307 lines
37 KiB
XML
307 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="59180A3FCBDB2A2D519FF77D33625584" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="399e1a72-708c-44e9-91b8-3951bfd3cc15" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220417" ID-ZooBank="A8B7BD9C-7959-4036-8D76-9BE72D0F07AA" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460571613056" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rakotonirina, Jean Claude & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2013" docId="03B687B0FFE3FFE326F8FB87EDECF861" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03609p141.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3609 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pachycondyla comorensis Andre" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="FF8FFFC8FFF0FFF6266FFF9DEF25FFBC" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1698322279669" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D0D6DE8EB7B43D875B306ACFC91BB563" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5C806343AB19081CA519C4CDB8E1995A">
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<mods:title id="9CB28164F367EDD3CCCC0AB72AC368A6">Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D7528013466940B4F19AF43BDC24C262" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="C10141111FABB0FF0222001FE3B63DC6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CF8FC0ECC48B6B84163D7C9BF2B1130A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CD9F99EF75BCF89DB509E1971A78437C">Rakotonirina, Jean Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="90C2592DC01E1864641EAF41FD4F657F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B777161875D7EEDABC255E5800607AE6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F3A6A75FB43D1DCE22BCA51550761F3E">Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3EFC9B582F2BC2EF006C91436BF4B226">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CE830E4EEE73C066E63A5002E88A5760">
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<mods:title id="E80663A0FBEAD185BB1488268F7126BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="C289691CA1780D5175884E981D8AFD0C">
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<mods:date id="6B2D3809AD7299EC4A1809C8AD93C088">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AFA1EE7D5F828511C327817546718FB3" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A671ADF6AA1F9F7E02B715D36622C610">3609</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5B83775477CD6CB5B272E3EAABB51554" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="12709EDE905A60FD535F68C99506691A">2</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="372DB3BA7DFC04557364D3EC8514868D">141</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="AEDFBC1F3B763AB9283B1DBE94B9E4E2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A699DEF32ED99DBE11D8A495E29EAED7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FB7D4B709BEF5E0544A73F1C57DC92FD" type="GBIF-Dataset">399e1a72-708c-44e9-91b8-3951bfd3cc15</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D28F9C80600B4460F40726084B0B03BA" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A940773862FD637C30D2195C3E9DC575" type="Zenodo-Dep">220417</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EA681BBF2FB7FE12F6BD6304BC5B1EAA" type="ZooBank">A8B7BD9C-7959-4036-8D76-9BE72D0F07AA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03B687B0FFE3FFE326F8FB87EDECF861" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6494338" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119558994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6494338" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B687B0FFE3FFE326F8FB87EDECF861" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B687B0FFE3FFE326F8FB87EDECF861" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection id="C305652DFFE3FFE526F8FB87EE19FA8C" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8FB87ED1EFB88" blockId="19.[151,571,1050,1109]" box="[151,571,1050,1076]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="D0E881CAFFE3FFE526F8FB87ED1EFB88" bold="true" box="[151,571,1050,1076]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE526F8FB87ED1EFB88" ID-CoL="6TGN8" authority="Andre" authorityName="Andre" box="[151,571,1050,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE526F8FB87ED1EFB88" bold="true" box="[151,571,1050,1076]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE526F8FB87EEF5FB88" bold="true" box="[151,464,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
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(André)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8FBA0EE89FBE9" blockId="19.[151,571,1050,1109]" box="[151,428,1085,1109]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13242A23FFE3FFE526F1FBA0EE2CFBE9" box="[158,265,1085,1109]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 2" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1969,1992]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1423,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,1423,1945]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 2. Full-face view of the head showing the length of the antennal scape; Fig. 1: scape surpassing the posterior cephalic margin; Fig. 2: scape not surpassing the posterior cephalic margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220418/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13242A23FFE3FFE52778FBA0EE02FBE9" box="[279,295,1085,1109]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="5.[151,266,949,974]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,387,903]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,387,908]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Shape of the clypeus and location of the eyes when head in full-face view; Fig. 3: P. t a v a r a t r a, anterior clypeal margin broadly triangular; eyes breaking the lateral margin of head; Fig. 4: P. c o m ore n s i s, anterior clypeal margin truncate; eyes not breaking the lateral margin of head." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220419/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13242A23FFE3FFE5275CFBA0EE59FBE9" box="[307,380,1085,1109]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 39" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1590,1613]" captionTargetBox="[167,1435,179,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,179,1580]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 39. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste of Pachycondyla cambouei and its various forms; Figs 30 – 31: Form 4, CASENT 0034474; Figs 32 – 33: Form 5, BLF 0976 (40) - 2; Figs 34 – 35: Form 6, CASENT 0027983." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220427/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">38–39</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13242A23FFE3FFE527E8FBA0EE81FBE9" box="[391,420,1085,1109]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 64" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[164,1427,210,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,199,1918]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 64. Distributional maps of Pachycondyla wasmannii - group from the Malagasy region. Fig. 59: P. c o m o re n s i s; Fig. 60: P. p e r ro t i; Fig. 61: P. planicornis; Fig. 62: P. tavaratra; Fig. 63: P. v a z i m b a; Fig. 64: P. wasmannii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220432/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">59</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8FB1FEE19FA8C" blockId="19.[151,1436,1153,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE526F8FB1FED00FB2B" authority="Andre, 1887: 292" authorityName="Andre" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,549,1153,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE526F8FB1FEE7AFB2B" box="[151,351,1154,1175]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Ponera comorensis</emphasis>
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André, 1887: 292
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54A48804FFE3FFE5245CFB1FEDBDFB2B" box="[563,664,1154,1175]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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worker, present designation, Antsiranana,
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<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE3FFE52232FB1FEBB7FB2B" box="[1117,1170,1154,1175]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Nosy</collectingCountry>
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Be (Ernest André 1914) AntWeb specimen code: CASENT0101406 (MNHN) [examined].
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<typeStatus id="54A48804FFE3FFE525EDFB3DEB29FB0A" box="[898,1036,1184,1206]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
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workers with the same data but pins coded as CASENT0101407 (MNHN) and CASENT0102011 (MSNG) [examined]. [Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE522AAFB22EE17FB4F" authority="Forel, 1891: 129" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE522AAFB22EA77FB69" box="[1221,1362,1215,1237]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Bothroponera</emphasis>
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: Forel, 1891: 129
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 4, fig. 5; Dalla Torre 1893: 36; Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE52533FB40EBB7FB4F" authority="(Bothroponera)" baseAuthorityName="Bothroponera" box="[860,1170,1245,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE52533FB40EBB7FB4F" box="[860,1170,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Pachycondyla (Bothroponera)</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1901: 45, Forel, 1907: 14, Emery 1911: 78; Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE52412FB61ECCAFAAD" authority="Wheeler, 1922: 1007" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityPageNumber="1007" authorityYear="1922" box="[637,1007,1275,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE52412FB61EC36FAAE" box="[637,787,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Bothroponera:</emphasis>
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Wheeler, 1922: 1007
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</taxonomicName>
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; Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE3FFE522F3FB61EA0EFAAE" box="[1180,1323,1276,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE522F3FB61EA0EFAAE" box="[1180,1323,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by Bolton, 1995: 304].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C305652DFFE3FFE326F8FAC1EDF6FEC3" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8FAC1EE56FAC8" blockId="19.[151,1437,1371,1612]" box="[151,371,1371,1396]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE526F8FAC1EE56FAC8" bold="true" box="[151,371,1371,1396]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Worker diagnosis:</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8FA1DEFCAF9B8" blockId="19.[151,1437,1371,1612]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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Larger species (HW:
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<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE3FFE527E9FAE2ED09FA2B" box="[390,556,1407,1431]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" metricValueMax="3.13" metricValueMin="2.49" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="2.81" valueMax="3.13" valueMin="2.49">2.49–3.13 mm</quantity>
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), antennal scape extending beyond the rear cephalic border; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; eyes not breaking the outline of the sides of head; dorsum of head and mesosoma finely striate, with sparse punctures; stout erect hairs on dorsum of head and the rest of body much more inclined to the body surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526A8F992EA13F9F0" blockId="19.[151,1437,1371,1612]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Worker measurements (n=10): HL: 2.94–3.49, HW: 2.49–3.13, CI: 85–92, SL: 2.47–2.95, SI: 94–99, PW: 1.95–2.30, WL: 4.13–4.98, NL: 1.34–1.62, NW: 1.45–1.67, NH: 1.64–1.94, DNI: 99–115, LNI: 110–126.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8F9E7EE0EF92F" blockId="19.[151,1436,1658,2029]" box="[151,299,1658,1683]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE3FFE526F8F9E7EE0EF92F" bold="true" box="[151,299,1658,1683]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Description:</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE3FFE526F8F900ED4BF851" blockId="19.[151,1436,1658,2029]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Worker. Head roughly as long as broad, broadest behind eyes on posterior third; sides very slightly convex but converging near base of mandibles; posterior margin weakly emarginate medially. Eyes moderately large, located more to the front and not breaking outline of sides of head. Antennal scape relatively long and extending beyond posterior cephalic margin. Anterior margin of clypeus truncate, not projecting into lobe, but rather straight or feebly notched medially; with head in profile, median portion perpendicular to mandibular surface. Mandibles triangular, apical margins bearing eight to nine teeth and denticles. With mesosoma in profile, outline of dorsum almost continuously convex, without distinct angle between propodeal dorsum and declivity, lateral margins of the latter also generally indiscernable. Mesopleural sulcus visible but incomplete. With petiole in dorsal view, anterior margin rounded and posterior margin straight. In profile, petiole nodiform, with rounded anterodorsal portion and distinct angle in the posterodorsal margin.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF60662EFFE4FFE226F8F9A4EDBBF92F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220428/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" targetBox="[164,1435,193,1556]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE4FFE226F8F9A4EDBBF92F" blockId="20.[151,1436,1593,1684]" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE4FFE226F8F9A4EE7DF9F2" bold="true" box="[151,344,1593,1616]" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">FIGURES 36–41.</emphasis>
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Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste. Figs 36–37: Form 7 of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE4FFE226F8F9C7ED4CF9CC" authority="AntWeb CASENT" authorityName="AntWeb CASENT" box="[151,617,1626,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambouei">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE4FFE226F8F9C7EEB6F9CC" box="[151,403,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Pachycondyla cambouei</emphasis>
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, AntWeb CASENT
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</taxonomicName>
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0034493; Figs 38–39:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE4FFE22536F9C7EB43F9CC" box="[857,1126,1626,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE4FFE22536F9C7EB43F9CC" box="[857,1126,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, CASENT0410164; FigsFigs 40–41:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE4FFE2268BF9E3EEEBF928" box="[228,462,1662,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoala">
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE4FFE2268BF9E3EEEBF928" box="[228,462,1662,1684]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Pachycondyla masoala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, CASENT0317384.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE4FFE326A8F959ED82FEE1" blockId="20.[151,1436,1732,2033]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,384]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Mandibles costate or sometimes smooth with effaced fine striation, and with scattered punctures from which hairs arise. Dorsum of head densely striate and superimposed with piliferous punctures from level of eyes and frontal lobes; striation radiating towards occipital corners on each side of midline of head. Dorsal sculpture of pronotum variable, either densely finely costulate or smooth and shiny with trace of striation between sparse punctures, mesonotal and propodeal dorsum with transverse, dense, and fine striation or microreticulation which becomes fairly effaced on some specimens. Lateral portion of mesosoma characterized by a mixture of fine and dense striation and reticulate–rugulation. Declivitous surface transversely finely striate or almost smooth. Lateral portion of petiole node and first two gastral segments microreticulate to densely finely striate, with scattered large punctures which turn into a smooth and shiny surface on dorsum. Upper surface of body with suberect or appressed black, stout hairs, which are shorter on the dorsum of the head and become yellowish brown to brown on appendages; with mesosoma in frontal view, these hairs inclined towards the midline of the mesosoma dorsum, suberect along the dorsolateral margin and much more appressed near the midline. Slender brownish hairs present on ventral surface of head, gaster, and coxae. Body covered with abundant pubescence except head, dorsum of propodeum, petiole node, and third and anterior half of fourth abdominal segments. Coloration is black with reddish articulations and apices of appendages.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326A8FEFAEDF6FEC3" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,384]" box="[199,723,359,384]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
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The queen caste is unknown for
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<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE3245CFEF4EDECFE3C" box="[563,713,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">P. c o m o re n s i s</emphasis>
|
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C305652DFFE5FFE326F8FE30EE46FCFE" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FE30EE3BFE7A" blockId="21.[151,1436,429,834]" box="[151,286,429,454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE326F8FE30EE3BFE7A" bold="true" box="[151,286,429,454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FE4DEE46FCFE" blockId="21.[151,1436,429,834]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE5FFE326F8FE4DEE9BFE54" box="[151,446,464,488]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE326F8FE4DEE9BFE54" box="[151,446,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily confused with
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE3257DFE4CECB3FE54" box="[786,918,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">P. t a v a r a t r a</emphasis>
|
||
at first glance. Yet the shape of the anterior clypeal margin, the location of the eyes, and the standing degrees of pilosity on the dorsum of the body allow the separation of these two species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE5FFE32790FD88EC06FD91" box="[511,803,533,557]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32790FD88EC06FD91" box="[511,803,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a truncated anterior clypeal margin, eyes that do not break the outline of the sides of the head, and subdecumbent to decumbent stout hairs on the dorsum of the body. The morphological similarity of these two species could be attributed to their adaptation to different ecological habitats in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE327EEFDE0ED2FFD29" box="[385,522,637,661]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE5FFE32477FDE0EC65FD29" box="[536,832,637,661]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32477FDE0EC65FD29" box="[536,832,637,661]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally inhabits dry forest and lowland rainforest habitats, whereas
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32709FD3CEECEFD04" box="[358,491,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">P. t a v a r a t r a</emphasis>
|
||
occupies montane rainforests. Data from different collecting events over several years suggest that these large species may not have a morphologically typical queen caste as do other species within the genus, but reproduce through one or more ergatoid or gamergates in the same colony. The absence of alate queens reduces the spatial connection between geographically distant populations because dispersal must occur by budding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C305652DFFE5FFE326F8FCF2EB46FB89" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FCF2EEE1FC34" blockId="21.[151,1436,879,1077]" box="[151,452,879,904]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE326F8FCF2EEE1FC34" bold="true" box="[151,452,879,904]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Distribution and biology:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FC0EEB46FB89" blockId="21.[151,1436,879,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D25FFE5FFE326F8FC0EEE98FC17" box="[151,445,915,939]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE326F8FC0EEE98FC17" box="[151,445,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Pachycondyla comorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE324DBFC0FEC18FC16" box="[692,829,914,938]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it generally occupies dry and lowland humid forests and the coastal region in the north of the island (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13242A23FFE5FFE3256EFC28EC70FC71" box="[769,853,949,973]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 64" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[164,1427,210,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,199,1918]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 64. Distributional maps of Pachycondyla wasmannii - group from the Malagasy region. Fig. 59: P. c o m o re n s i s; Fig. 60: P. p e r ro t i; Fig. 61: P. planicornis; Fig. 62: P. tavaratra; Fig. 63: P. v a z i m b a; Fig. 64: P. wasmannii." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220432/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite its name,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32240FC2BEBE0FC71" box="[1071,1221,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">P. c o m o re n s i s</emphasis>
|
||
is not known from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE326AFFC4AEE0EFC53" box="[192,299,983,1007]" name="Comoros" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This is one of two species with longer antennal scapes which are probably used to forage on the soil surface and in leaf litter. Colonies have been found frequently in the ground, in rotten logs, under stones, rarely in dead twigs and rotten sticks on the ground, and under layers of roots and litter on rock.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C305652DFFE5FFE326F8FBFFEDECF861" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FBFFEEEBFBC7" blockId="21.[151,1436,1122,2013]" box="[151,462,1122,1147]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE326F8FBFFEEEBFBC7" bold="true" box="[151,462,1122,1147]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Other material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA036A6FFE5FFE326F8FB18EDECF861" blockId="21.[151,1436,1122,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE326F8FB18EE46FB21" box="[151,355,1157,1181]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Antsiranana: [Nd.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE32424FB18EDF1FB21" box="[587,724,1157,1181]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Amber Gebirge Nd.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE325B7FB18EB7AFB21" box="[984,1119,1157,1181]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
H. Rolle, Berlin, S.W.11.] (MHNG); [Nossi-bé; Museum Paris Collection, Ernest André 1914] (MNHN); [Nossi-bé] (MSNG); F Lokobe, Nossi-Be
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE3276AFB57EE6CFB5E" box="[261,329,1226,1250]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(E.S. Ross) (MCZC); Nossi-Be (G.B. King) (MCZC);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE325C1FB56ECCCFB5F" box="[942,1001,1227,1251]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nosy</collectingCountry>
|
||
Be,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32273FB57EB70FB5E" box="[1052,1109,1226,1250]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE Andoany (=Hellville), - 13.41667, 48.3,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3273BFB70EE84FAB9" box="[340,417,1261,1285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (MCZC);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE32545FB73EC40FABA" box="[810,869,1262,1286]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nosy</collectingCountry>
|
||
Be, Lokobe Forest, -13.41639, 48.30722,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32337FB70EAB2FAB9" box="[1368,1431,1261,1285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
, lowland forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE32426FA8DEDA1FA94" box="[585,644,1296,1320]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nosy</collectingCountry>
|
||
Be: RNI Lokobe,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3253CFA92EC84FA9B" box="[851,929,1295,1319]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="6.3">6.3 km</quantity>
|
||
112° ESE Hellville, -13.41933, 48.33117,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE323EFFA92EF8AFAF6" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32798FAA9ED0DFAF7" box="[503,552,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3087636FFE5FFE324C6FAAEEDC1FAF7" box="[681,740,1331,1355]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nosy</collectingCountry>
|
||
Be:
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32576FAAFEC74FAF6" box="[793,849,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE Andoany (=Hellville), -13.41667, 48.3,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32320FAAFEAB2FAF6" box="[1359,1431,1330,1354]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); NE,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32452FAC8EDA2FAD1" box="[573,647,1365,1389]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="80.0">80 km</quantity>
|
||
N Ambilobe; no. 2103 (J.M. Wilson) (BMNH);
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322D2FAC8EBDCFAD1" box="[1213,1273,1365,1389]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
S Sambava, - 14.65, 50.16667, coastal forest and vanilla (W.L. & D.E. Brown) (MCZC); ridge behind Sambava, second growth forest (W.L. & D.E. Brown) (MCZC); Ampasindava, F d'Ambilanivy,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3258EFA07EB10FA0E" box="[993,1077,1434,1458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="3.9">3.9 km</quantity>
|
||
181° S Ambaliha, -13.79861, 48.16167,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3277BFA20EE47FA69" box="[276,354,1469,1493]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE324ABFA23EDDEFA69" box="[708,763,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); F Ambato,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3227CFA20EB50FA69" box="[1043,1141,1469,1493]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.66" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="26.6">26.6 km</quantity>
|
||
33° Ambanja, -13.4645, 48.55167,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32762FA42EE73FA44" box="[269,342,1503,1528]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d' Antsahabe,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE325E6FA42ECC6FA4B" box="[905,995,1503,1527]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="11.4">11.4 km</quantity>
|
||
275° W Daraina, -13.21167, 49.55667,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE326F8F99FEFC6F9A6" box="[151,227,1538,1562]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d'Ampombofofo, -12.09949, 49.33874,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322D5F99FEBDDF9A6" box="[1210,1272,1538,1562]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
|
||
, littoral forest (B.L. Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32748F9BBEE7FF981" box="[295,346,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); F d'Ampondrabe,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE324C7F9B8EC20F981" box="[680,773,1573,1597]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="26.3">26.3 km</quantity>
|
||
10° NNE Daraina, -12.97, 49.7,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32213F9B8EBE0F981" box="[1148,1221,1573,1597]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="175.0">175 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32749F9D4EE72F9DC" box="[294,343,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); F d'Analabe, 30.0 km 72° ENE Daraina, -13.08333, 49.90833,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322F7F9DAEBF6F9DC" box="[1176,1235,1607,1632]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE3274BF9F1EE70F93F" box="[292,341,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); F de Bekaraoka,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE324FEF9F7EDFAF93E" box="[657,735,1642,1666]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="6.8">6.8 km</quantity>
|
||
60° ENE Daraina, -13.16667, 49.71,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322EEF9F7EBEFF93E" box="[1153,1226,1642,1666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32747F913EE7FF919" box="[296,346,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); F de Binara,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3241EF910ED9AF919" box="[625,703,1677,1701]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="7.5">7.5 km</quantity>
|
||
230° SW Daraina, -13.255, 49.61667,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32214F910EBE0F919" box="[1147,1221,1677,1701]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="375.0">375 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32740F92CEE41F974" box="[303,356,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); RS Manongarivo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE324A9F932EC02F97B" box="[710,807,1711,1735]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="10.8">10.8 km</quantity>
|
||
229° SW Antanambao, -13.96167, 48.43333,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32326F932EAB2F974" box="[1353,1431,1711,1736]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Manongarivo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3248EF94FEC1BF956" box="[737,830,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="12.8">12.8 km</quantity>
|
||
228° SW Antanambao, -13.97667, 48.42333,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32322F94FEAB2F956" box="[1357,1431,1746,1770]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="780.0">780 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Ankarana,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE324DEF96BEDCFF8B1" box="[689,746,1781,1805]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Matsaborimanga, -12.9, 49.11667,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322CEF968EBCFF8B1" box="[1185,1258,1781,1805]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); RS Ankarana, -12.90056, 49.14722,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE32499F885EC1AF88C" box="[758,831,1816,1840]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
(G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); RS Ankarana,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3236FF885EA7BF88C" box="[1280,1374,1816,1840]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="13.6">13.6 km</quantity>
|
||
192° SSW Anivorano Nord, -12.86361, 49.22583,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE324C4F8A7EDDDF8EE" box="[683,760,1850,1874]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="210.0">210 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE322D5F8A1EBCAF8EF" box="[1210,1263,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); RS Ankarana,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3277DF8C0EE4AF8C9" box="[274,367,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="22.9">22.9 km</quantity>
|
||
224° SW Anivorano Nord, -12.90889, 49.10983,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE325CCF8C0ECFBF8C9" box="[931,990,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE323E7F8C3EF88F824" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); RS Ambre,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE327ADF81DED31F824" box="[450,532,1920,1944]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="km" value="3.5">3.5 km</quantity>
|
||
235° SW Sakaramy, -12.46889, 49.24217,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3227EF81DEB78F824" box="[1041,1117,1920,1944]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="325.0">325 m</quantity>
|
||
, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32764F839EE64F807" box="[267,321,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, -14.103, 50.0198,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE325E1F83FECF9F806" box="[910,988,1954,1978]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
|
||
; -14.1707, 49.9541,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE322BDF83FEA05F806" box="[1234,1312,1954,1978]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="415.0">415 m</quantity>
|
||
; -14.1604, 49.9522,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE79B43FFE5FFE3276FF858EE6DF861" box="[256,328,1989,2013]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
|
||
, rainforest (Fisher
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BEAB4FFE5FFE32472F85BED6BF861" box="[541,590,1989,2013]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.) (CASC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |