739 lines
116 KiB
XML
739 lines
116 KiB
XML
<document id="63BA23AD017F414879832C90FA22DD05" ID-CLB-Dataset="54686" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2022.81.02" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bce2e984-6eeb-4f74-8e07-08e4345afb21" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065415" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1687358247783" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="McSweeney, Fearghus R., Shimeta, Jeff & Buckeridge, John St J. S." docDate="2022" docId="2C0187B4FF9AFFE2FC9A6C4A5AC9FC8B" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.81.25-41.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 81" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2022.81.02" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.1:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Zosterophyllum undefined-a" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="D038FFCCFF9EFFE9FFB36F135865FF91" masterDocTitle="Lower Devonian Zosterophyllum-like plants from central Victoria, Australia, and their significance" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1699529665073" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2C7789AD61E5E664ACBBB9F0B40A3098" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="96A9A917C35BC4FB24F50960FC470881">
|
||
<mods:title id="626D8C48E2C717B0D078334D455E380F">Lower Devonian Zosterophyllum-like plants from central Victoria, Australia, and their significance</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="2BCB7921D8573E1BF330F5EA59EF6D67" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="AE54E22D78FB9B03FBA55092D921A665">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EA1D08618B67DEAA00BCD6BFBAD13FE4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="DFEAC437BBF9F1D892EB849F000B5E0F">McSweeney, Fearghus R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="478469FAFF5E0A1631E62CBC2ABB12C8" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="41809E627BFD52B8FA404B7FC3C67E75">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2BFAB9D0427EA1AF688E2A772B0AA6BC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="700609D9160BE23F6204C2AE28E7E5F4">Shimeta, Jeff</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="53D1D9DE45013B090C96BA783D4CA550" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9BC5ACE11B447817630F307F74788B22">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0B1C7BE8C76AECCBDBBFC3079DE565A8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A2B91D8AA46DD4E2EA9867941E01E23E">Buckeridge, John St J. S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="D33A347DB99636F7A1E6348B37BE8FF4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="B58C2442EACD6E21370433629714C3D9" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C384944CC393CBAABAA3AF7C19F4B487">
|
||
<mods:title id="7839FB33FF3D3501E69B3AD2516089AC">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B62684D3F13C3D477D4FCEEFF88B2BAF">
|
||
<mods:date id="CF566778B88BFD2E591E05F5AC4856A8">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9215655AB994D718F46E64AC8125D33F" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="CAF8C92632176888E54213C6B2F9BF3B">2022-12-31</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="4329A547DAEE256D817933E38CBE7EC9" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="60477F2A73BA7CD9A3102D04D40946C4">81</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="315ED8C4C4CEF2214E14F76C776C2F8E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="E2AA3BF91BEB487ACC256124FB9A673C">25</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="483A84BD8897BA9AAB9FC0A327226924">41</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="6DA32812252E3AE9F2DE5A4EB9001816">
|
||
<mods:url id="DF551F2A89F7E440C231FBCE8A7837CC">http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2022.81.02</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B045EF5C1FC8165A9160F57458E60953">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="150100B6681D34602FF2A7239876BD82" type="CLB-Dataset">54686</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CB54165078AA9F38B1854B7F1D0007C4" type="DOI">10.24199/j.mmv.2022.81.02</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6C1D44B4D8AE508979E289581A655AB9" type="GBIF-Dataset">bce2e984-6eeb-4f74-8e07-08e4345afb21</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="330433F9A6B46E97AEB59888FA3B3F88" type="ISSN">1447-2554</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BE0DD4686D7C4C5E6EFA74CBC8A0C7D4" type="Zenodo-Dep">8065415</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="2C0187B4FF9AFFE2FC9A6C4A5AC9FC8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8083027" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210477351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8083027" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C0187B4FF9AFFE2FC9A6C4A5AC9FC8B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C0187B4FF9AFFE2FC9A6C4A5AC9FC8B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECB26529FF9AFFEDFC9A6C4A5C4EFCFF" box="[809,1067,857,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6C4A5C4EFCFF" blockId="4.[809,1067,857,879]" box="[809,1067,857,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="FF5F81CEFF9AFFEDFC9A6C4A5C4EFCFF" bold="true" box="[809,1067,857,879]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF9AFFEDFC9A6C4A5C4EFCFF" box="[809,1067,857,879]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFC9A6C4A5C4EFCFF" bold="true" box="[809,1067,857,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFCFA6C4A5B8BFCFE" bold="true" box="[841,1006,857,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECB26529FF9AFFEDFC9A6C865BC6FC49" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6C865BB8FC3A" blockId="4.[809,989,917,939]" box="[809,989,917,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="FF5F81CEFF9AFFEDFC9A6C865BB8FC3A" bold="true" box="[809,989,917,939]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFC9A6C865BB8FC3A" bold="true" box="[809,989,917,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Gen. et sp. indet.</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6CD05BC6FC49" blockId="4.[809,931,963,985]" box="[809,931,963,985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<figureCitation id="3C932A27FF9AFFEDFC9A6CD05BC6FC49" box="[809,931,963,985]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStart-3="Figure 7" captionStart-4="Figure 8" captionStart-5="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="5.[147,207,1804,1823]" captionStartId-1="6.[141,201,1830,1849]" captionStartId-2="7.[147,207,1778,1797]" captionStartId-3="8.[138,198,1830,1849]" captionStartId-4="9.[147,207,1013,1032]" captionStartId-5="9.[147,207,1830,1849]" captionTargetBox-0="[148,1442,783,1787]" captionTargetBox-1="[141,1440,1153,1813]" captionTargetBox-2="[148,1447,1188,1761]" captionTargetBox-3="[138,1437,419,1813]" captionTargetBox-4="[171,1425,227,996]" captionTargetBox-5="[176,1419,1141,1813]" captionTargetId-0="figure-369@5.[148,1442,783,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure-617@6.[141,1440,1153,1813]" captionTargetId-2="figure-577@7.[148,1447,1188,1761]" captionTargetId-3="figure-82@8.[138,1437,419,1813]" captionTargetId-4="figure-11@9.[171,1425,227,996]" captionTargetId-5="figure-82@9.[176,1419,1141,1813]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionText-0="Figure 4. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. from the Wilson Creek Shale Formation on Frenchmans Spur, 10 km west of Matlock: a, line drawing, dotted lines are from faint remains of compression. S=Sporangium; Q=Poorly preserved sporangium or sporangium likely not belonging to same spike; b, part NMV P256740.1. Arrow at stalk, which has been pushed across fertile axis; c, counterpart, NMV P256740.2 with part of basal region of spike missing. Note. Counterpart image reversed to be in the same orientation as the part." captionText-1="Figure 5. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, two isolated sporangia at arrows (pre-dégagement) with basal region of both sporangia orientated away from the spike; b–d, on the reverse of the slab, isolated sporangia with much similar dimensions and weakly developed sporangial lobes. Image a taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria." captionText-2="Figure 6. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, line drawing of medial region of the spike seen in B; b, the cortex (Ctx) is represented by a tincture of light grey in comparison to a darker coloured vascular trace (Vt). Some perturbations and depressions (*) likely represent additional stalks. Note small proximal sporangia (at arrow) in a central position on the fertile axis; c, distal part of spike – lower arrow at stalk that has been pushed across the fertile axis. At the upper arrow sporangium with no stalk, partially behind another sporangium. Smaller sporangia more centrally located suggests distal part of spike may be helically inserted. Images taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria." captionText-3="Figure 7. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. (part, NMV P256740.1). Interpretative line drawings: a, c, sporangia in b, d, respectively. The sporangia have weakly developed lobes (Lb), and a lack of a clear junction between the stalk and sporangium. A fine border (Br) is visible only alone distal margins." captionText-4="Figure 8. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, proximal region of spike; b, interpretative line drawing. Sporangia one and two (S1–2) appear infolded, with both abaxial (Abx) and partial adaxial (Adx) valves visible in sporangia and two perturbations and depressions (*) possibly representative of additional stalks that were not preserved. Q1, shadowing of possible sporangium, and upper arrow shows change in orientation of stalk beneath sporangium four." captionText-5="Figure 9. cf. Zosterophyllum sp. A. (part, NMV P256740.1). Proximal region of spike with sporangia one (S1) and two (S2) visible and fertile axis curving into?rhizomatous region (arrow 1) and possibly extending out towards axes (arrows 2 and 3). Isolated sporangium (S) in same orientation as sporangia in spike. Image taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065423" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065425" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065427" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065431" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065433" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065435" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8065423/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8065425/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8065427/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8065431/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8065433/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/8065435/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Figures 4–9</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECB26529FF9AFFEDFC9A6CFC5C75FB8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6CFC5C75FB8C" blockId="4.[809,1440,1007,1053]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFC9A6CFC5B84FB93" box="[809,993,1007,1026]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
. NMV P256740.1 and P256740.2, part and counterpart, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECB26529FF9AFFEFFC9A6B265ADAFD43" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6B265BAAFBF8" blockId="4.[809,1440,1076,1129]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFC9A6B265BE3FBDB" box="[809,902,1077,1098]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Locality.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="14C03CFFFF9AFFEDFC3D6B265BAEFBF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4135839302" location="Matlock" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
Frenchmans Spur Track,
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFB246B275CC0FBDA" box="[1175,1189,1076,1099]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">∼</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9AFFEDFB106B265C82FBDA" box="[1187,1255,1077,1099]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
west of
|
||
<location id="A1776079FF9AFFEDFAF46B265DF8FBDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C0187B4FF9AFFE2FC9A6C4A5AC9FC8B:A1776079FF9AFFEDFAF46B265DF8FBDA" box="[1351,1437,1077,1099]" name="Matlock" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Victoria">Matlock</location>
|
||
, central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF9AFFEDFCC66B405BAEFBF8" box="[885,971,1107,1129]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFC9A6B925BD6FB43" blockId="4.[809,1440,1152,1234]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFC9A6B925B83FB07" box="[809,998,1152,1174]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Horizon and age</emphasis>
|
||
. Wilson Creek Shale, middle Pragian– Emsian, L. Devonian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF9AFFEDFBA66B8D5D6AFB25" author="Carey, S. P. & Bolger, P. F." box="[1045,1295,1182,1204]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="73 - 86" refId="ref10593" refString="Carey, S. P., and Bolger, P. F. 1995. Conodonts of disparate Lower Devonian zones, Wilson Creek Shale, Tyers-Walhalla area, Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 19 (1): 73 - 86." type="journal article" year="1995">Carey and Bolger, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF9AFFEDFAAE6B8C5BCDFB43" author="Mawson, R. & Talent, J. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="29" pagination="31 - 70" refId="ref12271" refString="Mawson, R., and Talent, J. A. 1994. Age of an Early Devonian carbonate fan and isolated limestone clasts and megaclasts, East-Central Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 106: 31 - 70." type="journal article" year="1994">Mawson and Talent, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF9AFFEDFF3F681F59EBF8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065421/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" startId="4.[140,200,1804,1823]" targetBox="[141,1440,1304,1787]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9AFFEDFF3F681F59EBF8FF" blockId="4.[140,1440,1804,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Figure 3. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF9AFFEDFEB1681E592BF88E" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[258,334,1804,1823]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9AFFEDFEB1681E592BF88E" box="[258,334,1804,1823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Wilson Creek Shale Formation on Frenchmans Spur, 10 km west of Matlock: a, part (NMV P50040.1); b, line drawing of partial spike. Abx = abaxial valve, Adx = adaxial valve, Q =?poorly preserved sporangium, P = stalk, which is normal to the fertile axis before turning upwards. Central arrows pointing to lobes; c, counterpart (NMV P50040.2). Note. Counterpart image reversed to be in the same orientation as the part.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9BFFECFF206FF55D2EFE6F" blockId="5.[146,780,229,712]" lastBlockId="5.[816,1450,229,712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9BFFECFF206FF55976FF6A" box="[147,275,230,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen consists of a longitudinally elongate lax spike with its apical region missing. The basal half of the spike contains about a third of the total sporangia in two rows (figs 4, 5a), and distally, the sporangia are more closely arranged (?helically) but the insertion points are not clear. The naked fertile axis is unbranched,
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFE146E665A47FE1A" box="[423,546,373,395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, curving basally, the spike slightly decreases in width acropetally. The lax spike is
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFF186EBC5897FE55" box="[171,242,431,452]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and up to at least
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFE506EBC5A4FFE55" box="[483,554,431,453]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, consisting of 20 sporangia arranged on long vascularised stalks up to 2.0 mm long and 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFE9A6EFA591FFE6F" box="[297,378,489,510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, at acute angles 15°–45° to the vertical, before the stalks reorientate towards the apex of the spike just beneath each sporangium. There is very little vertical overlap of sporangia. Some fine protuberances and depressions emanating from the vascular trace (fig. 6) are interpreted here as representing insertions of further stalks. The junction between sporangium and stalk is unknown. The sporangia are circular to reniform in face view,
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFE5D6DA15A16FD56" box="[494,627,690,712]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.325" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.325" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="0.95">0.95–3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFD6D6DA15B1BFF6A" box="[734,894,229,712]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.4" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="0.5">0.5– 2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, with weakly developed lobes (fig. 7) and a narrow border visible on distal margin of some sporangia, such as sporangia two, 10 (figs 7, 8) and 12, are
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFB0B6E0C5D2DFEA5" box="[1208,1352,287,309]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.14" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.13">0.13–0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and is interpreted as likely pertaining to dehiscence. Sporangia one and two are longitudinally elliptical and are interpreted to be infolded, such that half the abaxial valve is visible (fig. 8). Vascular trace
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFC786E815C37FE36" box="[971,1106,402,423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.82" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.34">0.34–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the fertile axis,
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF9BFFECFAAB6E815DCDFE36" box="[1304,1448,402,423]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.21" valueMin="0.17">0.17–0.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
on the stalks. There are two sporangia in close proximity to the spike, but they are clearly orientated at an angle to indicate they may come from another axis in their vicinity (fig. 5a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9BFFEFFCE46D165ADAFD43" blockId="5.[816,1450,229,712]" lastBlockId="6.[139,773,229,722]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The vascular trace is conspicuous in that it is preferentially preserved compared with cortical tissue (fig. 4), the cortex being preserved as a grey film in the surrounding matrix. The stalk of sporangium one (fig. 8) is inserted almost perpendicular to the fertile axis and is bent such that most of the stalk is parallel to the fertile axis before curving upwards, just beneath the basal region of the sporangium. Several poorly preserved axes lie beneath the spike but are too poorly preserved and lack direct connection to warrant further consideration. However, the subtending axis to the spike aligns with an axis
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF98FFEFFDEC6E335AFCFEA7" box="[607,665,288,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (figs. 8, 9) and is suggestive of derivation from the same spike. This suggests the linear aerial extent of cover of the plant was at least
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF98FFEFFF3F6E6B58B5FE1F" box="[140,208,376,398]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Furthermore, the horizontal orientation of this axis to the spike is suggestive of a rhizomatous system, but it remains equivocal due to the absence of reticulum axes and H- and K-branching (
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFEA66EC25928FE77" box="[277,333,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFEE06EC25995FE77" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J. & Guo, D. & Wang, D." box="[339,496,465,487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref11605" refString="Hao, S. - G., Xue, J., Guo, D., and Wang, D. 2010. Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant. New Phytologist 185: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">Hao et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFD856EC25AD8FE76" author="Walton, J." box="[566,701,465,487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="155 - 160" refId="ref13307" refString="Walton, J. 1964. On the morphology of Zosterophyllum and some other early Devonian plants. Phytomorphology 14: 155 - 160." type="journal article" year="1964">Walton, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1). To the right of the apical region of the spike on the part, there are at least four axes that do not possess any attached sporangia, and beneath these axes towards the middle of the spike, a poorly preserved axis is visible with two sporangia (fig. 9) not directly attached to it but with their sporangial stalks orientated towards it, suggesting it was once attached. The alignment of these axes with the spike may indicate a tuft habit, but without clear evidence of additional spikes, its habit remains inexplicit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF9BFFECFF20681F5BA4F8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065423/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" startId="5.[147,207,1804,1823]" targetBox="[148,1442,783,1787]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF9BFFECFF20681F5BA4F8FF" blockId="5.[147,1448,1804,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Figure 4. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF9BFFECFEB6681F59A3F8B1" box="[261,454,1804,1824]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF9BFFECFEB6681F59EAF88E" box="[261,399,1804,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. from the Wilson Creek Shale Formation on Frenchmans Spur, 10 km west of Matlock: a, line drawing, dotted lines are from faint remains of compression. S=Sporangium; Q=Poorly preserved sporangium or sporangium likely not belonging to same spike; b, part NMV P256740.1. Arrow at stalk, which has been pushed across fertile axis; c, counterpart, NMV P256740.2 with part of basal region of spike missing. Note. Counterpart image reversed to be in the same orientation as the part.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ECB26529FF98FFE2FF3F6DFA5AC9FC8B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF98FFEFFF3F6DFA5CD6FE72" blockId="6.[138,771,745,1091]" lastBlockId="6.[809,1441,229,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFF3F6DFA5881FD6F" box="[140,228,745,766]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The description is based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="B2AEFD2BFF98FFEFFDA06DFA5AFAFD6E" box="[531,671,745,767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
–
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF98FFEFFD086DFA5B66FD6F" box="[699,771,745,767]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, part and counterpart with one spike (fig. 4) with sporangia laxly arranged on vascularised long stalks – preserved as a fine film of carbonaceous material lacking anatomy. The specimen occurs with
|
||
