248 lines
30 KiB
XML
248 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="4B9993B4DCAE73D0B2A87225309AA185" ID-CLB-Dataset="21907" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.390" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54438cfa-5f3a-4ee3-85c8-00e453a6d641" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839858" ID-ZooBank="4D1D1CA3-8345-4BA3-9C7C-5EBDD40752CE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590155668479" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Wisshak, Max" docDate="2017" docId="8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-390.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 390" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pyritonema arctica Wisshak 2017, isp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="7441CF20BA769F284C53200DFFF9FFC3" masterDocTitle="Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698840949990" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="0B2B3DD71A319DE6FF1777272919FEA7">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="31009F598421411402E62B03CC520307" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A1BFDFD94E22CF0DABEBACFEC78F4A94">Wisshak, Max</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1ACADE5CF3C23F8D3E1048167F713481">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B77E7CDAF4133AF5599D3759B169E309">
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<mods:date id="6CAA010C1E0B019A0E069170720888BB">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B41B6E026632CC56D5CCF3F011443D9A">2017-12-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="44C7480367AC5F48754670E4628DFD63">390</mods:number>
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<treatment id="8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853717" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164249289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853717" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA489F164E362623FB47F9AE" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164E362623FC36F98A" blockId="62.[373,1214,1582,1679]" box="[613,975,1582,1609]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA489F164E362623FC36F98A" box="[613,975,1582,1609]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA489F164E362623FC9CF98A" authority="Wisshak, 2017" authorityName="Wisshak" authorityYear="2017" box="[613,869,1582,1609]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Pyritonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arctica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA489F164E362623FC9CF98A" bold="true" box="[613,869,1582,1609]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pyrodendrina arctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA489F164F3E2622FC36F98A" box="[877,975,1583,1609]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164D26265FFB47F9AE" blockId="62.[373,1214,1582,1679]" box="[373,1214,1618,1645]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="74773C9BBA489F164EC7265FFB47F9AE" box="[660,1214,1618,1645]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">A41E7E41-748C-4DE6-B32F-6383C3852036</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA489F164EA32678FCBAF94C" box="[752,835,1653,1679]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164EA32678FCBAF94C" blockId="62.[373,1214,1582,1679]" box="[752,835,1653,1679]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA489F164EA32678FCBAF94C" box="[752,835,1653,1679]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA489F164CEE26BAFCA9F937" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164CEE26BAFC9BF912" blockId="62.[189,866,1718,1780]" box="[189,866,1718,1745]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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‘Sponge form VI’ – (?)
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA489F164D8226BBFCFDF912" author="Wisshak" box="[465,772,1718,1745]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wisshak" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="979 - 1001" refId="ref55038" refString="Wisshak M., Freiwald A., Lundalv T. & Gektidis M. 2005 a. The physical niche of bathyal Lophelia pertusa in a non-bathyal setting: environmental controls and palaeoecological implications. In: Freiwald A. & Roberts J. M. (eds) Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems: 979 - 1001. Springer, Heidelberg. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 27673 - 4 _ 49" type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">
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Wisshak
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA489F164E6F26BAFD8EF912" box="[572,631,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
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2005a: 991
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig.
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<specimenCount id="16D7CDC7BA489F164F6D26BAFC9BF912" box="[830,866,1719,1745]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="generic">7F.</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164CEE26D7FCA9F937" blockId="62.[189,866,1718,1780]" box="[189,848,1754,1780]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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‘Microsponge-form 6’ – (?)
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA489F164E5426D7FD25F937" author="Wisshak M." box="[519,732,1754,1780]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref54817" refString="Wisshak M. 2006. High-Latitude Bioerosion: The Kosterfjord Experiment. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 109. Springer, Heidelberg. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 36849 - 6" type="book" year="2006">Wisshak 2006: 86</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 28H.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA489F164CEE2716FE74F865" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164CEE2716FECFF8F6" blockId="62.[189,1399,1819,1958]" box="[189,310,1819,1845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA489F164CEE2716FECFF8F6" bold="true" box="[189,310,1819,1845]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA489F164CEE2716FECFF8F6" bold="true" box="[189,310,1819,1845]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA489F164CEE274BFE74F865" blockId="62.[189,1399,1819,1958]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Prostrate galleries with a high degree of anastomosis and a decrease in diameter toward the periphery. From the central node of trace, ramifying, sub-vertical tunnels with tapering terminations extend deeper into the substrate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA499F174CEE2106FDDAFE54" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE2106FEBDFEE6" blockId="63.[189,1398,267,407]" box="[189,324,267,293]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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||
<heading id="5B26B122BA499F174CEE2106FEBDFEE6" bold="true" box="[189,324,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE2106FEBDFEE6" bold="true" box="[189,324,267,293]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Etymology</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE213BFDDAFE54" blockId="63.[189,1398,267,407]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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Latinised from the geographic name Arctica, making reference to the known occurrence of this trace being limited to the polar waters off
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA499F174E312154FC86FEB0" box="[610,895,345,371]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</collectingCountry>
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(as well as one uncertain record from coldtemperate waters off
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA499F174DE62171FDEEFE54" box="[437,535,380,407]" name="Sweden" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA499F174CEE21B3FDE9FD15" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE21B3FD8AFE14" blockId="63.[189,1399,445,726]" box="[189,627,445,472]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA499F174CEE21B3FD8AFE14" bold="true" box="[189,627,445,472]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE21B3FD8AFE14" bold="true" box="[189,627,445,472]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Type material, locality and horizon</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE21E5FDE9FD15" blockId="63.[189,1399,445,726]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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||
<materialsCitation id="B0B90C13BA499F174CEE21E5FDE9FD15" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2625219307" collectingDate="VI / 1 - 4" collectionCode="SMF" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" elevation="80" latitude="76.38333" location="Expedition" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" specimenCode="SMF XXX 864, SMF XXX 865" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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The
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA499F174CA721E5FEA2FDC1" box="[244,347,488,514]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA499F174D3E21E5FE3CFDC1" box="[365,453,488,514]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
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A–B) and one
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA499F174E2421E4FD25FDC0" box="[631,732,489,515]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA499F174EBD21E5FCBCFDC1" box="[750,837,488,514]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
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C–D), together with several further
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<specimenCount id="16D7CDC7BA499F1748A621E5FA8BFDC1" box="[1269,1394,488,514]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">specimens</specimenCount>
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, are cast in epoxy resin from a subfossil (possibly Late Pleistocene to probably Holocene) shell of the bivalve
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA499F174D4F2222FD11FD8A" authority="(O. F. Muller, 1776)" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[284,744,558,585]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinoida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="islandica">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174D4F2222FE0EFD8A" box="[284,503,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chlamys islandica</emphasis>
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||
(O.F. Müller, 1776)
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</taxonomicName>
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, sampled in
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<quantity id="C729ABABBA499F174F2D2223FBF9FD8A" box="[894,1024,558,585]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="80.0" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="75.0">
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||
<elevation id="8BFCE17DBA499F174F2D2223FBF9FD8A" box="[894,1024,558,585]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="80.0" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="75.0">75 to 85 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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water depth at Sørkappbanken, SW
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA499F174CA3225FFEA1FDAF" box="[240,344,594,620]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
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<collectingMunicipality id="E00A9C34BA499F174D32225FFE66FDAF" box="[353,415,594,620]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Shelf</collectingMunicipality>
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||
(
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<geoCoordinate id="65E56089BA499F174DFC225DFDE4FDAF" box="[431,541,592,620]" degrees="76" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="76.38333">76°23′ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="65E56089BA499F174E79225DFD6AFDAF" box="[554,659,592,620]" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="15.95">15°57′ E</geoCoordinate>
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||
; station 15/161-AGT of the ARK
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<date id="746F208EBA499F174876225FFB8DFDAF" box="[1061,1140,594,620]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<collectingDate id="642BD966BA499F174876225FFB8DFDAF" box="[1061,1140,594,620]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">VI/1-4</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
<location id="050E5095BA499F17482F225FFB04FDAF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C:050E5095BA499F17482F225FFB04FDAF" box="[1148,1277,594,620]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" latitude="76.38333" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" name="Expedition" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Expedition</location>
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of the RV
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||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE2278FEC3FD4C" box="[189,314,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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||
<location id="050E5095BA499F174CEE2278FEC3FD4C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C:050E5095BA499F174CEE2278FEC3FD4C" box="[189,314,629,655]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" latitude="76.38333" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" name="Polarstern" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Polarstern</location>
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||
</emphasis>
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in 1989; see
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA499F174DB3227BFD47FD4C" author="Krause" box="[480,702,629,656]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref52030" refString="Krause G., Meincke J. & Schwarz H. J. 1991. Scientific cruise reports of Arctic expeditions ARK VI / 1 - 4 of RV " Polarstern " in 1989. Berichte zur Polarforschung 87: 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA499F174DB3227BFDCAFD53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C:050E5095BA499F174DB3227BFDCAFD53" box="[480,563,630,656]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" latitude="76.38333" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" name="Krause" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Krause</location>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174E6F227BFD80FD4C" box="[572,633,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for details).
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA499F174F092278FC28FD4C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C:050E5095BA499F174F092278FC28FD4C" box="[858,977,629,655]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" latitude="76.38333" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" name="Deposited" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Deposited</location>
|
||
in the trace fossil collection of the
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA499F174CEE2295FDAFFD71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA489F684E362623FC03FC4C:050E5095BA499F174CEE2295FDAFFD71" box="[189,598,664,690]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" latitude="76.38333" longLatPrecision="950" longitude="15.95" municipality="Shelf" name="Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA499F174E312295FD36FD71" box="[610,719,664,690]" name="Germany" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA499F174EB32295FC62FD71" box="[736,923,664,691]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">SMF XXX 864</specimenCode>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA499F1748182295FB4CFD71" box="[1099,1205,664,690]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA499F1748A72295FF15FD15" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">SMF XXX 865</specimenCode>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA499F174DCA22B1FDFDFD15" box="[409,516,700,726]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA499F684CEE22F0FB6EFE1B" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE22F0FEB7FCD4" blockId="63.[189,1399,765,869]" box="[189,334,765,791]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA499F174CEE22F0FEB7FCD4" bold="true" box="[189,334,765,791]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE22F0FEB7FCD4" bold="true" box="[189,334,765,791]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F684CEE2325FA95FEAF" blockId="63.[189,1399,765,869]" lastBlockId="64.[189,1399,267,364]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
This species describes relatively large dendrinids with a basal network of anastomosing galleries, running closely parallel to the substrate surface and emerging from an indistinct central cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA499F17488A2346FAC9FCA6" box="[1241,1328,843,869]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E). At least near the centre of the trace, vertically-oriented tunnels reach deeper into the substrate (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA369F684CEE2123FEEBFE8A" box="[189,274,302,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B), with rapidly ramifying, tapering, and pointed terminations. The overall appearance of the trace in side view resembles a blazing campfire – in accordance with the ichnogenus name (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA369F6848A1215FFAA6FEAF" box="[1266,1375,338,364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[189,1401,945,1858]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 24. Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov. A–B. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve Chlamys islandica (O.F. Müller, 1776) sampled off SW Svalbard. C–D. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell. E. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 24A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="54AE56C6BA499F174CEE2769FA8EF82A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839907/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" startId="63.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[189,1401,945,1858]" targetPageId="63">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA499F174CEE2769FA8EF82A" blockId="63.[189,1399,1892,2025]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE2769FEE7F8BD" bold="true" box="[189,286,1892,1918]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174D7B2768FDD1F8BD" box="[296,552,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Pyrodendrina
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA499F174D852768FDD1F8BD" box="[470,552,1893,1918]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Pyritonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arctica" status="sp. nov.">arctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA499F174E602769FD63F8BC" box="[563,666,1892,1919]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174EF62769FD25F8BD" bold="true" box="[677,732,1892,1918]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM planar and side views of the holotype found in epoxy cast of a shell of the bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA499F174E3A2785FBCDF860" authority="(O. F. Muller, 1776)" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[617,1076,1928,1955]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinoida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="islandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174E3A2785FCBDF861" box="[617,836,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Chlamys islandica</emphasis>
|
||
(O.F. Müller, 1776)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sampled off SW Svalbard.
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F174CEE27A6FF0FF806" bold="true" box="[189,246,1963,1989]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM overview and close-up of the paratype recoded in the same shell.
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA499F17486627A6FBB0F806" bold="true" box="[1077,1097,1963,1989]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">E</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM of a specimen from another (probably Holocene) bivalve shell sampled at a depth of 78 m in Straumsflaket, near Jan Mayen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA369F684CEE2196FB6EFE1B" blockId="64.[189,1399,411,473]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Measured complete specimens range from
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA369F684E9E2196FC5CFE76" box="[717,933,411,437]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0015" metricValueMax="2.936" metricValueMin="1.067" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="2001.5" valueMax="2936.0" valueMin="1067.0">
|
||
<date id="746F208EBA369F684E9E2196FC8BFE76" box="[717,882,411,437]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" value="1067" valueMax="2936">1067 to 2936</date>
|
||
µm
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in maximum diameter (mean = 1779 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA369F684C8721B3FECAFE1B" box="[212,307,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.64" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="564.0">564 µm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 180), at a width of
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA369F684E1F21B3FCF1FE1B" box="[588,776,446,472]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5625" metricValueMax="2.3009999999999997" metricValueMin="0.824" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1562.5" valueMax="2301.0" valueMin="824.0">824 to 2301 µm</quantity>
|
||
(mean = 1405 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA369F684F8221B3FBD6FE1B" box="[977,1071,446,472]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.47" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="447.0">447 µm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA369F684CEE220AFC03FC4C" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA369F684CEE220AFED6FDE2" blockId="64.[189,303,519,545]" box="[189,303,519,545]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA369F684CEE220AFED6FDE2" bold="true" box="[189,303,519,545]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA369F684CEE220AFED6FDE2" bold="true" box="[189,303,519,545]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA369F684CEE2238FDAAFD3C" blockId="64.[189,1399,565,768]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Since no deep-time fossil material is available and neither the exact age of the substrate (Pleistocene to Holocene) nor that of the boring is known, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA369F684F772254FCAEFDB0" box="[804,855,601,627]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material is herein regarded as fossil. This is in concord with the view that bioerosion traces in skeletal or lithic hard substrates can be regarded as “ready-made fossils” with a fossilisation barrier most practically defined as the death of the borer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA369F684C9622CFFE05FD1E" author="Bromley & Nielsen" box="[197,508,706,733]" firstAuthor="Bromley" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="453 - 455" refId="ref49507" refString="Bromley R. G. & Nielsen K. S. S. 2015. Bioerosional ichnotaxa and the fossilization barrier. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 85: 453 - 455. https: // doi. org / 10.14241 / asgp. 2015.033" type="journal article" year="2015">Bromley & Nielsen 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since no definition of the fossilisation barrier is given in the ICZN, this practice does not violate the Code.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA369F684CEE2323FC03FC4C" blockId="64.[189,1399,814,911]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
This large
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA369F684D6A2323FE22FC8B" box="[313,475,814,840]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Pyrodendrina</emphasis>
|
||
is distinguished from other ichnospecies in that ichnogenus by the high degree of anastomosis in the basal rosette, and the higher number and density of vertical tunnels. In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA369F684CEE237BFEE2FC4C" box="[189,283,885,911]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Pyritonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belua" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA369F684CEE237BFEE2FC4C" box="[189,283,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">P. belua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA369F684D712378FE7CFC4C" box="[290,389,885,911]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA369F684DED237BFDD1FC4C" box="[446,552,885,911]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Pyritonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="villosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA369F684DED237BFDD1FC4C" box="[446,552,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">P. villosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA369F684E632378FD6CFC4C" box="[560,661,885,911]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the surface texture is smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |