265 lines
40 KiB
XML
265 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="D0DA83EAAD7C7A524711C4D163B0FA4B" ID-CLB-Dataset="21907" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.390" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54438cfa-5f3a-4ee3-85c8-00e453a6d641" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839858" ID-ZooBank="4D1D1CA3-8345-4BA3-9C7C-5EBDD40752CE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1590155668479" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Wisshak, Max" docDate="2017" docId="8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-390.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 390" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rhopalondendrina acanthina Wisshak 2017, igen. et isp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="1C10C48B-2B51-49AB-9D6E-DFA88BDECE92" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="74" masterDocId="7441CF20BA769F284C53200DFFF9FFC3" masterDocTitle="Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1698840949990" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="EFB57004FEBFF28B28583BE5EDE4792C">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C52A78CF7C6DBD0A54CDAF7AEF277796">Wisshak, Max</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6D2DEB52E8B0968DA2A083456BD35430">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9982DEA1E58E1723E081E08F9187698D">
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<mods:date id="02960E76EFDCD1DC30DA87FCD28131D9">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1B36D798C60BC6C9F60E3E5127E462B8">2017-12-29</mods:number>
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<treatment id="8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3853673" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164249305" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3853673" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1C10C48B-2B51-49AB-9D6E-DFA88BDECE92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4E502106FB29FE8A" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4E502106FBC8FEE5" blockId="71.[355,1232,267,364]" box="[515,1073,267,294]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="5B26B122BA319F6F4E502106FBC8FEE5" box="[515,1073,267,294]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA319F6F4E502106FC90FEE5" authority="Wisshak, 2017" authorityName="Wisshak" authorityYear="2017" box="[515,873,267,294]" class="Hexactinellida" genus="Rhopalondendrina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="acanthina" status="igen. et isp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4E502106FC90FEE5" bold="true" box="[515,873,267,294]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Rhopalondendrina acanthina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA319F6F4F232106FBC8FEE5" box="[880,1073,267,294]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">igen. et isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4D302123FB29FE8A" blockId="71.[355,1232,267,364]" box="[355,1232,302,329]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<uri id="74400A4CBA319F6F4D302123FB29FE8A" box="[355,1232,302,329]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="74773C9BBA319F6F4ED12123FB29FE8A" box="[642,1232,302,329]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">1C10C48B-2B51-49AB-9D6E-DFA88BDECE92</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4EA3215FFCD0FDDC" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4EA3215FFCBAFEAF" blockId="71.[355,1232,267,364]" box="[752,835,338,364]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4EA3215FFCBAFEAF" box="[752,835,338,364]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE2196FC85FE76" blockId="71.[189,1398,410,543]" box="[189,892,410,437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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||
Spinate boring form – (?)
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||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4DBD2196FCE4FE76" author="Zeff & Perkins" box="[494,797,410,437]" firstAuthor="Zeff" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="175 - 201" refId="ref55379" refString="Zeff M. L. & Perkins R. D. 1979. Microbial alteration of Bahamian deep-sea carbonates. Sedimentology 26: 175 - 201." type="journal article" year="1979">Zeff & Perkins 1979: 185</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 15.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE21B3FCAEFE1B" blockId="71.[189,1398,410,543]" box="[189,855,446,472]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Sponge from B – (?)
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||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4DE621B3FD0AFE1B" author="Budd & Perkins" box="[437,755,446,472]" firstAuthor="Budd" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="881 - 904" refId="ref49837" refString="Budd D. A. & Perkins R. D. 1980. Bathymetric zonation and paleoecological significance of microborings in Puerto Rican shelf and slope sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50: 881 - 904." type="journal article" year="1980">Budd & Perkins 1980: 889</bibRefCitation>
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||
, fig. 8D.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE21ECFCD0FDDC" blockId="71.[189,1398,410,543]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Dendroid-Form III – (?)
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4D8F21ECFD54FE38" author="Schmidt" box="[476,685,481,507]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 228" refId="ref53114" refString="Schmidt H. 1992. Mikrobohrspuren ausgewahlter Faziesbereiche der tethyalen und germanischen Trias (Beschreibung, Vergleich und bathymetrische Interpretation). Frankfurter Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten, Serie A 12: 1 - 228." type="journal article" year="1992">Schmidt 1992: 91</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 11, fig. 5. — (?)
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4FC821ECFB11FE38" author="Glaub & Schmidt" box="[923,1256,481,507]" firstAuthor="Glaub" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="103 - 112" refId="ref51034" refString="Glaub I. & Schmidt H. 1994. Traces of endolithic microboring organisms in Triassic and Jurassic bioherms. Kaupia 4: 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="1994">Glaub & Schmidt 1994: 106</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 2. Dendroid form 2 –
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4DCC2209FD3DFDDC" author="Wisshak" box="[415,708,516,543]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wisshak" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="492 - 520" refId="ref55259" refString="Wisshak M., Tribollet A., Golubic S., Jakobsen J. & Freiwald A. 2011. Temperate bioerosion: ichnodiversity and biodiversity from intertidal to bathyal depths (Azores). Geobiology 9: 492 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 4669.2011.00299. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Wisshak
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4E592208FDBCFDDD" box="[522,581,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2011: 505
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, fig. 7K.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4CEE2240FD28FD23" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE2240FECFFDA4" blockId="71.[189,310,589,615]" box="[189,310,589,615]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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||
<heading id="5B26B122BA319F6F4CEE2240FECFFDA4" bold="true" box="[189,310,589,615]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4CEE2240FECFFDA4" bold="true" box="[189,310,589,615]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE228DFD28FD23" blockId="71.[189,1399,640,737]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">A very short, sub-vertical entrance gallery gives way to a closely prostrate system of irregularly bifurcating galleries, with spiny surface texture and tapering or blunt terminations. Converging tunnels evade and cross, or run parallel to each other.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4CEE2302FE51FCBC" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE2302FEBDFCEA" blockId="71.[189,324,783,809]" box="[189,324,783,809]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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||
<heading id="5B26B122BA319F6F4CEE2302FEBDFCEA" bold="true" box="[189,324,783,809]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4CEE2302FEBDFCEA" bold="true" box="[189,324,783,809]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Etymology</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE234CFE51FCBC" blockId="71.[189,1399,832,895]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Latinised from the ancient Greek ‘ἀκάνθινος’ (acanthos), thorny, referring to the common spiny surface texture of this trace.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4CEE23A3FB09FB69" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE23A3FD8AFC04" blockId="71.[189,627,941,968]" box="[189,627,941,968]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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||
<heading id="5B26B122BA319F6F4CEE23A3FD8AFC04" bold="true" box="[189,627,941,968]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4CEE23A3FD8AFC04" bold="true" box="[189,627,941,968]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Type material, locality and horizon</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE23EDFB09FB69" blockId="71.[189,1399,992,1194]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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||
<materialsCitation id="B0B90C13BA319F6F4CEE23EDFB09FB69" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2625219313" collectionCode="SMF" country="Greece" location="Lindos Bay Formation" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" specimenCode="SMF XXX 870" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
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The
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA319F6F4CA723EDFEA2FC39" box="[244,347,992,1018]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4D3E23EDFE23FC39" box="[365,474,992,1018]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the
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||
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA319F6F4E1E23EDFD4BFC39" box="[589,690,992,1018]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="paratype">
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||
<specimenCount id="16D7CDC7BA319F6F4E1E23EDFD4BFC39" box="[589,690,992,1018]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="generic">paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
</typeStatus>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4E9723EDFCE3FC39" box="[708,794,992,1018]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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B–C) are found in the same epoxy resin cast from a shell of the bivalve
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA319F6F4D9B240EFC44FBDD" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[456,957,1027,1054]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Acanthocardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinata">
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4D9B240EFD1DFBDE" box="[456,740,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Acanthocardia echinata</emphasis>
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||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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, sampled at the northern flank of an isolated hill one km SW of Lardos village, Rhodes,
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<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA319F6F4F63242BFC7FFB83" box="[816,902,1062,1088]" name="Greece" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Greece</collectingCountry>
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||
, in a rhodolith bed determined as
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<collectingMunicipality id="E00A9C34BA319F6F4971242BFEA2FBA7" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Marine Isotope Stage</collectingMunicipality>
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||
12,
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||
<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4DDF2444FD6FFBA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4DDF2444FD6FFBA0" box="[396,662,1097,1124]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="Lindos Bay Formation" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lindos Bay Formation</location>
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,
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<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4EF22444FC41FBA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4EF22444FC41FBA7" box="[673,952,1097,1124]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="Middle Pleistocene. For" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Middle Pleistocene. For</location>
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further details on the
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<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA319F6F48E62447FB11FBA7" box="[1205,1256,1098,1124]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality and its ichnological record see
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<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4DA12460FD0FFB44" author="Titschack" box="[498,758,1133,1159]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Titschack" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref54007" refString="Titschack J., Joseph N., Fietzke J., Freiwald A. & Bromley R. G. 2013. Record of a tectonicallycontrolled regression captured by changes in carbonate skeletal associations on a structured island shelf (mid-Pleistocene, Rhodes, Greece). Sedimentary Geology 283: 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. sedgeo. 2012.11.001" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4DA12460FD9AFB44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4DA12460FD9AFB44" box="[498,611,1133,1159]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="Titschack" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Titschack</location>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4E3A2463FD5BFB44" box="[617,674,1133,1159]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4F7F2460FC11FB44" author="Wisshak M." box="[812,1000,1133,1159]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="213 - 233" refId="ref54858" refString="Wisshak M. 2008. Two new dwarf Entobia ichnospecies in a diverse aphotic ichnocoenosis (Pleistocene / Rhodes, Greece). In: Wisshak M. & Tapanila L. (eds) Current Developments in Bioerosion: 213 - 233. Springer, Heidelberg. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 77598 - 0 _ 11" type="book chapter" year="2008">
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4F7F2460FC69FB44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4F7F2460FC69FB44" box="[812,912,1133,1159]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="Wisshak" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Wisshak</location>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4FA22460FBE6FB44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4FA22460FBE6FB44" box="[1009,1055,1133,1159]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="The" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">The</location>
|
||
epoxy cast is deposited in the trace fossil collection of the
|
||
<location id="050E5095BA319F6F4E59249DFC59FB69" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA319F614E502106FCB1FD1E:050E5095BA319F6F4E59249DFC59FB69" box="[522,928,1168,1194]" country="Greece" municipality="Marine Isotope Stage" name="Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Senckenberg Institute in Frankfurt</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA319F6F4FFF249DFBE0FB69" box="[940,1049,1168,1194]" name="Germany" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA319F6F487B249DFB1DFB69" box="[1064,1252,1168,1194]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">SMF XXX 870</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA319F6F4CEE24D4FBE5F8BD" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE24D4FEB7FB30" blockId="71.[189,334,1241,1267]" box="[189,334,1241,1267]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA319F6F4CEE24D4FEB7FB30" bold="true" box="[189,334,1241,1267]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4CEE24D4FEB7FB30" bold="true" box="[189,334,1241,1267]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE2501FB51F9DF" blockId="71.[189,1399,1291,1564]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
From a circular point of entry, a very short vertical gallery enters the substrate, from which the main gallery of the closely prostrate tunnel system emerges laterally and increases in thickness until the first point of ramification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4DAB255CFDB7FAAF" box="[504,590,1361,1388]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