<specimenCount id="B2AEFD2BFF98FFEFFEB66C4D59C2FCE5" box="[261,423,862,884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF98FFEFFE716C4C5A58FCE5" box="[450,573,863,884]" family="Yarraviaceae" genus="Yarravia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFE716C4C5A79FCE5" box="[450,540,863,884]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Yarravia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFDF26C4C58D9FC03" author="Lang, W. H. & Cookson, I. C." pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="421 - 449" refId="ref12060" refString="Lang, W. H., and Cookson, I. C. 1935. On a flora, including vascular land plants, associated with Monograptus, in rocks of Silurian age from Victoria, Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 224: 421 - 449." type="journal article" year="1935">Lang and Cookson, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, on the same plane (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFE226C6F5AEAFC00" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." box="[401,655,892,914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="299 - 314" refId="ref12367" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2021 a. Yarravia oblonga Lang & Cookson, 1935 emend. from the Lower Devonian of Victoria. Alcheringa 45 (3), 299 - 314. 10.1080 / 03115518.2021.1958257" type="journal article" year="2021">McSweeney et al. 2021a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5a–d). The limits of the fertile axis and stalks are defined by grey film on each side of a much darker vascular trace. The fine slender nature of the darkened linear structures below the stalks are too narrow to support a sporangium, such that it seems parsimonious for the original widths of the axes to be defined by these ghosted grey areas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFE186B3E5AA6FBD2" author="Lele, K. M. & Walton, J." box="[427,707,1069,1091]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="469 - 475" refId="ref12157" refString="Lele, K. M., and Walton, J. 1961. Contributions to the knowledge of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Angus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 64: 469 - 475." type="journal article" year="1961">Lele and Walton (1961: 471)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, when describing axes prepared from acetate transfers, found the xylem to appear as a preferentially preserved dark bands (and to be about one sixth the axial width) and noted the vascular traces were often displaced from their central position. This, they postulated, was likely due to decay of the cortex prior to burial during early digenesis. This would help explain the convoluted nature of the vascular trace herein (figs. 4–6), indicating the structure of the axes had already started to break down before becoming fully fossilised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF98FFEEFCFC6EF95A4CFE73" blockId="6.[809,1441,229,1091]" lastBlockId="7.[146,781,229,713]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The specimen possesses depressions and protuberances along parts of its fertile axis, which is especially noticeable midway along the spike (fig. 6). These are interpreted as likely insertion points for some axes of sporangia and follows Edwards’ (1975: 255) interpretation of a similar feature on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF98FFEFFA386D4D5BDFFD01" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFA386D4D5BDFFD01" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFC6D6D685CD7FD01" author="Xue, J." box="[990,1202,634,656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="504 - 512" refId="ref13487" refString="Xue, J. 2009. Two Zosterophyll plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 83 (3): 504 - 512." type="journal article" year="2009">Xue (2009: 507)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF98FFEFFA386D685BA1FD3D" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minorstachyum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFA386D685BA1FD3D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Z. minorstachyum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggested that small conical protuberances along the axes may reflect parasitism. This possibility was considered, but the irregularities on the vascular trace are primarily depressions in areas noticeably lacking sporangia, and in some cases appear to be the basal-most attachment of the stalk to the fertile axis’ vascular trace. Additionally, we did not consider areas lacking in sporangia to be indicative of a deciduous spike, as seen with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF98FFEFFBD76C705C80FCE6" box="[1124,1253,866,888]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deciduum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFBD76C705C80FCE6" box="[1124,1253,866,888]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Z. deciduum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Emsian, Lower Devonian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF98FFEFFBB06C6C5C3DFC04" box="[1027,1112,895,917]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF98FFEFFBD86C6C5D70FC04" author="Gerrienne, P." box="[1131,1301,895,917]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While it is plausible that once the more mature proximal sporangia has dehisced and subsequently abscised, plants would be better served by losing some sporangia in this region to concentrate energy on immature sporangia in the distal region of the spike. However, the specimen still possesses large proximal sporangia and only some sporangia appear to be missing, suggesting that they may have been lost, most likely as a result of excision due to the biostratinomy phase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFE076E115A3AFE89" author="Jackson, P. N. W." box="[436,607,258,280]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" refId="ref11797" refString="Jackson, P. N. W. 2010. Introducing palaeontology - a guide to ancient life. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd: Edinburgh, Scotland. 152 pp." type="book" year="2010">Jackson, 2010: 5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of fossilisation. The absence of a junction at the axial–sporangial interface does not mean it never existed because it may have been destroyed during fossilisation. When examining Llanover specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFF206E665954FE1B" authorityName="D.P.Penhallow" authorityYear="1892" box="[147,305,373,394]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFF206E665954FE1B" box="[147,305,373,394]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Old Red Sandstone of South Wales,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFF206E815908FE39" author="Edwards, D." box="[147,365,402,424]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="923 - 931" refId="ref10811" refString="Edwards, D. 1969 a. Zosterophyllum from the Old Red Sandstone of South Wales. New Phytologist 68: 923 - 931." type="journal article" year="1969">Edwards (1969a: 924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found organs could be superimposed and amalgamated into the surrounding tissue during preservation, resulting in them been indistinguishable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF98FFEFFF3E68355B68F8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065425/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" startId="6.[141,201,1830,1849]" targetBox="[141,1440,1153,1813]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF98FFEFFF3E68355B68F8FF" blockId="6.[139,1440,1830,1902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Figure 5. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF98FFEFFEB6683559AEF8AB" box="[261,459,1830,1850]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF98FFEFFEB6683559EAF8A8" box="[261,399,1830,1849]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, two isolated sporangia at arrows (pre-dégagement) with basal region of both sporangia orientated away from the spike; b–d, on the reverse of the slab, isolated sporangia with much similar dimensions and weakly developed sporangial lobes. Image a taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF99FFEEFF0A6EFA5A12FD58" blockId="7.[146,781,229,713]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The specimen described herein is atypical in comparison with most
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFEA26D1559DCFD8A" box="[273,441,518,539]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Zosterophyllums</emphasis>
|
||
because of paucity of folded sporangia seen in lateral view with only two proximal sporangia so preserved. Furthermore, the sporangia rarely overlap each other, with one instance occurring in the proximal region of the spike where sporangium two has been pushed onto the basal region of sporangium three (fig. 4b, arrow at stalk of sporangium two) and distally for sporangia 19 and 20 (fig. 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF99FFEEFF206DCC5B8BFC4B" blockId="7.[146,780,735,1103]" lastBlockId="7.[815,1449,229,1103]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFF206DCC59DEFD65" box="[147,443,735,756]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Comparison with other taxa</emphasis>
|
||
. The sporangia of the specimen are borne alternatively in two rows on opposite sides of the axis, akin to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFE936C0B5996FCBC" box="[288,499,792,813]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Platyzosterophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFE936C0B5996FCBC" box="[288,499,792,813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Platyzosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and so the specimen was compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFE856C265A6CFCDB" box="[310,521,821,842]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Platyzosterophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFE856C265A6CFCDB" box="[310,521,821,842]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Platyzosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first. However, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFF276C415902FCF6" box="[148,359,850,871]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Platyzosterophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFF276C415902FCF6" box="[148,359,850,871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Platyzosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess sporangia emanating from two rows on one side of the axis, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFDA16C635AEEFC15" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[530,651,879,901]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFDA16C635A4DFC14" box="[530,552,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFDFE6C7C5AEEFC15" box="[589,651,879,900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFD1D6C7C595BFC33" author="Wellman, C. H. & Habgood, K. & Jenkins, G. & Richardson, J. B." pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 196" refId="ref13332" refString="Wellman, C. H. Habgood, K., Jenkins, G., and Richardson, J. B. 2000. A new plant assemblage (microfossil and megafossil) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: its implication for the palaeoecology of early terrestrial ecosystems. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 161 - 196." type="journal article" year="2000">Wellman et al. (2000: 181)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and are noticeably more compact. The stalks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFF1E6CBA5963FC2F" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[173,262,937,958]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFF1E6CBA5963FC2F" box="[173,262,937,958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are perpendicular to the fertile axis, before sharply turning towards the apex, such that they are borne in an upright to slightly recumbent position (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFE786CF15AA9FC68" author="Wellman, C. H. & Habgood, K. & Jenkins, G. & Richardson, J. B." box="[459,716,994,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 196" refId="ref13332" refString="Wellman, C. H. Habgood, K., Jenkins, G., and Richardson, J. B. 2000. A new plant assemblage (microfossil and megafossil) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: its implication for the palaeoecology of early terrestrial ecosystems. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 161 - 196." type="journal article" year="2000">Wellman et al. 2000: 181</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This characteristic of recurved stalks perpendicular to the fertile axis is also seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFED36B0E5AFFFBA0" authority="Schweitzer, 1979" authorityName="Schweitzer" authorityYear="1979" box="[352,666,1052,1074]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFED36B0E5980FBA0" box="[352,485,1052,1074]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. spectabile</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFE5F6B0F5AFFFBA0" author="Schweitzer, H. J." box="[492,666,1052,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref12760" refString="Schweitzer, H. J. 1979. Die Zosterophyllaceae des rheinischen Unterdevons. Bonner Palaobotanische Mitteilungen 3: 1 - 32. (German)" type="journal article" year="1979">Schweitzer, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFF026B2A5913FBDE" author="Gensel, P. G." box="[177,374,1081,1103]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="651 - 669" refId="ref11343" refString="Gensel, P. G. 1982. A new species of Zosterophyllum from the early Devonian of New Brunswick. American Journal of Botany 69 (5): 651 - 669." type="journal article" year="1982">Gensel (1982: 662)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, the specimen clearly differs from these taxa because the stalks are orientated at acute angles of 15°–45° without any noticeable change in orientation, other than immediately below each sporangium, where they sharply reorientate upright and parallel to the fertile axis (figs 5a, 6, 7a). Furthermore, the sporangia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFB6D6E485D5FFEE1" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[1246,1338,347,368]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFB6D6E485D5FFEE1" box="[1246,1338,347,368]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are oblate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFC8B6E6B5C34FE1F" author="Wellman, C. H. & Habgood, K. & Jenkins, G. & Richardson, J. B." box="[824,1105,376,398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 196" refId="ref13332" refString="Wellman, C. H. Habgood, K., Jenkins, G., and Richardson, J. B. 2000. A new plant assemblage (microfossil and megafossil) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: its implication for the palaeoecology of early terrestrial ecosystems. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 161 - 196." type="journal article" year="2000">Wellman et al. 2000: 183</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), being almost linear along the margins, while the specimen’s sporangia are rounded to reniform. The dimensions of both taxa also differ slightly, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFCD56EC25BA4FE74" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[870,961,464,486]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFCD56EC25BA4FE74" box="[870,961,464,486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessing stalks that are much narrower than the 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFC376EFD5BB4FD92" box="[900,977,494,515]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
width for the specimen, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFB4C6EFD5D3DFD92" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[1279,1368,494,515]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFB4C6EFD5D3DFD92" box="[1279,1368,494,515]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at most reaching
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFC2F6D185B92FDB1" box="[924,1015,523,545]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFBE56D185C99FDB0" author="Edwards, D." box="[1110,1276,523,545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="77 - 83" refId="ref10869" refString="Edwards, D. 1972. A Zosterophyllum fructification from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 14: 77 - 83." type="journal article" year="1972">Edwards, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but generally (including for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFC0C6D3A5C51FDAC" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[959,1076,552,574]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFC0C6D3A5BA8FDAF" box="[959,973,553,574]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFC456D3B5C51FDAC" box="[1014,1076,552,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFBF26D3B5CD8FDAF" box="[1089,1213,552,574]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFB4D6D3B5DC0FDAF" author="Edwards, D." box="[1278,1445,552,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="923 - 931" refId="ref10811" refString="Edwards, D. 1969 a. Zosterophyllum from the Old Red Sandstone of South Wales. New Phytologist 68: 923 - 931." type="journal article" year="1969">Edwards, 1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFC836D555BB0FDCA" author="Leclercq, S." box="[816,981,582,604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="193 - 211" refId="ref12114" refString="Leclercq, S. 1942. Quelques plantes fossiles recueillies dans le Devonien inferiere des environs de Nonceveux (bordure orientale du bassin di Dinant). Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique 65: 193 - 211. (French)" type="journal article" year="1942">Leclercq, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFC586D555C80FDCD" author="Wellman, C. H. & Habgood, K. & Jenkins, G. & Richardson, J. B." box="[1003,1253,582,604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 196" refId="ref13332" refString="Wellman, C. H. Habgood, K., Jenkins, G., and Richardson, J. B. 2000. A new plant assemblage (microfossil and megafossil) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: its implication for the palaeoecology of early terrestrial ecosystems. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 161 - 196." type="journal article" year="2000">Wellman et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sporangial dimensions for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFC626D775C49FDE9" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[977,1068,611,633]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFC626D775C49FDE9" box="[977,1068,611,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, in part, similar to the specimen, with the sporangia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFBA76D925C0AFD04" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[1044,1135,640,662]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFBA76D925C0AFD04" box="[1044,1135,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
up to
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFB036D925D65FD07" box="[1200,1280,641,662]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFAF46D935B00FD25" author="Edwards, D." pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="77 - 83" refId="ref10869" refString="Edwards, D. 1972. A Zosterophyllum fructification from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 14: 77 - 83." type="journal article" year="1972">Edwards, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFC0E6D8D5C48FD22" authorityName="Leclercq" authorityYear="1942" box="[957,1069,670,692]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fertile">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFC0E6D8D5BAEFD22" box="[957,971,670,691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFC5C6D8D5C48FD22" box="[1007,1069,670,691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">fertile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens the sporangial dimensions were 2.0–
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFC286DA85B8AFD40" box="[923,1007,699,721]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFBF16DA85C8AFD40" author="Edwards, D." box="[1090,1263,699,721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="923 - 931" refId="ref10811" refString="Edwards, D. 1969 a. Zosterophyllum from the Old Red Sandstone of South Wales. New Phytologist 68: 923 - 931." type="journal article" year="1969">Edwards, 1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFAB26DA85DC7FD41" author="Leclercq, S." box="[1281,1442,699,721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="193 - 211" refId="ref12114" refString="Leclercq, S. 1942. Quelques plantes fossiles recueillies dans le Devonien inferiere des environs de Nonceveux (bordure orientale du bassin di Dinant). Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique 65: 193 - 211. (French)" type="journal article" year="1942">Leclercq, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFC826DCA5C6DFD7E" author="Wellman, C. H. & Habgood, K. & Jenkins, G. & Richardson, J. B." box="[817,1032,729,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="161 - 196" refId="ref13332" refString="Wellman, C. H. Habgood, K., Jenkins, G., and Richardson, J. B. 2000. A new plant assemblage (microfossil and megafossil) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin: its implication for the palaeoecology of early terrestrial ecosystems. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 109: 161 - 196." type="journal article" year="2000">Wellman et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimen’s sporangial widths vary more greatly on the same spike and range between
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF99FFEEFAE16DE55B3CFCB8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.325" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.325" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="0.95">0.95–3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, suggesting the plant was not mature. In comparison with the Welsh specimen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFBE66C225D63FCD7" box="[1109,1286,817,838]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="llanoveranum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFBE66C225D63FCD7" box="[1109,1286,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Z. llanoveranum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sporangia are arranged in 1–2 alternative rows but differs from the specimen with sporangia borne close together and in the distal region of the spike, sometimes helically arranged (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFB436C9A5DF8FC0E" author="Edwards, D." box="[1264,1437,905,927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="201 - 210" refId="ref10836" refString="Edwards, D. 1969 b. Further observations on Zosterophyllum llanoveranum from the Lower Devonian of South Wales. American Journal of Botany 56 (2): 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1969">Edwards, 1969b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This could not be confirmed here because the stalk insertion points are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF99FFE1FCE46CF25D65FEC3" blockId="7.[815,1449,229,1103]" lastBlockId="8.[809,1440,229,338]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF99FFEEFCE46CF25C53FC66" author="Edwards, D." box="[855,1078,993,1015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards (1975: 263)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cautioned against the use of the arrangement of the sporangia on the spike as a definitive characteristic with which to delineate species. Edwards noted bilateral symmetry basally in the spike with the distal part helically arranged in some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF96FFE1FDFE6FF55B67FF6A" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" box="[589,770,230,251]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF96FFE1FDFE6FF55B67FF6A" box="[589,770,230,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and attributed it to the compression of widely spaced spirally arranged sporangia, giving this misleading appearance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF96FFE1FF206E2F590FFEC3" author="Edwards, D." box="[147,362,315,338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards, 1975: 261</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF96FFE1FDA66E2F5B67FEC3" author="Gerrienne, P." box="[533,770,316,338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne (1988: 328)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made similar observations, adding that the difference may also be due to different ontogenetic stages of individual spikes, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF96FFE1FC126E0C5C4BFEA4" author="Gensel, P. G." box="[929,1070,287,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" pagination="651 - 669" refId="ref11343" refString="Gensel, P. G. 1982. A new species of Zosterophyllum from the early Devonian of New Brunswick. American Journal of Botany 69 (5): 651 - 669." type="journal article" year="1982">Gensel (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF96FFE1FB246E335D55FEA5" baseAuthorityName="Gensel" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1175,1328,287,309]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divaricatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF96FFE1FB246E335D55FEA5" box="[1175,1328,287,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Z. divaricatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sporangia bending and twisting of sporangia to one side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF99FFEEFF2069E15DEAF8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065427" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065427/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" startId="7.[147,207,1778,1797]" targetBox="[148,1447,1188,1761]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF99FFEEFF2069E15DEAF8FF" blockId="7.[147,1448,1778,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Figure 6. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF99FFEEFEBC69E159B3F894" box="[271,470,1778,1798]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF99FFEEFEBC69E159FCF894" box="[271,409,1778,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, line drawing of medial region of the spike seen in B; b, the cortex (Ctx) is represented by a tincture of light grey in comparison to a darker coloured vascular trace (Vt). Some perturbations and depressions (*) likely represent additional stalks. Note small proximal sporangia (at arrow) in a central position on the fertile axis; c, distal part of spike – lower arrow at stalk that has been pushed across the fertile axis. At the upper arrow sporangium with no stalk, partially behind another sporangium. Smaller sporangia more centrally located suggests distal part of spike may be helically inserted. Images taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF96FFE1FF39683558BFF8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065431" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065431/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" startId="8.[138,198,1830,1849]" targetBox="[138,1437,419,1813]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF96FFE1FF39683558BFF8FF" blockId="8.[138,1438,1830,1902]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 7. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF96FFE1FF49683559DEF8AB" box="[250,443,1830,1850]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF96FFE1FF49683559E1F8A8" box="[250,388,1830,1849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (part, NMV P256740.1). Interpretative line drawings: a, c, sporangia in b, d, respectively. The sporangia have weakly developed lobes (Lb), and a lack of a clear junction between the stalk and sporangium. A fine border (Br) is visible only alone distal margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF97FFE0FF206CE65A4AFBC7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065433/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" startId="9.[147,207,1013,1032]" targetBox="[171,1425,227,996]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF97FFE0FF206CE65A4AFBC7" blockId="9.[147,1448,1013,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Figure 8. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF97FFE0FEB96CE659A9FB99" box="[266,460,1013,1032]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF97FFE0FEB96CE659F1FB99" box="[266,404,1013,1032]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (part, NMV P256740.1): a, proximal region of spike; b, interpretative line drawing. Sporangia one and two (S1–2) appear infolded, with both abaxial (Abx) and partial adaxial (Adx) valves visible in sporangia and two perturbations and depressions (*) possibly representative of additional stalks that were not preserved. Q1, shadowing of possible sporangium, and upper arrow shows change in orientation of stalk beneath sporangium four.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F0D7662AFF97FFE0FF2068355B55F8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065435" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8065435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8065435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" startId="9.[147,207,1830,1849]" targetBox="[176,1419,1141,1813]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF97FFE0FF2068355B55F8FF" blockId="9.[147,1448,1830,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Figure 9. cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF97FFE0FEB0683559A1F8AB" box="[259,452,1830,1850]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF97FFE0FEB0683559E8F8A8" box="[259,397,1830,1849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (part, NMV P256740.1). Proximal region of spike with sporangia one (S1) and two (S2) visible and fertile axis curving into?rhizomatous region (arrow 1) and possibly extending out towards axes (arrows 2 and 3). Isolated sporangium (S) in same orientation as sporangia in spike. Image taken by Rodney Start © Museums Victoria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF94FFE3FF016FF55AC9FE1D" blockId="10.[139,773,229,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In comparison with species within the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF3F6E115948FE86" box="[140,301,258,279]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zosterophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF3F6E115948FE86" box="[140,301,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with reniform sporangia, the specimen is closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF4B6E335A2EFEA5" authority="Li and Cai, 1977" authorityName="Li and Cai" authorityYear="1977" box="[248,587,287,309]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bifurcatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF4B6E3359EFFEA5" box="[248,394,287,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. bifurcatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE276E0C5A2EFEA5" author="Li, X. X. & Cai, C. Y." box="[404,587,287,309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="12 - 34" refId="ref12235" refString="Li, X. X., and Cai, C. Y. 1977. Early Devonian Zosterophyllum remains from Southwest China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 16: 12 - 34. (Chinese)" type="journal article" year="1977">Li and Cai, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FDEA6E335AB9FEA5" box="[601,732,287,309]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deciduum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDEA6E335AB9FEA5" box="[601,732,287,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. deciduum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FD5E6E3359CDFEC0" authority="Lang, 1927" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FD5E6E335945FEC3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE9E6E2E59CDFEC0" author="Lang, W. H." box="[301,424,316,338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="443 - 455" refId="ref11935" refString="Lang, W. H. 1927. Contributions to the study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. VI. On Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Penh., and some other plant-remains from the Carmyllie Beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. VII. On a specimen of Pseudosporochnus from the Stromness Beds. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 55 (2): 443 - 455." type="journal article" year="1927">Lang, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FE0A6E2E5A5FFEC3" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[441,570,317,338]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FE0A6E2E5A5FFEC3" box="[441,570,317,338]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FDFC6E2E5ABCFEC0" authority="(Hao et al., 2010: 222)" box="[591,729,316,338]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhenanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDFC6E2E5ABCFEC0" box="[591,729,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. rhenanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FD5E6E2E59E5FEFE" authority="Hsu, 1966" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1966" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FD5E6E2E596EFEFE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. yunnanicum</emphasis>
|
||
Hsü, 1966
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FE0E6E495A14FEFF" authority="(Hao et al., 2010: 222)" box="[445,625,345,367]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shengfengense">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FE0E6E495A14FEFF" box="[445,625,345,367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. shengfengense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which have sporangia in approximately the same size range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF94FFE3FF016E805923FA48" blockId="10.[139,773,229,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF016E805995FE38" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" box="[178,496,403,425]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF016E805995FE38" box="[178,496,403,425]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the best studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF3F6EA35948FE54" authorityName="D.P.Penhallow" authorityYear="1892" box="[140,301,432,453]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF3F6EA35948FE54" box="[140,301,432,453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to date (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE356EA35A44FE57" author="Edwards, D." box="[390,545,432,454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FD986EA25AFAFE54" author="Lang, W. H." box="[555,671,432,454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="443 - 455" refId="ref11935" refString="Lang, W. H. 1927. Contributions to the study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. VI. On Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Penh., and some other plant-remains from the Carmyllie Beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. VII. On a specimen of Pseudosporochnus from the Stromness Beds. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 55 (2): 443 - 455." type="journal article" year="1927">Lang, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FD196EA35971FE72" author="Lele, K. M. & Walton, J." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="469 - 475" refId="ref12157" refString="Lele, K. M., and Walton, J. 1961. Contributions to the knowledge of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Angus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 64: 469 - 475." type="journal article" year="1961">Lele and Walton, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Edwards (1969: 261) noted when examining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FD5D6EDD5945FD91" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FD5D6EDD5945FD91" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Aberlemno,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF94FFE3FE686EF95A52FD91" box="[475,567,490,512]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, that they possessed spikes with different levels of sporangial packing, such that the specimens could be divided into compact, intermediate and laxly arranged spikes. The sporangial–stalk interface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF3F6D4C595BFDE5" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" box="[140,318,607,628]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF3F6D4C595BFDE5" box="[140,318,607,628]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE696D4D5A1BFDE5" author="Edwards, D." box="[474,638,606,628]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, possesses a dome-like region at the point of insertion on the sporangium of some of the specimens, which produces its reniform shape. It is noticeable that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FE3E6DA55A26FD5A" authorityName="Lang" authorityYear="1927" box="[397,579,694,715]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FE3E6DA55A26FD5A" box="[397,579,694,715]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite different stages in development, the orientation of the sporangial stalk remains largely constant, with the sporangial stalk inserted at almost 90° (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FEB86C1F59C0FCB3" author="Edwards, D." box="[267,421,780,802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to the fertile axis before curving upwards immediately with the sporangium held erect. This clearly differs from the specimen where the sporangial stalks extend from the fertile axis, curving upwards only just beneath the sporangium and in some cases attached to the sporangium at an angle, thus producing a splayed appearance.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF3F6CA959C3FC5E" authorityName="Li and Cai" authorityYear="1977" box="[140,422,954,975]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bifurcatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF3F6CA959C3FC5E" box="[140,422,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum bifurcatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess well-developed lobes and much narrower stalks than the specimen reaching up to
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FD576CC458D1FB98" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE306CE75A5AFB9B" author="Li, X. X. & Cai, C. Y." box="[387,575,1012,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="12 - 34" refId="ref12235" refString="Li, X. X., and Cai, C. Y. 1977. Early Devonian Zosterophyllum remains from Southwest China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 16: 12 - 34. (Chinese)" type="journal article" year="1977">Li and Cai (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FDC46CE758AAFBB6" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF5A6B025A69FBB7" authority="(Hao et al., 2010: 222)" box="[233,524,1041,1062]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhenanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF5A6B025A69FBB7" box="[233,524,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum rhenanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also possess well-developed sporangial lobes and has a noticeable junction between sporangium and stalk, and a large border of
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FD076B595B66FBF1" box="[692,771,1098,1120]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FF276B7B591CFBEC" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." box="[148,377,1128,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE3D6B7B5A22FBEF" author="Schweitzer, H. J." box="[398,583,1128,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref12760" refString="Schweitzer, H. J. 1979. Die Zosterophyllaceae des rheinischen Unterdevons. Bonner Palaobotanische Mitteilungen 3: 1 - 32. (German)" type="journal article" year="1979">Schweitzer, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Z
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDC36B7B5895FB08" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">osterophyllum deciduum</emphasis>
|
||
has weakly developed sporangial lobes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FD266B975896FB29" author="Gerrienne, P." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne, 1988: 322</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), similar to the specimen, but the sporangial stalks were wide (
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FEB86BAD59FDFB45" box="[267,408,1214,1236]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.575" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
) near the fertile axis and narrow (
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FF206BCF5976FB60" box="[147,275,1244,1265]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) near the sporangium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FDA76BC85A92FB63" author="Gerrienne, P." box="[532,759,1243,1266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne, 1988: 320</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with the contact between the sporangium and subtending stalk producing a clear junction with no evidence of widening beneath the sporangia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE186A215AC1FAD8" author="Gerrienne, P." box="[427,676,1330,1353]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne, 1988: 331</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These characteristics are at odds with what is observed with the specimen where sporangial stalks remain parallel in width before widening into the base of the sporangium. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF386AB4596EFA2A" box="[139,267,1446,1468]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deciduum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF386AB4596EFA2A" box="[139,267,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. deciduum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bifurcates both below and within its fertile parts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FF206AD0595EFA48" author="Gerrienne, P." box="[147,315,1475,1497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="317 - 335" refId="ref11377" refString="Gerrienne, P. 1988. Early Devonian plant remains from Marchin (north of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium), I. Zosterophyllum deciduum sp. nov. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55: 317 - 335." type="journal article" year="1988">Gerrienne, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF94FFE3FF016AF25C8AFD93" blockId="10.[139,773,229,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[809,1441,229,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FECC6AF35A45FA64" authorityName="D.P.Penhallow" authorityYear="1892" box="[383,544,1504,1525]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FECC6AF35A45FA64" box="[383,544,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF94FFE3FD766AF35B67FA67" box="[709,770,1504,1526]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
plate with similar sporangial dimension,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FDD16AEE5947F9BE" authority="(Hao et al., 2010: 222)" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shengfengense">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDD16AEE5947F9BE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum shengfengense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Lochkovian, Lower Devonian of Xitun Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF94FFE3FEFB692B59FFF9DC" box="[328,410,1592,1613]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF94FFE3FE1469245982F9DC" box="[423,487,1591,1613]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, differs from the specimen in not possessing any sporangial basal lobes, and shorter stalks,
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FF646962593DF916" box="[215,344,1649,1671]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FE7E69625A2CF916" box="[461,585,1649,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FD22696258A5F932" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J. & Guo, D. & Wang, D." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref11605" refString="Hao, S. - G., Xue, J., Guo, D., and Wang, D. 2010. Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant. New Phytologist 185: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">Hao et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FF61699C59D7F935" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." box="[210,434,1678,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FDD1699D5A70F950" authority="(Hao et al., 2010: 222)" baseAuthorityName="Hao" baseAuthorityPageNumber="222" baseAuthorityYear="2010" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="shengfengense">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDD1699D5947F951" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum shengfengense</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE8269B85A6BF950" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J. & Guo, D. & Wang, D." box="[305,526,1707,1729]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref11605" refString="Hao, S. - G., Xue, J., Guo, D., and Wang, D. 2010. Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant. New Phytologist 185: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">Hao et al., 2010: 222</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FDE269BF59D7F94F" authority="(Lele and Walton, 1961: 471)" baseAuthorityName="Lele and Walton" baseAuthorityPageNumber="471" baseAuthorityYear="1961" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myretonianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FDE269BF5B67F950" box="[593,770,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. myretonianum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FF2069DB59CEF94F" author="Lele, K. M. & Walton, J." box="[147,427,1736,1758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="469 - 475" refId="ref12157" refString="Lele, K. M., and Walton, J. 1961. Contributions to the knowledge of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Angus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 64: 469 - 475." type="journal article" year="1961">Lele and Walton, 1961: 471</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possess tubercles proximally on the plant, unlike the specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FE5869F65AC7F96B" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J. & Guo, D. & Wang, D." box="[491,674,1765,1787]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref11605" refString="Hao, S. - G., Xue, J., Guo, D., and Wang, D. 2010. Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant. New Phytologist 185: 217 - 225." type="journal article" year="2010">Hao et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2a).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FF3F681159D6F889" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1966" box="[140,435,1794,1816]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FF3F681159D6F889" box="[140,435,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum yunnanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Xujiachong Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF94FFE3FF3F680C58BBF8A5" box="[140,222,1823,1844]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, possess crowded spikes with up to 50 sporangia circular to elliptical in face view, dehiscence zone up to
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FD50682F58D1F8FF" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, stalks
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FEFF684A59A8F8FF" box="[332,461,1881,1902]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and 0.6–3.0 mm long inserted an acute angle to the fertile axis and widening into the bases of sporangia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FBAF6E115D41FE88" author="Edwards, D. & Yang, N. & Hueber, F. M. & Li, C-S." box="[1052,1316,258,281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="220 - 229" refId="ref11014" refString="Edwards, D., Yang, N., Hueber, F. M., and Li, C-S. 2015. Additional observations on Zosterophyllum yunnanicum Hsu from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 221: 220 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Edwards et al., 2015: 223</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stalks emanate perpendicular to the spike, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FAB86E335B00FEC2" author="Edwards, D. & Yang, N. & Hueber, F. M. & Li, C-S." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="220 - 229" refId="ref11014" refString="Edwards, D., Yang, N., Hueber, F. M., and Li, C-S. 2015. Additional observations on Zosterophyllum yunnanicum Hsu from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 221: 220 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Edwards et al. (2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 4, figs 1, 2) and immediately reorientate producing 30°–40° to the fertile axis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB346E495D31FEE1" author="Wang, D. - M." box="[1159,1364,346,368]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="525 - 538" refId="ref13220" refString="Wang, D. - M. 2007. Two species of Zosterophyllum from South China and dating of the Xujiachong Formation with a biostratigraphic method. Acta Geologica Sinica 81 (4): 525 - 538." type="journal article" year="2007">Wang, 2007: 528</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This reorientation of the stalks near the fertile axis differs significantly from the specimen, where the stalks reorientate only just beneath each sporangium. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FA386EA15BCDFE74" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1966" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FA386EA15BCDFE74" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. yunnanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces a dome-like structure at the stalk– sporangium interface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FBA36EFF5C81FD93" author="Edwards, D. & Yang, N. & Hueber, F. M. & Li, C-S." box="[1040,1252,492,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="220 - 229" refId="ref11014" refString="Edwards, D., Yang, N., Hueber, F. M., and Li, C-S. 2015. Additional observations on Zosterophyllum yunnanicum Hsu from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 221: 220 - 229." type="journal article" year="2015">Edwards et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF94FFE2FC9A6D0A5975FEAA" blockId="10.[807,1442,537,1903]" lastBlockId="11.[146,779,229,794]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC9A6D0A5D5EFDBF" box="[809,1339,537,558]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Comparison with known Victorian zosterophyll taxa.</emphasis>
|
||
Only four zosterophylls have thus far been described from Victoria. These include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FCCB6D475D78FDF9" authority="Lang and Cookson, 1930" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[888,1309,595,617]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FCCB6D475C7FFDF9" box="[888,1050,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. australianum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB926D475D78FDF9" author="Lang, W. H. & Cookson, I. C." box="[1057,1309,595,617]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="133 - 163" refId="ref12012" refString="Lang, W. H., and Cookson, I. C. 1930. Some fossil plants of Early Devonian type from the Walhalla Series, Victoria, Australia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 219: 133 - 163." type="journal article" year="1930">Lang and Cookson, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FA946D475B9BFD14" authority="Hao and Wang, 2000" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FA946D475DC5FDF8" box="[1319,1440,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC9A6D625B9BFD14" author="Hao, S. - G. & Wang, D. - M." box="[809,1022,624,646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="26 - 41" refId="ref11493" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Wang, D. - M. 2000. Two species of Zosterophyllum Penhallow (Z. australianum Lang and Cookson, Z. ramosum sp. nov.) from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of southeastern Yunnan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 39 (sup.): 26 - 41." type="journal article" year="2000">Hao and Wang, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FBB46D635D44FD17" box="[1031,1313,624,646]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Parazosterophyllum timsiae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FA956D635BF2FD32" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="379 - 396" refId="ref12315" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2020. Two new genera of early Tracheophyta (Zosterophyllaceae) from the upper Silurian - Lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 44 (3): 379 - 396." type="journal article" year="2020">McSweeney et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC7B6D9E5CCEFD32" box="[968,1195,653,675]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Gippslandites minutus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB026D9D5DF8FD32" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." box="[1201,1437,653,675]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="379 - 396" refId="ref12315" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2020. Two new genera of early Tracheophyta (Zosterophyllaceae) from the upper Silurian - Lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 44 (3): 379 - 396." type="journal article" year="2020">McSweeney et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FCD66DB85C6EFD51" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[869,1035,683,704]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FCD66DB85C6EFD51" box="[869,1035,683,704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. australianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FBF56DB85CA6FD51" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[1094,1219,683,704]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FBF56DB85CA6FD51" box="[1094,1219,683,704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in the Norton Gully Sandstone Formation of Victoria and are younger than the specimen, which is currently only known from the underlying Wilson Creek Shale.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FBC66C115DC4FC86" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[1141,1441,770,791]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FBC66C115DC4FC86" box="[1141,1441,770,791]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum australianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs at North Road Quarry, Walhalla, Victoria, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF94FFE3FAE26C335DC5FCA4" box="[1361,1440,800,821]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Posongchong Formation),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF94FFE3FB846C2E5C11FCC2" box="[1079,1140,829,851]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB336C2E5D5EFCC3" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." box="[1152,1339,829,851]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FAF76C2E5BB4FCE1" author="Lang, W. H. & Cookson, I. C." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="133 - 163" refId="ref12012" refString="Lang, W. H., and Cookson, I. C. 1930. Some fossil plants of Early Devonian type from the Walhalla Series, Victoria, Australia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 219: 133 - 163." type="journal article" year="1930">Lang and Cookson 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FC4B6C495D5DFCFE" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[1016,1336,858,879]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC4B6C495D5DFCFE" box="[1016,1336,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum australianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess sporangia that are noticeably larger than the specimen and are longitudinally elliptical or fan-shaped, 2.8–8.0 mm wide and 2.2–5.0 mm high, with short stalks inserted on the fertile axis at 90° (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FCDB6CDC5C30FC75" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." box="[872,1109,975,997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FBDD6CDC5DF0FC74" author="Lang, W. H. & Cookson, I. C." box="[1134,1429,975,997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="133 - 163" refId="ref12012" refString="Lang, W. H., and Cookson, I. C. 1930. Some fossil plants of Early Devonian type from the Walhalla Series, Victoria, Australia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 219: 133 - 163." type="journal article" year="1930">Lang and Cookson, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FC9A6CFF5C4BFB93" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[809,1070,1004,1026]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC9A6CFF5C4BFB93" box="[809,1070,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur at Mount Pleasant and Halls Flat Road, Alexandra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FBA06B1A5CC8FB8E" author="Cookson, I. C." box="[1043,1197,1033,1055]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref10678" refString="Cookson, I. C. 1935. On plant remains from the Silurian of Victoria, Australia, that extend and connect hitherto described. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 225: 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="1935">Cookson, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB0A6B195DF3FBB1" author="Hao, S. - G. & Wang, D. - M." box="[1209,1430,1033,1056]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="26 - 41" refId="ref11493" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Wang, D. - M. 2000. Two species of Zosterophyllum Penhallow (Z. australianum Lang and Cookson, Z. ramosum sp. nov.) from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of southeastern Yunnan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 39 (sup.): 26 - 41." type="journal article" year="2000">Hao and Wang, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mount Pleasant Road is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7B138800FF94FFE3FBF46B345C16FBAD" box="[1095,1139,1063,1084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FB596B345C5CFBCB" authority="Cookson, 1935" authorityName="Cookson" authorityYear="1935" family="Yarraviaceae" genus="Yarravia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa" subGenus="Hedeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB596B345D26FBAD" box="[1258,1347,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yarravia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FAE36B345DF2FBAD" box="[1360,1431,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Hedeia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC9A6B575BFCFBC8" box="[809,921,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">corymbosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC126B575C5CFBCB" author="Cookson, I. C." box="[929,1081,1092,1114]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref10678" refString="Cookson, I. C. 1935. On plant remains from the Silurian of Victoria, Australia, that extend and connect hitherto described. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 225: 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="1935">Cookson, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FB206B575DFCFBC8" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1935" box="[1171,1433,1092,1113]" class="Lycopodiopsida" family="Drepanophycaceae" genus="Baragwanathia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB206B575DFCFBC8" box="[1171,1433,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Baragwanathia longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FCF86B715B9BFBE7" authorityName="Lang & Cookson" authorityYear="1935" box="[843,1022,1121,1143]" family="Yarraviaceae" genus="Yarravia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblonga">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FCF86B715B9BFBE7" box="[843,1022,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yarravia oblonga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FB9C6B725CFDFBE7" authorityName="Barrande ex D.R.J.Stur" authorityYear="1882" box="[1071,1176,1121,1142]" family="Horneophytaceae" genus="Hostinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB9C6B725CFDFBE7" box="[1071,1176,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Hostinella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FB7C6B725D0EFBE6" box="[1231,1387,1121,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Pachytheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB7C6B725D21FBE7" box="[1231,1348,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Pachytheca</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC626B6D5C13FB05" author="Cookson, I. C." box="[977,1142,1150,1172]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref10678" refString="Cookson, I. C. 1935. On plant remains from the Silurian of Victoria, Australia, that extend and connect hitherto described. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 225: 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="1935">Cookson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to occur with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FA936B6C5DC4FB05" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[1312,1441,1151,1172]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FA936B6C5DC4FB05" box="[1312,1441,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC836B8F5C5DFB20" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." box="[816,1080,1180,1202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="299 - 314" refId="ref12367" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2021 a. Yarravia oblonga Lang & Cookson, 1935 emend. from the Lower Devonian of Victoria. Alcheringa 45 (3), 299 - 314. 10.1080 / 03115518.2021.1958257" type="journal article" year="2021">McSweeney et al., 2021a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FBDA6B8F5D0AFB20" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[1129,1391,1180,1201]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FBDA6B8F5D0AFB20" box="[1129,1391,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FC606BAA5C10FB5F" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[979,1141,1209,1230]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC606BAA5C10FB5F" box="[979,1141,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. australianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB296BAA5D57FB5E" author="Cookson, I. C." box="[1178,1330,1209,1231]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="127 - 148" refId="ref10678" refString="Cookson, I. C. 1935. On plant remains from the Silurian of Victoria, Australia, that extend and connect hitherto described. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 225: 127 - 148." type="journal article" year="1935">Cookson (1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 10, figs 9–12), but was later reinterpreted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB2F6BC55DFAFB7D" author="Hao, S. - G. & Wang, D. - M." box="[1180,1439,1238,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="26 - 41" refId="ref11493" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Wang, D. - M. 2000. Two species of Zosterophyllum Penhallow (Z. australianum Lang and Cookson, Z. ramosum sp. nov.) from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of southeastern Yunnan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 39 (sup.): 26 - 41." type="journal article" year="2000">Hao and Wang (2000: 31)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be a new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FC466BE75C0BFA98" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[1013,1134,1268,1289]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC466BE75C0BFA98" box="[1013,1134,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also occurs in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF94FFE3FAE26BE75DC5FA98" box="[1361,1440,1268,1289]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Posongchong Formation),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DCBF7632FF94FFE3FBF46A035CE3FAB7" box="[1095,1158,1296,1318]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FB256A035DC5FAB7" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[1174,1440,1296,1318]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB256A035DC5FAB7" box="[1174,1440,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Zosterophyllum ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess circular to reniform sporangia similar to the specimen, but the sporangia are larger, being 1.6–6.0 mm wide and
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE3FAE46A585B35FAEF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="3.7" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="1.9">1.9–5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, on stalks up to 5.0 mm inserted on the fertile axis at 15°–35° (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC3B6A955C0CFA0A" author="Hao, S. - G. & Wang, D. - M." box="[904,1129,1413,1435]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="26 - 41" refId="ref11493" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Wang, D. - M. 2000. Two species of Zosterophyllum Penhallow (Z. australianum Lang and Cookson, Z. ramosum sp. nov.) from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of southeastern Yunnan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 39 (sup.): 26 - 41." type="journal article" year="2000">Hao and Wang, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FBC56A955D5AFA0D" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." box="[1142,1343,1413,1436]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FA386A955BEDFA29" authorityName="Hao and Wang" authorityYear="2000" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FA386A955BEDFA29" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. ramosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF94FFE3FC766AB05C08FA29" authorityName="Lang and Cookson" authorityYear="1930" box="[965,1133,1443,1464]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC766AB05C08FA29" box="[965,1133,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Z. australianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FAA36AB05B06FA44" author="Hao, S. - G. & Xue, J." pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11558" refString="Hao, S. - G., and Xue, J. 2013. The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan - a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. Science Press: Beijing, China, 366 pp." type="book" year="2013">Hao and Xue (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6.5), possess apple-shaped Za-type sporangium with extended thickened margins, a character not found in the specimen.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC2E6AE95CDAF981" box="[925,1215,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Parazosterophyllum timsiae</emphasis>
|
||
is from Ghin Ghin Road, Yea, in the base of the Humevale Formation and based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC9A69265C20F9DA" author="Rickards, R. B. & Garratt, M. J." box="[809,1093,1589,1611]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref12714" refString="Rickards, R. B., and Garratt, M. J. 1990. Pridoli graptolites from the Humevale Formation at Ghin Ghin and Cheviot, Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Geological Society 48 (1): 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="1990">Rickards & Garratt (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Pridoli, upper Silurian–Pragian, Lower Devonian, and may be either coeval or older than the specimen and differ significantly from the specimen with its spike terminating lateral branch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FB23699E5DF3F932" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." box="[1168,1430,1676,1699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" pagination="379 - 396" refId="ref12315" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2020. Two new genera of early Tracheophyta (Zosterophyllaceae) from the upper Silurian - Lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 44 (3): 379 - 396." type="journal article" year="2020">McSweeney et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FC9A69B95C6EF92E" box="[809,1035,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Gippslandites minutus</emphasis>
|
||
is from an outcrop of the Boola formation (Lochkovian–Pragian, L. Devonian) near Boola Quarry, Tyers, Victoria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC3D69F75C6DF968" author="Tims, J. D." box="[910,1032,1764,1786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref12867" refString="Tims, J. D. 1980. The early land flora of Victoria. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 233 pp. (unpublished)" type="book" year="1980">Tims, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; McSweeney et al., 2000). The Boola formation is slightly older than the Wilson Creek Shale, which overlies the Boola formation at Coopers Creek according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF94FFE3FC9A682F5C4EF8C3" author="Edwards, J. & Olshina, A. & Slater, K. R." box="[809,1067,1852,1874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11105" refString="Edwards, J., Olshina, A., and Slater, K. R. 1997. Nagambie and part of Yea 1: 100 000 map geological report. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 109, 145 pp." type="book" year="1997">Edwards et al. (1997: 39)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF94FFE3FB84682F5D78F8C0" box="[1079,1309,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Gippslandites minutus</emphasis>
|
||
differs from the specimen because its sporangia are much smaller,
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF94FFE2FAE6684A58DEFF6A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="36" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="0.6">0.6–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="63509B47FF95FFE2FE996FF659C1FF6A" box="[298,420,229,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0999999999999999" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.0999999999999999" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="0.3">0.3–1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, and differ significantly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF95FFE2FF206E165904FE8A" box="[147,353,261,283]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF95FFE2FF206E165954FE8B" box="[147,305,261,282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with anisovalvate sporangia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF95FFE2FD3D6E165960FEAA" author="McSweeney, F. R. & Shimeta, J. & Buckeridge, J. S." pageId="11" pageNumber="36" pagination="379 - 396" refId="ref12315" refString="McSweeney, F. R., Shimeta, J., and Buckeridge, J. S. 2020. Two new genera of early Tracheophyta (Zosterophyllaceae) from the upper Silurian - Lower Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 44 (3): 379 - 396." type="journal article" year="2020">McSweeney et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A41736A2FF95FFE2FF0A6E565AC9FC8B" blockId="11.[146,779,229,794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The defining characteristic of the specimen is primarily the angle of insertion of the vascularised stalks and no overlap between vertical adjacent sporangia. As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0394B53FF95FFE2FD006E965963FE2A" author="Edwards, D." pageId="11" pageNumber="36" pagination="251 - 265" refId="ref10898" refString="Edwards, D. 1975. Some observations on the fertile parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 69: 251 - 265." type="journal article" year="1975">Edwards (1975: 264)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the most useful characters in species delimitation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF95FFE2FF696ED65913FE4B" authorityName="D.P.Penhallow" authorityYear="1892" box="[218,374,453,474]" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF95FFE2FF696ED65913FE4B" box="[218,374,453,474]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are stalk and sporangial characters. It is clear that the specimen differs from zosterophylls from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="666CF840FF95FFE2FD096EF65B6EFE6A" box="[698,779,485,507]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
primarily on sporangial morphology and symmetry. As the sporangial stalks were likely longer in life when turgid and prior to degradation resulting in convoluted vascular trace, the lack of vertical overlap of sporangia and vascularisation of the stalks, and clear demarcation of insertion points on the fertile axis means the specimen cannot be readily put into the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF95FFE2FF206DD7593BFD48" box="[147,350,708,729]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Platyzosterophyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF95FFE2FF206DD7593BFD48" box="[147,350,708,729]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Platyzosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is thus assigned to cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A84D21FF95FFE2FDDD6DD758A2FD68" family="Zosterophyllaceae" genus="Zosterophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zosterophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
|
||
<emphasis id="96DCEAB0FF95FFE2FDDD6DD75B6FFD48" box="[622,778,708,729]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Zosterophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
sp. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. until better material becomes available to allow for further assessment of its phylogenetic and taxonomic position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |