plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/9E/01/039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

734 lines
79 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="B927AAE7C1C853F1AEF2D9A697D499D8" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244&lt;0001:MOTRJA&gt;2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347311" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203687125" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="PATTON, JAMES L., DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F. &amp; MALCOLM, JAY R." docDate="2000" docId="039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F" docLanguage="en" docName="B244.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (244)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Proechimys brevicauda Gunther 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="224" masterDocId="FFA7790F4B54D840FFB7335EB74EFFCF" masterDocTitle="Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="213" updateTime="1699183939665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="73078D60E1923C4A1B5EEBEA171DBEFE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="77A827034FFE909970ADE62CBCE06277">
<mods:title id="5F3F1AAD1B335D533E69771236C6E244">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3598A420C5C0B5CBC91806B5EC1D971C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F5DE00024BE51E971AF08CA73A2CADD3">
<mods:roleTerm id="2BEFD3A6F5BE8803A667E3F13E343CE4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E431A30588CB394DF93FE09F1E520101">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7828FFA572ACA3B177E18A98FDB6E5CE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9343FF55361132887A2CC9EA2BC64221">
<mods:roleTerm id="0099B5F6BA32D3F66C0780D3A9277971">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6F9BE1C81C5523EDC5508814D0CC864E">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="62E1B5DB4A1DD98AC6114269CE7DCC10" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E99DB2B0FAD15506E50284338F76700D">
<mods:roleTerm id="996AC92494B7F2C4C7BC5CA905146510">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7B6C98232B33163D6D37E61BE4AF45D8">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="44FF71D9095DB5C6EC6BA3228B1415DA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="416FF9432C258E7BCA2B16CD4D3F0191" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="C7759567A6440DCC729F36154B4D4218">
<mods:title id="F266AB9127916C6AD3E50934CDBF59D1">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="9C698E54C8756CA270C453B05088FA5C">
<mods:date id="440D533FC996AC5983876220A2840621">2000</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9D144D712EF9813AF24C2D10EB484A29" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="095CBF89FD2CE3C9E77BD886FC77BF14">2000-01-25</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="1C2D7397663C046ADA2438010F005A5F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="97564C0F6386C398B36F6706EFEFBB49">2000</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="06E68CE210A66CCB8779B684ABC4490D" type="issue">
<mods:number id="3D6B90359B1CC1D7092527B1FA6FAA48">244</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="77F9D672C1609ABD79D76D1B0962D7A6" unit="page">
<mods:start id="DE71E588AB761C3B5718F318C4616E4F">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="69C737B45E57CD8E7193C0D668F9509A">306</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="F7318E222A9FA43B69F51B9E03C715FD">
<mods:url id="7492582A3E6B72CAC991B62972004553">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="9F85841AF15305CD0DE6DE07A4D7D6DB">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C5C7FAB778DBA0A50757897D2FBE0595" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244&lt;0001:MOTRJA&gt;2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="530B3AF072E179C9DCB860579D9509D6" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BD5607711AD64C96DE7FDA91A440F145" type="Zenodo-Dep">5347311</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F" lastPageId="223" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B80D894FCB030DAB380FC54" box="[775,1230,900,923]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B80D894FCB030DAB380FC54" blockId="212.[775,1230,900,923]" box="[775,1230,900,923]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
<heading id="D0C0070D4B80D894FCB030DAB380FC54" box="[775,1230,900,923]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B80D894FCB030DAB380FC54" ID-CoL="4MQKN" authority="Gunther, 1877" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[775,1230,900,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B80D894FCB030DAB353FC54" box="[775,1053,900,923]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
Gunther, 1877
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B80D894FCB730E9B3AEFC24" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B80D894FCB730E9B3AEFC24" blockId="212.[739,1269,951,1741]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34B80D894FCB730E9B477FC02" box="[768,825,951,974]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">TYPE</typeStatus>
LOCALITY: ‘‘Chamicuros, Huallaga River,’’
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B80D894FCF4308AB3DBFC24" box="[835,1173,980,1003]" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Departamento de Amazonas</collectingRegion>
, Peru´.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B80D89CFCB730ACB4B3FBC2" lastPageId="220" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B80D894FCB730ACB3BDF902" blockId="212.[739,1269,951,1741]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
DESCRIPTION:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B80D894FC1B30ACB382FBC6" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[940,1228,1010,1033]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B80D894FC1B30ACB382FBC6" box="[940,1228,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is medium­sized with relatively short ears, hind feet, and tail, although by its size alone, it cannot be distinguished from other sympatric species, especially
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B80D894FC713739B374FBB1" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[966,1082,1127,1150]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B80D894FC713739B496FBB1" box="[966,984,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B80D894FC5E3739B374FBB1" box="[1001,1082,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(table 60). The length of the tail is approximately twothirds that of the body; the dorsum of the tail is a darker brown than the venter, and may be almost entirely unicolored brown or grade from cream to light brown towards the tip in some specimens; hair on the tail is sparse and the scales are conspicuous to the eye (approximately 10 annuli per cm). The color of the dorsal surface of the hind foot varies from cream to dark brown, and in most specimens the paler color of the inner surface of the hind limbs extends across the tarsal joint The aristiform hairs are medium in length and narrow, with a whiplike tip (see da Silva, 1998: fig. 3). One of the most distinctive features of this species is the characteristically fulvous lateral stripe and the rufous wash which extends ventrally over the chin, throat and abdominal region, covering the entire venter in the most extreme examples. The
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B83D897FF76365BB4F2FA4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347607" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347607/files/figure.png" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" startId="215.[193,231,1285,1306]" targetBox="[181,1256,187,1264]" targetPageId="215">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B83D897FF76365BB4F2FA4A" blockId="215.[167,1271,1285,1413]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