A–G). The tunnels commonly bifurcate irregularly at various angles between 45° and 160° and with internodes of varying length, forming a trace oriented to one side of the initial entry point. The diameter of the galleries has a moderate variability and distal galleries taper or end bluntly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4D0025B6FE51FA16" box="[339,424,1467,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F). The tunnels always feature a dense cover of spiny protrusions, part of which probably connect to the substrate surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4EE725D3FCDBFA3B" box="[692,802,1502,1528]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Converging tunnels evade and cross, or they run parallel to pre-existing tunnels; true anastomosis has not been observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA319F6F4841260CFB9EF9DF" box="[1042,1127,1537,1564]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA319F6F4CEE2646FBE5F8BD" blockId="71.[189,1399,1610,1919]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Among the observed specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C215C8ACBA319F6F4EF72646FD0EF9A6" box="[676,759,1611,1637]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
experiment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA319F6F4FC12647FB87F9A6" author="Wisshak" box="[914,1150,1610,1637]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wisshak" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="492 - 520" refId="ref55259" refString="Wisshak M., Tribollet A., Golubic S., Jakobsen J. & Freiwald A. 2011. Temperate bioerosion: ichnodiversity and biodiversity from intertidal to bathyal depths (Azores). Geobiology 9: 492 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 4669.2011.00299. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wisshak
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA319F6F4FAC2646FBC3F9A6" box="[1023,1082,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; therein addressed as ‘Dendroid form 2’),
|
||
<specimenCount id="16D7CDC7BA319F6F4DE62663FDAFF94B" box="[437,598,1646,1672]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were complete (including a wide range of ontogenetic stages) and were documented by SEM images in planar view, allowing for accurate morphometrical measurements. These traces ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4DA326B9FD54F90C" box="[496,685,1716,1743]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" metricValueMax="10.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="570.0" valueMax="1020.0" valueMin="120.0">120 to 1020 µm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum length (mean = 401 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F480B26B9FB4CF90C" box="[1112,1205,1716,1743]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="264.0">264 µm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F48AB26B9FF1CF931" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.209999999999999" metricValueMax="13.709999999999999" metricValueMin="0.71" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="721.0" valueMax="1371.0" valueMin="71.0">71 to 1371 µm</quantity>
|
||
in maximum width (mean = 430 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4EDB26DAFD11F931" box="[648,744,1751,1778]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 µm</quantity>
|
||
). The initial gallery before reaching the first bifurcation was found to be
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4DD526F6FDD0F8D6" box="[390,553,1786,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="11.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="63.0" valueMax="116.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 116 µm</quantity>
|
||
in length (mean = 60 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4F0226F6FC59F8D6" box="[849,928,1787,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 µm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4FB626F6FB82F8D6" box="[997,1147,1787,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 18 µm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (mean = 13 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4CA92713FEC5F8FB" box="[250,316,1822,1848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 µm</quantity>
|
||
). The angle of bifurcations varies from 45° to 161°, with a mean of 87° ± 19° (n = 121) and the internodes measure
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4D82274CFD97F898" box="[465,622,1857,1883]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" metricValueMax="2.66" metricValueMin="0.16" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="141.0" valueMax="266.0" valueMin="16.0">16 to 266 µm</quantity>
|
||
in distance, with a mean of 73 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4FA3274CFBC5F898" box="[1008,1084,1857,1884]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 120). The diameter of the tunnels varies from
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4D812769FD9AF8BC" box="[466,611,1892,1919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="17.0">17 to 43 µm</quantity>
|
||
, with a mean of 26 ±
|
||
<quantity id="C729ABABBA319F6F4F312769FC59F8BC" box="[866,928,1892,1919]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 µm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 229).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="54AE56C6BA3E9F604CEE2641FBEFF843" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" startId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" targetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" targetPageId="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA3E9F604CEE2641FBEFF843" blockId="72.[189,1399,1612,1920]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604CEE2641FEE2F9A5" bold="true" box="[189,283,1612,1638]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 28.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604D702641FD84F9A5" box="[291,637,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Rhopalondendrina
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA3E9F604E5B2641FD84F9A5" box="[520,637,1612,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Mydidae" genus="Rhopalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acanthina">acanthina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
igen. et
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA3E9F604EB52641FCB3F9A4" box="[742,842,1612,1639]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604F012641FC9EF9A5" bold="true" box="[850,871,1612,1638]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece.
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604EE3269FFD1EF96F" bold="true" box="[688,743,1682,1708]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">B–C</emphasis>
|
||
. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604CEE26D4FF0AF930" bold="true" box="[189,243,1753,1779]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">D–F</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I).
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F6048BC26F1FAFFF8D5" bold="true" box="[1263,1286,1788,1814]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3E9F604DE8274EFE15F89E" bold="true" box="[443,492,1859,1885]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">H–I</emphasis>
|
||
. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA3F9F614CEE2101FCB1FD1E" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA3F9F614CEE2101FED6FEE5" blockId="73.[189,303,268,294]" box="[189,303,268,294]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<heading id="5B26B122BA3F9F614CEE2101FED6FEE5" bold="true" box="[189,303,268,294]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3F9F614CEE2101FED6FEE5" bold="true" box="[189,303,268,294]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA3F9F614CEE2133FB69FDCB" blockId="73.[189,1399,318,520]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA3F9F614D0C2132FE56FE9B" box="[351,431,319,344]" class="Insecta" family="Mydidae" genus="Rhopalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avis">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3F9F614D0C2132FE56FE9B" box="[351,431,319,344]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">R. avis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
igen. et
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA3F9F614E472133FD83FE9B" box="[532,634,318,344]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, this ichnospecies never forms true anastomoses, always exhibits a spiny surface texture and has a characteristic, very short and vertical entrance tunnel from which the system of prostrate galleries emerges laterally. It shares the convergent morphological character of the spiny protrusions with the tubular microboring
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3F9F614F4821AAFBD1FE02" box="[795,1064,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Orthogonum spinosum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA3F9F61486321AAFB29FE01" author="Radtke" box="[1072,1232,423,450]" firstAuthor="Radtke" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 185" refId="ref52793" refString="Radtke G. 1991. Die mikroendolithischen Spurenfossilien im Alt-Tertiar West-Europas und ihre palokologische Bedeutung. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 138: 1 - 185." type="journal article" year="1991">Radtke, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but is clearly distinguished from it by the formation of a system of irregularly branched and densely spaced galleries rather than straight galleries with alternating and perpendicular short side branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="006E064EBA3F9F614CEE223AFCB1FD1E" blockId="73.[189,1399,567,734]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
A morphologically related and previously undescribed dendrinid microboring was found in the same substrates from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C215C8ACBA3F9F614DFA2257FE05FDB7" box="[425,508,602,628]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
experiment that yielded many Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA3F9F614F832256FB91FDB7" box="[976,1128,602,628]" class="Insecta" family="Mydidae" genus="Rhopalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acanthina">
|
||
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA3F9F614F832256FB91FDB7" box="[976,1128,602,628]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">R. acanthina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
igen. et
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29966727BA3F9F6148872257FAC3FDB6" box="[1236,1338,602,629]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">isp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
This form shows a collar around the short vertical entrance tunnel, the surface texture is very smooth and it does form true anastomoses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA3F9F614E4B22ADFD97FD78" box="[536,622,672,699]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1612,1638]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[189,1401,268,1567]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 28. Rhopalondendrina acanthina igen. et isp. nov. A. SEM of holotype, partly obscured by other microborings, with point of entry at the lower left, in an epoxy cast of a Middle Pleistocene bivalve shell from the Island of Rhodes, Greece. B–C. Planar and oblique views of the paratype, illustrating an early ontogenetic stage with short vertical entrance tunnel; same epoxy cast as the holotype. D–F. SEM of three different ontogenetic stages (arrows indicating initial points of entry), in epoxy casts from experimental bivalve shells deployed at Faial Island in the Azores (same for G–I). G. Oblique view of a specimen with vertical entrance tunnel and short spiny protrusions connecting the trace to the substrate surface. H–I. Two specimens of a related dendrinid from the Azores experiment, awaiting ichnotaxonomical treatment as soon as more material becomes available." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839915/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I). However, an ichnotaxonomical treatment is postponed until more (preferentially fossil) material becomes available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |