricans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus denigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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UFRN-Fungos 2805, holotype.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">A</emphasis>
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Basidiome
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">B</emphasis>
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blackish and smooth volva in detail
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">C</emphasis>
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white volva with projections
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">D</emphasis>
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receptacle with a prominent pore
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">E</emphasis>
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spores
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">F</emphasis>
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pseudoparenchymatous hyphae of pseudostipe
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">G</emphasis>
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hyphae from rhizomorphs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">H</emphasis>
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hyphae from volva. Scale bars: 20 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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), 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">E</emphasis>
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), 40
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="110" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Habitat and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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On soil, in a fragment of upland old-growth forest. So far restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic and Amazon forests, found in the municipalities of Barcelos, Parintins,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Gabriel da Cachoeira and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maraã">Maraa</normalizedToken>
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(State of Amazonas, Brazil); and Natal (State of Rio Grande do Norte).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="110" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">with reference to the volva becoming blackish.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="110" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Other specimens examined (paratypes).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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Brazil. Amazonas:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maraã">Maraa</normalizedToken>
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, Reserva de Desenvolvimento
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sustentável">Sustentavel</normalizedToken>
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do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Amanã">Amana</normalizedToken>
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, Ubim Community (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="2.50500" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-2.505">2.50500S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="64.66039" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-64.66039">64.66039W</geoCoordinate>
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), 15 February 2014, Cabral TS (UFRN-Fungos 2805). Barcelos, Bacabal Community (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.49004" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.49004">0.49004S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="62.93089" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.93089">62.93089W</geoCoordinate>
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), 7 April 2015, Cabral TS (INPA-Fungos 277791). Parintins,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Açaí">Acai</normalizedToken>
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Community (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="2.62665" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-2.62665">2.62665S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="56.54041" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-56.54041">56.54041W</geoCoordinate>
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), 5 March 2015, Cabral TS (INPA-Fungos 272375); 6 March 2015 (INPA-Fungos 272378); Barcelos, Bacabal Community (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="0.49004" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.49004">0.49004S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="62.93089" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-62.93089">62.93089W</geoCoordinate>
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), 7 April 2015, Cabral TS (INPA-Fungos 272381, INPA-Fungos 272382). Rio Grande do Norte: Natal (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="6.305093" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-6.305093">6.305093S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="35.361112" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-35.36111">35.361112W</geoCoordinate>
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), 10 September 2005, Barbosa MMB (UFRN-Fungos 417).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus flavidus" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="flavidus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus flavidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kreisel & Hauskn. could be comparable with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="denigricans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">P. denigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the conical receptacle and the indusium size; however,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. flavidus" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="flavidus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">P. flavidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has smaller spores (up to 3.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), the surface of the volva is light grey with an orange flush and the indusium is cream to yellow (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kreisel, H" journalOrPublisher="Oesterr Z Pilzk" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" pagination="149 - 159" refId="B34" refString="Kreisel, H, Hausknecht, A, 2009. The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 3. Some recent records. Oesterr Z Pilzk 18: 149 - 159" title="The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 3. Some recent records." volume="18" year="2009">Kreisel and Hausknecht 2009</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus impudicus var. obliteratus" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="variety" species="impudicus" variety="obliteratus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus impudicus var. obliteratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Malençon">Malencon</normalizedToken>
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) Kreisel has a reticulate white receptacle and a rudimentary white indusium;
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus denigricans" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="denigricans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus denigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also has a poorly-developed indusium, but it is very different from
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<taxonomicName infraspecific-rank="var." lsidName="P. impudicus var. obliteratus" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" rank="variety" species="impudicus" variety="obliteratus">P. impudicus var. obliteratus</taxonomicName>
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, where the indusium is hidden under the receptacle (
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<bibRefCitation author="Calonge, FD" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de La Sociedad Micologica de Madrid" pageId="17" pageNumber="120" pagination="9 - 18" refId="B5" refString="Calonge, FD, 2005. A tentative key to identify the species of Phallus. Boletin de La Sociedad Micologica de Madrid 29: 9 - 18" title="A tentative key to identify the species of Phallus." volume="29" year="2005">Calonge 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kreisel, H" journalOrPublisher="Oesterr Z Pilzk" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" pagination="149 - 159" refId="B34" refString="Kreisel, H, Hausknecht, A, 2009. The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 3. Some recent records. Oesterr Z Pilzk 18: 149 - 159" title="The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 3. Some recent records." volume="18" year="2009">Kreisel and Hausknecht 2009</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus callichrous" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="callichrous">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus callichrous</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Möller">Moeller</normalizedToken>
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) Lloyd is a species described from Brazil, with white indusium and differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="denigricans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">P. denigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having an orange to pink receptacle and reddish-violet rhizomorphs. Recently, another indusiate species was described for Brazil,
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<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus aureolatus" order="Phallales" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aureolatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">Phallus aureolatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but it differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="7" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="denigricans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="110">P. denigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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mainly by the strongly developed pore and the merulioid
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="111" start="start">surface</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the receptacle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Trierveiler-Pereira, L" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" pagination="223 - 236" refId="B56" refString="Trierveiler-Pereira, L, Meijer, AAR, Reck, MA, Kentaro, H, Silveira, RMB da, 2017. Phallus aureolatus (Phallaceae, Agaricomycetes), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 327: 223 - 236" title="Phallus aureolatus (Phallaceae, Agaricomycetes), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." volume="327" year="2017">Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in addition to its different phylogenetic placement (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with ITS. Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown. The black dots indicate specimens under Phallus indusiatus deposited in GenBank and downloaded for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344009" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with concatenated data (ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6). Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown (except for P. denigricans clade)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344010" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus echinovolvatus" order="Phallales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="echinovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Phallus echinovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M. Zang, D.R. Zheng & Z.X. Hu) Kreisel is another white-indusiate species, characterised mainly by the volva covered with echinulate hyphae projections; in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="denigricans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. denigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hyphae projections on the volva surface can also be found in some specimens, but they are smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. echinovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="echinovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. echinovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zang, M" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="21" pageNumber="124" pagination="145 - 148" refId="B65" refString="Zang, M, Zheng, D, Hu, Z, 1988. A new species of the genus Dictyophora from China. Mycotaxon 33: 145 - 148" title="A new species of the genus Dictyophora from China." volume="33" year="1988">Zang et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. indusiatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="indusiatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. indusiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the receptacle is campanulate, the immature basidiome is hypogeous, so that the volva is buried under the ground when the basidiome is fully developed, the indusium is completely developed reaching the ground and the volva and rhizomorphs have pinkish pigments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ventenat, EP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de L'institut National Des Sciences et Arts" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" pagination="503 - 523" refId="B60" refString="Ventenat, EP, 1798. Dissertation sur le genre Phallus. Memoires de L'institut National Des Sciences et Arts 1: 503 - 523" title="Dissertation sur le genre Phallus." volume="1" year="1798">Ventenat 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="denigricans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. denigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the campanulate receptacle is constricted at the base, the basidiome has a completely epigeous development, the indusium is poorly-developed reaching only 2/3 of the basidiome and the rhizomorphs and volva are white to brownish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||
It is not rare to find
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus" order="Phallales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Phallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens with a blackish volva; recently, a new species was described,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fuscoechinovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="fuscoechinovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. fuscoechinovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Song, B" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="123" pagination="19 - 27" refId="B53" refString="Song, B, Li, T, Li, T, Huang, Q, Deng, W, 2018. Phallus fuscoechinovolvatus (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota), a new species with a dark spinose volva from southern China. Phytotaxa 334: 19 - 27" title="Phallus fuscoechinovolvatus (Phallaceae, Basidiomycota), a new species with a dark spinose volva from southern China." volume="334" year="2018">Song et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is quite different from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="denigricans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. denigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly by the strongly echinulated volva.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus merulinus" order="Phallales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="merulinus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Phallus merulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Berk.) Cooke and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atrovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="atrovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. atrovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kreisel & Calonge are very similar, differing by the volva colour - that is black in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atrovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="atrovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. atrovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and white in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. merulinus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="merulinus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. merulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- and the habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calonge, FD" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de La Sociedad Micologica de Madrid" pageId="17" pageNumber="120" pagination="9 - 18" refId="B5" refString="Calonge, FD, 2005. A tentative key to identify the species of Phallus. Boletin de La Sociedad Micologica de Madrid 29: 9 - 18" title="A tentative key to identify the species of Phallus." volume="29" year="2005">Calonge 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our ITS phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with concatenated data (ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6). Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown (except for P. denigricans clade)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344010" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atrovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="atrovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. atrovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. merulinus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="merulinus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. merulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped together in the same clade, indicating a possible identity between these two species. However, no type material was analysed here, which prevents a reliable determination of the species boundaries between
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atrovolvatus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="atrovolvatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. atrovolvatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. merulinus" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="merulinus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. merulinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly, in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="denigricans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. denigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we found specimens with white and pale white to brownish volva all grouping in the same clade in phylogenetic trees (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with ITS. Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown. The black dots indicate specimens under Phallus indusiatus deposited in GenBank and downloaded for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344009" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with concatenated data (ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6). Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown (except for P. denigricans clade)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344010" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). This suggests that the volva colour might change due to the soil properties or with the maturity of the basidiome. Therefore, this specific characteristic - pale or darker volva - should be carefully analysed before it can be used as a diagnostic character in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phallus" order="Phallales" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">Phallus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="111">
|
||
In both the Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony phylogenetic trees (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with ITS. Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown. The black dots indicate specimens under Phallus indusiatus deposited in GenBank and downloaded for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344009" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure2">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis with concatenated data (ITS, nuc-LSU and atp 6). Brazilian clades corresponding to the new species and P. indusiatus are indicated (the holotype of each species is in bold). Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are on the nodes (pp / bs), values of pp <0.95 and bs <90 are not shown (except for P. denigricans clade)." figureDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/344010" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" tableDoi="10.3897/mycokeys.58.35324.figure3">3</figureCitation>
|
||
and Suppl. material 2: Figures S1, S2, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. denigricans" pageId="8" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="denigricans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="111">P. denigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped in a clade with high support values (ITS tree: pp = 1, bs = 100%), in concordance with morphological data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |