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<document id="76099EF6B97E951CBA059607C976BCAB" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFF93FFDE9CD60A78D7D0FF2E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Halopteris diaphana Heller 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FA9AB5C83EF4715050FE1CAFD4F4E8B5">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD53B66BB9EFFBC2EFE6EE0C1F4C5ED9">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED9F1595DFEA0D6B989E776E47AE9D66">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3AD24DAED93F9F6F5AB24A8C179A8E92">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ECD5E6EDAD170B8A56D50F7042A5E775">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E64F1F3FC8AABBC579A58874E74EE0DB">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="03D02B28AB719B226377BF4884DCC114">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="57F98FA33867C756FD24DAF1E636B6C6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="126109B9361D61980078BBE7C8463DF9">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C4A815052C41037339CE1ECE81BE84C3">3908</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFF93FFDE9CD60A78D7D0FF2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107111" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFF93FFDE9CD60A78D7D0FF2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFF93FFDE9CD60A78D7D0FF2E" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF93FFDC9CD60A78D546FA64" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF93FFDC9CD60A78D507FA9D" blockId="101.[151,574,1329,1389]" box="[151,574,1329,1355]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<heading id="D0A681A4FF93FFDC9CD60A78D507FA9D" bold="true" box="[151,574,1329,1355]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF93FFDC9CD60A78D507FA9D" ID-CoL="3JFQJ" authority="Heller, 1868" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,574,1329,1355]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF93FFDC9CD60A78D507FA9D" bold="true" box="[151,574,1329,1355]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF93FFDC9CD60A78D6B6FA9D" bold="true" box="[151,399,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF93FFDC9DDF0A78D50FFA9D" author="Heller" box="[414,566,1329,1355]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refString="Heller, C. (1868) Die zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 1 - 88. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393" type="journal article" year="1868">Heller, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF93FFDC9CD60A1DD620FABA" blockId="101.[151,574,1329,1389]" box="[151,281,1364,1389]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFF93FFDC9CD60A1DD7DFFABA" box="[151,230,1364,1389]" captionStart="FIGURE 72" captionStartId="102.[151,250,1197,1219]" captionTargetBox="[362,1256,212,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@102.[352,1260,193,1213]" captionTargetPageId="102" captionText="FIGURE 72. Halopteris diaphana: A, part of colony; B, part of hydrocladium with hydrotheca and associated nematothecae; C, particular of hydrotheca and associated nematothecae; D, nematotheca; E, female gonotheca (A, E drawn by L. Basso; B, C, D drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, E, 0.5 mm; B, C, 0.1 mm; D, 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242801/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
A–E
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF93FFDC9CD60AD5D546FA64" blockId="101.[151,639,1436,1458]" box="[151,639,1436,1458]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF93FFDC9C830AD5D649FA64" author="Schuchert" box="[194,368,1436,1458]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF93FFDF9CD60A97D238F9ED" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF93FFDC9CD60A97D4B2F9CD" blockId="101.[151,1436,1502,2031]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF93FFDC9CD60A97D6B9FA21" bold="true" box="[151,384,1502,1527]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 0 79 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula).
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF93FFDC9C86094BD66BF9CD" bold="true" box="[199,338,1538,1563]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF93FFDC9E8A094BD446F9CD" author="Schuchert" box="[715,895,1538,1563]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF93FFDC9C86096FD3FAF838" blockId="101.[151,1436,1502,2031]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF93FFDC9C86096FD60AF9E9" bold="true" box="[199,307,1574,1599]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza stolonal; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, unbranched, up to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF93FFDC9905096ED2A1F9E8" box="[1348,1432,1575,1599]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, basal parts with a varied number of segments separated by transverse nodes bearing a row of median nematothecae, first segment quadrangular and lacking nematothecae, second segment long, ending in oblique node, with 2 nematothecae on upper side, remainder part of the axis heteromerously segmented, with alternate oblique and transverse nodes; hydrocladia alternate, on apophyses lateral to the hydrothecae, hydrothecate internodes of the main axis and hydrocladia composed of one hydrothecae and 3 nematothecae, one median inferior and 2 laterals, non-hydrothecate segments with 1–2 median nematothecae (usually one on the hydrocladia); hydrotheca cupshaped, walls slightly widening, in the middle of the segment, 1/2 adnate, rim even, aperture at 50º–60º from the axis; nematothecae all two chambered and movable, with adcauline embayment, median inferior nematotheca not reaching the hydrotheca, lateral ones on very short apophyses, just reaching the hydrothecal border. Gonothecae of both sexes on separate colonies, on stem and hydrocladia, with 2 segmented pedicels, female ones evenly curved for its entire length, narrowed basally, with 2–4 basal nematothecae, distal end truncate, with a convex lid, male ones oval, slightly curved, obliquely truncated, with 2 basal nematothecae. Colour: transparent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E6640FF90FFDF9CD60BE4D4EFFAD6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242801/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" targetBox="[362,1256,212,1196]" targetPageId="102">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9CD60BE4D4EFFAD6" blockId="102.[151,1436,1196,1280]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9CD60BE4D619FB14" bold="true" box="[151,288,1197,1219]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">FIGURE 72.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF9D660BE5D6C2FB14" box="[295,507,1196,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9D660BE5D6C2FB14" box="[295,507,1196,1218]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E490BE4D523FB14" bold="true" box="[520,538,1197,1218]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
, part of colony;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E870BE4D5EEFB14" bold="true" box="[710,727,1197,1218]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
, part of hydrocladium with hydrotheca and associated nematothecae;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9CD60B82D790FB37" bold="true" box="[151,169,1227,1249]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
, particular of hydrotheca and associated nematothecae;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E9E0B82D5C8FB36" bold="true" box="[735,753,1227,1248]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
, nematotheca;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9FCA0B82D4A5FB36" bold="true" box="[907,924,1227,1248]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
, female gonotheca (A, E drawn by L. Basso; B, C, D drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, E, 0.5 mm; B, C, 0.1 mm; D, 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860A6ED54BFA96" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" box="[199,626,1319,1344]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860A6ED602FA96" bold="true" box="[199,315,1319,1344]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Microbasic mastigophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860A02D69AFA51" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860A02D65EFAB2" bold="true" box="[199,359,1355,1380]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFF90FFDF9D6C0A02D65BFAB2" box="[301,354,1355,1380]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
From the tidal level to
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF90FFDF9EC30A02D587FAB5" box="[642,702,1355,1380]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9E910A02D44EFAB2" author="Stechow" box="[720,887,1355,1380]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow 1923</bibRefCitation>
; García
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F9A0A05D3A5FAB2" author="Carrascosa" box="[987,1180,1356,1380]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carrascosa 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF98EA0A05D2A1FAB2" author="Boero" box="[1195,1432,1355,1380]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Morri &amp; Bianchi 1999).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860ADAD3B6FA7A" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" box="[199,1167,1427,1452]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860ADAD678FA7A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1427,1452]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Substrate.</emphasis>
Algae,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF9DD80ADAD532FA7A" box="[409,523,1427,1452]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9DD80ADAD532FA7A" box="[409,523,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, bivalve shells, cirripedes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860AFED264FA25" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860AFED66DFA06" bold="true" box="[199,340,1463,1488]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Seasonality.</emphasis>
January, February, April–October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9EA70AFED4F7FA06" author="Boero" box="[742,974,1463,1488]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Gili 1986; Morri &amp; Bianchi 1999;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF99270AF1D51DFA22" author="Pena" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
); from January to December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860AB6D238F9ED" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860AB6D6FFF9CE" bold="true" box="[199,454,1535,1560]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
April, June–September (Gili 1986;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F210949D371F9CE" author="Boero" box="[864,1096,1535,1560]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Morri &amp; Bianchi 1999;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF99270949D51DF9EA" author="Pena" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
); from April to May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF90FFDF9C86090ED420F8C2" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C86090ED430F91A" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C86090ED659F9B6" bold="true" box="[199,352,1607,1632]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Distribution.</emphasis>
Although this species has sometimes been thought to be circumtropical, according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF996D090ED7DAF952" author="Schuchert" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, it is actually known only from the Mediterranean and from
<collectingCountry id="F3467658FF90FFDF9FF40922D4C4F952" box="[949,1021,1643,1668]" name="Brazil" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. It has recently been reported from Florida (
<collectingCountry id="F3467658FF90FFDF9CBC09C6D601F971" box="[253,312,1679,1703]" name="United States of America" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">USA</collectingCountry>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9D1409C6D5E8F97E" author="Medel" box="[341,721,1679,1704]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9EA209C6D4A5F971" author="Schuchert" box="[739,924,1679,1704]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9FEF09D9D2AEF971" author="Pena" box="[942,1431,1679,1703]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9D4109FDD601F91A" box="[256,312,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9DC409FAD55AF91A" author="Gravili" box="[389,611,1715,1740]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9D9D09FDD52DF91A" box="[476,532,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9E2F09FAD5C4F91A" author="Calder" box="[622,765,1715,1740]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Calder 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C86099ED420F8C2" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C86099ED68AF926" bold="true" box="[199,435,1751,1776]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Common at Torre dell'Inserraglio (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F0A099ED4D6F926" author="Presicce" box="[843,1007,1751,1776]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp." type="book" year="1991">Presicce 1991</bibRefCitation>
), and Otranto (De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9C9C09B2D682F8C2" author="Gravili" box="[221,443,1787,1812]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9D7509B5D655F8C2" box="[308,364,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9D8709B2D5A9F8C2" author="Stabili" box="[454,656,1787,1812]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Stabili, L., Gravili, C., Tredici, S. M., Piraino, S., Tala, A., Boero, F. &amp; Alifano, P. (2008) Epibiotic Vibrio luminous bacteria isolated from some Hydrozoa and Bryozoa species. Microbial Ecology, 56 (4), 625 - 636. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00248 - 008 - 9382 - y" type="journal article" year="2008">
Stabili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E5709B5D577F8C2" box="[534,590,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF90FFDF9C860856D5CAF856" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDF9C860856D5CAF856" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C860856D602F8EE" bold="true" box="[199,315,1823,1848]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF9D030856D515F8EE" box="[322,556,1823,1848]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9D030856D515F8EE" box="[322,556,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a rather complicated taxonomic history and very often other species have erroneously been allocated to this species (for more details see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F1A080AD337F88A" author="Schuchert" box="[859,1038,1859,1884]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The most characteristic trait of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF99C0080DD638F856" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF99C0080DD638F856" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">H. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the cornucopia-shaped female gonotheca.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF90FFDE9C8608C2D7D0FF2E" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF90FFDE9C8608C2D7D0FF2E" blockId="102.[151,1436,1319,2028]" lastBlockId="103.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9C8608C2D669F872" bold="true" box="[199,336,1931,1956]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9D1B08C2D6CCF872" author="Heller" box="[346,501,1931,1956]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Heller, C. (1868) Die zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 1 - 88. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393" type="journal article" year="1868">Heller (1868)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF9E6308C2D428F872" box="[546,785,1931,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Anisocalyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E6308C2D428F872" box="[546,785,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Anisocalyx diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F6208C2D4F3F872" author="Leloup" box="[803,970,1931,1956]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Leloup (1934)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F9808C2D3B7F872" author="Stechow" box="[985,1166,1931,1956]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, 47 (1), 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow (1923)</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF98D808C5D27FF872" box="[1177,1350,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF98FD08C5D27FF872" box="[1212,1350,1931,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Anisocalyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">T. diaphana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF991608C2D7DAF81E" author="Broch" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1933">Broch (1933)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9CB508E6D699F81E" author="Picard" box="[244,416,1967,1992]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">Picard (1958a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9DF108E6D57BF81E" author="Riedl" box="[432,578,1967,1992]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg &amp; Berlin, 640 pp." type="book" year="1970">Riedl (1970)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF90FFDF9E3108F9D43DF81E" box="[624,772,1967,1992]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Turbicellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="diaphanus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF90FFDF9E3108F9D43DF81E" box="[624,772,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">T. diaphanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F5908F9D481F81E" author="Boero" box="[792,952,1967,1992]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x" type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="a">Boero (1981a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9FFC08E6D4F5F81E" author="Boero" box="[957,972,1967,1992]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198." type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
, 1985), García
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF98C708F9D260F81E" author="Carrascosa" box="[1158,1369,1968,1992]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carrascosa (1981)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF992808E6D7DAF83A" author="Isasi" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp." type="book" year="1985">Isasi (1985)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9CB0089DD6D0F83A" author="Boero" box="[241,489,2003,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi (1986)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9DB7089AD5B1F83A" author="Riedl" box="[502,648,2003,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp." type="book" year="1991">Riedl (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, Altuna (1994),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDF9F02089AD351F83A" author="Medel" box="[835,1128,2003,2028]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1995">Medel &amp; Vervoort (1995)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF90FFDE9834089AD7DAFF66" author="Medel" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE9CAE0FDED68AFF66" author="Schuchert" box="[239,435,151,176]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, Morri &amp; Bianchi (1999),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE9E9A0FDED486FF66" box="[731,959,151,176]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Piraino, S., Brandini, E., Denitto, F., Esposito, L. &amp; Avian, M. (1999) La diversita degli Cnidari nella riserva marina di Ustica. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 6 (1), 272 - 274." type="journal article">
Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF91FFDE9F720FD0D455FF66" box="[819,876,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE9F8A0FD1D3E4FF66" box="[971,1245,151,176]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF91FFDE98100FD0D3B3FF66" box="[1105,1162,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE98A80FD1D68FFF02" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF91FFDE9E6B0FF4D55BFF03" box="[554,610,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE98650FF5D22BFF02" box="[1060,1298,188,213]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF91FFDE983B0FF4D38BFF03" box="[1146,1202,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(2008a)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF91FFDE995D0FF5D7DCFF2E" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refString="Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749" type="journal article">
Morri
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF91FFDE99250FF4D2A5FF03" box="[1380,1436,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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