224 lines
41 KiB
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224 lines
41 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-717" ID-Pensoft-UUID="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" ID-ZooBank="8F3D5EDA2F184E5CA53E2F7741FF1339" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-717" checkinTime="1695893367890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Georgalis, Georgios L." docDate="2023" docId="79F594BE5B7F398F57CF20AA8C473C1C" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 717-886" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-09-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" docTitle="Cylindrophis Wagler 1828" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" masterDocTitle="An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column" masterLastPageNumber="886" masterPageNumber="717" pageNumber="717" updateTime="1695893367890" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="243CF195FA90C3AE96AFB149FF412992">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE2305C55BE395A1E3A987C0BBE3BF26">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="318DCA5C9897C5BDD31B24E683590D53">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="24DDFC881ECB65F3104805E9F64F310E">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72FB2BEE45C649D4592F0B9B9584675E">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B15D2197B3A4D17F7F399320B3705B12" type="email">dimetrodon82@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="275015F1E8E6128B53638B29E729167B">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D0AFF69ED6739ED8AE36A14B437E7B83">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="91AA07F5F66FC8DBA0A0BAD4E83B4DC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="91BF4206C56E13EC2DBA3E9A0562A060" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="B2FA23D985E715483AC095753908D10E" authority="Müller, 1831" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" class="Reptilia" family="Uropeltidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">
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Uropeltidae
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<normalizedToken id="07BCD60660B75B0200250B8FB51DDA04" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1831
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2DA91BB7B0CE40A2B8B9750538AA0CBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="general information">
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<paragraph id="E9A941DB85A05CC6672845EDAD8FC65A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6EB50B51DAA2108730C205BC9890DE27" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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Uropeltids are a moderately diverse family of fossorial snakes, with more than 60 species, currently endemic to India and Sri Lanka (
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<bibRefCitation id="9D668B25DB87EEAEAC7614A1ADCA59EC" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BF62F546E27ED251A9068FEFA51236D2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 506" refId="B469" refString="Pyron, RA, Ganesh, SR, Sayyed, A, Sharma, V, Wallach, V, Somaweera, R, 2016. A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zoosystema 38: 453 - 506, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" title="A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" volume="38" year="2016">Pyron et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1EE16E0DDE17BA6D7B1173E6A5A00F12" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" author="Boundy, J" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B91" refString="Boundy, J, 2021. Snakes of the World. A Supplement. CRC Press, Boca Raton, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" title="Snakes of the World. A Supplement." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429461354" year="2021">Boundy 2021</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5E59AF86E199456FB8A1F1BE99492644" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" author="Sampaio, FL" journalOrPublisher="Kreysing, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B526" refString="Sampaio, FL, Day, JJ, Wickramasinghe, LJM, Cyriac, VP, Papadopoulou, A, Brace, S, Rajendran, A, Simon-Nutbrown, C, Flouris, T, Kapli, P, Vidanapathirana, DR, Kotharambath, R, Kodandaramaiah, U, Gower, DJ, 2023. A near-complete species-level phylogeny of uropeltid snakes harnessing historical museum collections as a DNA source. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 178: 107651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" title="A near-complete species-level phylogeny of uropeltid snakes harnessing historical museum collections as a DNA source. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 178: 107651." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" year="2023">Sampaio et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
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). They are characterized by a large external keratinous shield on their tails (
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<bibRefCitation id="43D5F21EE74A651B846341E00E7F2C04" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 506" refId="B469" refString="Pyron, RA, Ganesh, SR, Sayyed, A, Sharma, V, Wallach, V, Somaweera, R, 2016. A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zoosystema 38: 453 - 506, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" title="A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" volume="38" year="2016">Pyron et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D2C4BCD465A3A3BFE5E994793D8F88D3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" author="Huntley, LC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1357 - 1370" refId="B291" refString="Huntley, LC, Gower, DJ, Sampaio, FL, Collins, ES, Goswami, A, Fabre, A-C, 2021. Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3D geometric morphometrics. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 59: 1357 - 1370, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" title="Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3 D geometric morphometrics." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" volume="59" year="2021">Huntley et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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), hence their common name as
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<normalizedToken id="8635E08505DF5BD3E972D87F202335B8" originalValue="“shield-tailed”">"shield-tailed"</normalizedToken>
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snakes (or simply
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<normalizedToken id="7E3C297323D8702D1F2E4516AA05194B" originalValue="“shieldtails”">"shieldtails"</normalizedToken>
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) and their etymology (from the Greek
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<normalizedToken id="B57836A25CF96558C447337D81D5E26F" originalValue="“οὐρά”">"οὐρά"</normalizedToken>
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meaning
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<normalizedToken id="780E496D3121F2067C88689A5CB2BEB1" originalValue="“tail”">"tail"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken id="FAACF076953C165E6E01D71DEEDE4CDD" originalValue="“πέλτη”">"πέλτη"</normalizedToken>
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meaning
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<normalizedToken id="45C5D131A32371587DB506BAAD08563C" originalValue="“shield”">"shield"</normalizedToken>
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). This is a very old lineage, with divergence dates suggesting that uropeltids split from other uropeltoids already by around the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (
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<bibRefCitation id="5E46FF17D96DDBB82FBC24B01ADDD571" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.017" author="Cyriac, VP" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="97 - 107" refId="B141" refString="Cyriac, VP, Kodandaramaiah, U, 2017. Paleoclimate determines diversification patterns in the fossorial snake family Uropeltidae Cuvier, 1829. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 116: 97 - 107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.017" title="Paleoclimate determines diversification patterns in the fossorial snake family Uropeltidae Cuvier, 1829." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.017" volume="116" year="2017">Cyriac and Kodandaramaiah 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B54A1CEDD03292971F00DD3B1D0D3116" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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In terms of their vertebral morphology,
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<taxonomicName id="A8F964054F9B418133FD6F238368874B" class="Reptilia" family="Uropeltidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Uropeltidae</taxonomicName>
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primarily differ from all other snakes (and actually all other amniotes) by their unique peculiar morphology of the atlas-axis complex, i.e., the axis articulates directly with the occipital condyle (for details see
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<bibRefCitation id="02A018FC1E0C5386373AC63E4D57930F" author="Baumeister, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="423 - 526" refId="B37" refString="Baumeister, L, 1908. Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 26: 423 - 526" title="Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem." volume="26" year="1908">Baumeister 1908</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="0F242E4E0DA39555DCB98F75B0A98CB9" author="Williams, EE" journalOrPublisher="Breviora" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B681" refString="Williams, EE, 1959. The occipito-vertebral joint in the burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae. Breviora 106: 1 - 10" title="The occipito-vertebral joint in the burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae." volume="106" year="1959">Williams 1959</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="0CBAAC82BF301A7BD94E88B5F6C00C9C" author="Hoffstetter, R" editor="Gans, C" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London and New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 310" refId="B272" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Gasc, J, 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C, Bellairs, Ad'A, Parsons, TS, Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology. Academic Press, London and New York 1: 201 - 310" title="Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles." volume="1" volumeTitle="Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology." year="1969">Hoffstetter and Gasc 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E9083559F2B1E78B00207EE76D1FDD47" author="Rieppel, O" journalOrPublisher="Biologisches Zentralblatt" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 552" refId="B499" refString="Rieppel, O, 1979. The classification of primitive snakes and the testability of phylogenetic theories. Biologisches Zentralblatt 98: 537 - 552" title="The classification of primitive snakes and the testability of phylogenetic theories." volume="98" year="1979">Rieppel 1979</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="032A0D8C8AAC03DDCE653941B611CE85" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 506" refId="B469" refString="Pyron, RA, Ganesh, SR, Sayyed, A, Sharma, V, Wallach, V, Somaweera, R, 2016. A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zoosystema 38: 453 - 506, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" title="A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n4a2" volume="38" year="2016">Pyron et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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; and references therein). As for the succeeding vertebrae, all uropeltid genera for which complete (or almost complete) axial skeletons were available display highly homogenous morphology of individual vertebrae as well as exactly the same pattern of intracolumnar variation. This is described in detail below for
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<taxonomicName id="E17B232ED31ABB4FEE796CD8B98F7EEB" authorityName="Wall" authorityYear="1921" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Brachyophidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyophidium" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4A91AB0697C94F645B32553F6FA0B0CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Brachyophidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In general, vertebrae of uropeltids are characterized by an elongate centrum, depressed cotyle and condyle, a strongly concave zygosphene in dorsal view, high-angled prezygapophyses (an average of>24°), depressed neural arch, absent or very shallow concave posterior median notch of the neural arch, absent haemal keels in mid- and posterior trunk vertebrae, vestigial (or absent) neural spine posteriorly restricted resulting in a saddle-shaped dorsal margin of the neural arch, presence of prominent hypapophyses throughout the cloacal and caudal portions, and (most usually) a very low number of caudal vertebrae (for more details see Description and figures below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AAE0E2E647AB5D3E5EC5FDD093F7BDDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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Moreover, exactly beneath the scales of the characteristic external tail shield of uropeltids, there lies a peculiar bone structure which is fused to the termination of the posteriormost few fused caudal vertebrae (
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<bibRefCitation id="1FD65BCB25C73E7529835FDC7667BD2E" author="Baumeister, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="423 - 526" refId="B37" refString="Baumeister, L, 1908. Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 26: 423 - 526" title="Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem." volume="26" year="1908">Baumeister 1908</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E9E2D6903698DBC83A2984DD4325E63A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" author="Huntley, LC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1357 - 1370" refId="B291" refString="Huntley, LC, Gower, DJ, Sampaio, FL, Collins, ES, Goswami, A, Fabre, A-C, 2021. Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3D geometric morphometrics. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 59: 1357 - 1370, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" title="Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3 D geometric morphometrics." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" volume="59" year="2021">Huntley et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). This internal osteological structure was referred by
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<bibRefCitation id="2169967D66BBB8946A04CF833223DB36" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" author="Huntley, LC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1357 - 1370" refId="B291" refString="Huntley, LC, Gower, DJ, Sampaio, FL, Collins, ES, Goswami, A, Fabre, A-C, 2021. Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3D geometric morphometrics. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 59: 1357 - 1370, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" title="Intraspecific morphological variation in the shieldtail snake Rhinophis philippinus (Serpentes: Uropeltidae), with particular reference to tail-shield and cranial 3 D geometric morphometrics." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12505" volume="59" year="2021">Huntley et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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as the "bony tail-shield".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BCC442FB8D66AEEF5D8259007DDC0A0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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Previous figures of vertebrae of extant
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<taxonomicName id="C459A86D9F9EA4BC0EA53CE4F99D799F" class="Reptilia" family="Uropeltidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Uropeltidae</taxonomicName>
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have been so far presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="F2F7D06DC0C4677B315B74839E2FA3DB" author="Baumeister, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="423 - 526" refId="B37" refString="Baumeister, L, 1908. Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 26: 423 - 526" title="Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem." volume="26" year="1908">Baumeister (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="852C540F9F920856E746F391796F3364" author="Williams, EE" journalOrPublisher="Breviora" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B681" refString="Williams, EE, 1959. The occipito-vertebral joint in the burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae. Breviora 106: 1 - 10" title="The occipito-vertebral joint in the burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidae." volume="106" year="1959">Williams (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1B2D3E976AC782887896E72582481681" author="Hoffstetter, R" editor="Gans, C" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London and New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 310" refId="B272" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Gasc, J, 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C, Bellairs, Ad'A, Parsons, TS, Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology. Academic Press, London and New York 1: 201 - 310" title="Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles." volume="1" volumeTitle="Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology." year="1969">Hoffstetter and Gasc (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F41E155BA761F3E9BE052FD272B05CF" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, HISS Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B154" refString="Dowling, HG, Duellman, WE, 1978. Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." title="Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." year="1978">Dowling and Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="B0B9AB009F966D3C20CF3DB41E4ADADB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36979-9" author="Garberoglio, FF" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B187" refString="Garberoglio, FF, Gomez, RO, Simoes, TR, Caldwell, MW, Apesteguia, S, 2019. The evolution of the axial skeleton intercentrum system in snakes revealed by new data from the Cretaceous snakes Dinilysia and Najash. Scientific Reports 9: 1276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36979-9" title="The evolution of the axial skeleton intercentrum system in snakes revealed by new data from the Cretaceous snakes Dinilysia and Najash. Scientific Reports 9: 1276." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36979-9" year="2019">Garberoglio et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="580AFA3C7D9A2B45992D7186173B16F1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="630 - 652" refId="B428" refString="Palci, A, Hutchison, MN, Caldwell, MW, Smith, KT, Lee, MSY, 2020. The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 630 - 652, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" title="The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" volume="188" year="2020">Palci et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="F29D41920BCDC0D2C889F087CF0D2E84" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B246" refString="Head, JJ, 2021. A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of ''anilioid" snakes. Geobios 66-67: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" title="A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of '' anilioid " snakes. Geobios 66 - 67: 55 - 65." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" year="2021">Head (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E4F0A98BD90034B40799134BB0ECAFDC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="111 - 126" refId="B189" refString="Ganesh, SR, Sampaio, FL, Gower, DJ, 2022. Taxonomy and natural history of the poorly known Dindigul shieldtail Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome, 1877) (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zootaxa 5209: 111 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" title="Taxonomy and natural history of the poorly known Dindigul shieldtail Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome, 1877) (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" volume="5209" year="2022">Ganesh et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="28BB7407A56F316B83CB830F7AECC000" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" author="Alfonso-Rojas, A" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="377 - 399" refId="B11" refString="Alfonso-Rojas, A, Vanegas, RD, Marino-Morejon, E, Cadena, E-A, 2023. Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977. Geodiversitas 45: 377 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" title="Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" volume="45" year="2023">Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
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. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series were presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="FC3501F4C7F60F4F26AC82D0139C150A" author="Baumeister, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="423 - 526" refId="B37" refString="Baumeister, L, 1908. Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem. Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 26: 423 - 526" title="Beitraege zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Rhinophiden. Integument, Druesen der Mundhoehle, Augen, und Skeletsystem." volume="26" year="1908">Baumeister (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="CEB483089CE70CD0FC0B44E9DA6A895B" author="Hoffstetter, R" editor="Gans, C" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London and New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 310" refId="B272" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Gasc, J, 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C, Bellairs, Ad'A, Parsons, TS, Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology. Academic Press, London and New York 1: 201 - 310" title="Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles." volume="1" volumeTitle="Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology." year="1969">Hoffstetter and Gasc (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="86440524AE28D565210D5D24420B9F5E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="630 - 652" refId="B428" refString="Palci, A, Hutchison, MN, Caldwell, MW, Smith, KT, Lee, MSY, 2020. The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 630 - 652, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" title="The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" volume="188" year="2020">Palci et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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, and in a
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<normalizedToken id="E24C9B150D3ED1593C9F5E89CFBE2EFA" originalValue="μCT">μCT</normalizedToken>
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image of a whole skeleton in
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<bibRefCitation id="60ECCF73DD663802A18CB9547168D1CE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="111 - 126" refId="B189" refString="Ganesh, SR, Sampaio, FL, Gower, DJ, 2022. Taxonomy and natural history of the poorly known Dindigul shieldtail Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome, 1877) (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zootaxa 5209: 111 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" title="Taxonomy and natural history of the poorly known Dindigul shieldtail Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome, 1877) (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.6" volume="5209" year="2022">Ganesh et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
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. Quantitative studies on the intracolumnar variability of uropeltid vertebrae were conducted by
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<bibRefCitation id="83B6B37F5A8476182C7CECE8FCBB58AE" author="Hoffstetter, R" editor="Gans, C" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London and New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 310" refId="B272" refString="Hoffstetter, R, Gasc, J, 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C, Bellairs, Ad'A, Parsons, TS, Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology. Academic Press, London and New York 1: 201 - 310" title="Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles." volume="1" volumeTitle="Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1. Morphology." year="1969">Hoffstetter and Gasc (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C0C944C39992E4853332060985F11F68" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="3D0BB576CCF3AFEFDABF9536386604C7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B246" refString="Head, JJ, 2021. A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of ''anilioid" snakes. Geobios 66-67: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" title="A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of '' anilioid " snakes. Geobios 66 - 67: 55 - 65." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" year="2021">Head (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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. Beyond these, brief descriptions and observations of uropeltid vertebrae had been done already by the 19th century (
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<bibRefCitation id="652A6D9AA185767321C80A75A19C21B6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11951" author="Peters, GCH [WCH]" journalOrPublisher="Reimer, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B445" refString="Peters, GCH [WCH], 1861. De serpentum familia Uropeltaceorum. G. Reimer, Berlin, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11951" title="De serpentum familia Uropeltaceorum. G." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11951" year="1861">Peters 1861</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="11124F851BE510AAC0830D765D88BFFE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B271" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1968. A review of "A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood". Copeia 1968: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" title="A review of " A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood "." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" volume="1968" year="1968">Hoffstetter (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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observed that hypapophyses in
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<taxonomicName id="F70F91D616B4D35AD7336F0DBDFD9C41" authorityName="Kelaart" authorityYear="1853" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Rhinophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinophis blythii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">
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<emphasis id="CC0703727F2A545693C000606A7FDE74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rhinophis blythii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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reappear before the cloaca. Before,
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<bibRefCitation id="56F9CA6CC288E5990956390B4D7CAF5E" author="Underwood, G" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B634" refString="Underwood, G, 1967. A Contribution to the Classification of Snakes. British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A Contribution to the Classification of Snakes." year="1967">Underwood (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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reported erroneously the absence of hypapophyses behind the cervical portion of the column in
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<taxonomicName id="0E3C35E438BEBD6FF1F3303270E32056" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" class="Reptilia" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Uropeltis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uropeltis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AEE8D19709E81DEF445C9534EB70F7A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Uropeltis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and supposed that this condition may be characteristic for the whole family. More recent descriptions (without figures) of vertebral features of uropeltids were provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="2A12906B9A973E2A629514A6BB0F3CCF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" author="Smith, KT" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="157 - 182" refId="B570" refString="Smith, KT, 2013. New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America. Zoologischer Anzeiger 252: 157 - 182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" title="New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006" volume="252" year="2013">Smith (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F1BD7F0B860B7D07B4020A5BAF75A966" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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We here studied individuals of multiple species of
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<taxonomicName id="479C68F2EAFDF3F940C43C719D8AA57B" authorityName="Wall" authorityYear="1921" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Brachyophidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyophidium" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5CD964F1879413D493B21C019E12D44B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Brachyophidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wall, 1921,
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<taxonomicName id="8229CC113941FEEECFE1F0D53FAA0037" authorityName="Guenther" authorityYear="1864" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Melanophidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanophidium" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12179388847B7DDF712EC375FB55D086" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Melanophidium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="7E6C87A3B672C344080D6E86514F2C66" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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, 1864,
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<taxonomicName id="87A13C694647AF67D294FADDB465858C" authorityName="Guenther" authorityYear="1868" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Platyplectrurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platyplectrurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="864CF9024173FFA8A3AD3CF7E8B5EFFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Platyplectrurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="555433A9EA7F7D1C24B9D02E2E4F5185" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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, 1868,
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<taxonomicName id="32BCE2ED0DE68D04B45AEC6414E8BE36" authorityName="Dumeril & Dumeril" authorityYear="1851" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Plectrurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectrurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E972426EA25F1819FA105965A2F2AF09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Plectrurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="B875753B6885D35E43AB3754C6B8CA76" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
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&
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<normalizedToken id="D58193D406C88A18574D3B567CC5AE4C" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
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, 1851,
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<taxonomicName id="6FDFA2E5FC86E74C1275213D960C383A" authorityName="Hemprich" authorityYear="1820" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Rhinophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="88A96DFCAEE8B77CD1591C3E445FE8EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Rhinophis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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Hemprich, 1820,
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<taxonomicName id="5AB17918B0484756ECDCD0C1252DE81F" authorityName="Beddome" authorityYear="1886" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Teretrurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teretrurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8484C1DBC4E9EAC6F0AE2ACBD37B8F8B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Teretrurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Beddome, 1886, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8917A8486D1DF96B50D9FD390BB01795" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" class="Reptilia" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Uropeltis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uropeltis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="A33183758EADDBAE6FD86F0BC27C7B5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Uropeltis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Cuvier, 1829, which correspond to all extant genera (note that in some recent taxonomic schemes,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1787834A3C5D7DEEA20500DFBDA29F44" authorityName="Beddome" authorityYear="1886" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Teretrurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teretrurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="BACEA29877EF29F8F95F056BAA9E5A46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Teretrurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is considered a senior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A1E28B5439C7A11971C4825BD543DD99" authorityName="Wall" authorityYear="1921" class="Squamata" family="Uropeltidae" genus="Brachyophidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyophidium" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1F3EEA63FDB2CAD45C778E6583233099" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Brachyophidium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="663A400C8E551B4F7E651792414E23A6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v122/i1/2022/154229" author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Zoological Survey of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="25 - 35" refId="B183" refString="Ganesh, SR, Murthy, BHC, 2022. Taxonomy of the shieldtail snake genus Teretrurus Beddome, 1886 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) with a revised key and remarks on the geographic gaps in the Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 122: 25 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v122/i1/2022/154229" title="Taxonomy of the shieldtail snake genus Teretrurus Beddome, 1886 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) with a revised key and remarks on the geographic gaps in the Western Ghats, Peninsular India." url="https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v122/i1/2022/154229" volume="122" year="2022">Ganesh and Murthy 2022</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E33A175AD10141421889BD08526A68C6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" author="Sampaio, FL" journalOrPublisher="Kreysing, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B526" refString="Sampaio, FL, Day, JJ, Wickramasinghe, LJM, Cyriac, VP, Papadopoulou, A, Brace, S, Rajendran, A, Simon-Nutbrown, C, Flouris, T, Kapli, P, Vidanapathirana, DR, Kotharambath, R, Kodandaramaiah, U, Gower, DJ, 2023. A near-complete species-level phylogeny of uropeltid snakes harnessing historical museum collections as a DNA source. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 178: 107651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" title="A near-complete species-level phylogeny of uropeltid snakes harnessing historical museum collections as a DNA source. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 178: 107651." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107651" year="2023">Sampaio et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |