233 lines
23 KiB
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233 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7544c335-5f90-4cd3-b0ce-2dd82a4c0e94" ID-PMC="PMC8927086" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1088-99" ID-Pensoft-UUID="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" ID-PubMed="35437371" ID-ZooBank="51CD3C78D6F8484588DB14297A1B2218" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1088-99" checkinTime="1646885859059" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yu, Chuan, Zhang, Dongsheng, Zhang, Ruiyan & Wang, Chunsheng" docDate="2022" docId="9A0938C7C0E0516A9DC50B63FDEF6F3D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1088: 99-114" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1088" docPubDate="2022-03-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141" docTitle="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li 2019" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1" masterDocTitle="New psychropotid species (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Elasipodida) of the Western Pacific with phylogenetic analyses" masterLastPageNumber="114" masterPageNumber="99" pageNumber="99" updateTime="1668151534393" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New psychropotid species (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Elasipodida) of the Western Pacific with phylogenetic analyses</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yu, Chuan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China & Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Dongsheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China & Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China & Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Ruiyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Chunsheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China & Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China & Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China & State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">wangsio@sio.org.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-09</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1088</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>99</mods:start>
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<mods:end>114</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1088-99</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">51CD3C78D6F8484588DB14297A1B2218</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">1CD7CED3CC645A4E96405A90761713F1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="193895018" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A0938C7C0E0516A9DC50B63FDEF6F3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0938C7C0E0516A9DC50B63FDEF6F3D" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName LSID="9A0938C7-C0E0-516A-9DC5-0B63FDEF6F3D" authority="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019" authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A, B Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019 (RSIO 6018004) in situ C, D specimen (RSIO 6018004) before preservation E, F red arrows point to the giant ossicles, specimen (RSIO 6018004) after preservation in 10 % seawater formalin. Scale bars: 5 cm (A-E); 1 cm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655649" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus A-D giant ossicles from the dorsal warts." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655650" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">, 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">, 7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</taxonomicName>
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Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019: 421-430.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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Catalog number: RSIO6018004, adult specimen, collection number: DY60-JL180-B04,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.569" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="13.569">13.569°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="134.352" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="134.352">134.352°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date value="2021-01-25">25 January 2021</date>
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, 2469 m; Catalog number: RSIO6017005, adult specimen, collection number: DY60-JL170-B05,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12.079" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="12.079">12.079°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="134.860" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="134.86">134.860°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date value="2021-01-08">8 January 2021</date>
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, 2361 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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RSIO6018004. Specimen resembles a barbell after collection, approximately 20 cm in length before preservation 10% seawater formalin (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A, B Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019 (RSIO 6018004) in situ C, D specimen (RSIO 6018004) before preservation E, F red arrows point to the giant ossicles, specimen (RSIO 6018004) after preservation in 10 % seawater formalin. Scale bars: 5 cm (A-E); 1 cm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655649" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">5C, D</figureCitation>
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). Before preservation, height of appendage was approximately 50 mm, and width at base approximately 30 mm (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A, B Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019 (RSIO 6018004) in situ C, D specimen (RSIO 6018004) before preservation E, F red arrows point to the giant ossicles, specimen (RSIO 6018004) after preservation in 10 % seawater formalin. Scale bars: 5 cm (A-E); 1 cm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655649" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">5C, D</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal skin transparent with brownish red color on seabed and dark brown on deck. Warts covering dorsal skin and appendage; giant ossicles in warts visible (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. A, B Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019 (RSIO 6018004) in situ C, D specimen (RSIO 6018004) before preservation E, F red arrows point to the giant ossicles, specimen (RSIO 6018004) after preservation in 10 % seawater formalin. Scale bars: 5 cm (A-E); 1 cm (F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655649" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">5E, F</figureCitation>
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). Approximately 30 pairs of degenerated tube feet arranged in two rows along middle of ventrum. Sixteen tentacles forming a circle. Brim broad and covered with warts on dorsum.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655649" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A, B</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li, 2019 (RSIO6018004) in situ
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">C, D</emphasis>
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specimen (RSIO6018004) before preservation
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">E, F</emphasis>
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red arrows point to the giant ossicles, specimen (RSIO6018004) after preservation in 10% seawater formalin. Scale bars: 5 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A-E</emphasis>
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); 1 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">F</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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A giant cross with four arms visible in each wart. Arms 800-1000
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length, and maximum width between large arms approximately 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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. Arm flexion approximately 250 / 400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus A-D giant ossicles from the dorsal warts." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655650" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">6A-D</figureCitation>
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). Height of central rudimentary apophyses approximately 200-300
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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. Ventral ossicles divided into two types: primary cross with spiny arms (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on the concatenated sequences. The Bayesian posterior probabilities (BI) and Maximum likelihood bootstrap (BS) values are shown as BI / ML at each node. Scale bar indicates the evolutionary branch length." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655652" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">8A, C</figureCitation>
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) and cross with three arms (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7B</figureCitation>
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), length of arm approximately 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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. Primary crosses with spinous arms in dorsum (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7D-F</figureCitation>
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) and brim (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7H-J</figureCitation>
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); arms up to 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length. Dorsal ossicles with spinous rod, 170
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7G</figureCitation>
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), and large primary crosses with spiny arms in brim (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7K</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles with rods with irregular shape (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7L-R</figureCitation>
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). Large rod with two apophyses at the end, approximately 900-1000
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7L-M</figureCitation>
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); small rod with apophyses in middle area was approximately 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7N</figureCitation>
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). Other rods with spiny arms, 500-800
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus ossicle from A-C ventral body wall D-G dorsal body wall H-K brim L-R tentacle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">7O-R</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655650" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A-D</emphasis>
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giant ossicles from the dorsal warts.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">RSIO6017005. Specimen approximately 18 cm in length, height of appendage approximately 40 mm, and width at base approximately 20 mm. Mouth and anus ventral. Skin transparent, light brown color. Dorsal skin and appendage covered with warts; warts also present in dorsum of brim. Giant ossicles visible in warts. Tentacles damaged, more than 12. Ossicles as in RSIO6018004.</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1088.69141.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/655651" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou & Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ossicle from
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">A-C</emphasis>
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ventral body wall
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">D-G</emphasis>
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dorsal body wall
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">H-K</emphasis>
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brim
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">L-R</emphasis>
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tentacle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Jiaolong Seamount, South China Sea, Western Pacific Ocean, sandy bottom, depth 3615 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes longicauda" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Psychropotes longicauda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Théel">Theel</normalizedToken>
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, 1882.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Known from Jiaolong Seamount of South China Sea and Kyushu-Palau Ridge.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="99" type="intraspecific variation">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">Intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">
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The specimens were clearly a new record for the South China Sea, as the species was previously known only from the Jiaolong seamount. The present specimens differed from those of
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" author="Xiao, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="421 - 430" refId="B18" refString="Xiao, N, Gong, L, Kou, Q, Li, X-Z, 2019. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 95 (3): 421 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" title="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" volume="95" year="2019">Xiao et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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in external morphology and the ossicles. Due to the bad preservation,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" author="Xiao, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="99" pagination="421 - 430" refId="B18" refString="Xiao, N, Gong, L, Kou, Q, Li, X-Z, 2019. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 95 (3): 421 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" title="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" volume="95" year="2019">Xiao et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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could not observe the ossicle assemblage of the warts, which was possible in the specimens here under study.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="99">The intraspecific differences can be listed as follows: (1) In the present specimens, the skin was transparent and the color was darker than that of the type specimen; (2) The width of the appendage at the base was also larger than that of the type specimen; (3) The length of the primary crossing arms distributed in the dorsum, ventrum, and brim was longer than that of the type specimen. Furthermore, the spinous rod of the dorsal ossicles was not present in the type specimen, and the ventral body wall of the specimens did not possess the tripartite ossicles of the type specimens; and (4) Most of the ossicles of the tentacles in our specimens were the same as those of type specimen, but longer.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |