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261 lines
59 KiB
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<mods:title id="A1EDC442C59DD6C107704A15FC4BD4B0">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="8E5D26FCF2991249D2114EE38F1FFF7C">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B54083A98F025D0173B1845F7CE66FBE">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8878B758BA6C9F334E15229AFCF0FC61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853751" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164249282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853751" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA6C9F334E15229AFCF0FC61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8878B758BA6C9F334E15229AFCF0FC61" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6C9F324E15229AFC17FD72" authority="Clarke, 1908" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1908" box="[582,1006,663,690]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmatus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324E15229AFCB6FD71" bold="true" box="[582,847,663,690]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Clionolithes palmatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324F05229AFC17FD72" author="Clarke" box="[854,1006,663,689]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6C9F324EA422B7FCC5FD17" box="[759,828,698,724]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324EA422B7FCC5FD17" blockId="26.[582,1006,663,724]" box="[759,828,698,724]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324EA422B7FCC5FD17" box="[759,828,698,724]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6C9F324CEE22F1FC90FC02" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE22F1FBB8FCD4" blockId="26.[189,1089,764,825]" box="[189,1089,764,791]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA6C9F324CEE22F1FD64FCD5" author="Clarke J. M." box="[189,669,764,790]" page="169" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1908">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6C9F324CEE22F1FD64FCD5" authority="Clarke, 1908: 169" authorityName="Clarke" authorityPageNumber="169" authorityYear="1908" box="[189,669,764,790]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmatus">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE22F1FE39FCD5" box="[189,448,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Clionolithes palmatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324D9422F1FD64FCD5" author="Clarke" box="[455,669,764,790]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke, 1908: 169</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 12,
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324EA922F1FCA1FCD5" box="[762,856,764,790]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324F3422F1FC5CFCD5" box="[871,933,764,790]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">fig. 1</figureCitation>
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=
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6C9F324F9722F1FBCCFCD4" box="[964,1077,764,791]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE2312FCF6FCFA" blockId="26.[189,1089,764,825]" box="[189,783,799,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA6C9F324CEE2312FCF6FCFA" box="[189,783,799,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA6C9F324CEE2312FDA5FCFA" author="Talent J. A." box="[189,604,799,825]" page="37" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1963">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6C9F324CEE2312FDA5FCFA" authority="Talent, 1963: 37" authorityName="Talent" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1963" box="[189,604,799,825]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollei">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE2312FE6DFCFA" box="[189,404,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Clionolithes sollei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324DC92312FDA5FCFA" author="Talent" box="[410,604,799,825]" firstAuthor="Talent" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref53419" refString="Talent J. A. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria, Memoir 24: 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1963">Talent, 1963: 37</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 9,
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||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324EF82312FCF5FCFA" box="[683,780,799,825]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStart-7="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionStartId-2="19.[189,232,1329,1355]" captionStartId-3="21.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionStartId-4="25.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionStartId-5="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionStartId-6="28.[190,233,1859,1885]" captionStartId-7="30.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1401,267,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetBox-6="[190,1402,1182,1833]" captionTargetBox-7="[189,1401,982,1681]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[189,1401,246,1277]" captionTargetId-3="figure@21.[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetId-4="figure@25.[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetId-5="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId-6="figure@28.[190,1402,1182,1833]" captionTargetId-7="figure@30.[189,1401,982,1681]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionTargetPageId-5="27" captionTargetPageId-6="28" captionTargetPageId-7="30" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Dendrina belemniticola Mägdefrau, 1937. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 3); inlet tunnel roughly at 11h in this and the following four sub-figures. D. Lectotype of D. belemniticola in an upper Senonian belemnite from Rosenthal near Peine, Germany (compare to Mägdefrau 1937: pl. IV, fig. 1). E. Holotype of junior synonym D. orbiculata Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. F. Paratype of junior synonym D. constans Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. G. Holotype of junior synonym D. constans. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. E–G illustrate the morphological range of D. belemniticola from almost completely fused radiating galleries, to partially fused galleries forming anastomoses, to rarely fused radiating galleries. H. Detail of partly obscured inlet tunnel connecting to centre of a paratype of junior synonym D. orbiculata. SEM of epoxy cast of an Upper Cretaceous belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. I. Rarely observed overlap of D. belemniticola in a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Rügen, Germany. J. Specimen of D. belemniticola (left) next to a D. dendrina (right) at the very tip of a lower Campanian belemnite from Höver, Germany." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Dendrina lacerata Hofmann, 1996. A. SEM of holotype in an epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Misburg, Germany. B. Paratype on the same cast as the holotype. C. Several paratypes in the periphery of a Calcideletrix anomala from the type locality. D. Oblique view of a specimen in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Kronsmoor, Germany, illustrating a tubular inlet tunnel on the left and peripheral connections to the substrate surface on the right. E. Surface view of a solitary specimen with inlet canal in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Misburg, Germany." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Clionolithes radicans Clarke, 1908. A. Original illustration of the lectotype from the Devonian of Mansfield, Pennsylvania, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 11, fig. 1). B–C. Overview and close-up of a shell of the brachiopod Atrypa bearing the lectotype and a number of further specimens. D. Holotype of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta Solle, 1938 from the Devonian near Koblenz, Germany, reproduced from Solle (1938: fig. 2). E–F. Overview and SEM close-up of one of the paratypes of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta (compare with Solle 1938: fig. 4)." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." captionText-6="Fig. 7. Clionolithes pannosus (Solle, 1938) comb. nov. A. Holotype preserved as natural cast in a Devonian brachiopod shell from the Mosel Valley near Münstermaifeld, Germany. B–C. SEM overview and close-up of the holotype. D–F. SEM planar view, oblique view and close-up of pyritised and resinembedded holotype of junior synonym Platydendrina platycentrum Vogel et al., 1987 in a shell of Mediospirifer Bublichenko, 1959 from the Middle Devonian of New York State, USA." captionText-7="Fig. 8. Clionolithes cervicornis (Vogel, Golubic & Brett, 1987). A. SEM of pyritised and epoxycast holotype in a Devonian brachiopod shell from New York State, USA. B–C. SEM overview and close-up of another specimen from the original material of Vogel et al., recorded in a coral substrate. D–E. Overview and close-up of several natural casts that are part of the suite of paratypes of Olkenbachia hirsuta Solle, 1938 (junior synonym of Clionolithes radicans Clarke, 1908), from the Devonian near Koblenz, Germany (compare with Solle 1938: fig. 5). F. Holotype of nomen nudum “Chondrites” symmetricus (Solle 1938), a morphologically similar (cf.) but unusually large specimen from the Devonian near Koblenz, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839866" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839868" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839873" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839875" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3839864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3839866/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3839868/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3839873/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3839875/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">figs 1–8</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE236DFC33FC5D" blockId="26.[189,1399,864,961]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA6C9F324CEE236DFC33FC5D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6C9F324CEE236DFE39FCB9" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1908" box="[189,448,864,890]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE236DFE39FCB9" box="[189,448,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Clionolithes palmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA6C9F324D8D236DFD67FCB9" author="Clarke J. M." box="[478,670,864,890]" page="88" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1921">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324D8D236DFD67FCB9" author="Clarke" box="[478,670,864,890]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref49973" refString="Clarke J. M. 1921. Organic dependence and disease, their origin and significance. New York State Museum Bulletin 221 - 222: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1921">Clarke 1921: 88</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 92–93 (fig. 92 =
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6C9F324FF1236DFBEAFCB8" box="[930,1043,864,891]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA6C9F32481F236DFAD9FCB9" author="Plewes C. R." box="[1100,1312,864,890]" page="176" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F32481F236DFAD9FCB9" author="Plewes" box="[1100,1312,864,890]" firstAuthor="Plewes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref52551" refString="Plewes C. R. 1996. Ichnotaxonomic Studies of Jurassic Endoliths. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK." type="book" year="1996">Plewes 1996: 176</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 25, figs 7–8, pl. 26, figs 3, 5–8 (fig. 5 =
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6C9F324EC3238EFCF9FC5D" box="[656,768,899,926]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), pl. 27,
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324F36238EFC3FFC5D" box="[869,966,899,926]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">figs 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE23AAFC90FC02" blockId="26.[189,1399,864,961]" box="[189,873,935,961]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA6C9F324CEE23AAFC90FC02" box="[189,873,935,961]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6C9F324CEE23AAFE6DFC02" authorityName="Talent" authorityYear="1963" box="[189,404,935,961]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollei">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE23AAFE6DFC02" box="[189,404,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Clionolithes sollei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
? – (?)
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA6C9F324DBF23AAFD5EFC02" author="Talent J. A." box="[492,679,935,961]" page="37" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1963">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324DBF23AAFD5EFC02" author="Talent" box="[492,679,935,961]" firstAuthor="Talent" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref53419" refString="Talent J. A. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria, Memoir 24: 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1963">Talent 1963: 37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 10,
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6C9F324F5723AAFC9CFC02" box="[772,869,935,961]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionStartId-2="19.[189,232,1329,1355]" captionStartId-3="21.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionStartId-4="25.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionStartId-5="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1401,267,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[189,1401,246,1277]" captionTargetId-3="figure@21.[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetId-4="figure@25.[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetId-5="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionTargetPageId-5="27" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Dendrina belemniticola Mägdefrau, 1937. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 3); inlet tunnel roughly at 11h in this and the following four sub-figures. D. Lectotype of D. belemniticola in an upper Senonian belemnite from Rosenthal near Peine, Germany (compare to Mägdefrau 1937: pl. IV, fig. 1). E. Holotype of junior synonym D. orbiculata Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. F. Paratype of junior synonym D. constans Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. G. Holotype of junior synonym D. constans. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. E–G illustrate the morphological range of D. belemniticola from almost completely fused radiating galleries, to partially fused galleries forming anastomoses, to rarely fused radiating galleries. H. Detail of partly obscured inlet tunnel connecting to centre of a paratype of junior synonym D. orbiculata. SEM of epoxy cast of an Upper Cretaceous belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. I. Rarely observed overlap of D. belemniticola in a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Rügen, Germany. J. Specimen of D. belemniticola (left) next to a D. dendrina (right) at the very tip of a lower Campanian belemnite from Höver, Germany." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Dendrina lacerata Hofmann, 1996. A. SEM of holotype in an epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Misburg, Germany. B. Paratype on the same cast as the holotype. C. Several paratypes in the periphery of a Calcideletrix anomala from the type locality. D. Oblique view of a specimen in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Kronsmoor, Germany, illustrating a tubular inlet tunnel on the left and peripheral connections to the substrate surface on the right. E. Surface view of a solitary specimen with inlet canal in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Misburg, Germany." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Clionolithes radicans Clarke, 1908. A. Original illustration of the lectotype from the Devonian of Mansfield, Pennsylvania, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 11, fig. 1). B–C. Overview and close-up of a shell of the brachiopod Atrypa bearing the lectotype and a number of further specimens. D. Holotype of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta Solle, 1938 from the Devonian near Koblenz, Germany, reproduced from Solle (1938: fig. 2). E–F. Overview and SEM close-up of one of the paratypes of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta (compare with Solle 1938: fig. 4)." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839866" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839868" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3839864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3839866/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3839868/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">figs 1–6</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6C9F324CEE23E5FC18FAC9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE23E5FE5BFBC1" blockId="26.[189,418,1000,1026]" box="[189,418,1000,1026]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6C9F324CEE23E5FE5BFBC1" bold="true" box="[189,418,1000,1026]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE23E5FE5BFBC1" bold="true" box="[189,418,1000,1026]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Original diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE241AFF19FBF2" blockId="26.[189,224,1047,1073]" box="[189,224,1047,1073]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">n/a</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE2455FE56FBB1" blockId="26.[189,431,1112,1138]" box="[189,431,1112,1138]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6C9F324CEE2455FE56FBB1" bold="true" box="[189,431,1112,1138]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE2455FE56FBB1" bold="true" box="[189,431,1112,1138]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE248AFC18FAC9" blockId="26.[189,1399,1159,1291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Trace developed along a number of principal branches which curve in a regular manner, forming stretched and longitudinally buckled sheet-like fans or terminating in fine ramifications, producing a trace with a jagged or lobed outline. Branches may radiate from only one side of a main axis. Surface texture largely smooth, tips of branches connect to substrate surface.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6C9F324CEE253CFEB1F877" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE253CFE43FA88" blockId="26.[189,442,1329,1355]" box="[189,442,1329,1355]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6C9F324CEE253CFE43FA88" bold="true" box="[189,442,1329,1355]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE253CFE43FA88" bold="true" box="[189,442,1329,1355]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Original description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE256DFC2DFA5D" blockId="26.[189,1399,1376,1438]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">[…] a singular form assuming broad sparsely branched palmate hollow fronds and found only in the pelecypods and gastropods of the Pertage group (Upper Devonian).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE25C8FDE8FA1C" blockId="26.[189,529,1477,1503]" box="[189,529,1477,1503]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6C9F324CEE25C8FDE8FA1C" bold="true" box="[189,529,1477,1503]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6C9F324CEE25C8FDE8FA1C" bold="true" box="[189,529,1477,1503]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Supplementary description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6C9F324CEE25F9FEB1F877" blockId="26.[189,1399,1523,1972]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
A reinvestigation of Clarke’s original material and additional specimens cast in epoxy resin allowed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6C9F324CEE261BFE9DF9F2" author="Plewes" box="[189,356,1558,1585]" firstAuthor="Plewes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref52551" refString="Plewes C. R. 1996. Ichnotaxonomic Studies of Jurassic Endoliths. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK." type="book" year="1996">Plewes (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to provide the following description and morphometrical figures: “If numerous examples of this trace had not been cast, the different morphologies present could have been included in a number of different ichnospecies or even ichnogenera. Extremes of morphology can exist within a single individual; branches can develop into sheet-like extensions, or be delicately branched, as in the original
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6C9F324CEE26AEFEDDF97E" box="[189,292,1699,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
material. […] Variations in morphology are sometimes confined to different principal axis of one individual; some portions of the trace are delicately branched, others totally devoid of sub-branches. […] The width of the branches is highly variable, between
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F324F2726E7FC38F8C7" box="[884,961,1770,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 µm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F324FA926E7FBAEF8C7" box="[1018,1111,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 µm</quantity>
|
||
, with a mean of
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F32494826E7FA8EF8C7" box="[1307,1399,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="137.0">137 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 24, SD = 67.62). Trace may be a simple rosette up to
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F324FD12700FC31F8EB" box="[898,968,1805,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter or may ramify over the surface of the substrate, confined only by its edges; branches can extend for up to
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F32482B273DFB42F888" box="[1144,1211,1840,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and be
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F324945273DFA8EF888" box="[1302,1399,1840,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.” Despite this morphological plasticity, the most diagnostic feature appears to be the sheet-like and laterally widening fans. The maximum size of the trace was measured on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6C9F32481E277BFB45F853" box="[1101,1212,1910,1936]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which is
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA6C9F324961277AFA8EF852" box="[1330,1399,1911,1937]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6D9F334CEE2106FEF0FD17" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6D9F334CEE2106FD8AFEE6" blockId="27.[189,1399,267,724]" box="[189,627,267,293]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6D9F334CEE2106FD8AFEE6" bold="true" box="[189,627,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334CEE2106FD8AFEE6" bold="true" box="[189,627,267,293]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334CEE2106FF03FEE6" box="[189,250,267,293]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material, locality and horizon
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6D9F334CEE213BFEF0FD17" blockId="27.[189,1399,267,724]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F334CEE213BFE98FE93" author="Clarke" box="[189,353,310,336]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
depicted two drawings (
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334ED3213BFD15FE93" box="[640,748,310,336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6D9F334EA4213BFC8CFE93" box="[759,885,309,336]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), none of which designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F33495B213BFA8AFE93" box="[1288,1395,310,336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F334CEE2154FEA6FEB0" author="Clarke" box="[189,351,345,371]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref49973" refString="Clarke J. M. 1921. Organic dependence and disease, their origin and significance. New York State Museum Bulletin 221 - 222: 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1921">Clarke (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reproduced both of his original illustrations and again did not explicitly indicate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F33495B2154FA8AFEB0" box="[1288,1395,345,371]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F334CEE2171FE93FE54" author="Plewes" box="[189,362,380,407]" firstAuthor="Plewes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref52551" refString="Plewes C. R. 1996. Ichnotaxonomic Studies of Jurassic Endoliths. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK." type="book" year="1996">Plewes (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-illustrated both of the specimens Clarke based his drawings upon (1908: pl. 12,
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6D9F334CEE2192FEE5FE7A" box="[189,284,415,441]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">figs 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and both appear to be damaged. The less damaged specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F3348562192FB65FE7A" author="Clarke" box="[1029,1180,415,441]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 12, fig. 2) was considered as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334DD921CFFE0DFE1F" box="[394,500,450,476]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, whereas the other specimen was qualified as “damaged beyond recognition”. However, since her illustration as well as new images of this specimen indicate that this is not the case, and since the trace depicted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F334E6B2204FD21FDE0" author="Clarke" box="[568,728,521,547]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke (1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 12,
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6D9F334F692204FC8FFDE0" box="[826,886,521,547]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) does match his original description much more closely, it his herein formally selected as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334F432221FC85FD85" box="[784,892,556,582]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6D9F334FDF2221FC29FD84" box="[908,976,556,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B), rendering the other specimen a
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334C822242FE96FDAA" box="[209,367,591,617]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA6D9F334D2C2242FE3DFDA9" box="[383,452,591,618]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger & Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334E1A2242FD41FDAA" box="[585,696,591,617]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, a natural cast in a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6D9F334FCB225DFB92FDAA" authorityName="Sandberger & Sandberger" authorityYear="1857" box="[920,1131,591,617]" class="Bivalvia" family="Dualinidae" genus="Loxopteria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipleuroida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dispar">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334FCB225DFB92FDAA" box="[920,1131,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxopteria dispar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shell from the Portage Beds, Upper Devonian, from Correll’s Point,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C215C8ACBA6D9F334E9F227EFCBFFD4F" box="[716,838,626,653]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA6D9F334F03227EFC77FD4E" box="[848,910,627,653]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is housed in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C215C8ACBA6D9F334800227EFAF3FD4E" box="[1107,1290,626,653]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New York State</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum (
|
||
<collectionCode id="66C09E8BBA6D9F334C96229BFEE5FD73" box="[197,284,662,688]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35009" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35009" name="New York State Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">NYSM</collectionCode>
|
||
6697). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334DFF229BFDB3FD73" box="[428,586,662,688]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a natural cast in a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6D9F334F17229BFBF0FD73" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1904" box="[836,1033,662,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Loxonematidae" genus="Loxonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Murchisoniina" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="danai">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334F17229BFBF0FD73" box="[836,1033,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxonema danai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the type locality (
|
||
<collectionCode id="66C09E8BBA6D9F334973229BFA8EFD73" box="[1312,1399,662,688]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35009" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35009" name="New York State Museum" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">NYSM</collectionCode>
|
||
6698).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA6D9F334CEE22FEFCF0FC61" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6D9F334CEE22FEFED6FCCE" blockId="27.[189,1399,755,930]" box="[189,303,755,781]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA6D9F334CEE22FEFED6FCCE" bold="true" box="[189,303,755,781]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334CEE22FEFED6FCCE" bold="true" box="[189,303,755,781]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA6D9F334CEE2310FCF0FC61" blockId="27.[189,1399,755,930]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
This ichnospecies is the largest and most variable one of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6D9F334FC92310FBD0FCF4" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1908" box="[922,1065,797,823]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334FC92310FBD0FCF4" box="[922,1065,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Clionolithes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ichnospecies, but is clearly distinguished from the others by the presence of sheet-like and laterally widening fans, as expressed most prominently in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA6D9F334DBA2369FDA1FCBD" box="[489,600,868,894]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA6D9F334E352369FC27FCBD" authority="Talent, 1963" authorityName="Talent" authorityYear="1963" box="[614,990,868,894]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sollei">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA6D9F334E352369FCC6FCBD" box="[614,831,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Clionolithes sollei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA6D9F334F1B2369FC27FCBD" author="Talent" box="[840,990,868,894]" firstAuthor="Talent" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref53419" refString="Talent J. A. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Wentworth Rivers. Geological Survey of Victoria, Memoir 24: 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1963">Talent, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares this diagnostic (and other) features and is thus regarded as a junior synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |