315 lines
34 KiB
XML
315 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.716.13916" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2c09c7e1-fc9d-4589-9101-47098a6df894" ID-PMC="PMC5740473" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-716-63" ID-PubMed="29290708" ID-ZBK="1D8608BD6F204B43A27B1471CAF3D42E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-716-63" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 716" ModsDocTitle="Half-jumping plant lice – a taxonomic revision of the distinctive psyllid genus Togepsylla Kuwayama with a reassessment of morphology (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)" checkinTime="1511824258741" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Luo, Xinyu, Cai, Wanzhi & Qiao, Gexia" docDate="2017" docId="40E9374ADA5B6EB57C737365B2DD077F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 716: 63-93" docOrigin="ZooKeys 716" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.716.13916" docTitle="Togepsylla tibetana Yang & Li 1981" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="FFA6DE191909FFECFFE0FF9AFF82DD41" masterDocTitle="Half-jumping plant lice - a taxonomic revision of the distinctive psyllid genus Togepsylla Kuwayama with a reassessment of morphology (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1668165138085" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Half-jumping plant lice - a taxonomic revision of the distinctive psyllid genus Togepsylla Kuwayama with a reassessment of morphology (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Luo, Xinyu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cai, Wanzhi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Qiao, Gexia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>716</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>63</mods:start>
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<mods:end>93</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.716.13916</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.716.13916</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-716-63</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1D8608BD6F204B43A27B1471CAF3D42E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="137567347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:40E9374ADA5B6EB57C737365B2DD077F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/40E9374ADA5B6EB57C737365B2DD077F" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName authority="Yang & Li, 1981" authorityName="Yang & Li" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Psylloidea" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla tibetana" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="73" start="start">Togepsylla</pageBreakToken>
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tibetana (Yang & Li, 1981)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 4, 8, 12, 27, 28, 32
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psylloidea" genus="Hemipteripsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemipteripsylla tibetana" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="74" start="start">Hemipteripsylla</pageBreakToken>
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tibetana
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</taxonomicName>
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Yang & Li, 1981: 182;
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, F" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" title="Psyllidomorpha of China (Insecta: Hemiptera)." year="2011">Li 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 209.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psylloidea" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla tibetana" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">Togepsylla tibetana</taxonomicName>
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(Yang & Li):
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<bibRefCitation author="Hodkinson, ID" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="711 - 717" title="A new species of Syncoptozus Enderlein from Mexico with a redefinition of the subfamily Togepsyllinae Bekker-Migdisova (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770491" volume="24" year="1990">Hodkinson 1990</bibRefCitation>
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: 716.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Paramere with large area of netlike grains covering the inner surface of apical half, anterior margin serrated (Figs 27, 28). Female proctiger short, curved upwards only at the tip (Fig. 32).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="redescription">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Redescription.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Adult coloration. Ground color yellow. Long and thick setae on dorsum yellow. Compound eyes grey. Ocelli yellow. Antennae yellow, with black spices on segments IV, VI, VIII; segments IX-X entirely black. Fore wing hyaline and colorless (Fig. 12). Male and female terminalia yellow.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Structures: Setae on dorsum of body relatively short (Table 1) and based on smooth projections. A pair of small tubercles present above toruli (Fig. 4). Gena moderately swollen bilaterally (Fig. 4). Antennal segments IV-IX each with a single rhinarium on the apex, segments IV, VI and VIII each with an extra rhinarium; all rhinaria with horn-shaped projections; proximally based terminal seta about equally long with the distally based one (Fig. 8).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Mesoscutum with five pairs of prickly setae. Metatibia with one row of thick setae ventrally, and with a tightly packed row of long setae on the dorsum. Pulvilli narrow. Fore wing with broad cell r1, cell cu1 tallest in the middle; vein M3+4 with one seta on the base; surface spinules rather minute, widely spread across a large area in distal cells; fields of radular spinules unclear (Fig. 12).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Pore fields on abdominal ventrum large oval, with pores loosely packed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Male terminalia: Proctiger completely sealed, with apex slightly thickened (Fig. 27). Paramere broad lamellar, with rather slender base; anterior margin of apical half emarginated, thin and serated; posterior margin with a basal ridge; apical half of inner surface with netlike grains; anterior angle with a few short and thick setae on inner surface; posterior margin with a row of inner-curved short setae on apical half (Figs 27, 28). Aedeagus curved backwards apically, dorsum lacking tiny spines, tip forming a small acute hook (Fig. 27). Subgenital plate near rectangular in profile, dorsal-apical angle with one long seta, ventral surface with sparse setae (Fig. 27).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Female terminalia (Fig. 32): Short and broad in overall shape. Apex of proctiger moderately curved upwards; apical half of proctiger with nearly evenly spaced setae, and with a row of setae along ventral margin of apical process. Subgenital plate with blunt and retracted apex, ventral surface with sparse setae.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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Figure 57-58. Lateral aspect of thorax. 57
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla takahashii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takahashii">Togepsylla takahashii</taxonomicName>
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58
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cacopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacopsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacopsylla</taxonomicName>
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sp. Scale bar: 0.2 mm (57), 0.5 mm (58). Abbrevations: aac = anterior axillary cord; abas = anterior basalare sclerite; acl = anapleural cleft; adk = anepimeral disk; aepm = anepimeron; aeps = anepisternum; apwp = anterior pleural wing process; cx = coxa; cxc = coxal condyle; epm = epimeron; eps = episternum; hepm = heel of epimeron; kepm = katepimeron; keps = katepisternum; nt = notum; pa = pleural apophysis; pac = posterior axillary cord; pbas = posterior basalare sclerite; pcb = precoxal bridge; pbr = prealar bridge; pls = pleural suture; pnt = postnotum; ppt = parapteron; ppwp = posterior pleural wing process; psc = praescutum; sc = scutum; scl = scutellum; tems = transepimeral suture; tg = tegula; trn = trochantin.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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Figure 59-61. Comparison of ventral aspect of thorax. 59
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla takahashii" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takahashii">Togepsylla takahashii</taxonomicName>
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, ventral aspect of meso- and metathorax 60
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cacopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacopsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacopsylla</taxonomicName>
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sp., ventral aspect of mesothorax 61
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Trialeurodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trialeurodes vaporariorum" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vaporariorum">Trialeurodes vaporariorum</taxonomicName>
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, ventral aspect of meso- and metathorax. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. Abbrevation: es = extra sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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Figure 62-63. SEM photographs of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla matsumurana" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matsumurana">Togepsylla matsumurana</taxonomicName>
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. 62 Wax-secreting field on the sternite of abdominal segment 5, black arrow showing empty pore, white arrow showing wax thread secreted 63 Prickly setae on the vertex, showing detailed structure.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Fifth instar immature. Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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CHINA: 49 ♂, 69 ♀, Tibet, Nyingchi, Mafenggou, 3050 m, ex
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea sericea" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">Litsea sericea</taxonomicName>
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, 1.vi.1978, Fasheng Li (CAU, type series).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="host">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Host plant.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea sericea" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">Litsea sericea</taxonomicName>
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(Nees.) Hook. f. (
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<taxonomicName family="Lauraceae" lsidName="Psylloidea" pageId="11" pageNumber="74" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="74" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="74">China: Tibet.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="75" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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<bibRefCitation author="Yang, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" pagination="179 - 187" title="On the new subfamily Hemipteripsyllinae (HomopteraSternorrhyncha)." volume="3" year="1981">Yang and Li (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded that the adults gather among the clusters of young leaves by large amount. The record of a habit similar with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. takahashii" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="takahashii">T. takahashii</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, F" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" title="Psyllidomorpha of China (Insecta: Hemiptera)." year="2011">Li (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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seems artificial.
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</paragraph>
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<subSection pageId="12" pageNumber="75" type="differences between togepsylla and syncoptozus">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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Differences between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Syncoptozus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syncoptozus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syncoptozus</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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The similarities and differences of the two genera have been listed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hodkinson, ID" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="711 - 717" title="A new species of Syncoptozus Enderlein from Mexico with a redefinition of the subfamily Togepsyllinae Bekker-Migdisova (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770491" volume="24" year="1990">Hodkinson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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. Nevertheless, some supplements can still be made here.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
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possesses no median suture or discal foveae on the vertex; while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Syncoptozus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syncoptozus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syncoptozus</taxonomicName>
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has the anterior section of median suture present, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. bifurcatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">S. bifurcatus</taxonomicName>
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possesses discal foveae (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, RG" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" title="Taxonomy and ecology of the jumping plant-lice of Panama (Homoptera: Psylloidea). E. J." year="1988">Brown and Hodkinson 1988</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
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has rhinaria on antennal segments IV-IX, sometimes even segment III, and often with additional rhinaria;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Syncoptozus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syncoptozus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syncoptozus</taxonomicName>
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has only one rhinarium on apex of segments IV, VI, VIII, and IX each.
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<subSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" type="reassessment of morphology">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">Reassessment of morphology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">Hind legs</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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Psyllids jump powerfully, then cast a mid-air rotation. Such a somersault, however, involves not only the strong muscles supported by the specialized metathoracic furca, enlarged metatrochanteral tendon and expanded meral part of the metacoxa but also a kicking of both hind legs on parallel planes (
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<bibRefCitation author="Burrows, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="3612 - 3621" title="Jumping mechanisms in jumping plant lice (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Psyllidae)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.074682" volume="215" year="2012">Burrows 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), which are also parallel to the longitudinal body axis. This longitudinal placement of hind legs is caused by an inward twist of the metacoxa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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To discuss the formation of the enlarged and twisted metacoxa, one must seek reference from the mesocoxa. Mid and hind legs are both appendages of winged thoracic segments; additionally, in immature psyllids, they are equal in every detail, although differing from the forelegs in some aspects, indicating that hind legs of adults emerged from the model of mid legs. An undescribed
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cacopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacopsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacopsylla</taxonomicName>
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species is used as example:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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The mesocoxa (Fig. 54) are relatively small and are connected to the coxal condyle of the mesopleurite by a dorsal-most articulation. Starting from the articulation, a thickened vertical edge runs down the outer surface, facing the lateral aspect, and is termed here as the 'dorsal
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<normalizedToken originalValue="edge’">edge'</normalizedToken>
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of the coxa. The coxa connects to the trochanter via two 'trochanteral
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<normalizedToken originalValue="condyles’">condyles'</normalizedToken>
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, which are longitudinally positioned, thus respectively termed
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘anterior-’">'anterior-'</normalizedToken>
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and 'posterior trochanteral
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<normalizedToken originalValue="condyle’">condyle'</normalizedToken>
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. Such longitudinal positioning of trochanteral condyles places the mid legs on a transverse plane, a plane nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Besides, a normally developed trochanteral tendon originates on the inner-dorsal edge of the mesotrochanter, stretching into the chamber of the mesocoxa, clinging onto the corresponding muscles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="12" pageNumber="75">
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Compared with mesocoxa, the metacoxa (Fig. 55) first experienced an enlargement of the coxal wall, which pivots over the elongation of the dorsal edge and is primarily
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="76" start="start">characterized</pageBreakToken>
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as the expansion of the prearticular part of the coxal wall and thickening of the meron. Simultaneously, because of the unequal development of the prearticular part and the meron, the entire metacoxa is twisted backwards at approximately 90°, turning the two trochanteral condyles into a transverse position. The plane of hind leg is therefore turned longitudinal (Figs 66, 67). This pair of straightly backwards-reaching hind legs provides a much better concentration of jumping force, thereby driving the powerful jump described above. Additionally, the trochanteral tendon is magnified and possesses a tortuous apex, serving to support the strong jumping muscles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
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By contrast,
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses half-modified metacoxae (Fig. 56). The enlargement is almost complete, but the positioning of the two trochanteral condyles is shifted at a limited level. For this reason, the hind legs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
retain a posture similar to that of the middle legs, as shown in the habitus photograph (Fig. 64). Additionally, the trochanteral tendon is also half-enlarged: the relative size is much smaller, and the apex, although also expanded, is a simple flat surface instead of tortuous. According to the field observations by Xinyu Luo, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla glutinosae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glutinosae">Togepsylla glutinosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. can only leap forward like frogs, at a short distance and without mid-air rotations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">Lateral aspect of thorax</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Most psyllids possess an apophysis on meso- and metepisternal complex, termed 'trochantinal
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="apodeme’">apodeme'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouvrard, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" pagination="276 - 290" title="Comparative morphological assessment of the psyllid pleuron (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1105" volume="252" year="2002">Ouvrard et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Psylloidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Psylloidea">Psylloidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For mesopleuron, this structure may be on the anterior margin or median portion, depending on the taxon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouvrard, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" pagination="276 - 290" title="Comparative morphological assessment of the psyllid pleuron (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1105" volume="252" year="2002">Ouvrard et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, there are some cases like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Phacopteronidae" genus="Pseudophacopteron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudophacopteron" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudophacopteron</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the trochantinal apodeme is placed on the anterior margin and reduced to an obscure vestige.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouvrard, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" pagination="276 - 290" title="Comparative morphological assessment of the psyllid pleuron (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)." url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1105" volume="252" year="2002">Ouvrard et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the modification of psyllid metapleurite relative to mesopleurite is due to a curving of the pleural sulcus. For the metapleurite of most psyllids, taking
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cacopsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacopsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cacopsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
as example, the pleural sulcus turns downwards over the coxal condyle, becoming congruent with the elongated and internally ridged dividing suture of episternum and trochantin (Fig. 58). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the metapleuron represents a halfway modification. The dividing suture of metepisternum and trochantin is absent, the trochantinal apodeme is shallow and in anterior position, as in mesothorax (Fig. 57).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Figure 64-67. Habitus, showing difference in the ways that hind legs are held. 64
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla glutinosae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glutinosae">Togepsylla glutinosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., adult 65
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla glutinosae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glutinosae">Togepsylla glutinosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., immature 66
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Triozidae" genus="Trioza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trioza urticae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">Trioza urticae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus), adult 67
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Psyllidae" genus="Cyamophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamophila hexastigma" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexastigma">Cyamophila hexastigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Horvath), adult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="76">Wax-secreting fields on abdominal sternites</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="13" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses three pairs of fields of pores on sternites of abdominal segments 4-6, in both sexes. Wax secretions from these pores have been observed on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. matsumurana" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" rank="species" species="matsumurana">T. matsumurana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 62). Similar structures, several pairs of wax plates composed of many small wax-secreting pores, is one of the defining characters of adult whiteflies: Whiteflies kick the wax secretions of these glands with the hind legs, and then spread the shattered wax particles over the entire body surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Byrne, DN" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="431 - 57" title="Whitefly biology." url="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.002243" volume="36" year="1991">Byrne and Bellows 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In females of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="76" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aleyrodinae">Aleyrodinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two pairs of wax plates are found, on segments 3-4, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aleurodicinae">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="77" start="start">Aleurodicinae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four, on segments 3-6; in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aleyrodinae">Aleyrodinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four pairs are present on segments 3-6, whereas three pairs appear on segments 3-5 in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Aleurodicinae">Aleurodicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Udamoselinae">Udamoselinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="77">Gill 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin, JH" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="17" pageNumber="80" pagination="13 - 29" title="Giant whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae): a discussion of their taxonomic and evolutionary significance, with the description of a new species of Udamoselis Enderlein from Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000208" volume="150" year="2007">Martin 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
All the four members of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Sternorrhyncha" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="suborder" suborder="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to secrete wax through integumental wax gland/pores. In scale insects whose wax glands are studied the most, these structures are highly variable in ultrastructure (shape and number of loculars of each pore) and distribution (all over the body or restricted to a certain region) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foldi, I" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="259 - 271" title="Fine structure of wax glands, wax morphology and function in the female scale insect, Pulvinariaregalis Canard (Hemiptera: Coccidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(85)90041-8" volume="14" year="1985">Foldi and Pearce 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Foldi, I" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="35 - 49" title="Ultrastructure and phylogenetical assessment of wax glands in pit scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(94)P3967-X" volume="24" year="1995">Foldi and Lambdin 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some aphid families/subfamilies possess wax gland plates, which also vary in shape and distribution, on body dorsum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="27 - 44" title="Wax gland plates in Hormaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae): morphological diversity and evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.122.0104" volume="122" year="2012">Chen and Qiao 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These, however, are not so far known to reveal the same arrangement as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Togepsyllinae">Togepsyllinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and whiteflies, nor does the lack of detailed ultrastructural study of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Togepsyllinae">Togepsyllinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
support their resemblance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Psyllid immatures possess wax-secreting pores on their caudal plates. These pores are arranged in various patterns, mostly with a basic circum-anal ring (possibly homologous with the circum-anal ring of female adults), and on many occasions with extra pore fields (Brown and Hodlinson 1985). Extra pore fields can sometimes be succeeded by the adults, appearing on their more terminal (usually segments 7 and/or 8) abdominal tergites, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Agonoscena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agonoscena pegani" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pegani">Agonoscena pegani</taxonomicName>
|
||
Loginova, 1960 and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. sabulisa" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="species" species="sabulisa">A. sabulisa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Li, 1994 (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica" pageId="16" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 6" title="Two new species and a new record of Agonoscena Enderlein from China." volume="3" year="1994">Li et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="77">Luo 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it is not currently possible to accurately decide the homology between abdominal segments between immatures and adults, one can still roughly judge and count the separate segments of immatures by the dorsal and ventral setae rows. So far, the immature of not any species possess wax secreting pores on areas that are possibly homologous with abdominal sternites 4-6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="77">
|
||
This is the first time that a psyllid adult is found with such fields of wax-secreting pores. Compared with those of whiteflies, wax pore fields of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
are strongly constricted, and the segment correspondence is different. It is uncertain whether these structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphalaridae" genus="Togepsylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Togepsylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Togepsylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Aleyrodoidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="77" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Aleyrodoidea">Aleyrodoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
are homologous or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |