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<document id="52957449DC046513C51848C56658E359" ID-CLB-Dataset="284677" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2023.2279255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="840654a7-01f0-45d9-9c1c-902e99cbfd4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10479029" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1704715470612" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Meyer, Stephanie, Araujo, Thiago Q., Walsh, Elizabeth J., Wallace, Robert L. &amp; Hochberg, Rick" docDate="2023" docId="03B687E6220BFFE7FF42FF6FFEF075DE" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.57.45-48.1984-2005.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 57" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2279255" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas 1776" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1991" masterDocId="FF8FFF9E220CFFE0FFE2FFE1FFFA7170" masterDocTitle="Integrative microscopy to explore physical and nanomechanical properties of eggshells of diapausing embryos in Rotifera: a proof-of-concept study" masterLastPageNumber="2005" masterPageNumber="1984" pageNumber="1991" updateTime="1704897174810" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="FF760C2D7673F25CE6DB6C9F32C805BE">Integrative microscopy to explore physical and nanomechanical properties of eggshells of diapausing embryos in Rotifera: a proof-of-concept study</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D9C1FCE2F1C94A57D299D5F21B668690">Meyer, Stephanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8954B427627D232311D0FEE0FE12E318">Araujo, Thiago Q.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F114C0A671FDEB73C1E03105CF512BD">Walsh, Elizabeth J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1629A957AA5DFF7EAE1C592804C6CFC9">Wallace, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B687E6220BFFE7FF42FF6FFEF075DE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B687E6220BFFE7FF42FF6FFEF075DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687E6220BFFE7FF42FF6FFEF075DE" lastPageNumber="1991" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<heading id="D0E8819C220BFFE7FF42FF6FFD6D71D8" bold="true" box="[160,663,142,168]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FF42FF6FFD6D71D8" bold="true" box="[160,663,142,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<subSubSection id="C305657B220BFFE7FF42FF6FFE9771D8" box="[160,365,142,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FF6FFE9771D8" blockId="7.[160,663,142,168]" box="[160,365,142,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FF42FF6FFE9C71D8" bold="true" box="[160,358,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
Phylum
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D73220BFFE7FEE6FF6FFE9C71D8" ID-CoL="5Y" ID-ENA="10190" box="[260,358,142,168]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" phylum="Rotifera" rank="phylum">Rotifera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C305657B220BFFE7FE97FF6FFD6D71D8" box="[373,663,142,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FE97FF6FFD6D71D8" blockId="7.[160,663,142,168]" box="[373,663,142,168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D73220BFFE7FE97FF6FFD6D71D8" ID-CoL="5X2DW" authority="Pallas, 1776" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1776" box="[373,663,142,168]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Brachionidae" genus="Brachionus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="calyciflorus">Brachionus calyciflorus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</heading>
<subSubSection id="C305657B220BFFE7FF42FF23FEF075DE" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FF23FF2871AC" blockId="7.[160,1156,194,393]" box="[160,210,194,220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FF42FF23FF2871AC" bold="true" box="[160,210,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">SEM</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FF07FD9270F9" blockId="7.[160,1156,194,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
The ovoid, diapausing embryos measured ca 139 µm in diameter
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FC71FF07FC52718C" box="[915,936,227,255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">(̄x</emphasis>
= 138.4 ± 5.8 μm). Shells appeared largely devoid of ornamentation at lower magnifications (&lt;1000×), but showed a more rugose surface at higher magnifications (
<figureCitation id="13242A75220BFFE7FCBAFECAFC247034" box="[856,990,299,324]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characterisation of diapausing embryos of Brachionus calyciflorus. a. Scanning Electron Microscope image of a single egg. b. Close-up of the surface of the egg. c. Ultrastructure of the shell viewed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. d. Close-up of shell ultrastructure. e. Topographic image of the external surface of an egg generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. f. Forcedistance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an egg. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (software screenshot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Abbreviations: al, alveolar layer; ar, amorphous layer around embryo; em, embryo; s1, sublayer. Scale bars:A = 25 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 3.5 µm; D = 1.7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479031/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">Figure 1a,b</figureCitation>
). Shells often appeared pitted with small pores and craters (0.072.96 µm diameter) and occasionally some surface bumps of various textures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FE58FF2870A3" blockId="7.[160,1156,441,848]" box="[160,210,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FF42FE58FF2870A3" bold="true" box="[160,210,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">TEM</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FE3DFF057220" blockId="7.[160,1156,441,848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
The shell consisted of two layers a thick apical layer and a thin basal layer that together averaged 7.20 ± 1.45 µm (SD) thick (
<figureCitation id="13242A75220BFFE7FD58FE1EFCDC7368" box="[698,806,511,536]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characterisation of diapausing embryos of Brachionus calyciflorus. a. Scanning Electron Microscope image of a single egg. b. Close-up of the surface of the egg. c. Ultrastructure of the shell viewed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. d. Close-up of shell ultrastructure. e. Topographic image of the external surface of an egg generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. f. Forcedistance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an egg. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (software screenshot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Abbreviations: al, alveolar layer; ar, amorphous layer around embryo; em, embryo; s1, sublayer. Scale bars:A = 25 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 3.5 µm; D = 1.7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479031/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
). The surface of the shell had a wavy appearance and consisted of high ridges and numerous small bumps and valleys. Immediately beneath this was a thick zone of empty pockets that were interconnected through a framework of electron-dense bridges; this layer is described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B01220BFFE7FF24FD6BFE4A73D3" author="Wurdak E &amp; Gilbert JJ &amp; Jagles R" box="[198,432,650,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" pagination="49 - 72" refId="ref12780" refString="Wurdak E, Gilbert JJ, Jagles R. 1978. Fine structure of the resting eggs of the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboIdi. Trans Am Microscop Soc. 97 (1): 49 - 72. doi: 10.2307 / 3225684." type="journal article" year="1978">
Wurdak
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FEC5FD6BFEA073D3" box="[295,346,650,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">et al</emphasis>
. (1978)
</bibRefCitation>
as the alveolar layer (al:
<figureCitation id="13242A75220BFFE7FD3BFD6BFCBD73D3" box="[729,839,650,675]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characterisation of diapausing embryos of Brachionus calyciflorus. a. Scanning Electron Microscope image of a single egg. b. Close-up of the surface of the egg. c. Ultrastructure of the shell viewed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. d. Close-up of shell ultrastructure. e. Topographic image of the external surface of an egg generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. f. Forcedistance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an egg. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (software screenshot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Abbreviations: al, alveolar layer; ar, amorphous layer around embryo; em, embryo; s1, sublayer. Scale bars:A = 25 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 3.5 µm; D = 1.7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479031/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">Figure 1d</figureCitation>
). Immediately beneath the alveolar layer was a zone [s1:
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B01220BFFE7FE16FD4DFD2273B5" author="Wurdak E &amp; Gilbert JJ &amp; Jagles R" box="[500,728,684,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" pagination="49 - 72" refId="ref12780" refString="Wurdak E, Gilbert JJ, Jagles R. 1978. Fine structure of the resting eggs of the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboIdi. Trans Am Microscop Soc. 97 (1): 49 - 72. doi: 10.2307 / 3225684." type="journal article" year="1978">
Wurdak
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FDB1FD4DFD7E73B5" box="[595,644,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">et al</emphasis>
. (1978)
</bibRefCitation>
] of less opaque electron density that consisted of two subzones, each containing many fine laminae, and separated by an electron-dense line. An extraembryonic space of variable size separated the physical shell from an amorphous region (ar) that was proximal to the plasma membrane of the embryo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FC9EFF2F72E9" blockId="7.[160,1156,895,1198]" box="[160,213,895,921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FF42FC9EFF2F72E9" bold="true" box="[160,213,895,921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">AFM</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA036F0220BFFE7FF42FC42FEF075DE" blockId="7.[160,1156,895,1198]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">
Topography of the outer shell layer was similar to that viewed with SEM, but pores were less visible
<emphasis id="B96BEAE2220BFFE7FE8EFC24FE7B72AC" box="[364,385,963,990]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">(̄x</emphasis>
= 0.23 µm diameter) and surface bumps were less recognisable (
<figureCitation id="13242A75220BFFE7FF4AFC09FEEE7571" box="[168,276,1000,1025]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characterisation of diapausing embryos of Brachionus calyciflorus. a. Scanning Electron Microscope image of a single egg. b. Close-up of the surface of the egg. c. Ultrastructure of the shell viewed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. d. Close-up of shell ultrastructure. e. Topographic image of the external surface of an egg generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. f. Forcedistance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an egg. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (software screenshot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Abbreviations: al, alveolar layer; ar, amorphous layer around embryo; em, embryo; s1, sublayer. Scale bars:A = 25 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 3.5 µm; D = 1.7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479031/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">Figure 1e</figureCitation>
). An example forcedistance curve is provided (
<figureCitation id="13242A75220BFFE7FCA3FC09FC527571" box="[833,936,1000,1025]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1351,1374]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1319]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characterisation of diapausing embryos of Brachionus calyciflorus. a. Scanning Electron Microscope image of a single egg. b. Close-up of the surface of the egg. c. Ultrastructure of the shell viewed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. d. Close-up of shell ultrastructure. e. Topographic image of the external surface of an egg generated with Atomic Force Microscopy. f. Forcedistance (FD) curve generated from a single location on an egg. Parameters for the position of the location on the eggshell are indicated by the cursor positions (software screenshot). Maximum force (MF, green circle) and 20% maximum force (20% MF, orange circle) are indicated on the FD curve. Abbreviations: al, alveolar layer; ar, amorphous layer around embryo; em, embryo; s1, sublayer. Scale bars:A = 25 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 3.5 µm; D = 1.7 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10479031/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991">Figure 1f</figureCitation>
) that displays how Young̾s modulus values were collected for a single spot on
<specimenCount id="9D19FD79220BFFE7FC9CFBEAFC197554" box="[894,995,1035,1060]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
. The Young̾s modulus for two diapausing embryos ranged from 9.73 to 17.21 MPa with an average of 13.62 ± 2.43 MPa (SD) (
<tableCitation id="C69D034B220BFFE7FE0FFBB1FDBD7519" box="[493,583,1104,1129]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[317,373,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Young̍s modulus (MPa) of elasticity values for diapausing" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF606678220AFFE6FEDFFF6FFDD5706A" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" tableUuid="DF606678220AFFE6FEDFFF6FFDD5706A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Hardness values ranged from 1.62 × 102 to 2.18 × 102 GPa with an average hardness of 1.80 × 102 GPa ± 1.80 × 103 GPa (
<tableCitation id="C69D034B220BFFE7FF4AFB74FF0775DE" box="[168,253,1173,1198]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[320,376,802,825]" captionTargetBox="[330,985,955,1362]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Hardness values (GPa × 102) for diapausing embryos of" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF606678220AFFE6FEA2FCC3FE2472DE" pageId="7" pageNumber="1991" tableUuid="DF606678220AFFE6FEA2FCC3FE2472DE">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>