Fig. 138. Dorsal views of the skulls of the eight species of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FCD73658B495FAD4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[864,987,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FCD73658B495FAD4" box="[864,987,1286,1307]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur within the Rio Juruá basin. (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE8D367EB629FAFA" bold="true" box="[314,359,1312,1333]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Top</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FDF3367EB594FAFA" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[580,730,1312,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FDF3367EB51AFAFA" box="[580,596,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FDD3367EB594FAFA" box="[612,730,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1121, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FC6C367EB4A6FAFA" bold="true" box="[987,1000,1312,1333]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">1</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FBB6367EB324FAFA" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[1025,1130,1312,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FBB6367EB35FFAFA" box="[1025,1041,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB96367EB324FAFA" box="[1057,1130,1312,1333]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15310 locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FF4A3664B644FA80" bold="true" box="[253,266,1338,1359]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">7</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FE953665B6F9FA9F" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[290,439,1339,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE953665B67CFA9F" box="[290,306,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FEF73665B6F9FA9F" box="[320,439,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">echinothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187182, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FD093664B596FA80" bold="true" box="[702,728,1338,1359]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">14</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FD583665B427FA9F" authorityName="PATTON &amp; DA SILVA &amp; MALCOLM" authorityYear="2000" box="[751,873,1339,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Rhipidomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FD583665B5B1FA9F" box="[751,767,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FCB93665B427FA9F" box="[782,873,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187209, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FBD83664B332FA80" bold="true" box="[1135,1148,1338,1359]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">9</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB2C3664B3A0FA80" bold="true" box="[1179,1262,1338,1359]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Bottom</emphasis>
from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FED03608B69CFAA4" authorityName="da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[359,466,1365,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulinae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FED03608B639FAA4" box="[359,375,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE323608B69CFAA4" box="[389,466,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">kulinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEG 25502, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FD60360BB5AAFAA5" bold="true" box="[727,740,1365,1386]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">6</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FD4C3608B42DFAA4" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[763,867,1365,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FD4C3608B445FAA4" box="[763,779,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FCAE3608B42DFAA4" box="[793,867,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187194, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FBD1360BB33DFAA5" bold="true" box="[1126,1139,1365,1386]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">1</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FB3D3608B3B9FAA4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1162,1271,1365,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB3D3608B3D4FAA4" box="[1162,1178,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB103608B3B9FAA4" box="[1191,1271,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">simonsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1441, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE2D362EB6E9FA4A" bold="true" box="[410,423,1392,1413]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">4</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FE77362EB56BFA4A" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[448,549,1392,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE77362EB69EFA4A" box="[448,464,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FE68362EB56BFA4A" box="[479,549,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">steerei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15700, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FCA7362EB453FA4A" bold="true" box="[784,797,1392,1413]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">6</emphasis>
). Natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B83D897FF103692B6D8F9CF" blockId="215.[167,696,1484,1741]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">dorsal color is uniformly dark reddish­brown streaked with black.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B83D897FF733558B5CFF95C" blockId="215.[167,696,1484,1741]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">The baculum is elongated and broad, with well­developed apical wings (fig. 137) (for characterization and list of references in which the baculum of this species has been previously presented, see Patton, 1987).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B83D897FF7335C7B3B9F902" blockId="215.[167,696,1484,1741]" lastBlockId="215.[743,1271,1484,1741]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
The skull is relatively large (figs. 138 and 139) with a long and narrow rostrum (table 64) and well­developed supraorbital ridges but with barely perceptible temporal ridges The incisive foramen of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FBA63559B3F9F9D1" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[1041,1207,1542,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FBA63559B36DF9D1" box="[1041,1059,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB833559B3F9F9D1" box="[1076,1207,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is as described and figured by Patton (1987: 323 and fig. 13) for members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B83D897FB3F351FB468F9B9" baseAuthorityName="Rengger" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B83D897FB3F351FB468F9B9" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">longicaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­ group. It is lyrate in shape, slightly to strongly constricted posteriorly, with flanged posterolateral margins (in 52 out of
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B83D897FB2335C7B460F902" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" type="generic">53 specimens</specimenCount>
) that form a groove extending onto the
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B8CD898FF0A37ADB4F6FABD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347611" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347611/files/figure.png" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" startId="216.[189,227,1267,1288]" targetBox="[200,1229,187,1246]" targetPageId="216">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8CD898FF0A37ADB4F6FABD" blockId="216.[163,1267,1267,1395]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">
Fig. 139. Ventral views of the skulls of the eight species of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FCE937ADB497FAC7" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[862,985,1267,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FCE937ADB497FAC7" box="[862,985,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur within the Rio Juruá basin. (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE813653B62DFAED" bold="true" box="[310,355,1293,1314]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">Top</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FDF73650B598FAEC" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[576,726,1293,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FDF73650B51EFAEC" box="[576,592,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FDD73650B598FAEC" box="[608,726,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1121, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FC603653B4AAFAED" bold="true" box="[983,996,1293,1314]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">1</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FC4A3650B328FAEC" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[1021,1126,1293,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FC4A3650B343FAEC" box="[1021,1037,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FBAA3650B328FAEC" box="[1053,1126,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15310 locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FF4E3676B648FAF2" bold="true" box="[249,262,1320,1341]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">7</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FEA93676B6FDFAF2" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[286,435,1320,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FEA93676B660FAF2" box="[286,302,1320,1341]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE8B3676B6FDFAF2" box="[316,435,1320,1341]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">echinothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187182, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FD0D3676B59AFAF2" bold="true" box="[698,724,1320,1341]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">14</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FD5C3676B42BFAF2" authorityName="PATTON &amp; DA SILVA &amp; MALCOLM" authorityYear="2000" box="[747,869,1320,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Rhipidomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FD5C3676B5B5FAF2" box="[747,763,1320,1341]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FCBD3676B42BFAF2" box="[778,869,1320,1341]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187209, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FBDC3676B336FAF2" bold="true" box="[1131,1144,1320,1341]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">9</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FB203676B3A4FAF2" bold="true" box="[1175,1258,1320,1341]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">Bottom</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FED4361DB680FA97" authorityName="da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[355,462,1347,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulinae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FED4361DB63DFA97" box="[355,371,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE36361DB680FA97" box="[385,462,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">kulinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEG 25502, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FD64361CB5AEFA98" bold="true" box="[723,736,1346,1367]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">6</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FD40361DB411FA97" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[759,863,1347,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FD40361DB449FA97" box="[759,775,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FCA2361DB411FA97" box="[789,863,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187194, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FBD5361CB321FA98" bold="true" box="[1122,1135,1346,1367]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">1</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FB31361DB3BDFA97" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1158,1267,1347,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FB31361DB3D8FA97" box="[1158,1174,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FB14361DB3BDFA97" box="[1187,1267,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">simonsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1441, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE213603B6EDFABD" bold="true" box="[406,419,1373,1394]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">4</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8CD898FE0B3600B56FFABC" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[444,545,1373,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE0B3600B682FABC" box="[444,460,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FE6C3600B56FFABC" box="[475,545,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">steerei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15700, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8CD898FCBB3603B457FABD" bold="true" box="[780,793,1373,1394]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">6</emphasis>
). Natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8CD898FF1436F0B3BEF902" blockId="216.[163,692,1454,1741]" lastBlockId="216.[739,1268,1454,1741]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">
anterior palate (fig. 140). The premaxillary portion of the septum is long, the maxillary portion is keeled in most specimens (46 out of 53) and both are in contact in all individuals examined;
<materialsCitation id="3B5FBA3C4B8CD898FEEC357AB3BEF902" country="Peru" location="central Peru'" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" specimenCount="65">
the vomer is visible in all but one individual. The groove on the floor of the infraorbital foramen that accommodates the infraorbital nerve is barely visible and the floor of the foramen is rather smooth (51 out of
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B8CD898FF7035E8B621F902" box="[199,367,1718,1741]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" type="generic">53 specimens</specimenCount>
). The mesopterygoid fossa is broad and shallow (fig. 141), matching closely specimens from
<location id="8EE8E6BA4B8CD898FBBE3692B3D2FA2C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774B80D89FFCB030DAB68BFC8F:8EE8E6BA4B8CD898FBBE3692B3D2FA2C" box="[1033,1180,1484,1507]" country="Peru" name="central Peru'" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">central Peru´</location>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8CD898FCA436B7B406F9CF" box="[787,840,1513,1536]" name="Peru" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">Perú</collectingCountry>
, and northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8CD898FC4B36B7B31CF9CF" box="[1020,1106,1513,1536]" name="Bolivia" pageId="216" pageNumber="217">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
described by Patton (1987: 330 and table 4). It penetrates into the posterior palate to the posterior margins of M
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8CD898FCED351FB4C9F997" box="[858,903,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B8CD898FC27351FB37CF997" box="[912,1074,1601,1624]" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
, to the posterior half of M
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8CD898FCED3500B4C6F9BA" box="[858,904,1630,1653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="216" pageNumber="217" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
33, and the anterior half in 7 individuals. Most specimens have three folds in all upper and lower teeth (n = 50 and 46 upper and lower toothrows, respectively)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B8DD899FF763660B45BFA6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347613" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347613" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347613/files/figure.png" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" startId="217.[193,231,1342,1363]" targetBox="[236,1649,476,1321]" targetPageId="217">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8DD899FF763660B45BFA6C" blockId="217.[167,1719,1342,1444]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">
Fig. 140. Shape and structure of the incisive foramina of the eight species of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FBAE3661B3DAFA9B" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[1049,1172,1343,1364]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FBAE3661B3DAFA9B" box="[1049,1172,1343,1364]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur within the Rio Juruá basin. (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899F9F13660B13DFA9C" bold="true" box="[1606,1651,1342,1363]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">Top</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FE983607B68AFAA1" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[303,452,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FE983607B671FAA1" box="[303,319,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FEF93607B68AFAA1" box="[334,452,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1325, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FD093607B585FAA1" bold="true" box="[702,715,1369,1390]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">1</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FD543607B405FAA1" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[739,843,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FD543607B5BDFAA1" box="[739,755,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FCB53607B405FAA1" box="[770,843,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15310, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FB843607B30EFAA1" bold="true" box="[1075,1088,1369,1390]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">7</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FBEF3607B3A3FAA1" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1112,1261,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FBEF3607B326FAA1" box="[1112,1128,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FBC13607B3A3FAA1" box="[1142,1261,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">echinothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JUR 377, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FA763607B295FAA1" bold="true" box="[1473,1499,1369,1390]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">15</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FA443607B122FAA1" authorityName="PATTON &amp; DA SILVA &amp; MALCOLM" authorityYear="2000" box="[1523,1644,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Rhipidomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FA443607B14DFAA1" box="[1523,1539,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899F9A63607B122FAA1" box="[1553,1644,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187203, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FEE8362DB622FA47" bold="true" box="[351,364,1395,1416]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">9</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FE38362DB6ACFA47" bold="true" box="[399,482,1395,1416]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">Bottom</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FD75362AB463FA46" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[706,813,1396,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FD75362AB59CFA46" box="[706,722,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FD54362AB463FA46" box="[739,813,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187197, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FB8A362DB304FA47" bold="true" box="[1085,1098,1395,1416]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">4</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FBD2362AB39DFA46" authorityName="da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[1125,1235,1396,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulinae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FBD2362AB33BFA46" box="[1125,1141,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FB31362AB39DFA46" box="[1158,1235,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">kulinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187186, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FA54362DB2BEFA47" bold="true" box="[1507,1520,1395,1416]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">6</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899F9BD362AB135FA46" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1546,1659,1396,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899F9BD362AB154FA46" box="[1546,1562,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899F99C362AB135FA46" box="[1579,1659,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">simonsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15539, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FEF836D0B612FA6C" bold="true" box="[335,348,1422,1443]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">6</emphasis>
); and
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8DD899FE1336D1B547FA6B" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[420,521,1422,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FE1336D1B6FAFA6B" box="[420,436,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FE7436D1B547FA6B" box="[451,521,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">steerei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 595, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8DD899FD4F36D0B44BFA6C" bold="true" box="[760,773,1422,1443]" pageId="217" pageNumber="218">5</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B8ED89AFF2D3632B5A0FA1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347615/files/figure.png" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" startId="218.[154,192,1388,1409]" targetBox="[188,1620,431,1367]" targetPageId="218">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8ED89AFF2D3632B5A0FA1E" blockId="218.[128,1681,1388,1489]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">
Fig. 141. Shape and depth of the mesopterygoid fossa in the eight species of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFC443632B320FA4E" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[1011,1134,1388,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFC443632B320FA4E" box="[1011,1134,1388,1409]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur within the Rio Juruá basin. (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AF9A83632B102FA4E" bold="true" box="[1567,1612,1388,1409]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">Top</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFEBE36D9B6D0FA53" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[265,414,1415,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFEBE36D9B657FA53" box="[265,281,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFE9F36D9B6D0FA53" box="[296,414,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 1325, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD2036D8B5EAFA54" bold="true" box="[663,676,1414,1435]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">1</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFD0A36D9B46AFA53" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[701,804,1415,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD0A36D9B583FA53" box="[701,717,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD6C36D9B46AFA53" box="[731,804,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15310, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFBBB36D8B357FA54" bold="true" box="[1036,1049,1414,1435]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">7</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFB8636D9B389FA53" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1073,1223,1415,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinothrix">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFB8636D9B30FFA53" box="[1073,1089,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFBE736D9B389FA53" box="[1104,1223,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">echinothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JUR 377, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFA2D36D8B2FAFA54" bold="true" box="[1434,1460,1414,1435]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">15</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFA7B36D9B108FA53" authorityName="PATTON &amp; DA SILVA &amp; MALCOLM" authorityYear="2000" box="[1484,1606,1415,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Rhipidomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFA7B36D9B292FA53" box="[1484,1500,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFA5C36D9B108FA53" box="[1515,1606,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187206, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFE8E36FFB608FA79" bold="true" box="[313,326,1441,1462]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">9</emphasis>
). (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFEDE36FFB6F2FA79" bold="true" box="[361,444,1441,1462]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">Bottom</emphasis>
) from left to right:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFD2C36FCB448FA78" baseAuthorityName="da Silva" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[667,774,1441,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD2C36FCB5E5FA78" box="[667,683,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD0B36FCB448FA78" box="[700,774,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187195, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFBA036FFB36AFA79" bold="true" box="[1047,1060,1441,1462]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">1</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFB8936FCB3E2FA78" authorityName="da Silva" authorityYear="1998" box="[1086,1196,1441,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulinae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFB8936FCB300FA78" box="[1086,1102,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFBE836FCB3E2FA78" box="[1119,1196,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">kulinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MVZ 187186, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFA0B36FFB287FA79" bold="true" box="[1468,1481,1441,1462]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">6</emphasis>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFA5336FCB11BFA78" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[1508,1621,1441,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFA5336FCB2BAFA78" box="[1508,1524,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AF9B236FCB11BFA78" box="[1541,1621,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">simonsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(JLP 15296, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFE9F36E2B67BFA1E" bold="true" box="[296,309,1468,1489]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">7</emphasis>
); and
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8ED89AFECA36E2B6ADFA1E" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1911" box="[381,483,1468,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFECA36E2B6C3FA1E" box="[381,397,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFE2A36E2B6ADFA1E" box="[413,483,1468,1489]" italics="true" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">steerei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNFS 595, locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8ED89AFD6536E2B591FA1E" bold="true" box="[722,735,1468,1489]" pageId="218" pageNumber="219">5</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B8FD89BFF76303EB334FBFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347617" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347617/files/figure.png" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" startId="219.[193,231,864,885]" targetBox="[188,1251,188,842]" targetPageId="219">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8FD89BFF76303EB334FBFF" blockId="219.[167,1271,864,1072]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">
Fig. 142. (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFEF1303EB63AFCBA" bold="true" box="[326,372,864,885]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Left</emphasis>
) Map of the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFD05303EB4E0FCBA" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[690,942,864,885]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFD05303EB4E0FCBA" box="[690,942,864,885]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(modified from Patton, 1987 illustrating localities for which 798 bp of cytochrome­b sequence are available, lettered or numbered as in the tree (right). Localities belonging to each of the two mtDNA clades are encompassed by ellipses (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFF1830EEB7A3FC0A" bold="true" box="[175,237,944,965]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Right</emphasis>
) Strict consensus maximum parsimony tree of eight equally minimal length trees for 10 individual haplotypes from the seven localities in the map (left). Length = 265 steps; CI = 0.872; RI = 0.757 Sequences of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFE8830B8B55BFC34" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[319,533,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simonsi">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFE8830B8B55BFC34" box="[319,533,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Proechimys simonsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFDE730B8B5FFFC34" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[592,689,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFDE730B8B5FFFC34" box="[592,689,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Mesomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were used to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura two­parameter distances. Voucher catalog numbers and localities for each haplotype are given in table 65.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8FD89BFF103732B50DFADA" blockId="219.[167,696,1132,1741]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">
However, a small number of individuals (11) have four folds in pm4 and two folds in m3, a characteristic of samples from southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8FD89BFF10379AB792FB14" box="[167,220,1220,1243]" name="Peru" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Perú</collectingCountry>
and adjacent
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8FD89BFE30379AB693FB14" box="[391,477,1220,1243]" name="Bolivia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(Patton, 1987: table 5). Finally, a few individuals (8) have four or five folds in a given tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8FD89BFF733642B6DBFAA2" blockId="219.[167,696,1132,1741]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">SELECTED MEASUREMENTS: Representative external and cranial measurements are summarized in table 64.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8FD89BFF73362AB379F9BA" blockId="219.[167,696,1132,1741]" lastBlockId="219.[743,1272,1132,1741]" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">
COMPARISONS: Externally,
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFDBD362AB5F9FA44" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[522,695,1396,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFDBD362AB552FA44" box="[522,540,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFD83362AB5F9FA44" box="[564,695,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be readily distinguished from all other sympatric species within the Rio Juruá basin by its dark overall body color, short, dark tail, and dark dorsal surfaces of the hind feet. It is also the only species along the Rio Juruá with a fulvous lateral stripe and venter, features clearly evident even in younger­aged individuals (also see table 60). It also differs from all other species in bacular shape (fig. 137), which can be seen in live animals in the field by eversion of the phallus. In cranial characters,
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFCC33732B36FFB4C" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[884,1057,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFCC33732B4C8FB4C" box="[884,902,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFC293732B36FFB4C" box="[926,1057,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in its combination of lyrate and distally flanged incisive foramen with a complete and keeled septum (fig. 140), strongly grooved palate with a median ridge, wide and shallow mesopterygoid fossa (fig. 141), generally smooth floor of the infraorbital foramen, and relatively simple cheekteeth with three folds in each, above and below. Only
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFB373609B3B6FAA1" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[1152,1272,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFB373609B3DCFAA1" box="[1152,1170,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFB103609B3B6FAA1" box="[1191,1272,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFC47362AB3D8FA44" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[1008,1174,1396,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFC47362AB34CFA44" box="[1008,1026,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFBA4362AB3D8FA44" box="[1043,1174,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as it is similar in size and has dark dorsal coloration and a lyrate incisive foramen (fig. 140) However,
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8FD89BFCD73692B49DFA2C" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[864,979,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="219" pageNumber="220" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFCD73692B43CFA2C" box="[864,882,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8FD89BFC353692B49DFA2C" box="[898,979,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a white, as opposed to rufous venter, white rather than dark hind feet, a short and broad baculum with distinct apical extensions (fig. 137), and a somewhat narrower and more deeply penetrating mesopterygoid fossa (fig. 141).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8FD89CFCB33522B640FB72" blockId="219.[743,1272,1132,1741]" lastBlockId="220.[163,692,721,1741]" lastPageId="220" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="219" pageNumber="220">
MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: We have sequence data from the cytochrome­b gene for 10 individuals from seven localities in northern and southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFE09318FB6BDFD27" box="[446,499,721,744]" name="Peru" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Perú</collectingCountry>
as well as the Headwaters Region of the Rio Juruá (fig. 142, left; table 65). Two clearly delineated clades differ by an average of 12% (fig. 142, right). All specimens from the Rio Juruá cluster closely (average divergence of 2.3%) with individuals from the Río Cenepa and Río Santiago from
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B88D89CFE2230C0B7ABFC1C" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Departamento de Amazonas</collectingRegion>
in northern Peru´, while those specimens from southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFE2D3087B681FC3F" box="[410,463,985,1008]" name="Peru" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Perú</collectingCountry>
along the Río
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B88D89CFD343087B673FBC2" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B88D89CFEE130A8B792FBE4" country="Peru" name="Madre de Dios" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Departamento de Madre de Dios</collectingRegion>
) form the second clade. As noted below, our Rio Juruá samples share the rufous venter with specimens from the upper Rio Marañón region of northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFDB83732B50AFB4C" box="[527,580,1132,1155]" name="Peru" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Perú</collectingCountry>
, not the pure white venters of specimens from southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFF6537F8B649FB72" box="[210,263,1190,1213]" name="Peru" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Perú</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B88D89CFF77379AB55FF9BA" blockId="220.[163,692,721,1741]" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">We also examined relationships among 18 individuals from all Headwaters Region localities, based on 450 bp of cytochrome­b sequence. In this analysis, we were interested in any evidence for haplotype segregation relative to the side of the river from which samples were taken. We do not present these results, but simply note that no pattern of haplotype segregation was found (i.e., there was no tendency for haplotypes to cluster either by individual locality or by river margin). The average Kimura two­parameter distance among all separate haplotypes recovered from the 18 individuals was only 1.116% (0.106 standard error).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B88D89CFF773522B4B3FBC2" blockId="220.[163,692,721,1741]" lastBlockId="220.[739,1268,721,1741]" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">
MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION: Our samples of this species are limited both in number and geographically, to the Headwaters Re­ gion of the Rio Juruá in Estado do
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B88D89CFBC8318FB3F5FD27" box="[1151,1211,721,744]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Acre</collectingRegion>
. The total number of adults (n = 53) precluded an examination of nested patterns of variation in mensural variables with regard to locality sex, and age. However, in one­way ANO­ VA’s, we found no significant locality or sex effects for any external or cranial variable (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B88D89CFB5330DFB3BDFC57" box="[1252,1267,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">p</emphasis>
&gt; 0.05 in all cases). Consequently, the extent of either geographic differentiation or sexual dimorphism within
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B88D89CFC643087B332FC3F" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[979,1148,985,1008]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B88D89CFC643087B4ABFC3F" box="[979,997,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B88D89CFC4E3087B332FC3F" box="[1017,1148,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
over this limited region is trivial.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B88D89DFCB7374AB6F4F902" lastPageId="221" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="220" pageNumber="221" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B88D89CFCB7374AB480FB37" blockId="220.[739,1268,721,1741]" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B88D89CFBDD374AB428FB87" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="220" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B88D89CFBDD374AB428FB87" italics="true" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded at localities from northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFC383710B48AFBAA" box="[911,964,1102,1125]" name="Peru" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Perú</collectingCountry>
south to northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFB2A3710B3BDFBAA" box="[1181,1267,1102,1125]" name="Bolivia" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(Patton, 1987: map, fig. 3; Anderson, 1997) Our data provide the first records of this species for western
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFC1A37F8B4B9FB72" box="[941,1015,1190,1213]" name="Brazil" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, based on specimens examined by us in museums in the
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFB13379AB466FB37" name="United States of America" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">United States</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B88D89CFCD137BFB485FB37" box="[870,971,1249,1272]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">England</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B88D89CFCB737A0B3F9F902" blockId="220.[739,1268,721,1741]" pageId="220" pageNumber="221">We trapped individuals in approximately equal numbers on both sides of the Rio Juruá (60 and 52, on the right and left banks, respectively), but only in the Headwaters Region. The majority (78%) were obtained in terra firme forest, including naturally disturbed forest with either high densities of bamboo or in second growth, while 22% came from forest that floods only occasionally, not seasonally (table 64). We collected a few specimens with shotguns (9%), but most were trapped either in Sherman (33%) or Tomahawk live traps (58%). Young and subadults were captured in about the same numbers in both kinds of traps, but 91% of adults were caught in Tomahawk traps.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B89D89DFF7331B0B6F4F902" blockId="221.[167,696,750,1741]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">
REPRODUCTION: We obtained all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFF7D3052B63FFCEC" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[202,369,780,803]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFF7D3052B792FCEC" box="[202,220,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFF593052B63FFCEC" box="[238,369,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during the rainy season in the months of February and March, during our survey in the Headwaters Region. Hence, we have no information regarding reproductive seasonality. All reproductively active males were of toothwear age classes 7 or higher; most (15 of 17) belonged to ages 9 or 10. However, while all individuals of younger age classes were nonreproductive, so were two individuals of age 8. Of the total number of females collected, 39.1% were pregnant (27 of 69). While pregnancies were recorded in animals as young as age 5, most (18) were from females in classes 9 or 10. Seven other females were parous, as evidenced by a vascularized uterus and placental scars, with two of these lactating. No pregnant individuals were also lactating. The modal litter size was 2, (range 1–4). These results agree with data for
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFDBC3667B5F9FA9F" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1877" box="[523,695,1337,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFDBC3667B553FA9F" box="[523,541,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFD833667B5F9FA9F" box="[564,695,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B89D89DFEDB3608B6EFFAA2" box="[364,417,1366,1389]" name="Peru" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Perú</collectingCountry>
(Patton and Rogers, 1983) where females began breeding by age class 5 and males by age 7. Young (age classes 1 to 5) and subadult (ages 6 and 7) individuals were found at each of the four standard sites in the Headwaters Region (localities
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFF6A3558B7A2F9D1" bold="true" box="[221,236,1542,1566]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">1</emphasis>
through
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFED63558B63EF9D1" bold="true" box="[353,368,1542,1566]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">4</emphasis>
), suggesting that breeding minimally commenced by the end of the previous dry season two to three months earlier. However, since we have no samples of this species from sites visited at other seasons, we do not know whether reproduction is seasonal or largely aseasonal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B89D89DFCB331B0B303F97F" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B89D89DFCB331B0B303F97F" blockId="221.[743,1272,750,1742]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">
KARYOTYPE: Available data on karyotypic diversity for
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFC393052B465FC8F" authority="(sensu Patton 1987)" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFC393052B4EEFCEC" box="[910,928,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFC013052B375FCEC" box="[950,1083,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">brevicauda</emphasis>
(sensu Patton 1987)
</taxonomicName>
are summarized in table 66, which only includes data for localities from which we personally examined specimens. Data are available for nearly the entire range of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFD5030C1B4DBFC79" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[743,917,926,950]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFD5030C1B5B7FC79" box="[743,761,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFCA730C1B4DBFC79" box="[784,917,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from northern to southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B89D89DFD5030E2B453FC1C" box="[743,797,956,979]" name="Peru" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Perú</collectingCountry>
and western
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B89D89DFC6430E2B351FC1C" box="[979,1055,956,979]" name="Brazil" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Diploid number varies from 28 to 30, with differences among samples in the number of morphological classes of autosomes present. We karyotyped
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B89D89DFCC2376FB35BFB87" box="[885,1045,1073,1096]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" type="generic">88 specimens</specimenCount>
combined from all sampled localities within the Headwaters Region of the Rio Jurua´. The karyotype of all individuals was consistently 2N = 28 and FN = 48, with a single pair of large metacentrics, eight pairs of medium­sized to small metacentrics and submetacentrics, two pairs of large subtelocentrics, and two pairs of medium­sized to small acrocentrics; the X chromosome is a medium­sized acrocentric and the Y is a minute one (fig. 143) This karyotype appears identical to that published by Aniskin et al. (1990, 1991) for animals from Pucallpa,
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B89D89DFB9536F0B408FA2C" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Departamento de Ucayali</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B89D89DFCEB3692B4DCFA2C" box="[860,914,1484,1507]" name="Peru" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Perú</collectingCountry>
, which surely represent
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFB6A3692B422F9CF" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFB6A3692B422F9CF" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">P brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although we have not examined the relevant specimens. All differences in the numbers of each
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34B89D89DFC56357AB35AF9F4" box="[993,1044,1572,1595]" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">type</typeStatus>
of autosome listed in table 66 involve chromosomes whose small size sometimes makes their correct morphological classification difficult (see Gardner and Emmons, 1984).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B89D89FFCB335E8B68BFC8F" lastPageId="223" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B89D89FFCB335E8B50CFF3A" blockId="221.[743,1272,750,1742]" lastBlockId="223.[167,695,193,832]" lastPageId="223" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">
COMMENTS:
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B89D89DFC2C35E9B3F7F901" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[923,1209,1719,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="221" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B89D89DFC2C35E9B3F7F901" box="[923,1209,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="221" pageNumber="222">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of two species listed by Patton (1987) in his
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFF78379AB63AFB14" baseAuthorityName="Rengger" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[207,372,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF78379AB63AFB14" box="[207,372,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">longicaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
­ group. He suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFF1437BFB61EFB37" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[163,336,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF1437BFB7FBFB37" box="[163,181,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF7A37BFB61EFB37" box="[205,336,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFE2C37BFB524FB37" baseAuthorityName="Rengger" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[411,618,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE2C37BFB6E3FB37" box="[411,429,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE7237BFB524FB37" box="[453,618,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">longicaudatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were geographic replacements of one another, documented by ‘‘... sharp character transition, particularly in pelage color and color pattern but also in bacular measurements...’’ (Patton, 1987: 338) between the upper Río Iténez and Río Mamoré of southern
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B8AD89EFDB636CFB576FA67" box="[513,568,1425,1448]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Beni</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B8AD89EFDC536CFB792FA0A" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
departments,
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8AD89EFE3536F0B695FA0A" box="[386,475,1454,1477]" name="Bolivia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. Gardner and Emmons (1984) also suggested that Ecuadoran specimens referable to
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE0536B7B54AF9CF" box="[434,516,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">gularis</emphasis>
Thomas, 1911 were specifically distinct from northern Peruvian
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFF4B357AB6E6F9F4" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[252,424,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF4B357AB640F9F4" box="[252,270,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE92357AB6E6F9F4" box="[293,424,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on karyotypic differences (2n = 30, FN = 48, without large subtelocentric autosomes, versus 2n = 30, FN = 48, with two pairs of large subtelocentric autosomes). They also suggested that the central and southern Peruvian popula­ tions might represent a valid subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFB6D37F9B428FB14" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFB6D37F9B3A2FB71" box="[1242,1260,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFD54379AB428FB14" box="[739,870,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to which the name
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFBE6379AB38CFB14" box="[1105,1218,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">elassopus</emphasis>
Osgood, 1944 would apply, based on both karyotypic (2n = 28, FN = 50) and color differences. Our specimens from the Rio Juruá have the rufous venter characteristic of typical
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFCAC3609B4D0FAA1" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[795,926,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFCAC3609B4D0FAA1" box="[795,926,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern Peru´, rather than the white venter of
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFBBC362AB332FA44" box="[1035,1148,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">elassopus</emphasis>
, and they group with specimens from northern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8AD89EFB2936CFB39DFA67" box="[1182,1235,1425,1448]" name="Peru" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Perú</collectingCountry>
in cytochrome­b sequences (fig. 142). Karyotypically, the Rio Juruá samples are the same as those from the
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834B8AD89EFC0236B7B30FF9CF" box="[949,1089,1513,1536]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Rio Ucayali</collectingRegion>
in central
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8AD89EFB0936B7B3BDF9CF" box="[1214,1267,1513,1536]" name="Peru" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Perú</collectingCountry>
(table 66), and differ slightly from those from southern Peru´. The deep molecular sequence divergence between the northern Peruvian and Rio Juruá clade relative to that from southern
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B8AD89EFC273522B48BF95C" box="[912,965,1660,1683]" name="Peru" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Perú</collectingCountry>
(fig. 142) supports a specific separation of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFC0935C7B30FF97F" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[958,1089,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFC0935C7B30FF97F" box="[958,1089,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFBCC35C7B3A2F97F" box="[1147,1260,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">elassopus</emphasis>
. As noted by Patton (1987: 338), ‘‘... a thor­ ough analysis of geographic variation within this group is certainly warranted.’’
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94B8AD89EFF0A3093B626FBA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347619" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347619/files/figure.png" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" startId="222.[189,227,973,994]" targetBox="[255,1171,190,948]" targetPageId="222">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8AD89EFF0A3093B626FBA7" blockId="222.[163,1267,973,1128]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">
Fig. 143. Karyotypes of four specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFD143090B450FC2C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[675,798,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFD143090B450FC2C" box="[675,798,974,995]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Proechimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFC993093B40FFC2D" bold="true" box="[814,833,973,994]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">A</emphasis>
, a male
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFC153090B3D2FC2C" baseAuthorityName="sensu Patton" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[930,1180,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFC153090B3D2FC2C" box="[930,1180,974,995]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Proechimys brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; MNFS 1079; 2n = 28, NF = 48; Igarapé Porongaba (locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFD5A30B6B5B4FC32" bold="true" box="[749,762,1000,1021]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">1</emphasis>
), right bank Rio Jurua´, Acre, Brazil.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFB3B30B6B3D3FC32" bold="true" box="[1164,1181,1000,1021]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">B</emphasis>
, a male
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFF14375DB63EFBD7" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[163,368,1027,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF14375DB63EFBD7" box="[163,368,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Proechimys cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; JUR 238; 2n = 28, FN = 50; right bank Nova Vida (locality
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFBAA375CB364FBD8" bold="true" box="[1053,1066,1026,1047]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">3</emphasis>
), Rio Jurua´, Acre Brazil.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFF463743B64AFBFD" bold="true" box="[241,260,1053,1074]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">C</emphasis>
, a female
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFEC23740B50FFBFC" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[373,577,1054,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFEC23740B50FFBFC" box="[373,577,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Proechimys cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; LHE 538; 2n = 28, FN = 48; 52 km S of Altamira, Rio Xingu Para´, Brazil.
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE863766B60AFB82" bold="true" box="[305,324,1080,1101]" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">D</emphasis>
, a male
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B8AD89EFE133766B53CFB82" authorityName="Petter" authorityYear="1978" box="[420,626,1080,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="222" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8AD89EFE133766B53CFB82" box="[420,626,1080,1101]" italics="true" pageId="222" pageNumber="223">Proechimys cuvieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; LPC 165; 2n = 28, FN = 46; Macaco, left bank Rio Jau´ Amazonas, Brazil.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B8BD89FFF7333A2B68BFC8F" blockId="223.[167,695,193,832]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">
SPECIMENS EXAMINED (n = 112): (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFDE433A5B52CFEDC" bold="true" box="[595,610,251,275]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">1</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFDC333A2B5FCFEDC" box="[628,690,252,275]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
, 27 f — MNFS 1069, 1074, 1079, 1083, 1094–1095, 1097, 1110, 1121–1122, 1127– 1130, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1152–1155, 1158– 1159, 1189, 1202–1203, 1211, 1215, 1218– 1219, 1221–1222, 1312–1313, 1325, 1328, 1397–1398, 1413, 1415; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFE5A32F5B6B2FE0C" bold="true" box="[493,508,427,451]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">2</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFDA132F2B503FE0C" box="[534,589,428,451]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
, 6 f — MNFS 1175, 1177, 1253, 1285, 1300–1302, 1392–1393; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFEFF32B8B619FE31" bold="true" box="[328,343,486,510]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">a</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFED932B8B6EDFE32" box="[366,419,486,509]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
, 2 f — MNFS 1013– 1014, 1030, 1055, 1058–1059; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFD84315DB50DFDD4" bold="true" box="[563,579,515,539]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">b</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFDED315AB5C3FDD4" box="[602,653,516,539]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
— MNFS 999, 1044; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFE2C317FB6E6FDF6" bold="true" box="[411,424,545,569]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">c</emphasis>
) 2 f — MNFS 1034, 1052; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFF4C3160B644FD99" bold="true" box="[251,266,574,598]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">3</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFEAB3160B605FD9A" box="[284,331,574,597]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
, 11 f — JUR 204, 224; MNFS 1520, 1541, 1546, 1549–1550, 1581, 1595, 1602–1604, 1606–1607, 1634–1635, 1654, 1681; (
<emphasis id="B9436C734B8BD89FFEB431C8B65CFD61" bold="true" box="[259,274,662,686]" pageId="223" pageNumber="224">4</emphasis>
)
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B8BD89FFE9B31C8B63CFD62" box="[300,370,662,685]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="223" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
, 21 f — JUR 242, 248; MNFS 1429, 1443, 1448, 1450, 1458, 1460– 1461, 1467, 1472, 1482, 1487, 1500, 1502, 1504, 1508–1510, 1522, 1524, 1552, 1562, 1567–1568, 1572, 1618, 1626–1627, 1642, 1645–1646, 1665–1667.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink