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<document id="49000CFA54D161E6C14D06E475A9856F" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2012.757657" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5198255" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1628885333429" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gómez, S. &amp; Morales-Serna, F. N." docDate="2013" docId="2C4C87C9DF107D07FDF323C8FDEFFC07" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.47.5-12.329-380.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 47 (5 - 12)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.757657" docStyle="DocumentStyle:210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F.6:JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="210803DF447D5DCB84349979EDD3507F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2013-2015.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Paralaophonte congenera" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="345" masterDocId="D075FFB1DF007D15FFF62652FF82FFBB" masterDocTitle="On a small collection of Laophontidae T. Scott (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from Mexico. I. New species and new records of Laophonte Philippi and Paralaophonte Lang" masterLastPageNumber="380" masterPageNumber="329" pageNumber="343" updateTime="1699054838579" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="E365A542F945D42A71F422206C30741B">On a small collection of Laophontidae T. Scott (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from Mexico. I. New species and new records of Laophonte Philippi and Paralaophonte Lang</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C80BA767E128C814216BA859E83A3A1">Gómez, S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0B60BA11D2C553C3102DCEBFC9C1A16E">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán; Joel Montes Camarena s / n, 82040, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E46D68D58634ABEA854FE5CAF1DF3DE2">Morales-Serna, F. N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="125DD8A85B57D4A5229B42F703045359">Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000; Ciudad Universitaria; C. P. 04510, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3886C4A1D24E1DF999E6C57282A8CBB5">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A0CAAFAB36765DF3CBFCE99ECB728F60">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8894E786AD65F2422B2415C8E80D6BA3">2013-02-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="300BB302D77E3E9B93DB4D9F9BCF3B3B">47</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B42D31AD20FC343F7F4F4B5717A09A23">5 - 12</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="DC695D5AC078F656E164B67A95DB51C2" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2012.757657</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8977F743FB5C3634116323CD4D9533DB" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<heading id="FF1281B3DF107D05FDF323C8FCE0FA08" box="[517,866,1434,1459]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF107D05FDF323C8FCE0FA08" authority="(Sars)" baseAuthorityName="Sars" box="[517,866,1434,1459]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF107D05FDF323C8FC9BFA08" bold="true" box="[517,793,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">Paralaophonte congenera</emphasis>
(Sars)
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="ECFF6554DF107D05FDAA23E9FC89FA68" box="[604,779,1467,1491]" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" type="description">
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF107D05FDAA23E9FC89FA68" blockId="16.[517,866,1434,1491]" box="[604,779,1467,1491]" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">
(
<figureCitation id="3CDE2A5ADF107D05FD9523E9FC81FA68" box="[611,771,1467,1491]" captionStart-0="Figure 10" captionStart-1="Figure 11" captionStart-2="Figure 12" captionStart-3="Figure 13" captionStart-4="Figure 14" captionStartId-0="19.[143,210,1273,1295]" captionStartId-1="20.[211,278,1632,1654]" captionStartId-2="21.[143,210,1545,1567]" captionStartId-3="22.[211,278,1401,1423]" captionStartId-4="23.[143,210,1582,1604]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1102,169,1240]" captionTargetBox-1="[211,1152,160,1599]" captionTargetBox-2="[143,1103,169,1497]" captionTargetBox-3="[212,1171,170,1369]" captionTargetBox-4="[143,1103,167,1549]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@19.[143,1103,169,1240]" captionTargetId-1="figure-5@20.[211,1171,160,1599]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@21.[143,1103,169,1512]" captionTargetId-3="figure-5@22.[211,1171,169,1369]" captionTargetId-4="figure-6@23.[143,1103,167,1549]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionTargetPageId-2="21" captionTargetPageId-3="22" captionTargetPageId-4="23" captionText-0="Figure 10. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Urosome, dorsal (P5-bearing somite omitted); (B) urosome, ventral (P5-bearing somite omitted). Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm." captionText-1="Figure 11. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; (B) anal somite and caudal rami, ventral; (C) right caudal ramus, lateral; (D) antennule; (E) mandible. Scale bars: A–D, 50 µm." captionText-2="Figure 12. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Antenna; (B) maxillule; (C) maxilla; (D) maxilliped; (E) P5. Scale bars: A, C–E, 50 µm; B, 50 µm." captionText-3="Figure 13. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) P1; (B) P2. Scale bars: A, B, 50 µm." captionText-4="Figure 14. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) P3; (B) P4. Scale bars: A, B, 50 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198500" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198502" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198277" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198279" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198281" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5198500/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5198502/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5198277/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5198279/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5198281/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">Figures 10–14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ECFF6554DF107D07FF252048FDEFFC07" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF107D05FF252048FE27F989" blockId="16.[211,1172,1562,1690]" box="[211,421,1562,1586]" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="FF1281B3DF107D05FF252048FE27F989" box="[211,421,1562,1586]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" reason="5">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF107D05FF252048FE27F989" box="[211,421,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF107D05FF252011FB16F921" blockId="16.[211,1172,1562,1690]" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">
<materialsCitation id="148D3C82DF107D05FF252011FB12F921" country="Mexico" latitude="23.185" location="Urias System" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-106.41833" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Sinaloa">
Two dissected females (EMUCOP-021205-12, EMUCOP-021205-13) and
<specimenCount id="B2E3FD56DF107D05FBF92011FB16F9E1" box="[1039,1172,1602,1626]" pageId="16" pageNumber="343" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
preserved in alcohol (EMUCOP-021205-14, EMUCOP-021205-15). Collected from
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(
<collectingRegion id="6621F83DDF107D05FE8320D0FD88F921" box="[373,522,1666,1690]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">Sinaloa State</collectingRegion>
, north-western
<collectingCountry id="DCF2764FDF107D05FD4120D0FC8FF921" box="[695,781,1666,1690]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="343">Mexico</collectingCountry>
) (
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23
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11
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06
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N
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,
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25
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06
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W
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), stns
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF117D04FF7926F5FB9CFF44" blockId="17.[143,1103,167,255]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
2, 4 and 5 (see
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, for more information regarding organic matter content, chlorophyll
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE57269AFE2CFF64" box="[417,430,200,223]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">a</emphasis>
content and sediment
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), brackish, less than
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depth,
<date id="D05B101FDF117D04FF7926B5FED7FF44" box="[143,341,231,255]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" value="2005-12-02">2 December 2005</date>
, coll. F. N. Morales-Serna, F. E. Vargas-Arriaga and S. Gómez.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FF79271DFF69FEDC" box="[143,235,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Locality</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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(
<collectingRegion id="6621F83DDF117D04FEC22725FE48FE34" box="[308,458,375,399]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Sinaloa State</collectingRegion>
, north-western
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) (
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23
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11
<superScript id="53909B97DF117D04FCD02721FCA9FE3F" attach="left" box="[806,811,371,388]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">′</superScript>
06
<superScript id="53909B97DF117D04FCB12721FCD3FE3F" attach="left" box="[839,849,371,388]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">′′</superScript>
N
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,
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106
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25
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06
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W
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)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF117D04FF79278CFF73FE4D" blockId="17.[143,1104,478,1690]" box="[143,241,478,502]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FF79278CFF73FE4D" bold="true" box="[143,241,478,502]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF117D04FF792454FCA7FCC6" blockId="17.[143,1104,478,1690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
So far, the two most widely distributed species of
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<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FD4F2454FCDAFDA5" box="[697,856,518,542]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Paralaophonte</emphasis>
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are
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<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FC7E2455FB9CFDA5" box="[904,1054,518,542]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FF792475FE9BFD85" box="[143,281,551,574]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FED12474FE23FD85" author="Lang K" box="[295,417,550,574]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="2" refId="ref13590" refString="Lang K. 1948. Monographie der Harpacticiden. Vols. 1, 2. Sweden: Hakan Ohlsson, Lund." type="journal article" year="1948">Lang 1948</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FE5D2475FDF5FD85" author="Yoo KI &amp; Lee WC" box="[427,631,550,574]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="34 - 49" refId="ref14369" refString="Yoo KI, Lee WC. 1995. Marine harpacticoids from the Korean waters. The Yellow Sea 1: 34 - 49." type="journal article" year="1995">Yoo and Lee 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FD742474FD7EFD85" author="Wells JBJ" box="[642,764,550,574]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 872" refId="ref14227" refString="Wells JBJ. 2007. An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa 1568: 1 - 872." type="journal article" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FCF12475FC61FD85" author="Huys R &amp; Lee W" box="[775,995,550,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13514" refString="Huys R, Lee W. 2009. Proposal of Marbefia, gen. n. and Inermiphonte, gen. n., including updated keys to the species of Pseudonychocamptus Lang, 1944 and Paralaophonte Lang, 1948 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae). Zookeys 23: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Huys and Lee 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The distinction between these two species has been problematic (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FCE32414FC77FDE5" author="Huys R &amp; Lee W" box="[789,1013,582,606]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13514" refString="Huys R, Lee W. 2009. Proposal of Marbefia, gen. n. and Inermiphonte, gen. n., including updated keys to the species of Pseudonychocamptus Lang, 1944 and Paralaophonte Lang, 1948 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae). Zookeys 23: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Huys and Lee 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FBF12414FF54FDC5" author="Willey A" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="50 - 100" refId="ref14286" refString="Willey A. 1935. Harpacticoid Copepoda from Bermuda. Part II. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10: 50 - 100." type="journal article" year="1935">Willey (1935)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the only reliable differences between these two species (which he found to co-occur in
<collectingCountry id="DCF2764FDF117D04FE8A24D4FE67FD25" box="[380,485,646,670]" name="Bermuda" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
) are the number of segments and the presence
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FC1A24D4FC7AFD25" bold="true" box="[1004,1016,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">/</emphasis>
absence of a conical projection on the female second antennulary segment (six-segmented and with a conical projection in
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE2C2494FDF6FD65" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[474,628,710,734]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE2C2494FDF6FD65" box="[474,628,710,734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, seven-segmented and without or with a very small conical projection in
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE0224B4FDFFFD46" box="[500,637,742,765]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE0224B4FDFFFD46" box="[500,637,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In that same paper,
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FC8724B7FB85FD46" author="Willey A" box="[881,1031,741,765]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="50 - 100" refId="ref14286" refString="Willey A. 1935. Harpacticoid Copepoda from Bermuda. Part II. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10: 50 - 100." type="journal article" year="1935">Willey (1935)</bibRefCitation>
found that the rostrum of his material of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FDD12554FD42FCA6" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[551,704,773,797]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FDD12554FD42FCA6" box="[551,704,773,797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(deeply bifid at tip) deviated from the commonly accepted
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE532577FD9DFC86" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[421,543,805,829]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE532577FD9DFC86" box="[421,543,805,829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<typeStatus id="7B5E887DDF117D04FDD12574FDDBFC85" box="[551,601,806,830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">type</typeStatus>
(only slightly bifid), and created the variety
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FF792514FE65FCE6" authority="Willey" authorityName="Willey" box="[143,487,837,861]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="brevirostris" subSpecies="fissirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FF792514FE1BFCE6" box="[143,409,837,861]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris fissirostris</emphasis>
Willey
</taxonomicName>
, which was upgraded to subspecies level by
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FC3E2514FBCDFCE6" author="Lang K" box="[968,1103,837,862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 560" refId="ref13612" refString="Lang K. 1965. Copepoda Harpacticoidea from the Californian Pacific coast. Sweden: Kung Svensk Vet Hand Fjard Ser. 10: 1 - 560." type="book chapter" year="1965">Lang (1965)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently declared invalid by
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FDC52534FCA3FCC6" author="Huys R &amp; Lee W" box="[563,801,869,894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13514" refString="Huys R, Lee W. 2009. Proposal of Marbefia, gen. n. and Inermiphonte, gen. n., including updated keys to the species of Pseudonychocamptus Lang, 1944 and Paralaophonte Lang, 1948 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae). Zookeys 23: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Huys and Lee (2009)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF117D04FF4C25D7FBA2FBE7" blockId="17.[143,1104,478,1690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
Conversely,
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FEB525D7FE5EFC26" author="Willey A" box="[323,476,901,925]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="50 - 100" refId="ref14286" refString="Willey A. 1935. Harpacticoid Copepoda from Bermuda. Part II. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10: 50 - 100." type="journal article" year="1935">Willey (1935)</bibRefCitation>
found that the rostrum of his material of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FC3525D4FBCDFC26" box="[963,1103,902,925]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FC3525D4FBCDFC26" box="[963,1103,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(plain in front, and conical in side view) also deviates from the typical
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FC2E25F4FBC4FC06" box="[984,1094,934,957]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FC2E25F4FBC4FC06" box="[984,1094,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<typeStatus id="7B5E887DDF117D04FF792597FF3DFC66" box="[143,191,965,989]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">type</typeStatus>
(with distinctly bilobed tip).
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FDEB2596FD4CFC67" author="Nicholls AG" box="[541,718,964,988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref13875" refString="Nicholls AG. 1945. Marine Copepoda from western Australia. III. Littoral harpacticoids from Port Denison. J R Soc West Aust. 29: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1945">Nicholls (1945)</bibRefCitation>
had no difficulties in attributing his
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FF4E25B7FED5FC46" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1948" box="[184,343,997,1021]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FF4E25B7FED5FC46" box="[184,343,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Paralaophonte</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material to
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE1025B7FDF3FC47" box="[486,625,997,1020]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE1025B7FDF3FC47" box="[486,625,997,1020]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the presence, in his material, of a seven-segmented female antennule without any projection on the second segment, and other characters of the male (even though he noted that the females he found in
<collectingCountry id="DCF2764FDF117D04FF792216FF75FBE7" box="[143,247,1092,1116]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Australia</collectingCountry>
possess a plain rostrum, whereas that of the males is definitely bilobed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF117D07FF4C2236FC1DFF64" blockId="17.[143,1104,478,1690]" lastBlockId="18.[211,1172,167,956]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
Similarly,
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FEC52237FE6EFBC7" author="Yeatman HC" box="[307,492,1124,1148]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="27 - 38" refId="ref14341" refString="Yeatman HC. 1970. Copepods from Chesapeake Bay sponges including Asterocheres jeanyeatmanae n. sp. Trans Am Micros Soc. 89: 27 - 38." type="journal article" year="1970">Yeatman (1970)</bibRefCitation>
had no difficulty in attributing his material from Chesapeake Bay to
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE8022D7FD8DFB27" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[374,527,1156,1180]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE8022D7FD8DFB27" box="[374,527,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the presence of a six-segmented female antennule, but without or at most with a small conical projection on the second segment (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FF232291FE1DFB60" author="Yeatman HC" box="[213,415,1219,1243]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="27 - 38" refId="ref14341" refString="Yeatman HC. 1970. Copepods from Chesapeake Bay sponges including Asterocheres jeanyeatmanae n. sp. Trans Am Micros Soc. 89: 27 - 38." type="journal article" year="1970">Yeatman 1970: 34</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 50), and he further noted some variability in the armature formula of the third exopodal segment of P3 and P4.
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FD1F22B1FC2CFB40" author="Hamond R" box="[745,942,1251,1275]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="44 - 59" refId="ref13359" refString="Hamond R. 1973. Some Laophontidae (Crustacea: Harpacticoida) from off North Carolina. Trans Am Microsc Soc. 92: 44 - 59." type="journal article" year="1973">Hamond’s (1973)</bibRefCitation>
material from North Carolina agreed entirely with
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FDD52356FD29FAA0" box="[547,683,1284,1307]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FDD52356FD29FAA0" box="[547,683,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though he found an acute thorn similar to that described before for
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FDE02376FD29FA80" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[534,683,1315,1339]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FDE02376FD29FA80" box="[534,683,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Seemingly,
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FCC02371FC6AFA80" author="Hamond R" box="[822,1000,1315,1339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="44 - 59" refId="ref13359" refString="Hamond R. 1973. Some Laophontidae (Crustacea: Harpacticoida) from off North Carolina. Trans Am Microsc Soc. 92: 44 - 59." type="journal article" year="1973">Hamond (1973)</bibRefCitation>
relied on the presence of a seven-segmented female antennule to identify the specimens as
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FBF02316FF55FAC0" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FBF02316FF55FAC0" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FF1F2331FE64FAC0" author="Wells JBJ &amp; Rao GC" box="[233,486,1379,1403]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 385" refId="ref14254" refString="Wells JBJ, Rao GC. 1987. Littoral Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mem Zool Surv Ind. 16: 1 - 385." type="journal article" year="1987">Wells and Rao (1987)</bibRefCitation>
found an amazing range of variability in the female antennule of the
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FEA523D6FE69FA20" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[339,491,1411,1435]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FEA523D6FE69FA20" box="[339,491,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population from the
<collectingRegion id="6621F83DDF117D04FD1323D1FBCEFA20" box="[741,1100,1411,1435]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
. This variability ranged from seven-segmented to the case where the two distal segments are “coalescent with a variably developed trace of the suture”, and the second segment being either naked or with a small conical spur.
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FD1323B0FC57FA41" author="Wells JBJ &amp; Rao GC" box="[741,981,1506,1530]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 385" refId="ref14254" refString="Wells JBJ, Rao GC. 1987. Littoral Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Mem Zool Surv Ind. 16: 1 - 385." type="journal article" year="1987">Wells and Rao (1987)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D04FF792050FEC7F9A1" author="Hamond R" box="[143,325,1538,1562]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="237 - 243" refId="ref13330" refString="Hamond R. 1972. Some marine and brackish-water copepods from Wells-next-the-sea, Norfolk, England. Trans Norf Norw Nat Soc. 22: 237 - 243." type="journal article" year="1972">Hamond (1972)</bibRefCitation>
found some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FD8D2051FC96F9A1" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[635,788,1538,1562]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FD8D2051FC96F9A1" box="[635,788,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bearing a seven-segmented female antennule, which could, eventually, lead to confusion with
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FC7E2071FB96F981" box="[904,1044,1571,1594]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FC7E2071FB96F981" box="[904,1044,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and suggested the shape and size of the rostrum and the cephalothorax as the only reliable criteria to separate
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FE682031FDB6F9C1" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[414,564,1634,1658]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FE682031FDB6F9C1" box="[414,564,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF117D04FD8C2031FC86F9C1" box="[634,772,1635,1658]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FD8C2031FC86F9C1" box="[634,772,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two species have been shown to display a wide degree of intra- and
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF117D04FD8F20D0FD07F921" bold="true" box="[633,645,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">/</emphasis>
or inter-population variability (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF117D07FC1420D0FEBCFF04" author="Huys R &amp; Lee W" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13514" refString="Huys R, Lee W. 2009. Proposal of Marbefia, gen. n. and Inermiphonte, gen. n., including updated keys to the species of Pseudonychocamptus Lang, 1944 and Paralaophonte Lang, 1948 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae). Zookeys 23: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Huys and Lee 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and some authors (i.e.
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FDAE26F5FD66FF04" author="Mielke W" box="[600,740,167,191]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref13668" refString="Mielke W. 1981. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXVIII. Laophontinae (Laophontidae), Ancorabolidae (Harpacticoida). Mikrofauna Meeres 84: 1 - 106." type="journal article" year="1981">Mielke 1981</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that such variability could be a reflection of the presence of allopatric or sympatric species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF127D07FF0826BAFEADFD66" blockId="18.[211,1172,167,956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">
Even though certain authorities (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FD8B26B5FD7EFF44" author="Wells JBJ" box="[637,764,231,255]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 872" refId="ref14227" refString="Wells JBJ. 2007. An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa 1568: 1 - 872." type="journal article" year="2007">Wells 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FCFD26BAFC6DFF44" author="Huys R &amp; Lee W" box="[779,1007,231,256]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref13514" refString="Huys R, Lee W. 2009. Proposal of Marbefia, gen. n. and Inermiphonte, gen. n., including updated keys to the species of Pseudonychocamptus Lang, 1944 and Paralaophonte Lang, 1948 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae). Zookeys 23: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2009">Huys and Lee 2009</bibRefCitation>
) make a clear distinction between these two species in their respective keys, the identity of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FBCF275AFE9AFE84" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FBCF275AFE9AFE84" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FEA6277AFE5BFE84" box="[336,473,296,319]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FEA6277AFE5BFE84" box="[336,473,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is blurred and their distinction remains difficult because of the variability in some key characters (i.e. number of segments of the female antennule, presence
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FEC52735FEBDFEC4" bold="true" box="[307,319,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">/</emphasis>
absence of a well-developed projection on the second antennulary segment, and shape of the rostrum), and because the variability of one species seems to overlap the variability of the other. In their analysis of the observed variability in some American species of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FE4E2795FC74FE65" authority="Schmankewitsch, Gomez et al. (2004)" authorityName="Schmankewitsch, Gomez" authorityYear="2004" box="[440,1014,454,479]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Canthocamptidae" genus="Cletocamptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FE4E2795FDCDFE64" box="[440,591,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Cletocamptus</emphasis>
Schmankewitsch,
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FCEB2794FC74FE65" author="Gomez S &amp; Fleeger JW &amp; Rocha-Olivares A &amp; Foltz D" box="[797,1014,454,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="2669 - 2732" refId="ref13244" refString="Gomez S, Fleeger JW, Rocha-Olivares A, Foltz D. 2004. Four new species of Cletocamptus Schmankewitsch, 1875, closely related to Cletocamptus deitersi (Richard, 1897) (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). J Nat Hist. 37: 2669 - 2732." type="journal article" year="2004">Gómez et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
observed that the whole range of variability of a species seldom overlaps the range of variability of other species, suggesting that such variability should be under genetic control. As far as evidenced in the literature, the range of variability of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FCB02475FC5EFD85" baseAuthorityName="Claus" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[838,988,550,574]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FCB02475FC5EFD85" box="[838,988,550,574]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. brevirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlaps almost entirely the range of variation of
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FDBC2415FD56FDE5" box="[586,724,583,606]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FDBC2415FD56FDE5" box="[586,724,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, casting doubts on the validity of separating these two species. Also, it has been suggested that the use of genetic tools (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FBBF2434FE8BFD25" author="Willey A" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="50 - 100" refId="ref14286" refString="Willey A. 1935. Harpacticoid Copepoda from Bermuda. Part II. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 10: 50 - 100." type="journal article" year="1935">Willey 1935</bibRefCitation>
) and a revision of both species based on collections from as wide a geographical range as possible (
<bibRefCitation id="C0744B2EDF127D07FE5724F7FDC6FD06" author="Hamond R" box="[417,580,677,701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" pagination="44 - 59" refId="ref13359" refString="Hamond R. 1973. Some Laophontidae (Crustacea: Harpacticoida) from off North Carolina. Trans Am Microsc Soc. 92: 44 - 59." type="journal article" year="1973">Hamond 1973</bibRefCitation>
) would contribute to a better understanding of their identity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A45A36DFDF127D07FF0824B7FDEFFC07" blockId="18.[211,1172,167,956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">
The Mexican material presented herein is provisionally assigned to
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FBF624B4FB0EFD46" box="[1024,1164,742,765]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FBF624B4FB0EFD46" box="[1024,1164,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The morphological variability falls within the range described above and, as done before by others, we relied on the presence of a seven-segmented female antennule bearing a small conical process on the second segment (
<figureCitation id="3CDE2A5ADF127D07FCCF2517FC3FFCE6" box="[825,957,837,861]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="20.[211,278,1632,1654]" captionTargetBox="[211,1152,160,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-5@20.[211,1171,160,1599]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 11. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; (B) anal somite and caudal rami, ventral; (C) right caudal ramus, lateral; (D) antennule; (E) mandible. Scale bars: A–D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5198502/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Figure 11D</figureCitation>
), the length: width ratio of the caudal rami (
<figureCitation id="3CDE2A5ADF127D07FE0A2537FD2DFCC6" box="[508,687,869,893]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[143,210,1273,1295]" captionTargetBox="[146,1102,169,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[143,1103,169,1240]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Urosome, dorsal (P5-bearing somite omitted); (B) urosome, ventral (P5-bearing somite omitted). Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5198500/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Figures 10A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="3CDE2A5ADF127D07FD482537FC92FCC6" box="[702,784,869,893]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="20.[211,278,1632,1654]" captionTargetBox="[211,1152,160,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-5@20.[211,1171,160,1599]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 11. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal; (B) anal somite and caudal rami, ventral; (C) right caudal ramus, lateral; (D) antennule; (E) mandible. Scale bars: A–D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5198502/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">11A–C</figureCitation>
), and the shape of the female P5 (
<figureCitation id="3CDE2A5ADF127D07FF2D25D7FEDFFC26" box="[219,349,901,925]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[143,210,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[143,1103,169,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[143,1103,169,1512]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12. Paralaophonte congenera (Sars), female. (A) Antenna; (B) maxillule; (C) maxilla; (D) maxilliped; (E) P5. Scale bars: A, C–E, 50 µm; B, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5198277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5198277/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Figure 12E</figureCitation>
) to attribute this material to
<taxonomicName id="63E54D5CDF127D07FD4025D4FCC0FC26" box="[694,834,902,925]" class="Hexanauplia" family="Laophontidae" genus="Paralaophonte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congenera">
<emphasis id="9691EACDDF127D07FD4025D4FCC0FC26" box="[694,834,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">P. congenera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though, the rostrum is only slightly bifid at tip (not shown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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