247 lines
41 KiB
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247 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="B56491CBCC64D899749FE181E384EA24" ID-CLB-Dataset="21907" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.390" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54438cfa-5f3a-4ee3-85c8-00e453a6d641" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839858" ID-ZooBank="4D1D1CA3-8345-4BA3-9C7C-5EBDD40752CE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590155668479" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Wisshak, Max" docDate="2017" docId="8878B758BA329F6E4E7A2447FC35F99E" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-390.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 390" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rhopalondendrina avis Wisshak 2017, igen. et isp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A89737C0-E973-442E-A6D0-01994CDF660A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="7441CF20BA769F284C53200DFFF9FFC3" masterDocTitle="Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="69" updateTime="1698840949990" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="EC0EC7777234645250AA1A67CFE32C50">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5073BA427A04AF91F4D60105F33CFB77">Wisshak, Max</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1593705F071548106BA645D82E703013">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="701FD8DC1C442DD78370C667E939CC7F">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8878B758BA329F6E4E7A2447FC35F99E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853649" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164282294" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853649" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A89737C0-E973-442E-A6D0-01994CDF660A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8878B758BA329F6E4E7A2447FC35F99E" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4E7A2447FBF2FBA6" blockId="68.[368,1221,1098,1195]" box="[553,1035,1098,1125]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA329F6C4E7A2447FCBAFBA6" authority="Wisshak, 2017" authorityName="Wisshak" authorityYear="2017" box="[553,835,1098,1125]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Rhopalondendrina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="avis" status="igen. et isp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C4E7A2447FCBAFBA6" bold="true" box="[553,835,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Rhopalondendrina avis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA329F6C4F182446FBF2FBA6" box="[843,1035,1099,1125]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">igen. et isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4D232463FB3CFB4B" blockId="68.[368,1221,1098,1195]" box="[368,1221,1134,1160]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="74773C9BBA329F6C4EDF2463FB3CFB4B" box="[652,1221,1134,1160]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A89737C0-E973-442E-A6D0-01994CDF660A</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA329F6C4EA3249CFD43FA9D" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="description">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4EA3249CFCBAFB68" blockId="68.[368,1221,1098,1195]" box="[752,835,1169,1195]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA329F6C4EA3249CFCBAFB68" box="[752,835,1169,1195]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE24D6FD75FB37" blockId="68.[189,995,1242,1374]" box="[189,652,1242,1269]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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J-Form F-4 –
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA329F6C4D0C24D7FDDEFB36" author="Glaub" box="[351,551,1242,1269]" firstAuthor="Glaub" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="135 - 164" refId="ref50916" refString="Glaub I. 1988. Mikrobohrspuren in verschiedenen Faziesbereichen des Oberjura Westeuropas (vorlaufige Mitteilungen). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 177: 135 - 164." type="journal article" year="1988">Glaub 1988: 154</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 3D.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE24F0FC7FFADB" blockId="68.[189,995,1242,1374]" box="[189,902,1277,1304]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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Rhopalondendrina-Form –
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA329F6C4DAF24F0FD3CFADB" author="Glaub I." box="[508,709,1277,1304]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 324" refId="ref50947" refString="Glaub I. 1994. Mikrobohrspuren in ausgewahlten Ablagerungsraumen des europaischen Jura und der Unterkreide (Klassifikation und Palokologie). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 174: 1 - 324." type="journal article" year="1994">Glaub 1994: 132</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 12,
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA329F6C4F7124F0FC7BFADB" box="[802,898,1277,1304]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE252CFC1AFAF8" blockId="68.[189,995,1242,1374]" box="[189,995,1313,1339]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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Rhopalodendrina form – (?)
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA329F6C4E5F252CFC84FAF8" author="Vogel & Marincovich" box="[524,893,1313,1339]" firstAuthor="Vogel" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref54329" refString="Vogel K. & Marincovich L. 2004. Paleobathymetric implications of microborings in Tertiary strata of Alaska, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 206: 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2003.12.017" type="journal article" year="2004">Vogel & Marincovich 2004: 12</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 4.1.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE2549FD43FA9D" blockId="68.[189,995,1242,1374]" box="[189,698,1348,1374]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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Without name –
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA329F6C4DD32549FD9BFA9D" author="Thuy" box="[384,610,1348,1374]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Thuy" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="20132624" refId="ref53884" refString="Thuy B., Kiel S., Dulai A., Gale A. S., Kroh A., Lord A. R., Numberger-Thuy L. D., Stohr S. & Wisshak M. 2014. First glimpse into Lower Jurassic deep-sea biodiversity: in situ diversification and resilience against extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: e 20132624. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.2624" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Thuy
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C4D962548FDF9FA9D" box="[453,512,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
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2014: 2
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA329F6C4E3D2549FD4DFA9D" box="[622,692,1348,1374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">fig. 1i</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA329F6C4CEE2580FE1AF980" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE2580FECFFA64" blockId="68.[189,310,1421,1447]" box="[189,310,1421,1447]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA329F6C4CEE2580FECFFA64" bold="true" box="[189,310,1421,1447]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C4CEE2580FECFFA64" bold="true" box="[189,310,1421,1447]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE25CDFE1AF980" blockId="68.[189,1399,1471,1603]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Entry tunnel straight or arched, leading to a mainly dichotomously and rarely trichotomously ramifying plexus of prostrate tunnels. Increase in tunnel diameter and lateral widening at branching points or terminations towards the periphery of the trace. Converging tunnels fuse to form anastomoses or evade and develop deeper tiers.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA329F6C4CEE267FFBD0F8C6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE267FFEBDF94F" blockId="68.[189,324,1650,1676]" box="[189,324,1650,1676]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA329F6C4CEE267FFEBDF94F" bold="true" box="[189,324,1650,1676]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C4CEE267FFEBDF94F" bold="true" box="[189,324,1650,1676]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Etymology</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE26A9FBD0F8C6" blockId="68.[189,1399,1700,1797]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Based on the Latin ‘avis’, bird, acknowledging Prof. Dr. Klaus Vogel (Vogel, German = bird) and his team (including Ingrid Glaub, referred to in the etymology of this new ichnogenus) in Frankfurt, who contributed immensely to the understanding of microbioerosion processes.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA329F6E4CEE2739FBF8FE4C" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6C4CEE2739FD8AF88E" blockId="68.[189,627,1843,1870]" box="[189,627,1843,1870]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA329F6C4CEE2739FD8AF88E" bold="true" box="[189,627,1843,1870]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C4CEE2739FD8AF88E" bold="true" box="[189,627,1843,1870]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA329F6C4CEE2739FF03F88D" box="[189,250,1844,1870]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Type</typeStatus>
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material, locality and horizon
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA329F6E4CEE276BFBF8FE4C" blockId="68.[189,1399,1894,2026]" lastBlockId="70.[189,1399,267,399]" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
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The trace was recorded in epoxy resin casts of unidentified belemnite rostra from marls of the Kehlbach and Scheck Members within the Adnet Formation, Sinemurian to Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic, exposed in the Glasenbach Gorge, south of
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<collectingRegion id="C215C8ACBA329F6C4E2527A1FD27F805" box="[630,734,1964,1990]" country="Austria" name="Salzburg" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Salzburg</collectingRegion>
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in the northern Calcareous Alps,
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA329F6C48D527A1FB19F805" box="[1158,1248,1964,1990]" name="Austria" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Austria</collectingCountry>
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. For further details concerning the type locality and its ichnological record, see
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA329F6C4FB827C2FB35F829" author="Thuy" box="[1003,1228,1999,2026]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Thuy" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="20132624" refId="ref53884" refString="Thuy B., Kiel S., Dulai A., Gale A. S., Kroh A., Lord A. R., Numberger-Thuy L. D., Stohr S. & Wisshak M. 2014. First glimpse into Lower Jurassic deep-sea biodiversity: in situ diversification and resilience against extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: e 20132624. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2013.2624" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Thuy
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA329F6C486027DDFB89F82A" box="[1075,1136,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al.</emphasis>
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(2014)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The
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<materialsCitation id="B0B90C13BA329F6E494327C2FBF8FE4C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2625430301" collectionCode="E, F" country="Germany" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" location="Germany" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" specimenCode="SMF XXX 867, SMF XXX 868, SMF XXX 869" specimenCount="5" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA329F6C494327C2FA8EF82A" box="[1296,1399,1999,2025]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4C952106FECAFEE6" box="[198,307,267,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Fig. 27
|
||
<collectionCode id="66C09E8BBA309F6E4D732106FECAFEE6" box="[288,307,267,293]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and four
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA309F6E4DED2101FDD7FEE5" box="[446,558,268,294]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4E172106FD67FEE6" box="[580,670,267,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D,
|
||
<collectionCode id="66C09E8BBA309F6E4EB82101FD04FEE5" box="[747,765,268,294]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">F</collectionCode>
|
||
) are preserved in three epoxy resin casts, together with many other traces of the new ichnospecies, and are deposited in the trace fossil collection of the Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA309F6E4E0C215FFD35FEAF" box="[607,716,338,364]" name="Germany" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA309F6E4E8F215FFC6FFEAF" box="[732,918,338,364]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">SMF XXX 867</specimenCode>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA309F6E4817215FFB57FEAF" box="[1092,1198,338,364]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA309F6E48E9215FFA8BFEAF" box="[1210,1394,338,364]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">SMF XXX 868</specimenCode>
|
||
, including one
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA309F6E4D362178FE33FE4C" box="[357,458,373,399]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA309F6E4E502178FD42FE4C" box="[515,699,373,399]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">SMF XXX 869</specimenCode>
|
||
, including three
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA309F6E4F2C2178FC0CFE4C" box="[895,1013,373,399]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA309F6E4CEE21B3FAE0FB0E" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE21B3FEB7FE1B" blockId="70.[189,334,446,472]" box="[189,334,446,472]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA309F6E4CEE21B3FEB7FE1B" bold="true" box="[189,334,446,472]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA309F6E4CEE21B3FEB7FE1B" bold="true" box="[189,334,446,472]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE21FCFA97FCE7" blockId="70.[189,1399,496,804]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
From a single point of entry, a short and nearly straight or slightly arched gallery (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E48EE21FDFADFFDC9" box="[1213,1318,496,522]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27F</figureCitation>
|
||
) leads to a first dichotomous ramification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4E26221EFD1EFDED" box="[629,743,531,558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The two resulting tunnels repeatedly ramify (or end blindly), typically dichotomously, occasionally trichotomously, with a total number of up to six subsequent branching points (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4E4D2257FD8DFDB7" box="[542,628,602,628]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
B–F). The nearly bilaterally symmetrical system of galleries runs closely parallel to, or directly below, the substrate surface. In more developed ontogenetic stages with converging galleries, these may fuse and form an anastomosing pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E485122ADFBAFFD79" box="[1026,1110,672,698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
D–E), or they may evade and form deeper tiers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4D9A22CEFDCDFD1D" box="[457,564,707,734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The diameter of the tunnels increases from the initial gallery towards the periphery of the trace, and terminations are laterally slightly widened. In late ontogenetic stages, the lateral widening of the gallery terminations and ramification points is most pronounced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E48A42307FA98FCE7" box="[1271,1377,778,804]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE235EFAE0FB0E" blockId="70.[189,1399,851,1229]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Among the observed ~
|
||
<specimenCount id="16D7CDC7BA309F6E4D8B235EFD84FCAE" box="[472,637,851,878]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="generic">50 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA309F6E4F52235EFCCDFCAE" box="[769,820,851,877]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, 12 traces were complete (including a wide range of ontogenetic stages) and were documented by SEM images in planar view, allowing for accurate morphometrical measurements. These traces ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4F9C2394FB73FC77" box="[975,1162,921,948]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.375" metricValueMax="10.57" metricValueMin="4.18" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="737.5" valueMax="1057.0" valueMin="418.0">418 to 1057 µm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum length (mean = 653 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4D2523B0FE2DFC14" box="[374,468,957,983]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="188.0">188 µm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4E4A23B1FD20FC14" box="[537,729,956,983]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.975" metricValueMax="15.7" metricValueMin="4.25" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="997.5" valueMax="1570.0" valueMin="425.0">425 to 1570 µm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum width (mean = 803 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E48D523B1FB1FFC14" box="[1158,1254,956,983]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.59" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="359.0">359 µm</quantity>
|
||
). The initial gallery was found to be
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4D8D23EDFD76FC39" box="[478,655,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.19" metricValueMax="2.94" metricValueMin="1.44" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="219.0" valueMax="294.0" valueMin="144.0">144 to 294 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length (mean = 217 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4F9223EDFBE9FC39" box="[961,1040,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 µm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E480623EDFB11FC39" box="[1109,1256,991,1018]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="29.0">29 to 45 µm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (mean = 34 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4D3B240EFE52FBDE" box="[360,427,1027,1054]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
|
||
). The angle of dichotomous bifurcations varied from 55° to 136°, with a mean of 90° ± 15° (n = 89) and the internodes measured
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4EA7242BFC6AFB82" box="[756,915,1062,1089]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.595" metricValueMax="2.63" metricValueMin="0.5599999999999999" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="159.5" valueMax="263.0" valueMin="56.0">56 to 263 µm</quantity>
|
||
in distance, with a mean of 123 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4979242BFA8EFB82" box="[1322,1399,1062,1089]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 98). The diameter of the tunnels, measured halfway along the internodes, varied from
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E48B22444FA88FBA7" box="[1249,1393,1097,1124]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="9.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="99.0" valueMin="28.0">28 to 99 µm</quantity>
|
||
, with a mean of 52 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4DF42460FE0AFB44" box="[423,499,1133,1159]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 180) and the widened terminations were
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E48572460FB64FB44" box="[1028,1181,1133,1159]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="70.0" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="30.0">30 to 110 µm</quantity>
|
||
in width, resulting in a mean of 61 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA309F6E4DC82482FE10FB69" box="[411,489,1167,1194]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 112). The traces are also very common in Upper Cretaceous belemnite rostra, where they show a comparable branching pattern and similar dimensions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E482524BEFB29FB0E" box="[1142,1232,1203,1229]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Figs 27</figureCitation>
|
||
G–K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA309F6E4CEE24F1FC35F99E" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE24F1FED6FAD5" blockId="70.[189,1398,1276,1450]" box="[189,303,1276,1302]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA309F6E4CEE24F1FED6FAD5" bold="true" box="[189,303,1276,1302]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA309F6E4CEE24F1FED6FAD5" bold="true" box="[189,303,1276,1302]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE252BFE27FA69" blockId="70.[189,1398,1276,1450]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
The traces partly exhibit a limonitic infill that was either impregnated within the epoxy resin or provided a “natural cast” when the belemnite substrate was dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Both in Jurassic as well as Cretaceous belemnites,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA309F6E4E612563FD7BFA44" box="[562,642,1390,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Mydidae" genus="Rhopalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avis">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA309F6E4E612563FD7BFA44" box="[562,642,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">R. avis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
igen. et
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA309F6E4EB92560FCB7FA4B" box="[746,846,1389,1416]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
often occurs in clusters of up to several tenths of individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA309F6E4D3C259DFE2BFA69" box="[367,466,1424,1450]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="70.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[189,1401,270,1886]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Fig. 27 (page 70). Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov. A–E. Series of paratypes (A–D) and the holotype (E) showing the development from early ontogenetic stages to advanced stages with several orders of ramification and rosette-shaped plexus with typical increase of tunnel diameter and widening towards the periphery of the trace. SEM of epoxy casts of Lower Jurassic belemnites from the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. F. Oblique view of C, showing arched nature of initial tunnel (arrow at left). G. SEM of an early ontogenetic stage of a specimen in an Upper Campanian belemnite from Kronsmoor, Germany. H. SEM of a more irregularly branching specimen in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. I–K. Overview and two close-ups of a typical cluster in a belemnite from the Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA309F6E4CEE25D4FC35F99E" blockId="70.[189,1399,1497,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Early ontogenetic stages closely resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA309F6E4EEF25D4FC5DFA30" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[700,932,1497,1523]" genus="Abeliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" rank="species" species="riccioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA309F6E4EEF25D4FC5DFA30" box="[700,932,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Abeliella riccioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in morphology, which is, however, by definition restricted to osteic substrates. Similarity is also observed with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA309F6E484525F1FADFF9D5" authorityName="Wisshak" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Wisshak" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[1046,1318,1532,1558]" class="Monothalamea" family="Astrorhizidae" genus="Fascichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bellafurcus" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA309F6E484525F1FADFF9D5" box="[1046,1318,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fascichnus bellafurcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA309F6E497D25F1FF08F9F9" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, but this ichnospecies does not exhibit the diagnostic increase in tunnel diameter towards the periphery and it never forms anastomoses where tunnels converge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |