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<mods:title id="46387A617DF475A68040165DEBC86D3F">Microstructural diversity of the stylophyllid (Scleractinia) skeleton</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FB89C28927B6" authority="(Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[812,1472,1150,1179]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FB89C37A27B6" box="[812,1075,1150,1179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB8CFB89C2FE27B6" author="Chapuis, M. F. &amp; Dewalque, M. G." box="[1091,1463,1150,1179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="1 - 325" refId="ref9351" refString="Chapuis, M. F. and Dewalque, M. G. 1853. Description des fossiles des terrains secondaires de la province de Luxembourg. Memoires de l'Academie des sciences 25: 1 - 325." type="journal article" year="1853">Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3FB50C4C52790" blockId="2.[812,1472,1150,1213]" box="[812,908,1191,1213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFCE3FB50C4C02790" box="[812,905,1191,1213]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionStartId-1="4.[102,134,1073,1092]" captionStartId-2="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionStartId-3="6.[102,135,1182,1201]" captionTargetBox-0="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetBox-1="[102,775,236,1037]" captionTargetBox-2="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetBox-3="[102,1484,226,1158]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-777@4.[147,774,236,1003]" captionTargetId-2="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId-3="figure-214@6.[102,1485,226,1158]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Bivariate biometricplotofcaliculardiameter(CD) versus corallumheight(H).B.Bivariate biometric plot of calicular diameter (CD) versus septal number (S)." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." captionText-3="Fig. 5. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853), IPUM−Sic.3. A. Distal view with narrowed, “rejuvenated”, calice (arrows on A and B). B. Transverse sections of distal part of calice. C. Proximal part of the calice. D, E. Enlargements of section B). Note “shaggy” surface of transversely sectioned spines (D, E) and spines of first septal cycles embedded in stereome in lower part of corallum (C). Specimen from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174423" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174427" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13174423/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13174427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Figs. 2–5</figureCitation>
.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FB39C4A027C9" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authorityName="Stolarski &amp; Russo" authorityYear="2002" box="[812,1001,1230,1252]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FB39C4A027C9" box="[812,1001,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A239876C2436A03BFC3DFB39C30827C9" box="[1010,1089,1230,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB82FB39C28327C9" author="Chapuis, M. F. &amp; Dewalque, M. G." box="[1101,1482,1230,1252]" page="263" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB82FB39C28327C9" author="Chapuis, M. F. &amp; Dewalque, M. G." box="[1101,1482,1230,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="1 - 325" refId="ref9351" refString="Chapuis, M. F. and Dewalque, M. G. 1853. Description des fossiles des terrains secondaires de la province de Luxembourg. Memoires de l'Academie des sciences 25: 1 - 325." type="journal article" year="1853">Chapuis and Dewalque 1853: 263–264</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 38: 5.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FAF0C39A2630" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1235,1287,1309]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FAF0C4A32630" box="[812,1002,1287,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB12FAF0C2CC2630" author="Duncan, P. M." box="[1245,1413,1287,1309]" page="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1867">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB12FAF0C2CC2630" author="Duncan, P. M." box="[1245,1413,1287,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" refId="ref9463" refString="Duncan, P. M. 1867. A monograph of the British fossil corals. Second series. Pt. IV, no. 1. Corals from the Zone of Ammonites angulatus. 1 - 43. Palaeontographical Society monographs, London." type="book" year="1867">Duncan 1867: 35</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 10: 24–32.
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<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3FAC8C489265C" blockId="2.[812,1486,1230,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FAC8C3AF2678" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1254,1343,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FAC8C4A62678" box="[812,1007,1343,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB3AFAC8C2802678" author="Quenstedt, F. A." box="[1269,1481,1343,1365]" page="576" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB3AFAC8C2802678" author="Quenstedt, F. A." box="[1269,1481,1343,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" refId="ref10217" refString="Quenstedt, F. A. 1881. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, 6: Atlas zu den Rohren- und Sternkorallen, 913 - 1094. Fues Verlag, Lepzig." type="book" year="1881">Quenstedt 1881: 576</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 164: 32.
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<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3FA80C4F62684" blockId="2.[812,1486,1230,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FA80C39826A0" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1233,1399,1421]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FA80C4A326A0" box="[812,1002,1399,1421]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB14FA80C22A26A0" author="Lejeune, M." box="[1243,1379,1399,1421]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="99 - 133" refId="ref9948" refString="Lejeune, M. 1935. Contribution a l'etude biologique des hexacoralliaires fossiles. Annales de Paleontologie 24: 99 - 133." type="journal article" year="1935">Lejeune 1935</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 1: 3, 9, 17, pl. 2: 4,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3FA58C28F26E8" blockId="2.[812,1486,1230,1618]" box="[812,1478,1455,1477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FA58C3AA26E8" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authority="ChapuisandDewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1251,1455,1477]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FA58C4A126E8" box="[812,1000,1455,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
ChapuisandDewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB28FA58C23D26E8" author="Joly, H." box="[1255,1396,1455,1477]" page="166" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB28FA58C23D26E8" author="Joly, H." box="[1255,1396,1455,1477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref9872" refString="Joly, H. 1936. Les fossiles du Jurassique de la Belgique avec description stratigraphique de chaque etage. II Lias inferieur. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 79: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1936">Joly1936:166</bibRefCitation>
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,pl.3:1–7.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3FA3BC24226CF" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" box="[812,1291,1484,1506]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="haimei" variety="alta">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3FA3BC4A826CF" box="[812,993,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFBC4FA3BC36626CF" box="[1035,1071,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">alta</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFADCFA3BC28326CF" author="Joly, H." box="[1299,1482,1484,1506]" page="166" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFADCFA3BC28326CF" author="Joly, H." box="[1299,1482,1484,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref9872" refString="Joly, H. 1936. Les fossiles du Jurassique de la Belgique avec description stratigraphique de chaque etage. II Lias inferieur. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 79: 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1936">Joly 1936: 166–167</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3: 8–10.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EC12B2436A03BFCE3F9F3C2E72537" box="[812,1454,1540,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3F9F3C3942537" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1245,1540,1562]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3F9F3C4BF2537" box="[812,1014,1540,1562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB28F9F3C2E32537" author="Alloiteau, J." box="[1255,1450,1540,1562]" page="105" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB28F9F3C2E32537" author="Alloiteau, J." box="[1255,1450,1540,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" refId="ref9127" refString="Alloiteau, J. 1957. Contribution a la systematique des madreporaires fossiles I. 426 pp. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris." type="book" year="1957">Alloiteau 1957: 105</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3F9D7C281251B" blockId="2.[812,1486,1230,1618]" box="[812,1480,1568,1590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EC12B2436A03BFCE3F9D7C281251B" box="[812,1480,1568,1590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCE3F9D7C398251B" ID-CoL="8GMYX" authority="ChapuisandDewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[812,1233,1568,1590]" class="Anthozoa" family="Thecosmiliidae" genus="Montlivaltia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3F9D7C4AB251B" box="[812,994,1568,1590]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Montlivaltia haimei</emphasis>
ChapuisandDewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB1BF9D7C2CD251B" author="Beauvais, L." box="[1236,1412,1568,1590]" page="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB1BF9D7C2CD251B" author="Beauvais, L." box="[1236,1412,1568,1590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="43 - 81" refId="ref9196" refString="Beauvais, L. 1976. RevisiondesMadreporairesliasiquesdecritsparDuncan (1867). Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 126: 43 - 81." type="journal article" year="1976">Beauvais1976:72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
,pl.16:5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3F9CBC2E2257F" blockId="2.[812,1486,1230,1618]" box="[812,1451,1596,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EC12B2436A03BFCE3F9CBC2E2257F" box="[812,1451,1596,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862436A03BFCF8F9CBC3A1257F" authority="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" authorityYear="1853" box="[823,1256,1596,1618]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCF8F9CBC349257F" box="[823,1024,1596,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
Chapuis and Dewalque
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFC0142436A03BFB3DF9CBC2EE257F" author="Beauvais, L." box="[1266,1447,1596,1618]" page="54" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42436A03BFB3DF9CBC2EE257F" author="Beauvais, L." box="[1266,1447,1596,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref9242" refString="Beauvais, L. 1986. Monographie des madreporaires du Jurassique inferieur du Maroc. Palaeontographica Abt. A 194: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1986">Beauvais 1986: 54</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B58E2436A03BFCE3F995C2FC25F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03BFCE3F995C2FC25F7" blockId="2.[812,1485,1634,1754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3F995C4C72557" box="[812,910,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Material</emphasis>
.— 
<specimenCount id="9D782D8C2436A03BFC7DF995C3042557" box="[946,1101,1634,1658]" count="81" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" type="generic">81 specimens</specimenCount>
representing various ontogenetic stages, ranging from early juveniles ca. 0.5 mm in diameter having twelve septa to adults ca. 
<quantity id="4C864BE02436A03BFB54F955C3A32594" box="[1179,1258,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
in diameter with six incomplete septal cycles (IPUM−Sic.3, 14–93); see 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFAA2F935C2F925F7" box="[1389,1456,1730,1754]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,134,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[102,775,236,1037]" captionTargetId="graphics-777@4.[147,774,236,1003]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Bivariate biometricplotofcaliculardiameter(CD) versus corallumheight(H).B.Bivariate biometric plot of calicular diameter (CD) versus septal number (S)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174423/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B58E2436A03DFCE3F91CC2F42256" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="655" pageId="2" pageNumber="653" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052436A03DFCE3F91CC578256F" blockId="2.[812,1485,1770,2022]" lastBlockId="4.[102,775,1194,2018]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="655" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172436A03BFCE3F91CC4F9242F" box="[812,944,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Description</emphasis>
.—Corallum discoidal, circular, free in adult stage. Proximal side of adult coralla may bear no traces of substrate but often various bivalve shell fragments or flat, often washed away substrate can be observed (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFAD2F8BDC230244B" box="[1309,1401,1866,1894]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
Fig. 2E 
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). Juveniles can also be attached to the adult coralla (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFAF4F89DC2D824AF" box="[1339,1425,1898,1922]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFA5EF882C2D324AB" box="[1425,1434,1909,1926]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFA5EF882C2D324AB" attach="left" box="[1425,1434,1909,1926]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">1</subScript>
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, B 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFA72F882C425248F" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFA72F882C28F24AB" attach="left" box="[1469,1478,1909,1926]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">2</subScript>
, D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFC8FF862C400248B" attach="left" box="[832,841,1941,1958]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">2</subScript>
–D
</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFCA3F862C43C248B" box="[876,885,1941,1958]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFCA3F862C43C248B" attach="left" box="[876,885,1941,1958]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">4</subScript>
</figureCitation>
). Initial portions of adult coralla, exposed by light etching (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFC40F85DC4AF24EF" box="[911,998,1962,1986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) and initial or early juvenile specimens attached to adult coralla (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFBF9F83DC3C524CF" box="[1078,1164,1994,2018]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFB43F822C3DC24CB" box="[1164,1173,2005,2022]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFB43F822C3DC24CB" attach="left" box="[1164,1173,2005,2022]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, B 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802436A03BFB78F822C38924CB" box="[1207,1216,2005,2022]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">
<subScript id="17FAE4402436A03BFB78F822C38924CB" attach="left" box="[1207,1216,2005,2022]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="653">2</subScript>
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) are twelve−septate and have a similar diameter. Juvenile coralla attached to the same small−sized substratum may adhere to themselves (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFD50FB3DC5BF27CF" box="[671,758,1226,1250]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFD39FB22C5B627CB" box="[758,767,1237,1254]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
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, A 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFFB5FB02C7CA262B" box="[122,131,1269,1286]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFFB5FB02C7CA262B" attach="left" box="[122,131,1269,1286]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
). Such double calices possess independent epithecate walls in their contact zone (arrow in 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFDDCFAFDC525260F" box="[531,620,1290,1314]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFDA4FAE2C53D260B" box="[619,628,1301,1318]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFDA4FAE2C53D260B" attach="left" box="[619,628,1301,1318]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
). Seemingly similar coralla with two calices may develop from a single but regenerated calice (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFEA3FABDC68A264F" box="[364,451,1354,1378]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFE0CFAA2C685264B" box="[451,460,1365,1382]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFE0CFAA2C685264B" attach="left" box="[451,460,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, D 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFE20FAA2C6B1264B" box="[495,504,1365,1382]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFE20FAA2C6B1264B" attach="left" box="[495,504,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
). In contrast to the “adhering” specimens, two “regenerated” calices share some skeletal elements, e.g., septa of higher cycles (arrow in 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFD15FA7DC7C126EF" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFF47FA42C7D826EB" box="[136,145,1461,1478]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFF47FA42C7D826EB" attach="left" box="[136,145,1461,1478]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">4</subScript>
</figureCitation>
) and do not develop an epithecate wall in the contact zone between calices. Calices disintegrated into several, not clearly defined zones (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFEABFA1DC6F5252F" box="[356,444,1514,1538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
), showing asymmetrical constriction (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFF1EF9FDC602250F" box="[209,331,1546,1570]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[102,135,1182,1201]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,226,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-214@6.[102,1485,226,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853), IPUM−Sic.3. A. Distal view with narrowed, “rejuvenated”, calice (arrows on A and B). B. Transverse sections of distal part of calice. C. Proximal part of the calice. D, E. Enlargements of section B). Note “shaggy” surface of transversely sectioned spines (D, E) and spines of first septal cycles embedded in stereome in lower part of corallum (C). Specimen from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174427/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
), or constricted repeatedly two or more times (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFF7DF9DDC640256F" box="[178,265,1578,1602]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
) have also been observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF01B68D2437A03AFFA9F8C7C27D24CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="654" startId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" targetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052437A03AFFA9F8C7C27D24CF" blockId="3.[102,1487,1840,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">
Fig.2. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862437A03AFF6EF8C7C524246E" authority="(ChapuisandDewalque, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[161,621,1840,1859]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="654" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFF6EF8C7C610246E" box="[161,345,1840,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
(ChapuisandDewalque,1853)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFDBBF8C7C5CD246E" bold="true" box="[628,644,1840,1859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">A</emphasis>
.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFBD9F8CEC357246A" attach="left" box="[1046,1054,1849,1863]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">1</subScript>
)andproximal−lateral(A 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFB3AF8CEC3B4246A" attach="left" box="[1269,1277,1849,1863]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">2</subScript>
)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFE6EF8A3C6E0244F" attach="left" box="[417,425,1876,1890]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">1</subScript>
)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFBE5F8BCC3702473" bold="true" box="[1066,1081,1867,1886]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">B</emphasis>
.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFF68F892C7FE2455" bold="true" box="[167,183,1893,1912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">C</emphasis>
. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFDCDF877C55B24BE" bold="true" box="[514,530,1920,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">D</emphasis>
. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFCF1F87EC40F24BA" attach="left" box="[830,838,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">1</subScript>
, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFA9CF87EC21224BA" attach="left" box="[1363,1371,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">2</subScript>
, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFE45F854C6DB249C" attach="left" box="[394,402,1955,1969]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">1</subScript>
,A 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFE64F854C6FA249C" attach="left" box="[427,435,1955,1969]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">2</subScript>
),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFACBF86DC25A2480" bold="true" box="[1284,1299,1946,1965]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">E</emphasis>
.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFF58F84AC7D624E6" attach="right" box="[151,159,1981,1995]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">1</subScript>
), and proximal views (E 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFEB3F84AC6CD24E6" attach="left" box="[380,388,1981,1995]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">2</subScript>
, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E 
<subScript id="17FAE4402437A03AFC80F84AC41E24E6" attach="left" box="[847,855,1981,1995]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">3</subScript>
, enlargement of corallum edge. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFBB7F842C3CA24E5" bold="true" box="[1144,1155,1973,1992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">F</emphasis>
. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172437A03AFFA9F838C73E24CF" bold="true" box="[102,119,1999,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="654">G</emphasis>
. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF01B68D2430A03DFFA9FBC6C5FA2751" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174423/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" startId="4.[102,134,1073,1092]" targetBox="[102,775,236,1037]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052430A03DFFA9FBC6C5FA2751" blockId="4.[102,775,1073,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
Fig. 3. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFF6EFBC6C5272769" authority="(Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[161,622,1073,1092]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFF6EFBC6C6102769" box="[161,345,1073,1092]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFEACFBC6C52E2769" author="Chapuis, M. F. &amp; Dewalque, M. G." box="[355,615,1073,1092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="1 - 325" refId="ref9351" refString="Chapuis, M. F. and Dewalque, M. G. 1853. Description des fossiles des terrains secondaires de la province de Luxembourg. Memoires de l'Academie des sciences 25: 1 - 325." type="journal article" year="1853">Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFDBAFBC6C5CC2769" bold="true" box="[629,645,1073,1092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">A</emphasis>
. Bivariate biometricplotofcaliculardiameter(CD) 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFE61FBB9C6AF274D" box="[430,486,1102,1120]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">versus</emphasis>
corallumheight(H). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFD51FBBAC5E4274D" bold="true" box="[670,685,1101,1120]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">B</emphasis>
.Bivariate biometric plot of calicular diameter (CD) 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFE1BFB9DC5452751" box="[468,524,1130,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">versus</emphasis>
septal number (S).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052430A03DFF44F9BCC2F42256" blockId="4.[102,775,1194,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[812,1485,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
In adults, septa hexamerally arranged in 6 incomplete cycles according to the formula S1–2ẐS3&gt;S4&gt;S5&gt;S6. Septa S1–3 reach calicular center; S4 extend to ca. 3/4 of the calicular radius; S5 to the half of the calicular radius, and S6 are developed only at calice periphery. All septa consist of spines that lower in fossa are covered with sclerenchyme and form a compact septum. In lower cycle septa (S1–3), individual spines are recognizable only on their distal edge whereas septa of higher cycles, especially of ultimate or penultimate cycles, composed of spines individualized in distal and proximalpartsofcalice(
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFEF5F87DC6D5248F" box="[314,412,1930,1954]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[102,135,1182,1201]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,226,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-214@6.[102,1485,226,1158]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853), IPUM−Sic.3. A. Distal view with narrowed, “rejuvenated”, calice (arrows on A and B). B. Transverse sections of distal part of calice. C. Proximal part of the calice. D, E. Enlargements of section B). Note “shaggy” surface of transversely sectioned spines (D, E) and spines of first septal cycles embedded in stereome in lower part of corallum (C). Specimen from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174427/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig.5B,C</figureCitation>
).Surfaceofspinescoveredwith dense granulations ca. 40–50 µm in diameter. Lower in calice, septal faces covered with thicker layers of sclerenchyme and become smoother, except for places with septal spines still projecting through sclerenchymal deposits. Skeleton completely recrystallized, calcitic (confirmed by X−ray diffraction). Epithecate wall spread on entire proximal side and in largerspecimensslightlymorecylindrical,bendingupwards.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C364B58E2430A03CFCE3FE7EC534252D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="656" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052430A03DFCE3FE7EC48520CC" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFCE3FE7EC4C7228C" box="[812,910,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Remarks</emphasis>
.—InmostScleractiniathelengthoftheseptacorrelates with the order of their appearance. Septa of the first cycle, inserted at the beginning of the coral skeletogenesis are usually much longer and thicker in comparison to the septa of higher cycles inserted later in ontogeny (however, one of the exceptions is 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFC1BFDDEC2C4216C" authority="Pourtales, 1874" authorityName="Pourtales" authorityYear="1874" box="[980,1421,553,577]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizocyathidae" genus="Schizocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fissilis">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFC1BFDDEC381216C" box="[980,1224,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Schizocyathus fissilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFB18FDDEC2C4216C" author="Pourtales, L. F. de" box="[1239,1421,553,577]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="33 - 49" refId="ref10184" refString="Pourtales, L. F. de 1874. Zoological results of the Hassler expedition. Deep-sea corals. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 8: 33 - 49." type="journal article" year="1874">Pourtalès, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with S2&lt;S 
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adult coralla. S 
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFB42FDBDC3BD214C" authorityName="Pourtales" authorityYear="1874" box="[1165,1268,585,609]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizocyathidae" genus="Schizocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fissilis">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFB42FDBDC3BD214C" box="[1165,1268,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">S. fissilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
degenerate during corallum growth, most likely because of functional involvement in corallum longitudinal division; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFAD6FD7EC28B218C" author="Stolarski, J." box="[1305,1474,649,673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="13 - 38" refId="ref10725" refString="Stolarski, J. 2000. Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data. Lethaia 33: 13 - 38." type="journal article" year="2000">Stolarski 2000</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFBE2FD5EC49321CC" authority="Montanaro-Gallitelli, 1975" authorityName="Montanaro-Gallitelli" authorityYear="1975" class="Anthozoa" family="Zardinophyllidae" genus="Zardinophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zardinii">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFBE2FD5EC27621EC" box="[1069,1343,681,705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Zardinophyllum zardinii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFA86FD5DC49321CC" author="Montanaro-Gallitelli, E." pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="21 - 25" refId="ref10074" refString="Montanaro-Gallitelli, E. 1975. Hexanthiniaria, a new ordo of Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Coelenterata). Bollettino della Societe Paleontologica Italiana 14: 21 - 25." type="journal article" year="1975">Montanaro−Gallitelli, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(representative of pachythecaliines—supposed rugosan descendants), the first 6 initial septa are not inserted simultaneously and this is reflected in their unequal length and thickness (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFBD5FCDEC3F6206C" author="Stolarski, J." box="[1050,1215,809,833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="339 - 367" refId="ref10668" refString="Stolarski, J. 1996. Gardineria - scleractinian &quot; living fossil &quot;. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 41: 339 - 367." type="journal article" year="1996">Stolarski 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 1999). Because the first twelve septa of initial and early juvenile coralla of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFA90FCBDC284204C" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1375,1485,841,865]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFA90FCBDC284204C" box="[1375,1485,841,865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">H. haimei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFCFAFC9EC4C020AC" box="[821,905,873,897]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFC46FC83C4DB20A8" box="[905,914,884,901]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
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</figureCitation>
, B 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFC7CFC83C4F520A8" box="[947,956,884,901]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFC7CFC83C4F520A8" attach="left" box="[947,956,884,901]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">2</subScript>
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, C) have similar length and thickness, one may infer that they were inserted simultaneously and thus the early ontogeny follows a cyclic pattern recognized in typical scleractinians.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052430A03DFC9DFC1DC32424AF" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
Juvenile coralla (but also serpulid tubes) are occasionally found attached to both sides of adult coralla (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFAA9FBFDC2F5270F" box="[1382,1468,1034,1058]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFA72FBE2C28F270B" box="[1469,1478,1045,1062]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[812,845,882,901]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,235,843]" captionTargetId="figure-675@1.[812,1486,235,843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. A. Schematic map of Sicily (Italy) showing geographic position of outcrops with Early Jurassic scleractinians (asterisk). B. Part of geological map of area near Longi village showing position of Sinemurian Black Limestones (asterisk on white bar that indicates geological section showed onC). C.Geologicalsectionshowingstratasampledforcorals(asterisk).B, C after Lentini 1973." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174416/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFA72FBE2C28F270B" attach="right" box="[1469,1478,1045,1062]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">1</subScript>
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, D 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFC8FFBC2C400276B" box="[832,841,1077,1094]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
<subScript id="17FAE4402430A03DFC8FFBC2C400276B" attach="left" box="[832,841,1077,1094]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
). Such coralla do not show any defensive reaction against incrustation (e.g., constrictions of the corallum diameter as in 
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFCE3FB9DC4CB27AF" box="[812,898,1130,1154]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,1840,1859]" captionTargetBox="[107,1479,227,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[107,1480,236,1818]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Haimeicyclus haimei (ChapuisandDewalque,1853). A.IPUM−Sic.92a,bwithtwocalicesindistal(A1)andproximal−lateral(A2)views.Calicesareseparatedbyepithecalwalls(arrowinA1)andresultedfromgrowthoftwojuvenilesattachedtocommonsubstrate.B.DistalviewofIPUM−Sic.82.TwelveS1–2arrowed. C. Distal view of IPUM−Sic.40 with uppermost part of calice disintegrated into 3 (arrows) independent calicular regions (“rejuvenescence”), and overgrown by serpulid tubes (lower part of picture). D. IPUM−Sic.80 with two calices (D1, distal view) resulted from regeneration of parental calice (D2, basal view). IncontrasttoIPUM−Sic.92a,b(A1,A2),highercycleseptaincontactzonebetweencalicesofIPUM−Sic.80arecommonforbothcalices.E.IPUM−Sic.89indistal (E1), and proximal views (E2, note rhomboidal shape of imprinted substatum); E3, enlargement of corallum edge. F. The largest specimen IPUM−Sic.75. G. Corallum IPUM−Sic.45 with two distinct “rejuvenescence” constrictions (arrows). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174418/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) and it is clear that juveniles could not grow on the proximal side of adult coralla without inverting position of the latter. Thus, most likely, adult coralla were incrusted while dead, and incrustations on both sides were possible because of occasional rolling on such skeletons. On the other hand, the situation when juveniles are attached only to the substrate that also serves adults (
<figureCitation id="1345FA802430A03DFB57FADDC3BC266B" box="[1176,1269,1322,1350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1280,1299]" captionTargetBox="[108,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetId="figure-229@5.[102,1484,228,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Haimeicyclus haimei (Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853). A. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). B. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). C. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). D. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D1) and proximal (D2) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D3, D4) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). E. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E1) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E2, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
Fig. 4B 
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</figureCitation>
) suggests that only the substrate was rolled and not the adult corallum. Judging by the transitional spectrum of morphologies of incrusting initials and juveniles, and by comparisons with initial and juvenile portions of adult coralla, all juveniles incrusting adult coralla belong to the same species. Attachment of juveniles to the adult coralla of the same species were observed in extant (Gerodette 1981; Fadlallah and Pearse 1982) and fossil corals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFCB1F9DDC361256F" author="Stolarski, J." box="[894,1064,1578,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="19 - 44" refId="ref10642" refString="Stolarski, J. 1995. Ontogenetic development of the thecal structures in caryophylliine scleractinian corals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40: 19 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Stolarski 1995</bibRefCitation>
). In modern seas, corals that produce such settling larvae are brooders releasing large, benthic crawling planulae. Initial coralla that develop after metamorphosis of such large, benthic planulae often exceed 
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in diameter (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42430A03DFC02F95DC32C25EF" author="Squires, D. F." box="[973,1125,1706,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref10587" refString="Squires, D. F. 1962. DeepseacoralscollectedbytheLamontGeologicalObservatory. 3 Larvae of the Argentine scleractinian corals Flabellum curvatum Moseley. American Museum Novitates 2078: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1962">Squires 1962</bibRefCitation>
; Gerodette 1981; Fadlallah and Pearse 1982). The occurrence of numerous juveniles attached to adults in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFC34F91CC321242F" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1019,1128,1770,1794]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFC34F91CC321242F" box="[1019,1128,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">H. haimei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may suggest similar benthic behavior, however, much smaller size (ca. 
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in diameter) favors a scenario in which local hydrological conditions forces part of the coral “spat” to settle on available hard substrates, i.e., the adult coralla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052430A03CFC9DF87DC534252D" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[102,775,1480,1536]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="656" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">
The skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862430A03DFBD8F87CC3C3248F" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1047,1162,1930,1954]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="655" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172430A03DFBD8F87CC3C3248F" box="[1047,1162,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="655">H. haimei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is competely recrystallized (calcitic), however, dense and homogenous granulation on septal spines conform to a “coarse” texture observed on septa of the below described 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862431A03CFEBAFA3FC5D526CD" baseAuthorityName="Duncan and Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[373,668,1480,1504]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stylophyllidae" genus="Stylophyllopsis" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="656" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFEBAFA3FC55726CD" box="[373,542,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Stylophyllopsis</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFD81FA3EC5D526CD" box="[590,668,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and thus implies similar microstructure (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BC1E6052431A03CFFA9FAF7C28126B2" blockId="5.[102,1486,1280,1443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">
Fig. 4. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9D862431A03CFF68FAF7C5C5263E" authority="(Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Chapuis and Dewalque" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[167,652,1280,1299]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oppelismiliidae" genus="Haimeicyclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="656" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haimei">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFF68FAF7C62E263E" box="[167,359,1280,1299]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Haimeicyclus haimei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF9BF42431A03CFEBCFAF7C5CC263E" author="Chapuis, M. F. &amp; Dewalque, M. G." box="[371,645,1280,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656" pagination="1 - 325" refId="ref9351" refString="Chapuis, M. F. and Dewalque, M. G. 1853. Description des fossiles des terrains secondaires de la province de Luxembourg. Memoires de l'Academie des sciences 25: 1 - 325." type="journal article" year="1853">Chapuis and Dewalque, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFD5AFAF7C5EC263E" bold="true" box="[661,677,1280,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">A</emphasis>
. Juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.93 with 48 septa on polished base (herein in distal view). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFFA9FAEAC73C261D" bold="true" box="[102,117,1309,1328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">B</emphasis>
. Proximal view of IPUM−Sic.94 attached to the bivalve shell incrusted by juvenile specimen IPUM−Sic.94a with 12 septa (arrows). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFAC4FAEBC2522602" bold="true" box="[1291,1307,1308,1327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">C</emphasis>
. Etched, initial portion of the corallum IPUM−Sic.68 with voids corresponding to position of protosepta (arrows mark position of six septa on half of corallum). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFFA9FAA2C73F2645" bold="true" box="[102,118,1365,1384]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">D</emphasis>
. IPUM−Sic.88 incrusted by serpulid tubes and juvenile scleractinians, in distal (D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFC98FAAAC4162646" attach="left" box="[855,863,1373,1387]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">1</subScript>
) and proximal (D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFBCEFAAAC3402646" attach="left" box="[1025,1033,1373,1387]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">2</subScript>
) views in conventional photographs, and on SEM micrographs (proximal views D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFE5FFA8EC6D126AA" attach="right" box="[400,408,1401,1415]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">3</subScript>
, D 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFE78FA8EC6F626AA" attach="right" box="[439,447,1401,1415]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">4</subScript>
) showing enlargement of twelve septate juvenile (two septa of additional cycle marked with smaller arrows). 
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFFA9FA7AC73C268D" bold="true" box="[102,117,1421,1440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">E</emphasis>
. IPUM−Sic.9191 in oblique view (E 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFE71FA62C68F268E" attach="left" box="[446,454,1429,1443]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">1</subScript>
) with juvenile (?bud) attached laterally (E 
<subScript id="17FAE4402431A03CFC88FA62C406268E" attach="left" box="[839,847,1429,1443]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">2</subScript>
, enlargement). All from Sinemurian Black Limestones, Longi, Sicily.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C364B58E2431A03CFFA9F9E4C5A72567" pageId="5" pageNumber="656" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC1E6052431A03CFFA9F9E4C5A72567" blockId="5.[102,775,1554,1610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">
<emphasis id="B90A3A172431A03CFFA9F9E4C7AA2507" box="[102,227,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Occurrence</emphasis>
.—Sinemurian of Sicily, Early Jurassic (Hettangian –Sinemurian) of 
<collectingCountry id="F369A6952431A03CFED4F9C5C6332567" box="[283,378,1586,1610]" name="Belgium" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Belgium</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F369A6952431A03CFE4AF9C5C6A32567" box="[389,490,1586,1610]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Germany</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F369A6952431A03CFE3AF9C5C5CB2567" box="[501,642,1586,1610]" name="Luxembourg" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">Luxembourg</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F369A6952431A03CFD42F9C5C5A32567" box="[653,746,1586,1610]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="656">England</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>